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Ozljeda prednjih križnih ligamenata vrlo je česta danas. Cilj završnog rada je prikazati nastanak i rehabilitaciju u ranoj fazi ozljede. Koljeno je vrlo složen zglob pa je oporavak dugotrajan i mukotrpan. Kod potpune rupture ligamenta izvodi se operativni zahvat nakon kojeg bolesnik boravi na odjelu ortopedije i traumatologije. Slabo je pokretan pa se izvode vježbe cirkulacije i disanja kako bi se spriječile posljedice i oštećenja kardiovaskularnog sustava. U početnoj fazi je vrlo važno ukloniti bol i edem koji predstavljaju najveći problem kako za rehabilitaciju tako i za psihološko stanje pacijenta. Kako bi se smanjila upala, odnosno edem koristi se krioterapija. Važno je postići punu ekstenziju u zglobu u prvoj fazi pa se koristi kinetek za pasivno razgibavanje i aktivno potpomognute vježbe. Zbog imobilizacije snaga mišića natkoljenice je vrlo oslabljena pa elektrostimulacijom dobivamo poticaj mišića na pokret, a statičkim vježbama jačamo oslabljene mišiće, posebice m. quadriceps jer on izvodi ekstenziju, a u toj ranoj fazi baziramo se na tom pokretu. Bolesnika je bitno educirati o izvođenju svakodnevnih aktivnosti, naravno i hodanja sa štakama. Na početku bolesnik nikako ne smije punom težinom opteretiti nogu jer zglob nakon operacije nije stabilan i može se dogoditi ponovno oštećenje unutar zgloba. Smije opteretiti nogu minimalno tek toliko da dobije osjećaj položaja zgloba. To je ujedno i prvobitni cilj rehabilitacije, samostalno kretanje kao i obavljanje aktivnosti svakodnevnog života. U kasnijoj fazi, kad bolesnik savlada prvobitne ciljeve, uvode se aktivne vježbe kojima se poboljšavaju motoričke funkcije kao što su snaga, propriocepcija i ravnoteža. Također bolesnika se priprema na profesionalne aktivnosti, te ako je osoba sportaš na aktivnosti u sportu. Anterior cruciate ligament injury is very common today. The goal of the final paper is to show the occurence of injury and rehabilitation in the early stages of that injury. The knee is a very complex joint, so the recovery is long and arduous. In the case of a complete rupture of the ligament, surgery is performed after which the patient stays in the traumatology department.The patient is poorly mobile, so circulation and breathing exercises are performed to prevent the consequences of other systems of the human body. In the initial phase, it is very important to remove pain and edema, which represent the biggest problem in rehabilitation as well as for the patient's psychological condition. In order to reduce inflammation or edema, cryotherapy is used. It is important to achieve full extension in the joint in the first phase so kinetek is used for passive stretching and actively supported exercises. Because of immobilization, the strength of the muscles of the upper leg is greatly weakened, so by electrostimulation we gain the stimulation of muscles to move, and with static exercises we strengthen weakened muscles, especially m quadriceps because it performs the extension, and in that early phase we base on that movement. It is important to educate the patient about the performance of daily activities, and also of course how to walk with crutches. At the beginning, the patient must never put full weight on the leg because the joint is not stable after surgery and re-damage can occur within the joint. The patient may load the leg minimally, just enough to get a sense of the position of the joint. It is at the same time the original goal of rehabilitation, independent movement as well as the performance of daily life activities. In the later phase, when the patient overcomes the original goals, active exercises are introduced with which motor functions such as strength, proprioception and balance are improved. Also the patient is being prepared for professional activities and, if the person is an athlete, for activities in sports.

Tyrimo problema: koks yra ekscentrinių pratimų poveikis jauno amžiaus futbolininkių apatinių galūnių raumenų disbalansui ir funkcinei būklei? Tyrimo tikslas - nustatyti ekscentrinių pratimų poveikį jauno amžiaus futbolininkių apatinių galūnių raumenų disbalansui ir funkcinei būklei. Tyrimo uždaviniai: 1. Įvertinti tiriamosios grupės futbolininkių apatinių galūnių raumenų disbalansą ir funkcinę būklę prieš ir po ekscentrinių pratimų taikymo; 2. Įvertinti kontrolinės grupės futbolininkių apatinių galūnių raumenų disbalansą ir funkcinę būklę; 3. Palyginti apatinių galūnių raumenų disbalansą ir funkcinę būklę tarp tiriamosios ir kontrolinės grupės. Tyrimo hipotezė: po taikytos ekscentrinių pratimų programos jauno amžiaus futbolininkėms sumažės apatinių galūnių raumenų disbalansas ir pagerės funkcinė būklė. Tyrimo metodai: tiriamųjų apatinių galūnių raumenų disbalansas ir funkcinė būklė bus testuojama: 1. Tensiomiografijos metodas – vertinamos šlaunies priekinių ir užpakalinių raumenų kontraktilinės savybės; 2. izokinetinė sistema „Biodex“ – vertinamas šlaunies priekinių ir užpakalinių raumenų jėgos momento santykis; 3. Y – pusiausvyros testu – vertinama dinaminė pusiausvyra. Rezultatai: po 5 savaičių pratimų taikymo tiriamojoje grupėje nustatytas reikšmingas dešinės kojos dvigalvio šlaunies ir pusgyslinio raumens susitraukimo laiko (Tc) sumažėjimas ir dešinės kojos pusgyslinio raumens maksimalaus radialinio poslinkio (Dm) sumažėjimas (p < 0,05). Taip pat, tiriamojoje grupėje buvo gautas statistiškai reikšmingas kairės kojos maksimalios ekscentrinės hamstringų jėgos momento padidėjimas prie 60°/s. greičio. Tarp dinaminės pusiausvyros testavimo rezultatų reikšmingų skirtumų nebuvo nustatyta. Išvados: 1. taikant ekscentrinių pratimų programą reikšmingai padidėjo tiriamosios grupės kairės kojos maksimalios ekscentrinės hamstringų jėgos momento reikšmė prie 60°/s. greičio, sumažėjo dešinės kojos dvigalvio šlaunies ir pusgyslinio raumens susitraukimo laikas ir sumažėjo dešinės kojos pusgyslinio raumens maksimalus radialinis poslinkis; 2. kontrolinėje grupėje po 5 savaičių apatinės galūnės raumenų disbalansas ir funkcinė būklė nekito; 3. po intervencijos tiriamosios grupės tiriamųjų pusgyslinio raumens lateralinė simetrija, bei kairės ir dešinės kojos maksimalios ekscentrinės hamstringų jėgos momento reikšmė prie 60°/s. greičio ir dešinės kojos maksimalaus koncentrinio hamstringų jėgos momento reikšmė prie 60°/s. greičio buvo reikšmingai geresnė lyginant su kontroline grupe., Research problem: what is the effect of eccentric exercises on lower limb muscle imbalances and functional status of young female football players? The aim of the study - to determine the effect of eccentric exercises on lower limb muscle imbalances and functional status of young female football players. Objectives: 1. To evaluate lower limb muscle imbalance and functional status of the experimental group before and after the application of eccentric exercises; 2. To evaluate lower limb muscle imbalance and functional status of the control group; 3. To compare the change in the lower limb muscle imbalance and functional status of the experimental and control group. Hypothesis: after eccentric exercise program lower limb muscle imbalance will decrease and functional status will improve in young female soccer players. Methods: 1. Tensiomyography (TMG) - to measure anterior and posterior thigh muscle contractile properties; 2. Isokinetic dynamometer system „Biodex“ – to measure the characteristics of anterior and posterior thigh muscles under dynamic conditions; 3. Y - Balance test – to measure dynamic balance of the lower limb. Results: after 5 weeks of eccentric exercise application, a significant reduction in the contraction time (Tc) of the right leg biceps femoris and semitendinosus muscle and a decrease in the maximum radial displacement (Dm) of the right leg semitendinosus muscle was found in the experimental group (p < 0.05). Also, a statistically significant increase in the maximum eccentric hamstring peak torque of the left leg at 60°/s was obtained in the experimental group. No significant differences were found between the results of dynamic balance testing. Conclusion: 1. after eccentric exercise program a significantly increase was found in the value of the maximum eccentric hamstring peak torque of the left leg at 60°/s., the contraction time of the right leg biceps femoris and semitendinosus muscle decreased and the maximum radial displacement of the right leg semitendinosus muscle decreased in the experimental group; 2. in the control group, after 5 weeks, the imbalance and functional condition of the muscles of the lower limb did not change; 3. after the intervention, the lateral symmetry of the semitendinosus muscle and the value of the maximum eccentric hamstring peak torque of the left and right leg at 60°/s. and the value of the right leg maximum concentric hamstring peak torque at 60°/s. was significantly better in the subjects of the experimental group compared to the control group.

Tyrimo tikslas. įvertinti kineziterapijos procedūrų poveikį pacientų, persirgusių COVID-19 liga, kvėpavimo funkcijai, gyvenimo kokybei ir funkciniam pajėgumui. Tyrimo metodika. 6 minučių ėjimo testas, Henčės ir Štangės testas, spirometrija, SF-36 klausimynas. Tyrimo rezultatai. COVID-19 liga persirgę pacientai pasižymi gera tolerancija fiziniam krūviui, stebima pablogėjusi kvėpavimo funkciją bei gyvenimo kokybė. 4 savaičių trukmės KT reikšmingai (p≤0,05) pagerino tiriamosios grupės funkcinį pajėgumą. Nustatytas tiriamosios grupės reikšmingai ilgesnis kvėpavimo sulaikymas įkvėpus bei iškvėpus (p≤0,05), kontrolinės grupės kvėpavimo sulaikymas iškvėpus (p≤0,05). Po KT reikšmingai pagerėjo tiriamosios grupės FVC bei FEV1 rodikliai (p≤0,05), kontrolinės grupės FEV1 (p≤0,05). Po KT fiksuotas reikšmingas tiriamosios grupės fizinės bei psichinės sveikatos pagerėjimas (p≤0,05), o kontrolinės grupės fizinės sveikatos pagerėjimas (p≤0,05). Tiriamosios grupės rezultatai buvo reikšmingai geresni, lyginant su kontroline grupe, įvertinus kvėpavimo sulaikymą iškvėpus bei gyvenimo kokybę. Tyrimo išvados. Tiriamosios grupės kvėpavimo funkcija, funkcinis pajėgumas bei gyvenimo kokybė po taikytos kineziterapijos programos reikšmingai pagerėjo. Kontrolinės grupės tiriamųjų kvėpavimo funkcija bei funkcinis pajėgumas nepakito, tačiau gyvenimo kokybė reikšmingai pagerėjo. Tiriamosios grupės tiriamųjų gyvenimo kokybė ir kvėpavimo sulaikymas iškvėpus po kineziterapijos programos buvo reikšmingai geresnis, lyginant su kontrolinės grupės tiriamaisiais, tačiau kvėpavimo sulaikymas įkvėpus, forsuotai iškvėpto oro tūrio kiekis, forsuotai iškvėpto oro tūrio kiekis per pirmą sekundę ir funkcinis pajėgumas reikšmingai nesiskyrė., The aim of the research. To assess the impact of physiotherapy procedures on respiratory function, quality of life and functional capacity of patients who have recovered from COVID-19 disease. The methods of the research. 6 minute walk test, Hence and Stange test, spirometry, SF-36 questionnaire. The results of the research. Patients who have recovered from COVID-19 disease are characterized by good tolerance to physical exertion, impaired respiratory function and quality of life are observed. The 4-week PT significantly (p≤0.05) improved the functional capacity of the intervention group. There was a significantly longer breathing retention in the intervention, group after inhalation and exhalation (p≤0.05), and breathing retention in the control group after exhalation (p≤0.05). After PT, there was a significant improvement in the FVC and FEV1 indicators in the intervention group (p≤0.05), and the FEV1 (p≤0.05) in the control group. After PT, a significant improvement in the physical and mental health of the intervention group was observed (p≤0.05) and an improvement in the physical health of the control group (p≤0.05). The results in the intervention group were significantly better compared to the control group in terms of breathing retention on exhalation and quality of life. Research conclusions. The respiratory function, functional capacity and quality of life of the intervention group improved significantly after the physiotherapy program. The respiratory function and functional capacity of the control group remained unchanged, but the quality of life improved significantly. In the intervention group, the quality of life and breath retention on exhalation, after the physiotherapy program were significantly better compared to the subjects in the control group, but there was no significant difference in breathing retention, the volume of forced exhalation, the volume of air exhaled in the first second, and the functional capacity.

Tyrimo problema: Intensyvios kineziterapijos poveikis sutrikusios raidos padariniai vaikų stambiąjai motorikai ir pusiausvyrai. Darbo aktualumas: Kineziterapijos procedūros ir metodikų pasirinkimas sutrikusios raidos vaikams nevisada duoda norimų rezultatų arba poveikis nėra ilgalaikis, nes dažniausiai motorinės raidos sutrikimai gali turėti liekamųjų reiškinių visam gyvenimui vaikui augant. Ieškoma vis naujesnių metodų, kaip būtų galima efektyviau ir greičiau pasiekti norimų rezultatų derinant kineziterapijos metodikas tarpusavyje. Labai mažai duomenų apie taip kaip „TheraSuit“ veikia įvairių sutrikimų turinčių vaikų stambiąją motoriką ir pusiausvyrą, todėl buvo įdomu pabandyti pritaikyti šią metodiką įvairių raidos sutrikimų turintiems vaikams. Tyrimo hipotezė: Taikant įprastą kineziterapiją dėvint „TheraSuit“ turėtume pasiekti geresnių rezultatų stambiojoje motorikoje ir pusiausvyroje nei taikant tik įprastą kineziterapiją Tyrimo tikslas: Palyginti skirtingų kineziterapijos priemonių poveikį sutrikusios raidos vaikų poveikį stambiąjai motorikai ir pusiausvyrai. Tyrimo uždaviniai: 1. Nustatyti įprastinės kineziterapijos poveikį be „Thera Suit“ kostiumo sutrikusios raidos vaikų stambiajai motorikai ir pusiausvyrai. 2. Nustatyti įprastinės kineziterapijos poveikį dėvint „Thera suit“ kostiumą sutrikusios raidos vaikų stambiajai motorikai ir pusiausvyrai. 3. Palyginti įprastinės kineziterapijos poveikį dėvint ir nedėvint „Thera Suit“ kostiumą sutrikusios raidos vaikų stambiajai motorikai ir pusiausvyrai. Išvados: 1. Įvertinus kontrolinės grupės testų rezultatus intensyvi kineziterapija turi teigiamą poveikį sutrikusios vaikų raidos stambiąjai motorikai ir pusiausvyrai, pagerėjo stovėjimas, ėjimas, bėgimas ir šokinėjimas bei pusiausvyra. 2. Įvertinus tiriamosios grupės testų rezultatus intensyvi kineziterapija derinant su „Thera Suit“ pagerino sutrikusios raidos vaikų pusiausvyrą ir visas 5 stambiosios motorikos dalis: gulėjimą ir vertimąsi, sedėjimą, šliaužimą ir ropojimą, stovėjimą, ėjimą, bėgimą ir šokinėjimą. 3. Palyginus rezultatus tarp abiejų grupių buvo nustatyta, jog tiriamąjai grupei, kuriai buvo taikyta kineziterapija su „Thera Suit“ turi didesnį teigiamą poveikį sutrikusios raidos vaikų stambiajai motorikai ir pusiausvyrai., The problem of the research: Intensive physiotherapy outcomes for gross motor and balance outcomes in children with developmental disabilities. Relevance of the thesis: The choice of physiotherapy methods for children with developmental disorders does not always produce the desired results or the effect is not long-lasting, because usualy, gross motor developmental disordes can have residual effects throughout the patients entire life. More and more new methods of physiotherapy are being sought to achieve the desired results more effieciently and quickly by combining physiotherapy methods with each other. There is a lack of data on how TheraSuit affects gross motor skills and balance in children with various developmental disorders. In addition to that, it was interesting to apply this method to children with various gross motor and balance disorders. The hypothesis of the research: Regular physical therapy while wearing the TheraSuit should provide better gross motor and balance results than regular physical therapy alone The goal of the research: To evaluate the effects of different physiotherapy methods on gross motor skills and balance in children with developmental disorders. Objectives of the study: 1. To evaluate the effects of conventional physiotherapy without wearing a TheraSuit on gross motor skills and balance in children with developmental disorders. 2. To evaluate the effects of conventional physiotherapy while wearing a TheraSuit on gross motor skills and balance in children with developmental disorders. 3. To determine and compare the effects of conventional physiotherapy with and without wearing a TheraSuit on gross motor skills and balance in children with developmental disorders. Conclusions: 1. After the evaluation of control group test results, intensive physiotherapy has a possitve effect on the gross motor skills and balance of children with impaired developmental disorders to standing, walking, running, jumping and maintain the balance. 2. After research group evaluation of the test results, intensive physiotherapy while wearing a TheraSuit balance and all 5 dimensions of the gross motor function measure have improved. 3. After comparing the results between control and research groups, it was found that the research group whom received combined physiotherapy while wearing a TheraSuit gross motor skills and balance has improved more effectively than physiotherapy alone.

