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ObjectivesMethodsResultsConclusionThe level of greenhouse farmers’ personal protection in pesticide use and the possibility of environmental protection through farmers’ willingness to reduce chemical sprayings were assessed in Khuzestan Province, Iran.A survey of 80 active greenhouse vegetable growers was carried out in 2021 with face-to-face interviews. Willingness to reduce chemical sprayings was examined with the theory of planned behavior (TPB) model.Several intoxication symptoms were reported, with the most common symptom of pesticide intoxication being dizziness. Farmers showed unsafe or rather unsafe use of personal protective equipment (PPE) during pesticide handling. The maximum use of PPE pertained to the use of mask, spray clothing, and long-sleeved shirts. On a scale from 1 (= totally disagree) to 5 (= totally agree), the respondents showed negative attitudes towards reducing chemical sprayings (mean = 2.30), rather low levels of subjective norms (mean = 2.67), and rather low levels of perceived behavioral control over reduction of chemical sprayings (mean = 2.76). The TPB variables accounted for 73% of the variance in farmers’ behavioral intention. Overall, farmers’ behavioral intention to reduce chemical sprayings was almost neutral.Increasing knowledge of the adverse effects of pesticides on health is necessary to promote safety behavior of farmers in the greenhouse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to estimate the quantity and composition of discarded fish species in bottom trawl in the Lifeh area of the coastal waters of Khuzestan. Data were collected based on samples obtained from commercial fishing the autumn of 2017 and the summer of 2018. The results of this study indicated that the discarded samples included 21 species from 16 families. Hamilton's thryssa, Sharhosehammer croaker and Orange-fin pony fish species were predominant. Moreover, the results demonstrated that the average length of most discarded species was below 30 centimeters, with the highest average length belonging to the large scale tongues at 3.8±3.23 centimeters and the lowest for the large scale tongues at 8.5±8.10 centimeters. The findings revealed the discard rate per fishing effort unit in autumn as 4.0±6.8 kilograms per hour and in summer as 8.7±2.7 kilograms per hour. The catch per unit area was also calculated at 24.0±16.0 and 7.15±0.0 kilograms per square mile during autumn and summer, respectively. Furthermore, the percentage frequency of commercial and non-commercial discarded species in autumn was calculated as 22.74 and 77.26, respectively, and in summer as 7.7 and 3.92, respectively. Considering the obtained results and the elevated discard rate in this area, it can evidently have negative impacts on fish stocks, potentially posing risks to the fishing industry in the region in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Real water saving is a important concept in water resources management, which can express previous failures in reducing agricultural water consumption, despite increasing irrigation efficiency. In the present research, while calculating the water requirement for the cultivation of the cropping pattern document in Khuzestan province of Iran and harvesting the intended yield, the crop substitution and changing the planting date method (in four scenarios) has been considered as a sustainable solution to reduce the actual agricultural water consumption. Scenarios 1 to 4, respectively, included replacing part of the cultivated area of sugarcane, fodder corn, and rice with sugar beet, fodder sorghum, and sesame, in 3 consecutive years, and changing the planting date of watermelon and tomato from summer to winter in 1 year. For this purpose, the actual evapotranspiration was determined using FAO-56 Penman–Monteith equations and the expected crop yield at the county scale. Then, using the history of cultivation of different crops in each county and the subwatershed map of the Khuzestan province, the actual evapotranspiration, net irrigation requirement, and water withdrawal from rivers in each subwatershed of Khuzestan province were determined. Results showed that implementation of scenarios 1, 2, 3, and 4 can reduce 551, 25, 194, and 79 hm3 of actual water consumption and decreases 2,160, 104, 775, and 303 hm3 of water withdrawal, respectively. If all the scenarios are implemented together, it can be expected that the reduction in actual agricultural water consumption and its water withdrawal will be equivalent to 5% and 20% of the rivers discharge in Khuzestan province, with a probability of 80%. By considering the real water saving, economic, and social criteria, it can be concluded that replacing sugarcane with sugar beet is the first priority of implementation, whereas changing rice with sesame is the last priority of implementation. Practical Applications: Water reduction consumption is one the most challenging issues in agricultural water management. We know that agriculture consumes mostly fresh water to produce all kinds of agricultural products. The water is converted from liquid to vapor and removed from the target catchment area by atmospheric currents. Therefore, one of the most useful ways to reduce actual