Tyrimo problema. Dažniausiai sutinkami moksliniai tyrimai, kuriuose tiriami vaikai, turintys ASS, jų vykdomosios funkcijos, kognityvinės funkcijos, ugdymas, emocijų ir elgesio valdymas, socialinių įgūdžių kompetencijos ir panašiai. Kur kas rečiau atliekami moksliniai tyrimai su suaugusiais, turinčiais ASS. Tai leidžia teigti, kad labai svarbu atlikti mokslinius tyrimus platesniame tyrimų lauke ir su vyresniais asmenimis. Hipotezė – dvigubos užduoties metodas turi teigiamą poveikį suaugusiųjų asmenų, turinčių autizmo spektro sutrikimų, laikysenai ir pusiausvyros funkcijai. Darbo tikslas – nustatyti dvigubos užduoties metodo poveikį asmenų, turinčių autizmo spektro sutrikimą, laikysenai ir pusiausvyros funkcijai. Tyrimo uždaviniai. 1. Įvertinti asmenų, turinčių autizmo spektro sutrikimų, laikyseną ir pusiausvyros funkciją. 2. Palyginti asmenų, turinčių autizmo spektro sutrikimų, laikyseną ir pusiausvyros funkciją, prieš kineziterapijos ciklą ir po 4 savaičių intervencijos. 3. Įvertinti 4 savaičių kineziterapijos poveikį asmenų, turinčių autizmo spektro sutrikimą, laikysenai ir pusiausvyros funkcijai. Tyrimo metodai. Tyrimui atlikti pasirinkta kiekybinė tyrimo strategija ir eksperimento metodas, siekiant nustatyti dvigubos užduoties metodo poveikį asmenų, turinčių autizmo spektro sutrikimą, laikysenai ir pusiausvyros funkcijai. Testavimas atliktas taikant standartizuotus testus: Mini balance testas, Berg pusiausvyros skalė, Y balance testas, Tineti testas, W. K. Hoeger laikysenos vertinimo testas. Tyrimo rezultatai. Tyrimo hipotezė pasitvirtino iš dalies. Nustatyta, kad kineziterapijos programa, kurios metu buvo atliekami dvigubos užduoties fiziniai pratimai turėjo mažą ir vidutinį poveikį tyrimo dalyviams. Taikytos skirtingos kineziterapinės programos kontrolinei ir eksperimentinei grupėms turėjo teigiamą poveikį tiriamųjų laikysenai ir pusiausvyrai, tačiau tarp jų nebuvo nustatyta statistiškai reikšmingų skirtumų. Todėl negalime teigti, kad programa, kuri paremta dvigubos užduoties principais yra efektyvesnė nei įprasta pusiausvyrai lavinti skirta programa. Išvada. Palyginus asmenų, turinčių autizmo spektro sutrikimų, laikyseną ir pusiausvyros funkciją, prieš ir po tyrimo tarp grupių, nustatyta kad kineziterapija, kurios metu taikomi dvigubos užduoties pratimai, poveikio laikysenai neturėjo, tačiau statistiškai reikšmingai pagerėjo pusiausvyros rodikliai., Problem. Generally, in the field of research examining autism spectrum disorder, is children with ASD and their executive functions, cognitive functions, education, management of emotions and behavior, social skills competencies. Much less research is done on adults with ASD. This suggests that it is very important to carry out research in a wider research field with older people. Hypothesis – a double task approach has beneficial effects on posture and balance function in adults with autism spectrum disorders. Research aim – to determine the impact of double task method on posture and balance function for people with autism spectrum disorders. Tasks. 1. To evaluate the posture and balance function of individuals with autism spectrum disorders. 2. To compare the posture and balance function of individuals with autism spectrum disorders before the physiotherapy cycle and after the 4-week intervention. 3. To evaluate the effects of 4 weeks of physical therapy on posture and balance function in individuals with autism spectrum disorder. Research methods. A quantitative research strategy and an experimental method were chosen for the study in order to determine the effect of the dual-task method on the posture and balance function of individuals with autism spectrum disorder. The testing was performed using standardized tests: Mini balance test, Berg balance scale, Y balance test, Tinetti test, W.K. Hoeger method. Research results. The research hypothesis was partially confirmed. A physical therapy program that included double task physical exercises was found to have a low to moderate effect on study participants. Different physiotherapy programs applied to the control and experimental groups had a positive effect on the subjects' posture and balance, but no statistically significant differences were found between them. Therefore, we cannot claim that a program based on double task principles is more effective than a regular balance training program. Conlusion. After comparing the posture and balance function of individuals with autism spectrum disorders, before and after the study between the groups, it was found that physiotherapy, during which double task exercises are applied, had no effect on posture, but the balance indicators improved statistically significantly.

Tyrimo tikslas: nustatyti kineziterapijos panaudojant interaktyvios telereabilitacijos priemonę – neuroformą poveikį skausmo mažinimui, juosmeninės dalies raumenų ištvermės didinimui, stuburo mobilumo didinimui, tiriamiesiems su nespecifiniu apatinės nugaros dalies skausmu. Tyrimo metodai: testavimas atliktas taikant standartizuotus testus - skausmo vizualinės analogijos skalė (VAS), liemens raumenų statinės ištvermės testai – pilvo, šonų ir nugaros, tiesios kojos kėlimo testas, slump testas, šobero testas. Duomenų statistinei analizei atlikti naudota Microsoft Office Excel 2016 ir SPSS Statistic 17.0 programiniai paketai. Atliekant statistinę analizę, buvo skaičiuojami rodiklių aritmetiniai vidurkiai (X), vidutiniai kvadratiniai nuokrypiai (SD) ir vidurkio standartinės paklaidos. Tarp skirtingų matavimų ir grupių duomenų buvo nustatomas aritmetinių vidurkių skirtumų patikimumas – Stjudento T – testas ir Wilkoksono ženklų testas. Išvados: tyrimo rezultatai parodė, kad kineziterapijos programos, kurios buvo taikomos intervencinei ir kontrolinei grupei turėjo teigiamą poveikį abiejų grupių dalyviams. Abejose grupėse tyrimo rezultatai pakito teigiamai, tačiau intervencinė grupė – kineziterapijos taikymas kartu su telereabilitacija, parodė geresnius rezultatus mažinant skausmą, didinant liemens raumenų statinę ištvermę, lankstumą už kontrolinę grupę, kuriai buvo taikoma pavienė kineziterapija., The purpose of the study: to determine the effect of physiotherapy using an interactive telerehabilitation tool - neuroforma on reducing pain, increasing spine mobility, increasing core muscles static endurance for patients with non-specific lower back pain. Research methods: testing was performed using standardized tests: pain visual analog scale, core muscles static endurance tests - abdominal, side and back muscles, straight leg lift test, slump test, shober test. Microsoft Office Excel 2016 and SPSS Statistic 17.0 software packages were used for statistical data analysis. In the statistical analysis, arithmetic means (X), mean square deviations (SD) and standard errors of the mean were calculated. The reliability of arithmetic mean differences between different measurements and groups was determined using Student's T-test and Wilcoxon's signed-rank test. Conclusions: Results of the study showed that physiotherapy programs that were applied to the intervention and control groups had a positive effect on the participants of both groups. The results of the study changed positively in both groups, but the intervention group - physiotherapy combined with telerehabilitation - showed better results in reducing pain, increasing the static endurance of the core muscles, and flexibility than the control group, which received physiotherapy alone.

Infarkt miokarda povezan je sa stvaranjem plakova na unutarnjoj stijenci arterije, koji smanjuje ili blokira dotok krvi u srce, te na taj način oštećuje srčane mišiće zbog nedostatka opskrbe kisikom. Znajući da istraživanja pokazuju kako je čak 54% smrtnih slučajeva uzrokovano bolešću srca te krvnih žila, krucijalno je provesti proces kineziterapije osoba s preboljelim infarktom miokarda. Osim lijekova, vježbanje je dobro poznata metoda za prevenciju kardiovaskularnih bolesti, posebice infarkta miokarda. Istraživanja su također pokazala značajnu vrijednost vježbanja u rehabilitaciji istih bolesti, a tri su osnovne faze rehabilitacije: rana faza, konvalescentna i post-konvalescentna. Myocardial infarction is associated with the formation of plaques on the inner wall of the artery, which reduces or blocks blood flow to the heart, thus damaging the heart muscles due to lack of oxygen supply. Knowing that research shows that as many as 54% of deaths are caused by cardiovascular disease, it is crucial to carry out the process of kinesitherapy for people with myocardial infarction. In addition to medication, exercise is a well-known method of preventing cardiovascular disease, especially myocardial infarction. Research has also shown significant value in exercising in the rehabilitation of the same diseases, and there are three basic phases of rehabilitation: early phase, convalescence, and the post-convalescence period.

U područjima rekreacije i kineziterapije nerijetko se spominje odabir vježbi iz koncepta otvorenog i zatvorenog kinetičkog lanca. Oba koncepta imaju zajedničke karakteristike i svoju primjenu, bitno je poznavanje njihovih osnovnih biomehaničkih i fizioloških razlika kod odabira vježbi. Prilikom izvođenja odabranih vježbi otvorenog i zatvorenog kinetičkog lanca moguć je diferenciran utjecaj na lokomotorni sustav ovisno o cilju kineziološkog tretmana. Vježbe otvorenog i zatvorenog kinetičkog lanca imaju svoje prednosti i nedostatke, njihovom usporedbom, načinom praktične primjene u treningu i kineziterapiji sa rekreativnom populacijom može se kvalitetnije odabrati skup vježbi za rješavanje određenog kineziološkog problema. Cilj je dobro poznavanje karakteristika oba koncepta, a ne traženja odgovora na pitanje „koji je koncept bolji“ jer oba imaju svoje prednosti i nedostatke. Poznavanjem značajki oba koncepta odabir vježbi za grupu i pojedinca može biti primjereniji ciljevima te se rezultati u tjelesnom vježbanju i kineziterapiji mogu postići na brži, učinkovitiji i svrsishodniji način. In the fields of recreation and kinesitherapy, the selection of exercises from the concept of open and closed kinetic chain is often mentioned. Both concepts have common characteristics and applications for themselves, and it is important to know their basic biomechanical and physiological differences. When performing selected open and closed kinetic chain exercises, we can influence the locomotor system differently depending on the goal of the kinesiological treatment. Open and closed kinetic chain exercises have their advantages and disadvantages, by comparing them, the method of practical application in training and kinesitherapy with the recreational population, you can choose a better set of exercises to solve a particular kinesiological problem. The goal is to have a good knowledge of the characteristics in both concepts, and not to separate them into a concept which is better because neither of those two concepts is ideal. With a quality knowledge of the characteristics, the selection of exercises for the selected group and individuals can be of better quality and the results can be achieved in a better and more meaningful way.

Kada čujemo riječ prevencija prvo što nam pada napamet jest sprječavanje nečega neželjenog. Također, prevenciju možemo povezati sa sigurnošću koju stručnjaci karakteriziraju kao kontrolu nad prijetnjom sigurnosti. U nogometu je neželjena stvar ozljeda i ona predstavlja prijetnju sigurnosti. Nogomet je najpopularniji sport s otprilike 250 milijuna registriranih igrača. Nogomet je igra u kojoj 11 igrača jedne ekipe igra protiv 11 igrača druge ekipe i u 90 minuta moraju zabiti gol više ako žele pobijediti suparničku ekipu. Zbog prirode igre moguć je dolazak do kontakta sa suparničkim igračem te može doći do ozljeda. Pojava ozljeda je moguća i bez kontakta sa suparničkim igračem, izazvana primjerice naglim pokretom, nepravilnim doskokom i sličnim. Sve ozljede koje se dogode za vrijeme treninga ili utakmice smatramo sportskim ozljedama. Kako bismo spriječili pojavu ozljede i njezinu učestalost bitno je uključiti preventivni program u trenažni proces. Cilj ovog rada je utvrditi utjecaj preventivnih programa na mišićno-ligamentne strukture te njihovu efikasnost na pojavu ili učestalost ozljeda. When we hear the word prevention, the first thing that comes to mind is preventing something unwanted. We can also connect prevention with security, which experts characterize as control over security threats. In football, injuries are undesirable and pose a threat to safety. Football is the most popular sport with approximately 250 million registered players. Football is a game in which 11 players of one team play against 11 players of the other team and in 90 minutes and they have to score more goals if they want to beat the rival team. Due to the nature of the game, it is possible to come into contact with an opposing player and injuries may occur. The appearance of injuries is possible even without contact with an opposing player, caused for example by a sudden movement, an irregular landing etc. We consider all injuries that occur during training or matches as sports injuries. In order to prevent injury and its frequency, it is essential to include a preventive program in the training process. The goal of this work is to determine the impact of preventive programs on muscle-ligament structures and their effectiveness on the occurrence or frequency of injuries.

Multipla skleroza kronična je autoimuna bolest središnjeg ţivčanog sustava koja se manifestira propadanjem mijelinske ovojnice na živčanoj stanici. Propadanje mijelinske ovojnice dovodi do prestanka pravilnog prijenosa impulsa između ţivĉanih stanica. Mulitpla skleroza je idiopatska bolest, točnije, uzrok same bolesti je nepoznat, ali se pretpostavlja da se bolest prenosi genetski ili preboljelom upalnom bolesti središnjeg živčanog sustava. Kod većine bolesnika, prvi znaci bolesti javljaju se između dvadesete i pedesete godine života, a čak tri puta češće obolijevaju žene. Multipla skleroza očituje se kroz dvije faze. Faza egzacerbacije stanje je kada se javljaju simptomi bolesti i opće stanje bolesnika je jako loše. Faza remisije je stanje kada bolest miruje, točnije, kada nema simptoma bolesti. Simptomi ovise o oštećenju mijelinske ovojnice, a najčešće se javljaju smetnje u motorici, smetnje mokrenja, trnci duž jedne strane tijela, smanjen balans te spasticitet. Uzroci nastanka su genetska sklonost, autoimuna reakcija te utjecaj vanjskih faktora kao što su zamor i stres. U liječenju simptoma bolesti uvelike pomažu lijekovi i kineziterapijski postupci koji ublažavaju spasticitet (anksiolitici i fizikalna terapija), ublažavaju umor i malaksalost, smanjuje se bol analgeticima te se potiče aktivnost cijelog tijela. U liječenju osoba od multiple skleroze, važnu ulogu ima fizioterapeut koji mora napraviti plan i program vježbi te provoditi vrijeme sa svakim bolesnikom posebno jer je pristup oboljelim osobama individualan. Veliku važnost pridonosi edukacija obitelji o bolesti te kako najbolje pomoći osobi u stanju egzacerbacije. Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system, which is manifested by the deterioration of the myelin sheath on the nerve cell. Decay of the myelin sheath leads to the cessation of proper transmission of impulses between nerve cells. Mulitpla sclerosis is an idiopathic disease, more precisely, the cause of the disease itself is unknown, but it is assumed that the disease is transmitted genetically or by a survivor of the inflammatory disease of the central nervous system. In most patients, the first signs of the disease occur between the ages of 20 and 50, and as many as three times more often women get sick.Multiple sclerosis manifests itself through two stages. The exacerbation phase is the condition when symptoms of the disease appear and the general condition of the patient is very bad. The stage of remission is a condition when the disease idles, more precisely, when there are no symptoms of the disease. Symptoms depend on damage to the myelin sheath, and most often there are disturbances in the motor system, disturbances in urination, tingling along one side of the body, reduced balance and spasticity. The causes of the occurrence are genetic preference, autoimmune reaction and the influence of external factors such as fatigue and stress. Drugs and kinesitherapy procedures that relieve spasticity (anxiolytics and physical therapy), relieve fatigue and malaise, reduce pain with painkillers and stimulate the activity of the whole body are greatly assisted in the treatment of symptoms of the disease. In the treatment of people for multiple sclerosis, an important role is played by a physiotherapist who must make a plan and program of exercises and spend time with each patient separately because the approach to the affected persons is individual. Family education about the disease and how best to help a person in a state of exacerbation contributes to great importance.

U ovom diplomskom radu prikazati će se kako se pomoću kineziterapijskog programa može smanjiti utjecaj pojave posttraumatskog osteoartritisa nakon ozljede prednje ukrižene sveze. Osteoartritis koljena nastaje zbog propadanja zglobnih struktura unutar koljenskog zgloba. Mogući razlozi pojave su traume na koljenu, prekomjerna tjelesna težina, životna dob... Pošto točan uzrok oboljenja od osteartritisa nije poznat, liječenje se svodi na saniranje simptoma i smanjenje funkcionalne nesposobnosti. Posttraumatski osteoartritis je podvrsta osteoartritisa. Posttraumatski osteoartritis je progresivni patogeni proces. Njegovo rano otkrivanje od izuzetnog je značaja jer nudi bolje mogućnosti saniranja problema. Što se osteoartritis kasnije otkrije, to su lošije prognoze učinka intervencije. Glavni zadatak kineziterapijskog programa koji je opisan u radu je olakšati bolesniku normalno svakodnevno funkcioniranje u životu i poboljšati kvalitetu njegova života (smanjiti bol, povećati pokretljivost koljena, povećati mišićnu masu na donjim ekstremitetima). Kineziterapijski program je osmišljen u dvije razine, osnovni i napredni. U njemu se nalaze vježbe za jačanje donjih ekstremiteta, vježbe za opseg pokreta, i vježbe stabilizacije. Veliku ulogu u vježbanju imaju unutarnji čimbenici bolesnika, a to se odnosi na volju, želju i motivaciju koju bolesnik ima za vježbanjem, tj. za poboljšanjem vlastitog zdravlja. This thesis will show how the kinesitherapy program can reduce the impact of post-traumatic osteoarthritis after anterior cruciate ligament injury. Knee osteoarthritis occurs due to the deterioration of the joint structures within the knee joint. Possible causes are knee trauma, overweight, age and others. Since the exact cause of osteoarthritis is not known, treatment comes down to relieving symptoms and reducing functional disability. Posttraumatic osteoarthritis is a subtype of osteoarthritis. Posttraumatic osteoarthritis is a progressive pathogenic process. Its early detection is of utmost importance as it offers better remedial options. The later osteoarthritis is detected, the worse the prognosis of the effect of the intervention. The main task of the kinesitherapy program described in the paper is to facilitate the patient's normal daily functioning in life and improve his quality of life (reduce pain, increase knee mobility, increase muscle mass in the lower extremities). The kinesitherapy program is designed in two levels, basic and advanced. It includes exercises for strengthening the lower extremities, exercises for range of motion, and stabilization exercises. An important role in exercise is played by the patient's internal factors, and this refers to the will, desire and motivation that the patient has to exercise, ie to improve their own health.

Zanimanje kineziterapeut nije prepoznato u Hrvatskoj. Poslovne prilike za kineziterapeuta su dosta ograničene, odnosno uglavnom su vezane za sport. Poslovi iz područja rehabilitacije u javnim ustanovama kao što su bolnice, kineziterapeutu nisu dopušteni. Privatni sektor za poslove u rehabilitaciji, vrlo često, zbog veće prepoznatljivosti zapošljava fizioterapeute. Glavni cilj ovog istraživanja bio je ispitati informiranost i uvidjeti znanja populacije od 18 do 65 godina u gradu Zagrebu o zanimanju kineziterapeut. U istraživanju provedenom u veljači 2022. godine putem online anketnog upitnika sudjelovalo je 189 ispitanika. Zbog kriterija isključenja testiranje hipoteza provedeno je na 162 ispitanika. Prva hipoteza koja glasi: „Osobe s višom ili visokom stručnom spremom upućenije su u struku i rad kineziterapeuta od osoba sa srednjom ili nižom stručnom spremom.“ - odbačena je kao neistinita. Na skali od 0 do 100 bodova srednja razina upućenosti u struku i rad kineziterapeuta veća je za 2,03 boda kod osoba sa završenom višom ili visokom stručnom spremom, međutim testiranjem nije utvrđena statistički značajna razlika. Druga hipoteza koja glasi: „Osobe koje su tijekom života doživjele ozljede lokomotornog sustava upućenije su u struku i rad kineziterapeuta od osoba koje nisu doživjele takvu ozljedu.“ - odbačena je kao neistinita. U ovome slučaju srednja razina upućenosti u struku i rad kineziterapeuta veća je za 0,80 bodova kod osoba koje su tijekom života doživjele ozljedu lokomotornog sustava, međutim testiranjem nije utvrđena statistički značajna razlika. The profession of kinesiotherapist is not well understood in Croatia. Career opportunities for kinesiotherapists are quite limited, and are mostly tied to the field of sports. In public institutions, such as hospitals, the employment of a kinesiotherapist in injury rehabilitation is not yet possible, while in private institutions, physiotherapists are mostly employed in rehabilitation, and the profession itself tends to be more recognized for its expertise there. The main objective of this research was to explore how aware and how knowledgeable of kinesiotherapy as a profession is the general population, aged 18-65, in the city of Zagreb. 189 respondents participated in the survey conducted in February 2022, via an online questionnaire. Hypothesis testing was conducted on 162 respondents, based on the exclusion criteria. The first hypothesis, which states: „Individuals with an associate or university degree have a greater awareness of the kinesiotherapy profession and field of work than individuals who have a high- or elementary school degree.“ – was rejected as untrue. On a scale of 0 to 100 points, the average level of understanding of the profession and field of work of a kinesiotherapist is 2,03 points higher in individuals with an associate or university degree, however, the test did not reveal a statistically significant difference. The second hypothesis, which states: „Individuals who have experienced a musculoskeletal injury during their lifetime will have a greater awareness of the kinesiotherapy profession and field of work, compared to individuals who have not experienced such an injury.“ – was also rejected as untrue. In this case, the average level of understanding of the profession and field of work of a kinesiotherapist is 0,80 points higher in individuals who have experienced a musculoskeletal injury during their lifetime. Again, the test revealed no statistically significant difference.

Provedbom ankete na 76 studenata treće godine Kineziološkoga fakulteta, istražili smo učestalost ozljeđivanja studenata na Kineziološkom fakultetu te saznali mehaniku nastanka ozljede, područje nastanka ozljede, iz kojeg sporta student ili studentica dolazi te na kojim su kolegijima ozljede nastale. Deskriptivnom statistikom saznali smo da se čak 45 posto ukupnoga broja studenata ozlijedilo na nekom praktičnom kolegiju. Studenti su se najviše ozljeđivali na kolegijima iz gimnastike, odbojke i hrvanja. Najčešća područja nastanka ozljede bili su gležanj, koljeno, rame te zadnja loža. Napravljen je prijedlog prevencijskoga kineziterapijskog programa za svaki kolegij zasebno. Za izradu programa prevencije ozljeda rabljena je kombinacija znanja iz kineziterapije te vježbi specifičnih za zadani sport. Program je namijenjen svakom studentu za samostalnu primjenu, kao i otvoren za određenu prilagodbu zahtjevima nadolazećega praktičnog kolegija koji je, jednako tako, sklon promjenama i nadopunama. Također, proučavali smo ovisnost prijašnjih ozljeda s novonastalim ozljedama na određenom praktičnom kolegiju Kineziološkoga fakulteta, sličnost s dominantnim sportom te ispitali jesu li studenti samostalno radili na nekom obliku prevencije ozljeda. S obzirom na to da su pitanje prevencije ozljeda i prevencijski programi još uvijek slabo istraživani, potrebna su dodatna istraživanja o utjecaju zasebnih prevencijskih programa te o utjecaju programa kada su objedinjeni s dodatnim aktivnostima poput zahtjeva određenih kolegija ili izvannastavnih trenažnih aktivnosti. By conducting a survey on 76 third-year students of kinesiology, we investigated the frequency of student injuries at the Faculty of Kinesiology and found out the mechanics of injury, the area of injury, which sport the student is from, and on which courses the injuries occurred. Using descriptive statistics, we learned that as many as 45 % of total number of students were injured during a practical course. Students were most often injured in gymnastics, volleyball and wrestling. The most common areas of injuries were the ankle, knee, shoulder and hamstrings. A proposal of preventive kinesitherapy program was made for each course separately. A combination of knowledge from the kinesitherapy and exercises specific to the given sport were used to create the kinesitherapy injury prevention program. The program is free for every student to apply independently and to make it easier to adapt to the requirements of the upcoming practical course, however the program is also prone to changes and additions. We also researched if dependence of previous injuries, similarity of the dominant sport and whether they have done some form of injury prevention independently are connected with injuries that occurred on a practical course at the Faculty of Kinesiology. Given that the issue of injury prevention and prevention programs are still poorly researched, additional research is needed on the effects of injury prevention programs as an item for itself, and as an item in combination with demands of practical courses at the Faculty of Kinesiology and activities outside of the Faculty.

One significant sequela of facial nerve palsy is synkinesis. Synkinesis causes involuntary movements during voluntary action. This dysfunction can significantly impact patients' lives, limiting their ability to enjoy eating and talking, which has psychosocial effects. Currently, there are several versions of the etiology of synkinesis. Each of them has a right to exist, as evidenced by multiple studies. But what has already been proven accurately and reliably is that synkinesis arises due to the consequences of facial paralysis. In this thesis, synkinesis is regarded as a consequence of Bell's Palsy in adults. Since Synkinesis is a consequence of this neurological disorder, the treatment and rehabilitation of the underlying condition should first be considered to prevent the onset of these consequences. Bell's Palsy & synkinesis management involves a multidisciplinary approach, including several professionals such as medical doctors and physiotherapists. Previous studies have advocated treatment using physiotherapy modalities alone or with exercise therapy, but no consensus exists on the optimal approach. Thus, this review summarizes controlled clinical studies in the management of synkinesis in facial nerve palsy. This systematic review aims to identify available manual techniques and active physiotherapy approaches for Bell's Palsy management and their effects on synkinesis., Vienas iš svarbių veidinio nervo paralyžiaus padarinių yra sinkinezė. Sinkinezė sukelia nevalingus judesius savanoriškų veiksmų metu. Šis sutrikimas gali turėti didelės įtakos pacientų gyvenimui, ribodamas jų gebėjimą mėgautis valgymu ir kalbėjimu, o tai turi psichosocialinį poveikį. Šiuo metu yra kelios sinkinezės etiologijos versijos. Kiekviena iš jų turi teisę egzistuoti, tai įrodo daugybė tyrimų. Tačiau jau tiksliai ir patikimai įrodyta, kad sinkinezė atsiranda dėl veido paralyžiaus pasekmių. Šiame darbe sinkinezė laikoma kaip suaugusiųjų Bell'o paralyžiaus pasekmė. Kadangi sinkinezė yra neurologinis sutrikimas, pirmiausia reikėtų apsvarstyti šios ligos gydymą ir reabilitaciją, kad būtų galima užkirsti kelią šių pasekmių atsiradimui. Bell'o paralyžiaus ir sinkinezės gydymas yra daugiadisciplininis požiūris, apimantis keletą specialistų, pvz. kineziterapeutai. Ankstesniuose tyrimuose buvo rekomenduojamas gydymas tik fizioterapijos metodais arba kartu su mankštos terapija, tačiau vieningos nuomonės dėl optimalaus metodo nėra. Todėl šioje apžvalgoje apibendrinami kontroliuojami klinikiniai sinkinezės gydymo, esant veidinio nervo paralyžiui, tyrimai. Šioje sisteminės apžvalgos tikslas - nustatyti galimus manualinius metodus ir aktyvią fizioterapiją. Bell'o paralyžiaus gydymo būdus ir jų poveikį sinkinezei.