water consumption in agriculture is to improve the cropping pattern. Modifying the cropping pattern can challenge the indigenous knowledge of farmers and affect their habits as well as reduce the income of local communities in some cases. Therefore, it is important to pay attention to the profit of the replaced crop and the level of familiarity of the farmer with how to cultivate it in determining the cropping pattern. This research examines the modification of the cropping pattern in Khuzestan province of Iran, which includes replacement of sugarcane, fodder corn, and rice with sugar beet, sorghum, and sesame, respectively, to reduce agricultural water consumption. For this purpose, the reduction of water consumption, reduction of farmer's income, and social tendencies have been seen in the defined scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: Culicidae plays a crucial role in the spread of diseases like Malaria and arboviral diseases such as Japanese Encephalitis, Zika virus, Chikungunya, Dengue fever, Yellow fever, and West Nile fever. Different mosquito species have different abundance and distribution due to a variety of factors, such as physicochemical factors, weather conditions, vegetation, and human activities. The characteristics of larval habitats are among the factors affecting the population, and diversity, and determining the preferred breeding places of the species. For this reason, a study was conducted to examine the species diversity of Culicidae and their larval habitats in Shushtar County. Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Shushtar County from the central, Mian Ab and Shuaibiya districts, 2021. Larvae were collected from the breeding places in the sampling areas including Noormohammadi, Konarpir, Saheli, Abu Gerva, and Pirdalu by using the dipping technique in spring and summer and kept in lactophenol solution. Then, a microscopic slide was prepared from the samples using licidophor, which were identified with valid diagnostic keys. Characteristics of larval habitat such as habitat type, water condition, vegetation, substrate type, water quality, and light condition were also recorded. To analyze the data and determine the relationship between the frequency and characteristics of larval habitats, SPSS version 16 software and a chi-square statistical test were used. Qualitative variables were also reported as numbers (percentages). Abundance and distribution maps of samples were prepared using ArcGIS software version 10.5. Results: In this study, a total of 527 larvae were identified, including five species of Anopheles stephensi, Culex pusillus, and Cx. sinaiticus, Cx. theileri and, Cx. Perexiguus. Anopheles stephensi with the lowest frequency (8.48%) was reported only from the Saheli area. This species was collected from temporary, stationary, without vegetation, mud substrate, cloudy water, sunny, and natural habitats. Culex theileri, one of the important vectors of arboviral diseases, was observed in temporary and natural habitats, stagnant waters without vegetation, and cloudy and sunny waters habitates. Culex pusillus was the only species observed in Pirdalo and Abu Gerva. By examining the larval habitats of Culicidae in Shushtar County, Cx. pusillus was the most abundant collected species, from temporary habitat (82.7%), stagnant waters (73.6%), mud substrate (100%), turbid waters (78.6%), natural (95%), and sunny (82.7%). Also, the abundance of collected larvae in temporary habitats, stagnant waters, in areas with vegetation, and mud substrate was high. Besides, it was more abundant in turbid waters and sunny areas, and these differences were statistically significant (P

The uprising of slaves led by Ali ibn Mohammad al-Zanj (270 A. H) against Abbasid caliphate is one of the most significant events in the middle of the third century After Hijrah. The favorable conditions for the uprising of slaves on the one hand, and the genius of Ali ibn Mohammad on the other hand, led to the rebellion of his supporters, the development of a government and the construction of cities and numerous consequences for the people of Khuzestan and southern Iraq. The Negros repeatedly crushed the forces of caliphate; however, Al-Muwafaq Bellah Abbasi (278 A. H) could finally defeat the Negros during an exhausting three-year-war and ended their rebellion and fifteen-year- government.In this article, relying on the descriptive analytical approach, the policies of Al-Mowafaq Bellah against the Negros and the reasons for their success have been investigated. According to the findings of this study, the most successful policies were vigilance and prevention of captivity in ambushes of Negros, providing modern military equipment such as warships for fighting in swamps and rivers, and trenches, regulating the income and expenses of the court of caliphate and regular payment of pensions to the soldiers involved in war with the Negros, providing safety and pension for the fugitive Negros, taking advantage of the military and security information of the fugitive Negros, trying to free the families of Muslims caught in the hands of the Negros, achieving public confidence through repairing roads and restoring bridges and finally developing commerce in the areas recaptured from the Negros.