Tyrimo problema: Koks yra kineziterapijos poveikis kvėpavimo sistemos funkcijai ir fiziniam pajėgumui, sergant Covid-19 virusu? Tyrimo tikslas: Įvertinti kineziterapijos poveikį kvėpavimo sistemos funkcijai ir fiziniam pajėgumui pacientams sergantiems Covid–19. Atlikus mokslinės literatūros analizė, galima teigti, jog kineziterapija turi teigiamą poveikį pacientų sergančių Covid-19 virusų funkciniams rodikliams. Po kineziterapijos programos taikymo kvėpavimo dažnis sumažėjo tiek prieš, tiek po kineziterapijos procedūros. Deguonies įsisotinimas po kineziterapijos padidėjo lyginant su O2 įsisotinimu prieš tyrimą. Atlikto tyrimo gauti rezultatai parodo, jog tiriamųjų nueitas atstumas padidėjo nežymiai, vidutinė fizinio krūvio tolerancija išliko. Dusulio ir nuovargio tyrimo gauti rezultatai parodo, jog tiriamieji nuo labai nežymaus ir didelio dusulio, sumažino iki nejuntamo ir vidutinio dusulio jausmo., Research problem: What are the effects of physiotherapy on respiratory function and physical capacity in Covid-19 virus? Research aim: Evaluate the effects of physiotherapy on respiratory function and physical performance in patients with Covid-19. An analysis of the scientific literature suggests that physiotherapy has a positive effect on the functional status of patients with Covid-19 viruses. Respiration rates decreased both before and after the physiotherapy procedure after the application of the physiotherapy program. Oxygen saturation after physiotherapy was increased compared to O2 saturation before the study. The results obtained in the study show that the distance traveled by the subjects increased slightly, the average exercise tolerance remained. The results obtained in the study of dyspnea and fatigue show that the subjects reduced from very mild to severe dyspnea to an imperceptible and moderate dyspnea.

Insultas yra viena svarbiausių suaugusiųjų negalios ir mirtingumo priežasčių. Patyrus insultą atsiranda negrįžtamų pakitimų galvos smegenyse, ko pasekoje – sutrinka tam tikros įprastos organizmo funkcijos. Tai lemia insultu persirgusių žmonių neįgalumą. Tad, šioje literatūros analizėje yra nagrinėjamas Bobath ir Propriocepsinės Neuroraumeninės Facilitacijos metodikų poveikis pacientų motorinės funkcijos atstatymui po galvos smegenų insulto. Išanalizavus mokslinę literatūrą paaiškėjo, kad kasmet GSI paplitimas didėja, tai siejama su ilgėjančia gyvenimo trukme. Patyrus insultą atsiranda negrįžtamų pakitimų galvos smegenyse, ko pasekoje – sutrinka tam tikros įprastos organizmo funkcijos. Insultas gali sukelti tokius padarinius , kaip paralyžius, parezė, paralyžuotų galūnių raumenų tonuso pakitimai, raumenų atrofija, jutimo sutrikimai. Yra skiriami du pagrindiniai GSI tipai: išeminis ir hemoraginis. Išeminis insultas yra dažnesnis, bet hemoraginis insultas yra atsakingas už didesnį skaičių mirčių bei dėl negalios prarastų, kokybiško gyvenimo metų kiekį. Taikant Bobath metodiką pacientams, patyrusiems galvos smegenų insultą, tiek atskirai, tiek ir kartu kombinuojant su tradiciniu gydymu, motorinių funkcijų atsistatymas reikšmingai padidėja. Taikant PNF metodiką pacientams, patyrusiems galvos smegenų insultą, motorinių funkcijų atsistatymas reikšmingai padidėja. Palyginus Bobath metodiką su PNF metodika galima teigti, kad Bobath metodika yra veiksmingesnė būtent funkcinio savarankiškumo atstatyme, o PNF metodika – pusiausvyros gerinime., Stroke is one of the leading causes of disability and mortality in adults. After a stroke, irreversible changes occur in the brain, which results in certain normal functions of the body. This results in disability for people who have had a stroke. So, this systematic literature review is about the effect of Bobath and Proprioceptic Neuromuscular Facilitation techniques on restoration of motor function in patients after stroke. An analysis of the scientific literature has shown that the prevalence of stroke is increasing every year, which is associated with increasing life expectancy. After a stroke, irreversible changes occur in the brain, which results in certain normal functions of the body. Stroke can cause effects such as paralysis, paresis, changes in muscle tone of paralyzed limbs, muscle atrophy, sensory disturbances. There are two main types of stroke: ischemic and hemorrhagic. Ischemic stroke is more common, but hemorrhagic stroke is responsible for a higher number of deaths and the number of years of quality of life lost due to disability. The Bobath technique significantly increases the recovery of motor function in patients who have had a stroke, both alone and in combination with traditional treatment. The use of PNF in patients who have had a stroke significantly increases the recovery of motor function.Comparing the Bobath technique with the PNF technique, it can be stated that the Bobath technique is more effective in restoring functional independence, while the PNF technique is more effective in improving balance.

Tyrimo problema. Reumatoidinis artritas tai viena iš labiausiai paplitusių lėtinių uždegiminių ligų visame pasaulyje. Didžiajai daliai reumatoidiniu artritu sergančių pacientų yra pažeidžiami riešo ir plaštakos sąnariai. Pažeidus šiuos sąnarius atsiranda sunkumų atliekant kasdieninę veiklą, įskaitant apsitarnavimą, namų ruošos darbus, darbinę veiklą. Tad iškyla klausimas, koks yra kineziterapijos poveikis riešo ir plaštakos funkcijai bei skausmui, sergant riešo ir plaštakų reumatoidiniu artritu? Tyrimo objektas. Kineziterapijos poveikis riešo ir plaštakos funkcijai bei skausmui, sergant reumatoidiniu artritu. Tyrimo tikslas. Įvertinti kineziterapijos poveikį riešo ir plaštakos funkcijai bei skausmui, sergant reumatoidiniu artritu., Research problem. Rheumatoid arthritis is one of the most common chronic inflammatory diseases in the world. The majority of patients with rheumatoid arthritis have damaged wrist and hand joints. Damage to these joints causes difficulties in daily activities, including servicing, housework, work activities. So the question is, what are the effects of physiotherapy on wrist and hand function and pain in rheumatoid arthritis of the wrist and hand? Research object. Effects of physiotherapy on wrist and hand function and pain in rheumatoid arthritis. Research aim. To evaluate the effect of physiotherapy on wrist and hand function and pain in rheumatoid arthritis.

Tyrimo problema. Plantarinis fascitas yra dažnas sutrikimas, sukeliantis skausmą viduriniame išilginiame pėdos lanke. Dažniausiai yra jaučiamas diskomfortas kulno srityje, ţengiant pirmuosius žingsnius ryte (Cardenuto, 2014). Simptomas gali palaipsniui išnykti po vaikščiojimo (Tsai, C ir kt., 2010). Apie 15 proc. suaugusiųjų skundžiasi pėdos skausmu ir 10 proc. gyventojų suserga plantariniu fascitu. Daţniausiai šį negalavimą patiria 40-70 metų amžiaus moterys. Žmonės dažniausiai jaučia sunkumą vaikštant, užsiimant svorių nešiojimu. Ši liga yra aktuali problema, nes pacientai teigia, kad dėl pėdos skausmų patiria diskomfortą atliekant socialines ir kasdienines veiklas. Taip pat viena iš problemų ta, kad nėra galutinio gydymo, kuris būtų efektyviausias. Jis priklauso nuo paciento ir paprastai reikalauja įvairių metodų derinio, kad sėkmingai palengvintų simptomus. Pinrattana ir kt. (2021)., Research problem. Plantar fasciitis is a common disorder that causes pain in the medial longitudinal arch of the foot. Discomfort in the heel area is most often felt when taking the first steps in the morning (Cardenuto, 2014). The symptom may gradually disappear after walking (Tsai, C et al., 2010). About 15 percent adults complain of foot pain and 10 percent population develops plantar fasciitis. This condition is most common in women aged 40-70. Patients usually experience difficulty in walking or performing weight-bearing activities, thus have limited ability to perform activities of daily and social living. Also one of the problems is that there is no final treatment that would be most effective. It is patient-dependent and usually requires a combination of different methods to successfully relieve symptoms. Pinrattana ir kt. (2021).

Atlikus sisteminę mokslinių straipsnių apžvalgą išsiaiškinta, kad apatinio kryžminio sindromo atsiradimo priežastys gali būti įvairios. Tačiau, straipsniuose atsispindi kelios pagrindinės sindromo atsiradimo priežastys tai yra: ilga statiška laikysena, ilgas sėdimas darbas, netaisyklingi darbo įpročiai, emocinis stresas. Taip pat, išsiaiškinta, kad padidėjusi lordozė, pernelyg aktyvūs juosmens tiesiamieji raumenys, hiperaktyvūs klubo lenkiamieji raumenys, neaktyvūs sėdmens ir nepakankamai aktyvūs pilvo raumenys, hiperaktyvumas hamstringuose yra pagrindiniai požymiai rodantys AKS. Mokslinėje literatūroje, taip pat išsiaiškinta, jog norint diagnozuoti AKS reikia atlikti kai kuriuos testus : Thomas testas, kojų nuleidimo testas, didžiojo sėdmens raumens jėgos testas, Šobero testas ir vizualinis laikysenos vertinimas. Atlikus mokslinių publikacijų tyrimų paiešką ir susisteminus gautus rezultatus ,galima teigti, kad stabilizavimo, tempimo pratimai, elektroterapija, kinezioteipavimas, didelio intensyvumo treniruotė ir dinaminiai pratimai tiek sausumoje tiek vandenyje, gali būti taikomi mažinant apatinio kryžminio sindromo sukeltą skausmą, bei netaisyklingą laikyseną. Išsiaiškinus skirtingų kineziterapijos metodų poveikį juosmeninės nugaros dalies raumenims nustatyta, jog stabilizavimo, tempimo pratimai, dinaminiai pratimai vandenyje ir sausumoje labiausiai turėjo įtakos juosmeninės nugaros dalies raumenų kitimui. Buvo pastebėta, kad dagiausiai įtakos šie metodai turėjo pilvo raumenims., A systematic review of scientific articles has shown that the causes of lower cross-syndrome can be varied. However, the articles reflect several of the main causes of the syndrome, namely: long static posture, long sedentary work, irregular work habits, emotional stress. Also, increased lordosis, lumbar extensor muscles, hyperactive hip flexor, inactive gluteal muscle, and underactive abdominal muscle, hyperactivity in hamsters are the main signs of LCS. The scientific literature has also shown that some tests are required to diagnose LCS: the Thomas test, the lower leg test, the gluteal muscle strength test, the Schober test, and a visual assessment of posture. Searching for scientific publications and systematizing the results suggest that stabilization exercises, stretching exercises, electrotherapy, kinesiotaping, high intensity workouts along with mobility, stretching and strength exercises, and dynamic exercises in both land and water can be used to reduce lower cross-syndrome pain and posture. After elucidating the effect of different physiotherapy methods on lumbar spine muscles, it was found that stabilization, stretching exercises, dynamic exercises in water and land had the greatest influence on lumbar spine muscle change. It was observed that these methods most commonly affected the abdominal muscles. It was observed that these methods had the greatest effect on the abdominal muscles.

Tyrimo problema. Koks skirtingų kineziterapijos metodų poveikis nugaros skausmui ir liemens funkcinei būklei esant juosmeninės liemens dalies radikulopatijai? Tyrimo objektas. Skirtingų kineziterapijos metodų poveikis nugaros skausmui ir liemens funkcinei būklei esant juosmeninės liemens dalies radikulopatijai. Tyrimo tikslas. Įvertinti skirtingų kineziterapijos metodų poveikį nugaros skausmui ir liemens funkcinei būklei esant juosmeninės liemens dalies radikulopatijai. Tyrimo metodai. Mokslinė literatūros apžvalga, sisteminė literatūros apžvalga., Research problem. What is the effectiveness of different physiotherapy methods on back pain and waist functional condition in lumbar waist radiculopathy? Research object. Effects of different physiotherapy methods on back pain and waist functional condition in lumbar waist radiculopathy. Research aim. To evaluate the effect of different physiotherapy methods on back pain and waist functional condition in lumbar waist radiculopathy. Research methods. Review of scientific literature; systematic literature review.

Tyrimo problema. Literatūroje teigiama, kad William‘s lenkimo ir Kendall izometrinių pratimų kineziterapijos metodikos sumažina juosmeninę lordozę bei nugaros skausmą, bet nėra aišku, kuris kineziterapijos metodas yra veiksmingesnis (Dundar ir kt., 2009). Tyrimo objektas. Skirtingų kineziterapijos metodų liemens raumenų jėgos ištvermei, dubens pasvirimo kampui ir skausmui 14-17 metų paaugliams su padidėjusiai stuburo juosmeninės dalies lordoze poveikis. Tyrimo tikslas. Įvertinti skirtingų kineziterapijos metodikų poveikį liemens raumenų jėgos ištvermei, dubens pasvirimo kampui ir skausmui 14-17 metų paaugliams su padidėjusia stuburo juosmeninės dalies lordoze. Tyrimo metodai. Mokslinės literatūros analizė, testavimas, matematinis skaičiavimas., Research problem. The literature suggests that both physiotherapy techniques reduce lumbar lordosis and back pain and improve quality of life, but it is not clear whether the physiotherapy method is more effective (Dundar et al., 2009). Research object. Effect of different physiotherpy methods for trunk muscle endurance, pelvic tilt anlge ant pain on 14-17 years ols adolencents with lumabr spine hiperdosis. Research aim. To determine the effect of different physiotherpy methods for trunk muscle endurance, pelvic tilt anlge ant pain on 14-17 years ols adolencents with lumabr spine hiperdosis. Research methods. Analysis of the scientific literature, patient testing , mathematical data analysis