Objective: Exercise and physical activity as an essential factor and an integral part in the prevention of standard management of diabetes, however, most people with diabetes are not active enough. The objective of this research was to identify the obstacles hindering the participation of diabetic patients in sports activities in Khuzestan province. Materials and Methods: The study followed an exploratory-applicative approach, utilizing a mixed qualitative-quantitative methodology. The qualitative section involved 18 knowledgeable experts, while the quantitative section included all diabetes patients in Khuzestan province. The sample size for the quantitative section was determined to be 384 patients, based on Morgan's table. Data collection in the qualitative part was conducted through semi-structured interviews, resulting in the extraction of 46 concepts, 19 sub-categories, and 8 main categories over three stages. In the quantitative part, a researcher-designed questionnaire was used, based on the interview findings. The reliability of the questionnaire was assessed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient, which yielded a value of 0.90. Data analysis was performed using SPSS and Smart PLS software. Results: The findings indicated that various factors act as barriers to the participation of diabetic patients in sports activities, including self-actualization (7.79), environmental (6.10), educational and research (5.83), managerial (5.72), cultural (2.85), physical and supportive (2.8), time (2.62), and economic (2.15) factors. Conclusion: Therefore, it is recommended that sports and health officials in the province take measures to alleviate these obstacles and improve the quality of life for diabetic patients.

Background and purpose: Culicidae plays a crucial role in the spread of diseases like Malaria and arboviral diseases such as Japanese Encephalitis, Zika virus, Chikungunya, Dengue fever, Yellow fever, and West Nile fever. Different mosquito species have different abundance and distribution due to a variety of factors, such as physicochemical factors, weather conditions, vegetation, and human activities. The characteristics of larval habitats are among the factors affecting the population, and diversity, and determining the preferred breeding places of the species. For this reason, a study was conducted to examine the species diversity of Culicidae and their larval habitats in Shushtar County. Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Shushtar County from the central, Mian Ab and Shuaibiya districts, 2021. Larvae were collected from the breeding places in the sampling areas including Noormohammadi, Konarpir, Saheli, Abu Gerva, and Pirdalu by using the dipping technique in spring and summer and kept in lactophenol solution. Then, a microscopic slide was prepared from the samples using licidophor, which were identified with valid diagnostic keys. Characteristics of larval habitat such as habitat type, water condition, vegetation, substrate type, water quality, and light condition were also recorded. To analyze the data and determine the relationship between the frequency and characteristics of larval habitats, SPSS version 16 software and a chi-square statistical test were used. Qualitative variables were also reported as numbers (percentages). Abundance and distribution maps of samples were prepared using ArcGIS software version 10.5. Results: In this study, a total of 527 larvae were identified, including five species of Anopheles stephensi, Culex pusillus, and Cx. sinaiticus, Cx. theileri and, Cx. Perexiguus. Anopheles stephensi with the lowest frequency (8.48%) was reported only from the Saheli area. This species was collected from temporary, stationary, without vegetation, mud substrate, cloudy water, sunny, and natural habitats. Culex theileri, one of the important vectors of arboviral diseases, was observed in temporary and natural habitats, stagnant waters without vegetation, and cloudy and sunny waters habitates. Culex pusillus was the only species observed in Pirdalo and Abu Gerva. By examining the larval habitats of Culicidae in Shushtar County, Cx. pusillus was the most abundant collected species, from temporary habitat (82.7%), stagnant waters (73.6%), mud substrate (100%), turbid waters (78.6%), natural (95%), and sunny (82.7%). Also, the abundance of collected larvae in temporary habitats, stagnant waters, in areas with vegetation, and mud substrate was high. Besides, it was more abundant in turbid waters and sunny areas, and these differences were statistically significant (P<0.0001). Conclusion: In this study, Cx.pusillus was the most common species, while An. stephensi was the least common abundance among collected species. It was observed significant difference between this species and the type of habitat, water flow, vegetation, water quality, and light conditions. Conducting more comprehensive studies in this field, especially regarding the possible role of different species of Culicidae, helped to solve the health and medical problems of humans and veterinary medicine in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the significance of popular religious agents in Iran, focusing on the maddāḥān (eulogists) and their role in the Ashura processions, in the context of Iran's ethnic minorities, looking into the unique case-study of Khuzestan. To comprehend the contemporary relevance of Ashura, this study utilizes social media, employing a hermeneutical approach to videography. The maddāḥān played a pivotal role in promoting a unifying Shiʿi and revolutionary ethos through their meticulously crafted videos and their widespread dissemination, fostering a sense of solidarity with the Islamic republic and its message of resilience. Their contribution was significant among ethnic minorities, given their numerous grievances toward the regime. The maddāḥān also played a vital role in creating space for local expressions of mourning, enhancing a unique Khuzestani identity deeply tied to its Arab tradition, but also open to multiple influences. Their emotionally charged sessions and direct engagement with the people contributed to a strong sense of connections between the maddāḥān and their extensive online audience. This popular appeal complements the established clerical authority structure but also poses a significant challenge to the formal religious hierarchy, as the maddāḥān's approach resonates more closely with the lived experiences and cultural realities of their followers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Exercise and physical activity as an essential factor and an integral part in the prevention of standard management of diabetes, however, most people with diabetes are not active enough. The objective of this research was to identify the obstacles hindering the participation of diabetic patients in sports activities in Khuzestan province. Materials and Methods: The study followed an exploratory-applicative approach, utilizing a mixed qualitative-quantitative methodology. The qualitative section involved 18 knowledgeable experts, while the quantitative section included all diabetes patients in Khuzestan province. The sample size for the quantitative section was determined to be 384 patients, based on Morgan's table. Data collection in the qualitative part was conducted through semi-structured interviews, resulting in the extraction of 46 concepts, 19 sub-categories, and 8 main categories over three stages. In the quantitative part, a researcher-designed questionnaire was used, based on the interview findings. The reliability of the questionnaire was assessed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient, which yielded a value of 0.90. Data analysis was performed using SPSS and Smart PLS software. Results: The findings indicated that various factors act as barriers to the participation of diabetic patients in sports activities, including self-actualization (7.79), environmental (6.10), educational and research (5.83), managerial (5.72), cultural (2.85), physical and supportive (2.8), time (2.62), and economic (2.15) factors. Conclusion: Therefore, it is recommended that sports and health officials in the province take measures to alleviate these obstacles and improve the quality of life for diabetic patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions induced environmental hazards is one of the most important goals of future research the energy economy and the environment. This challenge is becoming more important in developing countries, including Iran, with high energy intensity and is one of the leading countries in GHG emissions. This study aims to visualize emissions from electricity generation in Khuzestan province, southern Iran. Khuzestan is the largest producer of electricity and the country's energy capital. Khuzestan's electricity supply and demand system was simulated and examined under green scenarios till 2050 by assessing the existing situation and choosing a suitable low-carbon energy system for the future. One of the results of this research is to reduce emissions in terms of energy management strategies in the short term and the ineffectiveness of development strategies regardless of consumption management strategies. Electricity supply optimization scenarios are attractive in the long term, which indicates the costly implementation of development strategies. Combining solutions to balance the energy economy and environment is more effective. The OKEP scenario as a combination of consumption management and development strategies showed that it would maintain its positive impact in the short and long term and successfully reduce emissions. In this scenario, the net present value (NPV) attractiveness is over $ 6706 million and saves the emission of 179 MtCO2e. Compared to the business as usual (BAU) scenario, more than 90 Bm3NGe savings and a 3.62% increase in renewables share are other benefits of this scenario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to identify factors of employer brand in Sugarcane Industries in Khuzestan province and proposing its model via thematic analysis. In this regard, the present study has been conducted through qualitative approach via Braun & Clarke's thematic analysis. It is applicable from objective aspect. For data collection, 18 experts including professors, senior managers and faculty professors were being interviewed using semi-structured interview through purposive sampling. Then, the information extracted from the texts and interviews were classified and analyzed using thematic analysis. Reliability was examined and confirmed by means of two methods, i.e. inter-coder agreement procedure and test-retest reliability. To calculate degree of agreement, Cohen's kappa coefficient in SPSS software was employed that was obtained equal to 0.75 and showed acceptable reliability. Also, to ensure validity of the research, the findings were confirmed by three academic experts besides the use of sensitivity strategy of the researcher in the research process. The results revealed classification of one global theme including employer brand, six organized themes including economic, functional, social, developmental, psychological and political factors, and 18 basic themes. It can be stated that employer brand is a key success factor in the current world. Sugarcane Industries in Khuzestan province has enhanced its employer brand through eliminating the existing challenges and implementing the