Temos aktualumas: Apie 75 procentai vaikų lanko ikimokyklines ugdymo įstaigas ir ten praleidžia apie 7 valandas per dieną, tad tai galėtų būti vieta, kur vaikai mokosi teisingo judesio ir būna fiziškai aktyvūs. Ankstyvame amžiuje atsiradę laikysenos ar pusiausvyros sutrikimai gali išsivystyti į skeleto raumenų sistemos įtampas ar deformacijas, motorinių įgūdžių vystymosi sulėtėjimą. Laikysenos ir pusiausvyros profilaktikai svarbu laiku pradėti atitinkamas kineziterapijos programas ikimokykliniame amžiuje ir am gali padėti terapiniai kamuoliai, su kuriais atliekant pratimus stiprinama raumenų jėga, ištvermė, koordinacija, pusiausvyra. Tyrimo problema: Ar tikslingai sudaryta kineziterapijos programa, naudojant terapinius kamuolius, gali turėti poveikį ikimokyklinio amžiaus vaikų pusiausvyrai ir laikysenai? Tyrimo objektas: Kineziterapijos programos, naudojant terapinius kamuolius, poveikis ikimokyklinio amžiaus vaikų pusiausvyrai ir laikysenai Hipotezė: Manome, kad taikant kineziterapijos programą, naudojant terapinius kamuolius, pagerės ikimokyklinio amžiaus vaikų pusiausvyra ir laikysena lyginant su vaikais, kurie užsiims įprasta fizinio aktyvumo veikla. Tyrimo tikslas: Įvertinti kineziterapijos programos, naudojant terapinius kamuolius, poveikį ikimokyklinio amžiaus vaikų laikysenai ir pusiausvyrai. Tyrimo uždaviniai: 1. Įvertinti ikimokyklinio amžiaus vaikų laikyseną ir pusiausvyrą prieš dalyvavimą kineziterapijos programoje. 2. Įvertinti ikimokyklinio amžiaus vaikų laikyseną ir pusiausvyrą po dalyvavimo kineziterapijos programoje. 3. Nustatyti kineziterapijos programos, naudojant terapinius kamuolius, poveikį ikimokyklinio amžiaus vaikų pusiausvyrai ir laikysenai. Išvados: 1. Įvertinus ikimokyklinio amžiaus vaikų laikyseną, nustatyta, kad 31% vaikų turi puikią laikyseną, 57% vaikų turi gerą ir 12% vaikų turi patenkinamą laikyseną. 2. Po dalyvavimo kineziterapijos programoje, nustatytas laikysenos pagerėjimas: 55% vaikų turėjo puikią laikyseną, 38% - gerą laikyseną ir tik 7% - patenkinamą laikyseną. 3. Tiriamosios grupės laikysena ir pusiausvyra po tyrimo buvo ženkliai geresnė nei kontrolinės grupės, kuri nedalyvavo kineziterapijos programoje, naudojant terapinius kamuolius., Relevance of the Topic: About 75 percent of children attend preschools and spend about 7 hours a day there, so this could be a place where children learn the right movement and are physically active. Postural or imbalance disorders that occur at an early age can lead to skeletal musculoskeletal stress or deformity, slowing down the development of motor skills. For the prevention of posture and balance, it is important to start appropriate physiotherapy programs in the preschool age in time, and this can be helped by therapeutic balls, which strengthen muscles, improves endurance, coordination and balance during exercise. Problem: Can a well-designed physiotherapy program using therapeutic balls have an effect on the balance and posture of preschool children? Study object: The effect of physiotherapy program using therapeutic balls on the balance and posture of preschool children. Hypothesis: We believe that the use of therapeutic balls in a physiotherapy program will improve the balance and posture of preschool children compared to children who engage in normal physical activity. The aim of the study: To evaluate the effect of a physiotherapy program using therapeutic balls on the posture and balance of preschool children. Research tasks: 1. To evaluate the posture and balance of preschool children before participating in a physiotherapy program. 2. To evaluate the posture and balance of preschool children after participating in a physiotherapy program. 3. To determine the effect of physiotherapy programs using therapeutic balls on the balance and posture of preschool children. Conclusions: 1. Assessing the posture of preschool children, it was found that 31% of children have excellent posture, 57% of children have good posture and 12% of children have satisfactory posture. 2. Improvement in posture was observed after participation in the physiotherapy program: 55% of the children had excellent posture, 38% had good posture and only 7% had satisfactory posture. 3. The posture and balance of the study group after the study were significantly better than that of the control group that did not participate in the physiotherapy program using therapeutic balls.

Tyrimo objektas – išsiaiškinti dvigubos užduoties poveikį sergančiųjų Parkinsono liga asmenų pusiausvyrai ir pažintinėm funkcijoms. Tyrimo problema – Parkinsono liga sergančiųjų motorinių ir pažintinių funkcijų kokybės gerinimas taikant sudėtines kineziterapines programas. Baigiamojo darbo tikslas: Įvertinti dvigubos užduoties kineziterapijoje poveikį vyresnio amžiaus asmenų sergančių Parkinsono liga pusiausvyrai ir pažintinėms funkcijoms. Darbo uždaviniai: 1. Įvertinti sergančiųjų Parkinsono liga pusiausvyrą prieš ir po kineziterapijos. 2. Įvertinti sergančiųjų Parkinsono liga kognityvines funkcijas prieš ir po kineziterapijos. 3. Nustatyti dvigubos užduoties poveikį sergančiųjų Parkinsono liga pusiausvyrai ir kognityvinėms funkcijoms. Tyrimo hipotezė: Po kineziterapijos kartu su pažintinių funkcijų lavinimui skirtomis užduotimis programos sergančiųjų Parkinsono liga motorinių ir pažintinių funkcijų rezultatai bus reikšmingai geresni, nei po įprastinės kineziterapijos. Tyrimo metodai: 1. Berg, pusiausvyros testas; 2. Stokis ir eiti testas; 3. 2 min testas; 4. Funkcinio judėjimo testas, (W. Kaitel.et al., 1971); 5. Monrealio (MoCa) testas; Rezultatai: Sergančiųjų Parkinsono liga reikšmingai (p, Object of the research is to find out the effect of the dual-task on the balance and cognitive functions of the people with Parkinson‘s disease. Problem of the research is to improve the quality of motor and cognitive functions of the people with Parkinson‘s disease using combined physical therapy programs. Aim of the final work: To evaluate the effect of dual-task in physical therapy on the balance and cognitive functions of Parkinson‘s disease in the eldery. Tasks: 1. To evaluate the balance of the people with Parkinson‘s disease before and after physical therapy. 2. To evaluate the cognitive functions of the people with Parkinson‘s disease before and after physical therapy. 3. To determine the effect of the dual-task on balance and cognitive functions for individuals with Parkinson‘s disease. Hypothesis of the reserach: the results of the motor and cognitive functions for individuals with Parkinson‘s disease will be significantly better after physical therapy with the program‘s given tasks for the development of the cognitive functions than after the ordinary physical therapy. Methods of the research: 1. “Berg balance Scale”; 2. ‘Timed Up and Go“ test; 3. (2MWT) 2 minutes test; 4. Functional movement test, (W. Kaitel.et al., 1971); 5. Montreal (MoCA) test. Results: The indicators of balance, gait, coordination and functional mobility of the people with Parkinson‘s disease have significantly (p

Tyrimo problema: Viena iš dažniausiai pažeidžiamų kelio sąnario struktūrų yra meniskai. Su meniskų pažeidimais kasmet susiduria 6 iš 1000 pasaulio gyventojų, 4 kartus dažniau vyrai nei moterys (Shiraev et al., 2012). Efektyviam keturgalvio ir dvigalvio šlaunies raumenų stiprinimui, tonuso korekcijai ir ištvermės lavinimui gali būti taikomi uždaros kinetinės grandinės (UKG) arba atviros kinetinės grandinės (AKG) pratimai (Sullivan et al, 2018). Tyrimo tikslas: Įvertinti uždaros ir atviros kinetinės grandinės pratimų poveikį pacientų po menisko plyšimo blauzdos lenkiamųjų ir tiesiamųjų raumenų ištvermei, jėgai ir tonusui. Tyrimo uždaviniai: 1. Įvertinti pacientų po menisko plyšimo blauzdos lenkiamųjų ir tiesiamųjų raumenų jėgą prieš ir po uždaros ir atviros kinetinės grandinės pratimų taikymo; 2. Įvertinti pacientų po menisko plyšimo blauzdos lenkiamųjų ir tiesiamųjų raumenų tonusą prieš ir po uždaros ir atviros kinetinės grandinės pratimų taikymo; 3. Įvertinti pacientų po menisko plyšimo blauzdos lenkiamųjų ir tiesiamųjų raumenų ištvermę prieš ir po uždaros ir atviros kinetinės grandinės pratimų taikymo; 4. Atlikti lyginamąją gautų duomenų prieš ir po uždaros ir atviros kinetinių grandinės pratimų taikymo analizę. Tyrimo hipotezė: Manoma, kad uždaros kinetinės grandinės pratimai taikomi pacientams po menisko plyšimo turės didesnę įtaką blauzdos lenkiamųjų ir tiesiamųjų raumenų ištvermei, jėgai ir tonusui nei atviros kinetinės grandinės pratimai. Tyrimo objektas: Uždaros ir atviros kinetinės grandinės pratimų poveikis pacientų po menisko plyšimo blauzdos lenkiamųjų ir tiesiamųjų raumenų ištvermei, jėgai ir tonusui. Tyrimo metodai: 1. Skausmo suvokimo vertinimas naudojant vizualinę analoginę skausmo skalę (VAS). 2. Raumenų funkcinio pajėgumo vertinimas pagal Lovett. 3. Blauzdos tiesiamųjų ir lenkiamųjų raumenų statinės ištvermės vertinimas. 4. Kelio sąnario judesių amplitudžių vertinimas. 5. Subjektyvus kelio sąnario funkcijos vertinimas. 6. Pažeisto kelio sąnario apimties vertinimas. Tyrimo rezultatai. Vertinant abiejų grupių raumenų jėgos, tonuso ir statinės ištvermės rodiklius tyrimo pradžioje, tarp grupių nebuvo nustatyta reikšmingų skirtumų (p>0,05). Tyrimo pabaigoje analizuojant raumenų funkcinio pajėgumo ir statinės ištvermės vertinimo rodiklius tarp tiriamųjų grupių buvo nustatyti statistiškai reikšmingi skirtumai (p, Problem of the study. Meniscus is one of the most injured structures in knee joint. Every year 6 of 1000 people of word popularity is diagnosed with meniscular tear. It is 4 times more common among men than in women. Closed kinetic chain (CKC) or open kinetic chain (OKC) exercises can be used for effective quadriceps and biceps femoral muscle strengthening, muscle tone correction, and muscle endurance training(Sullivan et al, 2018). CKC exercises are safer than OKC exercises and are therefore more often recommended for rehabilitation after meniscus rupture. The aim of study: to evaluate the effectiveness of open and closed kinetic chain exercises in correcting strength, tone and endurance of tibial flexor and extensor muscles in patients after meniscal tear. Objectives of study: 1. To evaluate strength of tibial flexor and extensor muscles for patients after meniscal tear at the beginning and at the end of study 2. To evaluate muscle tone of tibial flexor and extensor muscles for patients after meniscal tear at the beginning and at the end of study 3. To evaluate endurance of tibial flexor and extensor muscles for patients after meniscal tear at the beginning and at the end of study 4. To do the comparative analysis between two experimental groups. The object of the study: the effectiveness of open and closed kinetic chain exercises in correcting strength, tone and endurance of tibial flexor and extensor muscles in patients after meniscal tear. Hypothesis. Closed kinetic chain exercises will have positive effect in correcting strength, tone and endurance of tibial flexor and extensor muscles for patients after meniscal tear. Methods: 1. VAS pain evaluation scale; 2. Muscle functional capability test; 3. Statical endurance evaluation of tibial flexors and extensors; 4. Evaluation of knee joint flexion and extension movement amplitude; 5. Subjective evaluation of knee joint function; 6. Evaluation of volume of injured knee joint; 7. Mathemathic statistical analysis of data. Results. There were no significant differences between the groups in muscle strength, tone, and static endurance at the beginning of the study (p> 0.05). At the end of the study, when analyzing the results of muscle functional capacity and static endurance, statistically significant differences were found between the study groups (p

Tyrimo problema – Pečių skausmas, dėl kaulų ir raumenų sistemos sutrikimų yra antras pagal dažnumą ortopedijos praktikoje (Creech & Silver, 2020). Siekiant sumažinti peties skausmą ir pagerinti funkcija, esant petis sąnario ankštumo sindromui yra naudojama nemažai kineziterapijos metodų, tačiau vieno efektyviausio metodo šiomis dienomis nerasta (Watts et al., 2017; Creech & Silver, 2020). Darbo tikslas: nustatyti skirtingų kineziterapijos metodikų poveikį peties skausmui ir funkcijai esant peties sąnario ankštumo sindromui. Uždaviniai: 1. Įvertinti ir palyginti skausmo intensyvumą prieš ir po įprastinę kineziterapiją ir kineziterapiją su peties sąnanario mobilizacija su judesiu. 2. Įvertinti ir palyginti judesių amplitudes prieš ir po įprastinę kineziterapiją ir kineziterapiją su peties sąnanario mobilizacija su judesiu. 3. Įvertinti ir palyginti peties raumenų jėgą prieš ir po įprastinę kineziterapiją ir kineziterapiją su peties sąnanario mobilizacija su judesiu. 4. Įvertinti ir palyginti subjektyviai suvokiama peties funkcija ir gyvenimo kokybę prieš ir po įprastinę kineziterapiją ir kineziterapiją su peties sąnanario mobilizacija su judesiu. Tyrimo metodai. 16 tiriamųjų (9 moterys ir 7 vyrai), kuriems buvo diagnozuotas peties sąnario ankštumo sindromas buvo suskirstyti į dvi grupes: kineziterapijos su mobilizacija su judesiu (KINMJ) ir įprastinės kineziterapijos (KIN). Tiriamieji įvertinti prieš tyrimą, po 2 ir po 4 savaičių. Žasto judesių amplitudės vertinamos – standartiniu goniometru, raumenų jėga – skaitmeniniu dinamometru, skausmas - vizualine analogu skausmo skale (VAS), peties funkcija įvertinta su rankos, peties ir plaštakos negalios klausimynu (DASH), su sveikata susijusi gyvenimo kokybė įvertinta naudojant SF-36 klausimyną, Darbo hipotezė: manome, kad įprastinė kineziterapija su mobilizacija su judesiu labiau sumažins skausmą ir pagerins peties funkciją, esant peties sąnario ankštumo sindromui, nei įprastinė kineziterapija. Rezultatai: KINMJ ir KIN grupėse skausmas sumažėjo po 2 ir 4 savaičių (p, Problem of research - Shoulder pain due to musculoskeletal disorders is the second most common in orthopedic practice (Creech & Silver, 2020). A number of physiotherapy methods are used to reduce shoulder pain and improve function in the presence of shoulder impingement syndrome, but one of the most effective methods has not been found these days (Watts et al., 2017; Creech & Silver, 2020). The aim of this study was to determine the effect of different physiotherapy methods on shoulder pain and function in the presence of shoulder impingement syndrome. Research tasks: 1. To evaluate and compare pain intensity before and after conventional physiotherapy and physiotherapy with shoulder joint mobilization with movement. 2. Evaluate and compare movement amplitudes before and after conventional physiotherapy and physiotherapy with shoulder joint mobilization with movement. 3. Evaluate and compare shoulder muscle strength before and after conventional physiotherapy and physiotherapy with shoulder joint mobilization with movement. 4. Evaluate and compare subjectively perceived shoulder function, and quality of life before and after conventional physiotherapy and physiotherapy with movement of the shoulder joint with movement. Methods: The 16 subjects (9 women and 7 men) diagnosed with shoulder impingement syndrome were divided into two groups: physiotherapy with mobilization with movement (KINMJ) and routine physiotherapy (KIN). Subjects were evaluated before the study, after 2, and after 4 weeks. Amplitudes of arm movements were assessed with a standard goniometer, muscle strength with a digital dynamometer, pain with a visual analog pain scale (VAS), shoulder function was assessed with the Hand, Shoulder and Hand Disability Questionnaire (DASH), and health-related quality of life was assessed with the SF-36 questionnaire. , Hypothesis of research: that conventional physiotherapy with mobilization with movement will reduce pain and improve shoulder function more than conventional physiotherapy. Results: KINMJ and KIN groups, pain decreased after 2 and 4 weeks (p