suggested strategies and has become an ideal employer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tourism is one of the most important factors influencing the economic growth and the development of contemporary societies. It is defined as a tool for stimulating marginal economies, promoting and developing through the creation of employment and income, which has expanded significantly over the past few decades. One of the most attractive branches of the tourism industry that has received more attention in recent years is water tourism. Water tourism, especially when the profitability of other economic sectors is declining, is a suitable alternative and a strategic approach for development. This study aimed to provide macro strategies and identify the potential of hydraulic structures for the development of water tourism. This research was a fundamental study in terms of its objective and a survey in its nature and method. The research population included 376 tourists, experts, and residents (in the study area) selected using a random sampling method. The necessary data were collected through questionnaires, and the output was modeled using the Minitab statistical software and structural equations (EQS). Finally, the proposed strategies were extracted in the form of the SOAR strategic model. The results of the data analysis showed that in the current situation, the greatest feasibility pertained to the economic and managerial-infrastructural indicators. The findings also indicated that the impact of independent variables on the dependent variable can be predicted up to 51%, and the significance between independent and dependent variables is evident up to 95%. Among the components related to the development of water tourism, economic components, with a beta coefficient of 363%, and managerial-infrastructural factors, with a beta coefficient of 206%, have the most significant impact on attracting tourists and developing water tourism in the region. Furthermore, the output of SOAR indicated that the most important executive strategy according to stakeholders and experts was the readiness of citizens to host the tourists, the presence of a tourist attraction spirit, the abundance of tourist-historical facilities, and the commitment and importance placed by relevant managers on developing tourism in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research has been conducted in Khuzestan Province covering an area of approximately 64057 square kilometers, over a 28 year time (1995- 2022) period and with the aim of evaluating the spatiotemporal pattern of risk and generating a risk map for dust storms. The utilized data includes hourly measurements from the ground stations (8 time slots within 24 hours). Different models were fitted to the empirical change patterns for spatial variations, and the model with minimum RMSE was selected. Subsequently, using this selected model, interpolation was performed with various neighborhood approaches, resulting in a large number of maps. These maps were converted into a cellular grid network within a GIS environment. Each cell was considered as a zone for calculating the computations related to the risk map. Then the information related to the class of exposed elements, the vulnerability class of elements, and the hazard class were separately applied in each cell. Finally, by calculating the risk equation, a cell-based risk map was obtained. The significant difference in areas was tested using the Chi-squared test. The results of the annual study on the phenomenon of dust storms have shown that the Abadan region has the highest average frequency of 18 days per year, this is the highest number of days observed in the entire study area. 61.11% of regional dust events occur between 9:30 am and 6:30 pm local time, and 81.35% of localized dust storm events occur at 3:30 am. Furthermore, the percentage distribution of regional and extraregional dust storms during the statistical period indicates that 78.81% of dust storm days originated from extra- regional sources, while 21.19% originated from regional sources. The spatial distribution pattern of the dust storm intensity hazard map exhibits a “moderate clustering” and follows a specific order. The area percentage of risk classes shows that more than 88% of the area in Khuzestan province is in high and very high risk classes, which is one of the reasons related to the larger population in these areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) is widely distributed in Iran and around the world. Also, Khuzestan Province is an endemic focus of ZCL. This study aims to investigate the natural infection of sand flies with the Leishmania parasite in Karun County. Methods: Sand flies were collected from Jangiyeh, Qaleh Chanan, Kut-e-Navaser, and Ghazavieh in the spring and summer in the year of 2019, by installing 60 sticky paper traps each time (30 traps outdoors and 30 traps indoors). Two hundred female sand flies with different abdominal conditions (empty, blood-fed, semi-gravid, and gravid) were examined for infection rate using the Nested-PCR method. Results: In this study, seven species of sand flies including Phlebotomus papatasi, Ph. alexandri, Ph. sergenti, Ph. caucasicus, Sergentomyia tiberiadis, Se. sintoni, and Se. antennata were reported from Karun County, with a frequency of 79.64%, 16.96%, 1.07%, 0.18%, 0.36%, 1.61%, and 0.18%, respectively. Only eleven specimens of Ph. papatasi were found to be positive for Leishmania major, with an overall infection rate of 7.8%. The infection of Ph. papatasi was specifically reported in blood-fed, gravid, and semi-gravid specimens, with infection rates of 17.02%, 4.35%, and 14.29%, respectively. Conclusion: In this study, the infection of