Tyrimo pagrindimas. Dauguma kineziterapeutų, į kuriuos kreipiasi ligoniai, kol kas nėra susipažinę su smilkininio apatinio žandikaulio sąnario (SAŽS) funkciniais sutrikimais, netaisyklingo sąkandžio ir kūno laikysenos pokyčiais bei tarpusavio ryšio problema. Netaisyklinga laikysena turi įtakos asmenims, besiskundžiantiems juosmeninės stuburo dalies (JSD) skausmu, o dantų sąkandžio ir kūno laikysenos tarpusavio ryšys – tai pagrindas diskusijai apie diagnostikos ir gydymo įtraukimą, įvertinus asmenų, turinčių netaisyklingą sąkandį ir SAŽS funkcinių sutrikimų, kūno laikysenos pokyčius (Rodriguez-Blanco et al., 2015). Tikslas – nustatyti skirtingų kineziterapijos metodikų poveikį asmenų, turinčių smilkininio apatinio žandikaulio sąnario funkcinių sutrikimų ir apatinį kryžminį sindromą, skausmui ir funkcinei būklei. Metodai. Pirmai tiriamųjų grupei taikyti kvėpavimo, stabilizavimo, motorinės kontrolės ir tempimo pratimai, antrai – kvėpavimo, stabilizavimo, motorinės kontrolės ir tempimo pratimai kartu taikant SAŽS mobilizaciją ir kramtomųjų raumenų atpalaidavimo techniką. Įvertinta SAŽS funkcija ir sąkandis, JSD funkcija ir dubens padėtis, prieš taikytas skirtingas kineziterapijos metodikas ir po jų. Rezultatai. Keturias savaites taikyta tik skirtingo pobūdžio pratimų programa vertintų rodiklių tendencingiems pokyčiams įtakos neturėjo, statistinis reikšmingumas nenustatytas (p > 0,05). Grupėje, kuriai buvo taikomi skirtingo pobūdžio pratimai kartu taikant SAŽS mobilizaciją ir kramtomųjų raumenų atpalaidavimo techniką, buvo pastebėta rodiklių pokyčių tendencija, tačiau statistinis reikšmingumas nenustatytas (p > 0,05). Išvados. SAŽS funkcija ir sąkandis, taip pat JSD funkcija, dubens padėtis po skirtingų kineziterapijos metodikų taikymo statistiškai reikšmingai nepakito., Background. Most physiotherapists are not involved in this problem and correlations are very weak. Therefore, it is considered that in the presence of an irregular dental clench of the subjects, limited movements of the TMJ, lower cross syndrome should also be detected and different physiotherapy methodologies will be found to be positive indicators alteration of functional disorders of the TMJ and lower cross syndrome. The formation of irregular posture affects people who complain of low back pain. Relationship between dental clench and posture is a basis for discussion on the inclusion of diagnosis and treatment in the assessment of postural changes in individuals with irregular clench and dysfunction of the TMJ. The purpose was to determine the effect of different physiotherapy methodologies on pain and functional status in persons with dysfunction of the TMJ and lower cross syndrome. Methods. Only breathing, stabilization, motor control and stretching exercises are applied to group I. Breathing, stabilization, motor control and stretching exercises together with TMJ mobilization and chewing muscle recognition technique are applied to group II. We evaluated the active function of the TMJ and dental clench as well as the lumbar spine and pelvic position before and after different physical therapy methods. Results. Only the exercise program of different types applied for four weeks did not affect the tendency changes in the evaluated indicators, the statistical significance was not determined (p > 0.05). For the group treated with different types of exercises in combination with TMJ mobilization and chewing muscle relaxation technique, a tendency in the change of indicators was observed, but the statistical significance was not determined (p > 0.05). Conclusion. The function of the TMJ and dental clench, the function of the lumbar spine and pelvic position after different physical therapy methods statistical significance did not change.

Tyrimo problema: Pagal pasaulinę statistiką, kaip paskutinės stadijos osteoartrito gydyme totalinio kelio sąnario endoprotezavimo operacijų per metus padaugėja nuo 5 iki 17 procentų (Sattler et al. 2019). Sergant osteoatritu kelio sąnario endoprotezavimo operacija yra pagrindinis būdas pagerinti fizinę būklę, sumažinti skausmą, pagerinti gebėjimą vaikščioti ir pagerinti gyvenimo kokybę. Osteoatritas – lėtinė sąnarių liga, kuomet yra sąnarinė kremzlė ir formuojasi osteofitai. Po kelio endoprotezavimo operacijos laikinai sumažėja raumenų jėga, kelio judesių amplitudė ir ėjimo greitis. Po operacijos svarbus pooperacinis laikotarpis, tam, kad pagerinti eiseną ir kasdienę veiklą (Kosecki et al., 2021). Visiškas kelio sąnario endoprotezavimas yra alternatyva osteosintezei, leidžianti po operacijos iškarto mobilizuoti pacientus ir pilną kūno svorį (Taper et al., 2020). Tyrimo hipotezė: manome, kad taikant įprastinę kineziterapiją ir naudojant pilną kūno svorį be ramentų, poveikis operuoto kelio sąnario funkciniams rodikliams, skausmui, mobilumui, savarankiškumui bei eisenai ir pusiausvyrai bus didesnis, negu taikant įprastinę kineziterapiją ir naudojant ramentus. Tiriamieji ir metodika: tyrimas atliktas VŠĮ Druskininkų ligoninės reabilitacijos skyriuje nuo 2021 m. sausio 4 d. iki 2021 m. birželio 25 d. Tyrime dalyvavo 30 pacientų, kuriems diagnozuota II – IV laipsnio kelio sąnario osteoartrozė. Tiriamieji bus suskirstyti į dvi grupes, tiriamojoje grupėje (N=15), kurie turės vaikščioti remdamiesi 50 proc. kūno svorio su dviem ramentais, o kontrolinės grupės (N=15) tiriamieji mins pilnu svoriu, be ramentų. Kineziterapija vyko 24 dienas, nuo pirmadienio iki šeštadienio, po 2 kartus per dieną, vidutiniškai 30 minučių. Abiejų grupių tiriamiesiems buvo taikoma tokia pati kineziterapijos programa. Visi tiriamieji buvo testuojami du kartus – prieš kineziterapiją ir po jos. Vertinama buvo: skausmas VAS skale, raumenų jėga, apsitarnavimas, judesių amplitudės, funkcinis judėjimas, griuvimų rizika, mobilumas ir apatinių galūnių funkcija. Tikslas: įvertinti skirtingų pooperacinių rekomendacijų kineziterapijos poveikį pacientams po kelio sąnario endoprotezavimo, galūnės funkcijai, mobilumui, pusiausvyrai, raumenų jėgai, judesio amplitudei, skausmui, savarankiškumui ir eisenai. Tyrimo uždaviniai: 1. Nustatyti ir įvertinti kontrolinės grupės raumenų jėgos, judesių amplitudės, skausmo, mobilumo ir savarankiškumo kaitą prieš ir po tyrimo. 2. Nustatyti ir įvertinti tiriamosios grupės raumenų jėgos, judesių amplitudės, skausmo, mobilumo ir savarankiškumo kaitą prieš ir po tyrimo. 3. Palyginti tarp kontrolinės ir tiriamosios grupių raumenų jėgos, judesių amplitudės, skausmo, mobilumo ir savarankiškumo kaitą prieš ir po tyrimo. Išvados: 1. Įvertinus gautus tyrimo rezultatus kontrolinėje grupėje padidėjo raumenų jėga, lenkimo ir tiesimo judesių amplitudė, pagerėjo mobilumas. 2. Įvertinus gautus tyrimo rezultatus tiriamojoje grupėje padidėjo raumenų jėga, lenkimo ir tiesimo judesių amplitudė, pagerėjo mobilumas. 3. Palyginus gautus rezultatus tarp tiriamosios ir kontrolinės grupių, nustatytas, kad pagerėjo savarankiškumas, sumažėjo patinimas ir skausmas (p, Research problem: According to global statistics, the number of total knee arthroplasty operations in the treatment of end-stage osteoarthritis increases from 5 to 17 percent per year (Sattler et al. 2019). In osteoarthritis, knee replacement surgery is a key way to improve your physical condition, reduce pain, improve your ability to walk, and improve your quality of life. Osteoarthritis is a chronic joint disease in which there is articular cartilage and osteophytes form. After knee replacement surgery, muscle strength, amplitude of knee movements and walking speed are temporarily reduced. The postoperative period is important to improve gait and daily activities (Kosecki et al., 2021). Complete knee arthroplasty is an alternative to osteosynthesis that allows patients and full body weight to be mobilized immediately after surgery (Taper et al., 2020). Study subjects and methodology: The research was performed at the Rehabilitation Department of Public Institution Druskininkai Hospital from 4 January 2021 to 25 June 2021. The research included 30 patients diagnosed with grade II-IV osteoarthritis of the knee joint. In both groups the duration of each procedure was 30 – 40 minutes 2 times a day. The study subjects will be divided into two groups, the study group (N = 15) will have to walk on the basis of 50 per cent of body weight with two crutches, and the control group (N = 15) will have to walk at full weight without crutches. The same physiotherapy program was used in both groups. Patients were tested for functional status before and after physiotherapy programs. The following will be assessed: muscle strength on the Lovett scale, amplitude of knee movements on the goniometer, pain assessment on the VAS scale, gait and balance on the Tinetti scale, independence on the Bartel index, mobility on the Stand and Go test, functional movement on the Keittel index. Aim of the research: to evaluate the effects of different post-surgical recommendations on physiotherapy in patients after knee replacement, limb function, mobility, balance, muscle strength, range of motion, pain, independence, and gait. Objectives of the research: 1 1. To determine and evaluate the changes in muscle strength, range of motion, pain, mobility, and independence of the control group before and after the study. 2. To determine and evaluate the changes in muscle strength, range of motion, pain, mobility, and independence of the study group before and after the study. 3. To compare the changes in muscle strength, range of motion, pain, mobility, and independence between the control and study groups before and after the study. Conclusions: 1. After evaluating the obtained research results, the control group increased muscle strength, the amplitude of bending and stretching movements, and improved mobility. 2. After evaluating the obtained research results, the muscle strength, the amplitude of the bending and stretching movements were increased in the research group, and the mobility was improved. 3. Comparing the results between the experimental and control groups, there was an improvement in independence, a decrease in swelling and pain (p

Polineuropatije predstavljaju simetrična oštećenja koja zahvaćaju više skupina živaca sa širokim spektrom simptoma, ovisno o težini oštećenja i živcima koji su oštećeni. Oštećenja zahvaćaju motorna, senzorna i autonomna živčana vlakna. Imaju mnoštvo uzroka od kojih se mnogi mogu dijagnosticirati pažljivom kliničkom i fizioterapijskom procjenom. Poremećaji mogu biti genetički uvjetovani, metabolički, toksični, infektivni i imunološki. Prema tijeku bolesti dijelimo ih na: akutne, subakutne i kronične. Simptomi se najprije javljaju u distalnim dijelovima donjih ekstremiteta, a daljnjim razvojem bolesti šire se na gornje ekstremitete. Pojava simptoma se razlikuje ovisno o vrsti živčanih vlakana koja su zahvaćena, ali i o stadiju bolesti. Manifestiraju se osjetni poremećaji u vidu parestezija (trnci, žarenje, pečenje, mravinjanje). Progresijom osjetnih simptoma javljaju se i motorički simptomi, kod kojih dolazi do atrofije mišića i slabljena tetivnih refleksa. Fizioterapijska procjena uključuje uzimanje anamneze, inspekciju, opservaciju, palpaciju, ispitivanje voljne motorike, refleksa i procjenu osjeta i aktivnosti svakodnevnog života. Dobivenim podacima kreira se fizioterapeutski tretman, čiji je fokus na provođenju kineziterapije, hidroterapije i primjeni elektroterapijskih procedura. Polyneuropathy is a symmetrical damage that affects several groups of nerves with a wide range of symptoms, depending on the severity of the damage and the nerves that are damaged. Damage affects the motor, sensory and autonomic nerve fibers. They have a multitude of causes, many of which can be diagnosed by careful clinical and physiotherapeutic assessment. Disorders can be genetically determined, metabolic, toxic, infectious and immune. According to the course of the disease, we divide them into: acute, subacute and chronic. Symptoms first appear in the distal parts of the lower extremities, and with further development of the disease they spread to the upper extremities. The onset of symptoms varies depending on the type of nerve fibers involved, but also on the stage of the disease. Sensory disorders in the form of paresthesias (burning, tingling, prickling) are manifested. With the progression of sensory symptoms, motor symptoms also occur, in which muscle atrophy and weakened tendon reflexes occur. Physiotherapy assessment includes taking a medical history, inspection, observation, palpation, examination of voluntary motor skills, reflexes and assessment of sensations and activities of daily life. The obtained data create a physiotherapeutic treatment, the focus of which is on the implementation of kinesitherapy, hydrotherapy and the application of electrotherapeutic procedures.

Tyrimo objektas: ligonių, patyrusių miokardo infarktą, ŠKS rodikliai, apatinių galūnių jėga, taikant aerobinę ir jėgos treniruotę. Darbo tikslas: Nustatyti skirtingų kineziterapinių programų poveikį širdies ir kraujagyslių sistemos rodikliams, apatinių galūnių jėgai ir funkciniam pajėgumui. Uždaviniai: 1. Įvertinti aerobinių pratimų poveikį širdies ir kraujagyslių sistemos rodikliams, apatinių galūnių raumenų jėgai ir funkciniam pajėgumui. 2. Įvertinti jėgos pratimų poveikį širdies ir kraujagyslių sistemos rodikliams, apatinių galūnių jėgai ir funkciniam pajėgumui. 3. Palyginti skirtingų kineziterapinių programų poveikį širdies ir kraujagyslių sistemos rodikliams, apatinių galūnių raumenų jėgai ir funkciniam pajėgumui. Hipotezė: aerobinė kineziterapijos programa yra efektyvesnė, atgaunant širdies ir kraujagyslių funkcinį pajėgumą, apatinių galūnių raumenų jėgą, po patirto miokardo infarkto (Lehti et al., 2020). Tyrimo metodika. Tyrimas buvo atliktas 2021 m. UAB ,,Sveikatos centras Energetikas” skyriuje. Tyrime dalyvavo 20 asmenų, kurie yra patyrę miokardo infarktą (10 moterų ir 10 vyrų). Tiriamieji buvo suskirstyti į dvi grupes: I grupės tiriamiesiems (n=10) – taikyta aerobinė treniruotė, II grupės tiriamiesiems (n=10) buvo taikyta jėgos treniruotė. Visi tiriamieji gavo po 12 kineziterapijos procedūrų. Tiriamųjų funkciniams rodikliams, funkciniam pajėgumui bei apatinių galūnių jėgai įvertinti naudojome: subjektyvios būklės vertinimo klausimyną, 6 minučių ėjimo testą, Borgo skalę, matavome pulsą ir kraujospūdį prieš ir po fizinio krūvio, apatinių galūnių jėgai nustatyti naudojome Lovett skalę. Tyrimo išvados: 1. Po aerobinių pratimų programos padidėjo apatinių galūnių raumenų jėga, suretėjo širdies susitraukimų dažnis, sumažėjo arterinis kraujo spaudimas, sumažėjo jaučiamas nuovargis ir dusulys, pagerėjo tolerancija fiziniam krūviui. 2. Po jėgos pratimų programos padidėjo apatinių galūnių raumenų jėga, sumažėjo jaučiamas nuovargis ir dusulys, pagerėjo tolerancija fiziniam krūviui. 3. Abi kineziterapinės programos pagerino apatinių galūnių raumenų jėgą ir toleranciją fiziniam krūviui bei sumažino jaučiamą nuovargį ir dusulį, tačiau poveikis širdies ir kraujagyslių funkciniams rodikliams aerobinių pratimų programos yra didesnis., Research object: functional indicators of patients with myocardial infarction for lower extremities applying aerobic and strength training. The aim: to identify different programs of physiotherapy effect for heart and blood vessels functional indicators, lower extremities strength and functional capacity. The goals: 1. to evaluate aerobic exercises effect for heart and blood vessels indicators to lower extremities muscles strength and functional capacity. 2. to evaluate strength exercises effect for heart and blood vessels indicators to lower extremities muscles strength and functional capacity. 3. to compare different programs of physiotherapy for heart and blood vessels indicators, lower extremities strength and functional capacity. Hypothesis: aerobic program of physiotherapy is more efficient to recover for heart and blood vessels functional capacity and lower extremities muscles strength after myocardial infarction. The method: the research was conducted in health center “ Energetikas” in 2021. 20 people, after myocardial infarction, participated in the research (10 women and 10 men). Subjects were divided into two groups: for first group subjects (n=10) was applied aerobic training, for second group of subjects (n=10) was applied strength training. All subjects had 12 physiotherapy procedures. To evaluate subjects functional indicators, functional capacity and lower extremities strength used subjective status assessment questionnaire, 6 min. walk test, Borgo scale, measured pulse and blood pressure before and after physical activities, for lower extremities strength – used Lovett scale. Conclusions: 1. 1. After the aerobic exercise program, the muscle strength of the lower extremities increased, the heart rate decreased, arterial blood pressure decreased, fatigue and shortness of breath were not felt, and tolerance to exercise was improved. 2. After the strength exercise program, the muscles of the lower extremities increased, fatigue and shortness of breath decreased, and tolerance to exercise improved. 3. Both physiotherapy programs have improved lower extremity muscle strength and exercise tolerance and reduced perceived fatigue, but the effects on cardiovascular function are greater with aerobic exercise programs.

Istraživanje pokazuje korist individualne kineziterapije u liječenju limfedema kod bolesnica s karcinomom dojke.

Multipla skleroza je autoimuna bolest središnjeg živčanog sustava. Bolest pogađa mlade ljude, produktivne dobi od 20-40 godina. Najčešće obolijevaju žene, 2-3 puta više od muškaraca. Karakterizirana je kroničnom upalom, demijelinizacijom, gliozom i gubitkom neurona. Bolest se može podijeliti u četiri glavna klinička podtipa: relapsno-remitentna multipla skleroza, sekundarno-progresivna multipla skleroza, primarno-progresivna i progresivno-relapsirajuća multipla skleroza. Smatra se da na razvoj bolesti utječu okolišni čimbenici, genetski čimbenici i virusne infekcije. Multipla skleroza dijagnosticira se pomoću magnetske rezonance, spinalne punkcije, testa evociranih potencijala i krvnih testova. U liječenju multiple skleroze, važnu ulogu ima fizioterapija. Sastavni dio fizioterapije u liječenju multiple skleroze je vježbanje. Simptomi multiple skleroze kojima se fizioterapeuti uglavnom bave su: hod, ravnoteža, spastičnost, fleksibilnost, koordinacija. Svrha fizioterapije je bolesnika ponovno učiniti funkcionalnim i neovisnim u aktivnostima svakodnevnog života. Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system. The disease affects young people, at the productive age of 20-40 years old. Women are most often affected, 2-3 times more than men. The disease is characterized by chronic inflammation, demyelination, gliosis and loss of neurons. The disease can be divided into four main clinical subtypes: relapsing-remmiting multiple sclerosis, secondary-progressive multiple sclerosis, primary-progressive multiple sclerosis and progressive-relapsing multiple sclerosis. The development of disease is thought to be influenced by environmental factors, genetic factors and infectious factors. Multiple sclerosis is diagnosed by using magnetic resonance imaging, spinal tap, evoked potential test and blood test. Physiotherapy plays an important role in the treatment of multiple scelrosis. An integral part of physiotherapy in the treatment of multiple sclerosis is exercise. The symptoms that physiotherapist mainly deal with are: gait, balance, spasticity, flexibilty, coordination. The purpose of physiotherapy is to make the patient functional and independent again in activities of daily life.

U ovom radu opisan je problem skakačkog koljena, te mehanizam nastanka, anatomija koljena, fizioterapijski i kineziterapijski postupci liječenja sindroma. Skakačko koljeno pripada sindromima prenaprezanja koljena koji pripadaju ortopedskim bolestima. Sindrom skakačkog koljena najčešće zahvaća profesionalne sportaše, ali i sportaše rekreativce. Sindrom nastaje kod konstantnog mehaničkog naprezanja ekstenzornog sustava koljena, te može nastati zbog grešaka u treningu ili prilikom krivog odabira obuće za trening. Očituje se patološkim promjenama na tetivi m. quadricepsa i patellarnoj svezi. Sindrom skakačkog koljena proteže se kroz četiri stadija koji se očituju različitim simptomima. Prvi stadij se odnosi na bol nakon treninga, dok četvrti stadij predstavlja rupturu tetive. Liječenje može biti konzervativno i operacijsko. Rehabilitacija najčešće traje do šest mjeseci, ali se teži da se pacijent što brže vrati sportskim aktivnostima. U radu će se također opisati preventivne mjere koje se koriste kod sportaša da bi se spriječio nastanak sindroma skakačkog koljena. The problem of the jumper's knee is described in this paper, as well as the mechanism of formation, knee anatomy, physiotherapeutic and kinesitherapy procedures for treating the syndrome. Jumper's knee belongs to knee overstressing syndromes belonging to orthopedic diseases. Jumper's knee syndrome mostly affects professional athletes, but also recreational athletes. The syndrome is caused by constant mechanical stress of the extensive knee system and can occur due to training errors or when the training footwear is mischosen. It manifests itself with pathological changes in the course of m. quadriceps and the patellar relationship. Jumper's knee syndrome extends through four stages that manifest themselves with different symptoms. The first stage refers to post-training pain, while the fourth stage represents tendon rupture. Treatment can be conservative and operational. Rehabilitation usually lasts up to six months, but the aim is for the patient to return to sports activities as quickly as possible. This paper will also describe the preventive measures used in athletes to prevent the development of jumper's knee syndrome.

Kompjuterizirana pretraga članaka objavljenih na engleskom jeziku obavljena je u PubMed bazi putem ključnih riječi. Uključni kriteriji bili su randomizirane kliničke studije ne starije od 5 godina. Isključni kriteriji bili su ostala patološka stanja povezana s LBS-om, poput na primjer hernijacije diska. Pronađeno je 9 randomiziranih kliničkih studija koje odgovarale kriterijima istraživanja, a evaluirale su utjecaj različitih terapijskih metoda na rehabilitaciju LBS-a. Za sada se u praksi primjena pravilno doziranog i individualno planiranog program vježbanja pokazala kao jedina metoda koja sa sigurnošću dovodi do značajnog poboljšanja u smanjenu simptoma povezanih s lumbalnim bolnim sindromom.

Ljudsko tijelo najbolje funkcionira kada ima dobro uravnotežene dijelove bilo da se radi o sjedenju, hodanju, stajanju ili drugoj aktivnosti. Kod većine ljudi centar gravitacije nalazi se s prednje strane zdjelice, smješten na oko 54% do 56% individualne visine u stojećem položaju, a mijenja se svakim pokretom te je važno imati i održati pravilan tjelesni stav. Lateralni tilt zdjelice podrazumijeva bočni nagib u jednu stranu. Uzroci ovakvog odstupanja mogu biti skolioza ili različita duljina nogu, ali je ipak najčešći uzrok nepravilno držanje tijela. Nepravilna tjelesna držanja nastala zbog oslabljene strukture posturalnih mišića tijekom rasta i razvoja, ukoliko su dijagnosticirana u ranoj životnoj dobi, mogu se korigirati kineziterapijskim programima, prema protokolu te pratiti učinkovitost vježbanja s pojedinom osobom. Samo vježbanje ima četiri faze od kojih svaka ima preporučene vježbe. Rezultati ovakvog pristupa u kineziterapijskom tretmanu lateralnog tilta zdjelice mogu dovesti do značajnog napretka u izgledu posture, a samim time mogu poboljšati kvalitetu života klijenta. Stoga je nužno redovito vježbati prema uputama ili pod nadzorom kineziterapeuta. The human body works best when it has well-balanced parts whether it is a sitting, walking, standing or other activity. In most people, the center of gravity is located in front of the pelvis, located at about 54% to 56% of individual height in a standing position, and changes with each movement, so it is important to have and maintain proper posture. The lateral tilt of the pelvis implies a lateral tilt to one side. The causes of this deviation can be scoliosis or different leg lengths, but it is still the most common cause of improper posture. Improper posture is caused by weakened structures of postural muscles during growth and development, if diagnosed at an early age, can be corrected by kinesitherapy programs, according to the protocol and to monitor the ability to exercise with an individual person. Kinesitherapy exercise has four phases, each of which has recommended exercises. The results of this approach in the kinesitherapy treatment of lateral tilt of the pelvis can lead to significant improvements in posture appearance, and at the same time can improve the quality of life of the client. Therefore, it is necessary to exercise regularly according to the instructions or under the supervision of a physiotherapist.

Problem ovog diplomskog rada se očituje u činjenici da su ozljede mišića stražnje strane natkoljenice jedne od najčešćih ozljeda koje zahvaćaju sportaše trkače. Vrlo često progresija opterećenja trkačkih treninga rekreativaca ne prati dinamiku adaptacije njihovog lokomotornog sustava te su ozljede sve češće među njihovom populacijom. U radu s trkačima potrebno je voditi računa o prevenciji i rehabilitaciji ozljeda mišića stražnje strane natkoljenice kako bi njihovo bavljenje sportom trajalo što duže. U starijim istraživanjima ozljeda mišića stražnje strane natkoljenice nije bila toliko česta, međutim kako ljudi napreduju i postaju brži, modificiraju programe treninga i tehnike trčanja, te pojavom i prilagodbom intervalnog treninga za trkače na duge pruge ozljeda mišića stražnje strane natkoljenice u novijim istraživanjima je postala česta. Također, u zadnjih nekoliko godina bilježi se porast interesa odraslih osoba za trčanjem, ponajviše radi želje za poboljšanjem njihovog kardiovaskularnog zdravlja, te je broj trkača rekreativaca sve veći. Glavni cilj rada je istaknuti važnost pravovremene prevencije i edukacije rekreativaca te slikovito i sadržajno prikazati kineziterapijski program za ozljedu mišića stražnje strane natkoljenice sportaša trkača. The problem of this graduate work is manifested in the fact that injuries to the muscles of the back of the thigh are one of the most common injuries affecting running athletes. Very often, the progression of the load of recreational racing training does not follow the dynamics of adaptation of their locomotor system, and injuries are increasingly common among their population. When working with runners, it is necessary to take care of the prevention and rehabilitation of injuries to the muscles of the back of the thigh in order for them to play sports for as long as possible. In older research, back thigh muscle injuries were less common, however, as people progress and become faster, modify training programs and running techniques, and with the occurrence and adaptation of interval training for long-distance runners, back thigh muscle injuries have become more common in recent research. Also, in the last few years, there has been an increase in the interest of adults in running, mostly due to the desire to improve their cardiovascular health, and the number of recreational runners has increased. The main goal of the paper is to point out the importance of timely prevention and education of recreational athletes and to present a pictorial and meaningful kinesitherapy program for muscle injury of the back of the thighs of athletes.

Reumatoidni artritis je teška, kronična upalna reumatska bolest koja u većini slučajeva zahvaća žene.Najčešće se pojavljuje kod osoba starijih od 25 godina. Starenjem se bolest projicira u sve težem obliku. Kod pacijenata oboljelih od reumatoidnog artritisa bolest započinje čestim upalama te oticanjem zglobova. Zglobovi zahvaćenim reumatoidnim artritisom su vrlo bolni kada je bolest u fazi egzarcebacije. Pacijenti postupno gube pokretljivost u zglobovima te s time i njihovu funkciju. Proces ove bolesti započinje u sinovijalnoj membrani koja okružuje zglobna tijela tvoreći zaštitnu vrećicu. Ona je ispunjena sinovijalnom tekućinom kojoj je uloga zaštita zgloba od trenja te opskrba hrskavice hranjivim tvarima i kisikom. Reumatoidni artritis uzrokuje stalni upalni proces koji uništava kolagen te se time prostor u zglobu smanjuje i same kosti se razaraju. Točni uzroci ove bolesti nisu poznati. Reumatoidni artritis se pojavljuje paralelno na oba zgloba npr, neće se očitovati samo na jednoj šaci nego na obje istovremeno. Kod pacijenata oboljelih od reumatoidnog artritisa većinom su zahvaćeni svi zglobovi ali najčešće se bolest najprije manifestira na šakama, koljenima te stopalima. Rehabilitacija reumatoidnog artritisa obuhvaća konzervativne i operativne metode liječenja. Od konzervativnih metoda liječenja najvažnija je fiziotererapija. Proces fizioterapije sastoji se od procjene fizioterapeuta, plana fizioterapije, fizioterapijske intervencije, ponovne procjene te završava otpustom sa zaključkom fizioterapeuta. Fizioterapijska intervencija obuhvaća postupke fizikalne terapije i kineziterapije. U fizikalnoj terapiji primjenjuju se različiti fizikalni agensi. Najučinkovitija je kineziterapija koja obuhvaća različite vrste vježbi te primjenu pomagala. Rheumatoid arthritis is a severe, chronic inflammatory rheumatic disease that affects women in most cases and men in fewer cases. It most often occurs in people older than 25 years. With aging, the disease is projected in an increasingly severe form. In patients with rheumatoid arthritis, the disease begins with frequent inflammation of the joints and swelling of the joint tissues. Joints affected by rheumatoid arthritis are very painful when the disease is in the exacerbation phase. Patients gradually lose mobility in the joints and thus their function. The process of this disease begins in the synovial membrane that surrounds the articular bodies forming a protective sac. It is filled with synovial fluid whose role is to protect the joint from friction and supplying cartilage with nutrients and oxygen. Rheumatoid arthritis causes a constant inflammatory process that destroys collagen and thus reduces the space in the joint and the bones themselves are destroyed. The exact causes of this disease are not known. Rheumatoid arthritis occurs in parallel on both joints, for example, it will not be manifested on only one hand but on both at the same time. In patients with rheumatoid arthritis, most of the joints are affected, but most often the disease first manifests itself on the hands, knees and feet. Rehabilitation of rheumatoid arthritis includes conservative and operative methods of treatment. Of the conservative methods of treatment, physiotherapy is the most important. The physiotherapy process consists of a physiotherapists assessment, physiotherapy intervention, reassessment, and ends with discharge and the physiotherapists conclusion. Physiotherapy intervention includes physical therapy and kinesitherapy procedures. Various physical agents are used in physical therapy. The most effective is kinesitherapy, which includes various types of exercises and the use of aids.

Koljenski zglob najsloženiji je i najveći zglob u ljudskom tijelu, a sastoji se od tibiofemoralnog i patelofemoralnog zglobnog kompleksa. Zbog svoje složenosti, ali i biomehanike, pri nekim fazama hoda opterećen je i s nekoliko tjelesnih težina, a čini ga kombinacija kutnog i obrtnog zgloba što znači da su moguće kretnje ekstenzije, fleksije, unutarnje i vanjske rotacije. Tijekom rasta i razvoja femura, tibije i patele potreban je specifičan odnos biomehaničkih sila kako bi se u konačnici formirala normalna zglobna funkcija u dječjoj i odrasloj dobi. Za stabilnost patele i urednu biomehaniku koljena važan je i položaj patele s obzirom na njenu visinu, odnosno udaljenost od zglobne pukotine. Hondromalacija patele je razmekšanje hrskavice različitog stupnja pri čemu još nema promjena na subhondralnoj kosti. U samom početku je reverzibilna, a kasnije postaje ireverzibilna uz visoki rizik razvoja sekundarne artroze. Hondromalacija patele može se dijagnosticirati pomoću artroskopije, a nekada se pronalazi kao usputni nalaz artrotomije s meniscektomijom koljena. Fizikalna terapija ima važnu ulogu u liječenju i rehabilitaciji te u prevenciji ozljeda i oštećenja struktura koljenskog zgloba. Proces rehabilitacije počinje neposredno nakon ozljeđivanja, mora biti prilagođen svakoj osobi, a traje sve do povratka izgubljenih sposobnosti. Liječenje može biti preventivno, konzervativno i kirurško. Najčešće je konzervativno, ali postoje slučajevi kada je jedini izlaz u kirurškom liječenju. Bitno je da se s konzervativnim liječenjem počne što ranije, točnije pri pojavi prvih simptoma. Od velike je važnosti unutar 24 do 72 sata primijeniti terapijsku metodu RICE (R – rest; pošteda, I – ice; hlađenje, C – compression; kompresija, E – elevation; elevacija). U metode procjene uključuju se inspekcija, palpacija, mjerenje opsega pokreta zgloba te se procjenjuje snaga mišića. Primjenjuju se razne procedure fizikalne terapije. Nakon akutnog liječenja oštećenja, cilj nam je ublažiti bol i potaknuti cijeljenje oštećenog dijela. Simptomi se najčešće tretiraju elektroterapijom, krioterapijom, ultrazvukom, transkutanom električnom stimulacijom (TENS), laserom i magnetoterapijom. Kineziterapija se koristi pokretom u svrhu liječenja, rehabilitacije i prevencije bolesti te se kombinira s drugim oblicima fizikalne terapije. Iznimno je važna u rehabilitaciji hondromalacije patele zbog aktivnog sudjelovanja bolesnika u procesu osposobljavanja. Osnovni ciljevi kineziterapije su uspostaviti, održati i povećati opseg pokreta koljenskog zgloba, održati i povećati mišićnu snagu, izdržljivost i brzinu pokreta te poboljšati ravnotežu i neuromišićne koordinacije pokreta. Stoga je od iznimne važnosti na vrijeme prepoznati oštećenje zglobne hrskavice te pravovremeno započeti s konzervativnim liječenjem kako bi se izbjegli rizici kirurškog liječenje te razvoj sekundarne artroze koljenskog zgloba. The knee joint is the most complex and largest joint in the human body and consists of the tibiofemoral and patellofemoral joint complex. Due to its complexity and biomechanics, it is subjected to multiple body weights during some phases of gait and is a combined angular and rotational joint, meaning that extension, flexion, internal and external rotation are possible. During the growth and development of the femur, tibia and patella, a certain relationship of biomechanical forces is required to eventually form normal joint function in children and adults. The position of the patella with its height, i.e. the distance to the joint space, is also important for the stability of the patella and the orderly biomechanics of the knee. Chondromalacia of the patella is a softening of the cartilage of varying degrees, although the subchondral bone is not yet altered. It is initially reversible and later becomes irreversible with a high risk of developing secondary osteoarthritis. Patellar chondromalacia can be diagnosed by arthroscopy and is sometimes discovered as an incidental finding during arthrotomy with knee meniscectomy. Physiotherapy plays an important role in the treatment and rehabilitation as well as prevention of injury and damage to the structures of the knee joint. The rehabilitation process begins immediately after the injury and must be tailored to the individual, and continues until the lost abilities are restored. Treatment can be preventive, conservative or surgical. It is usually conservative, but there are cases where the only way out is surgical treatment. It is important to start conservative treatment as early as possible, more precisely when the first symptoms appear. It is very important to use the therapeutic method RICE (R - rest, I - ice, C - compression, E - elevation) within 24 to 72 hours. Assessment methods include inspection, palpation, measuring the range of motion of the joint, and assessing muscle strength. Various methods of physical therapy are used. After acute treatment of the injury, our goal is to relieve pain and promote healing of the damaged part. Symptoms are most commonly treated with electrotherapy, cryotherapy, ultrasound, transcutaneous electrical stimulation (TENS), laser and magnetic therapy. Kinesiotherapy uses movement to treat, rehabilitate, and prevent disease and is combined with other forms of physical therapy. It is of great importance in the rehabilitation of patellar chondromalacia as patients are actively involved in the exercise process. The main goals of exercise therapy are to establish, maintain and increase the range of motion of the knee joint, maintain and increase muscle strength, endurance and speed of movement, and improve balance and neuromuscular coordination of movements. Therefore, it is extremely important to detect the damage to the articular cartilage and initiate conservative treatment in time to avoid the risks of surgical treatment and the development of secondary osteoarthritis of the knee joint.

Sve češća tjelesna neaktivnost i sedentarni način života bilo zbog posla, škole ili slobodnog vremena u svim dobnim skupinama uzrokuje različite zdravstvene probleme. Jedan od njih je i posturalni poremećaj od kojih je najčešći onaj koji se da primijetiti u odstupanju u sagitalnoj ravnini, odnosno kifotično loše držanje. U ovom diplomskom radu opisati će se mogući pravci u korekciji kifotičnog lošeg držanja, kao najčešćeg posturalnog problema današnjice. Zatim će se objasniti specifičnosti vodenog medija u smislu korištenja istog u terapijske svrhe te će se prezentirati mogućnosti provođenja kineziterapije u vodi sa svrhom korekcije kifotičnog lošeg držanja. Cilj ovog rada je opisati dobrobiti korištenja vodenog medija zajedno s programom vježbanja u vodi kao učinkovitom metodom ispravljanja posturalnih problema koji sve češće zahvaćaju mlađu populaciju, ali i starije ako se ti problemi na vrijeme ne uoče i isprave. Specifično, opisati će se primjer hidrokineziterapijskog programa za korekciju kifotičnog lošeg držanja. Increasing physical inactivity and sedentary lifestyles either due to work, school or leisure in all age groups are causing various health problems. One of them is postural disorder, the most common of which is the one that can be noticed in the deviation in the sagittal plane, ie kyphotic poor posture. This thesis will describe possible directions in the correction of kyphotic bad posture, as the most common postural problem of today. Then, the specifics of the aqueous medium in terms of its use for therapeutic purposes will be explained, and the possibilities of conducting kinesitherapy in water with the purpose of correcting kyphotic poor posture will be presented. The aim of this paper is to describe the benefits of using water media together with a water exercise program as an effective method of correcting postural problems that increasingly affect the younger population, but also the elderly if these problems are not noticed and corrected in time. Specifically, an example of a hydrokinesitherapy program for the correction of kyphotic poor posture will be described.

Koljeno je najveći zglob u našem tijelu. On sudjeluje u brojnim aktivnostima kao što su hodanje, skakanje, čučanje, klečanje i brojne druge. Također nam omogućuje akceleraciju, deceleraciju, odraz i zaustavljanje. Zbog svoje kompleksne građe vrlo je osjetljivo na različite ozljede. Na ozljedu utječu faktori koji se mogu podijeliti na ekstrinzične ili vanjske i intrinzične ili unutarnje. Iz toga se može zaključiti kako je ozljeda prednjeg križnog ligamenta multifaktorska i često puta vrlo složena jer može biti udružena s oštećenjem drugih struktura u koljenu. Pristup liječenju oštećene sveze može biti konzervativan ili operativan. Odabir liječenja ovisi o više čimbenika kao što su dob pacijenta, razina aktivnosti, motivacija, stupanj oštećenja itd. Rekonstrukcija ligamenta preporuča se osobama koje imaju visoki intezitet sportskih aktivnosti, posebice u sportovima gdje postoji puno promjena smjera kretanja i okretanja te visoki stupanj nestabilnosti koljenog zgloba. Nakon rekonstrukcije presadak prolazi kroz biološki proces remodelacije. Tijekom tog vremenskog perioda i remodelacije, postoje deficiti kao što su smanjena snaga grafta u odnosu na pravi ligament, zbog čega je puno više izložen ozljedi za koju je potrebna manja sila nego uobičajeno, smanjena je propriocepcija, a samim time i odgovor mišića na zahtjev CNS-a te je posljedično smanjena neuromišićna kontrola. Vrlo česte komplikacije su smanjeni ROM, i to ekstenzija koljena. Zbog neadekvatne snage mišića i nepotpune ekstenzije, pacijent ne može napraviti biomehanički pravilan pokret. Uspješan oporavak nakon operacije zahtijeva rehabilitacijski program kako bi se prevenirala daljnja oštećenja i komplikacije te vratila optimalna funkcija koljenog zgloba. The knee is the largest joint in our body. It participates in many activities such as walking, jumping, squatting, kneeling and many others. It also allows us to accelerate, decelerate, take-off, and stop. Due to its complex structure, it is very sensitive to various injuries. Injury is affected by factors that can be divided into extrinsic or external and intrinsic or internal. From this it can be concluded that the injury of the anterior cruciate ligament is multifactorial and often very complex because it can be associated with damage to other structures in the knee. The approach to treating a damaged ligament can be conservative or operative. The choice of treatment depends on several factors such as the patient's age, activity level, motivation, level of damage, etc. Ligament reconstruction is recommended for people who have a high intensity of sports activities, especially in sports where there is a lot of change of direction and high level of knee instability. After reconstruction, the graft undergoes a biological remodeling process. During this time period and remodeling, there are deficits such as reduced graft strength relative to the true ligament making it much more exposed to injury that requires less force than usual, reduced proprioception, and thus muscle response to CNS- and consequently reduced neuromuscular control. Very common complications are reduced ROM, namely knee extension. Due to inadequate muscle strength and incomplete extension, the patient cannot make biomechanically correct movement. Successful recovery after surgery requires a rehabilitation program to prevent further damage and complications and to restore optimal knee joint function.

Ozljede prednjega križnoga ligamenta vrlo su česte, što se posebno odnosi na sportaše. Unatoč velikom znanju o prevenciji i liječenju LCA, ova je ozljeda još uvijek teška i iznimno izazovna za ortopeda. Koljenski je zglob najveći zglob u ljudskom tijelu. Mehanika je toga zgloba vrlo složena, a sam se zglob sastoji od triju kostiju. Važnu ulogu u stabilnosti i funkciji koljena imaju ligamenti i menisci. Velik broj mišića prolazi kroz koljeno te je njihova funkcija, između ostalog, pokretanje i stabilizacija zgloba. Razlikujemo primarne i sekundarne stabilizatore u koljenu. LCA je ključna struktura u koljenskome zglobu te je primarno stabilizator anteriornog pomaka tibije u odnosu na femur. Dijagnostičke metode koje se primjenjuju kod sumnje na ozljedu prednjega križnoga ligamenta uključuju specijalne testove i radiološke pretrage. U operativnom liječenju najčešće se koristi graft iz patelarnog ligamenta ili tetive hamstringsa. Posao se fizioterapeuta sastoji od fizioterapijske procjene; plana tretmana; intervencije i edukacije pacijenta. Razlikujemo rehabilitacijski protokol kod konzervativnoga pristupa liječenju u odnosu na operacijski pristup liječenju ozljede. Koriste se razne vrste kineziterapije, fizikalne terapije i specijalne tehnike. Injuries of the LCA are very common, specifically in sport. Despite great knowledge of prevention and treatment of the LCA, this injury is still heavy and extremely challenging for an orthopedist. The knee joint is the biggest joint in human body. The mehanics of that joint is very complex, and the joint itself consist of 3 bones. The ligaments and meniscus play an important role in the stability and function of the knee. A large number of muscles pass through the knee and their function is, among other things, to move and stabilize the joint. We distinguish between primary and secondary stabilizers in the knee. The LCA is a key structure in the knee joint and is primarily a stabilizer of the anterior displacement of the tibia relative to the femur. Diagnostic methods used in suspected anterior cruciate ligament injury include special tests and radiological examinations. A graft from the patellar ligament or hamstring tendon is most commonly used in surgical treatment. The job of a physiotherapist consists of physiotherapy assessment; treatment plan; patient interventions and education of the patient. We distinguish a rehabilitation protocol in a conservative approach to treatment from an operative approach to the injurie. Various types of kinesitherapy, physical therapy and special tehniques are used.