L. major from Ph. papatasi was reported. The results can be used in planning the control of ZCL in the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: In many organizations, gender biases and stereotypes often occur, consciously or unconsciously, regardless of whether women assume leadership roles. In addition, women must overcome various challenges when assuming leadership roles or aspiring to be leaders. The present research has examined the management challenges of women managers in Khuzestan province from the perspective of experts. Materials and methods: The research is qualitative in terms of development results, in terms of practical goals and in terms of data. The approach of the present study was mixed. Based on this, the present study in two levels includes the identification of concepts that were extracted by interviewing 17 women managers of Khuzestan province using the phenomenological method and also grading the concepts using the fuzzy Delphi method, with 10 experts and experts in political fields. Social, cultural, economic of Khuzestan province, an in-depth interview was conducted. Findings: The prioritization of women's management challenges based on the lived experience of the participants are: lack of protective laws, allocation of the lowest management level to women, traditional view of women, attendance at non-working hours of the office, ineffective management training courses. pay discrimination between male and female managers, emotional mood, lack of family cooperation, patriarchal view in organizations, low self-confidence, unwillingness to go on work missions, interference of family life with work, confronting female colleagues. which was categorized into 5 main concepts of glass ceiling, historical dominance of men over women, low self-confidence of women, incompatibility of customary and religious frameworks for the presence of women, disobedience of female colleagues. Conclusion: The structural space and organizational culture with the influence of the dominance and influence of the cultural system of the society as the most important, the most effective and the closest interactive environment of the world of work and employment of women is effective in their reaching managerial levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Considering that the compost of sugarcane residues softens the soil texture and the use of plant growth stimulating bacteria increases the plant's tolerance against abiotic stress, including heat stress. To assess the combined effect of nitrogen fertilizer with sugarcane residue and growth-promoting bacteria on the qualitative traits and yield of wheat grain under terminal heat stress conditions, an experiment was carried out as split-split plots in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications in the cropping season of 2021-2022 at the research farm of Khuzestan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. Methods: The experimental factors included three sowing dates: 22 November, 11 December, and 31 December in the main plots; six combination of nitrogen with compost including control, 100% nitrogen, 75% nitrogen+ 25% compost, 50% nitrogen+ 50% compost, 25% nitrogen+ 75% compost, and 100% compost in sub-plots, as well as two levels of application and without application of bacteria in the sub sub-plots. Results: Mean comparisons showed that the combined use of 50% nitrogen + 50% compost with bacterial application increased the characteristics of grain filling duration and grain filling rate, grain protein percentage, and wet gluten. Also, the highest seed yield (5864 kg/ha) was obtained on the first planting date and combined consumption of 50% nitrogen + 50% compost and the lowest amount (1115 kg/ha) was obtained on the third planting date and the control treatment. Conclusion: In general, the combined use of nitrogen fertilizer and compost with growth-promoting bacteria could reduce the negative effect of terminal heat stress on the measured plant traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to evaluate the real cropping pattern of Khuzestan province in a normal water year (2018-2019) in terms of water withdrawal management from surface resources. For this purpose, the actual evapotranspiration of the products was calculated from the ratio of the available yield of different products (according to the agricultural statistics of 2018-2019) to the potential yield (the highest yield according to the agricultural statistics) by applying the country's water demand line system based on 10-year meteorological data. The results showed that the total water withdrawal from surface resources for the cultivated area of the crop year 2018-2019 (except greenhouses, livestock, poultry, and some products with a small area) was 18856 MCM, so the actual consumption (net irrigation requirement) was estimated 4310 MCM. Considering the Khuzestan Water Scarcity Adaptation Program, the total demand for agriculture and the environment with a confidence level of 80% in the Karun and Karkheh basins was 36 and 23.8% lower than the river flow, respectively, while it decreased to -72% in the Jarrahi basin, which indicated the failure to achieve the minimum environmental requirement. Since the Karkheh River flow has a more severe fluctuating behavior than that of Karun, this behavior cannot be predicted in the linear analysis of average values, and in droughts, it is less than the mentioned number. Therefore, dynamic planning in the field of cropping pattern change, providing various types of drought insurance, implementing infrastructure for the temporary purchase of water rights by the government, and other support policies are suggested in basins such as Karkheh, which has a highly fluctuating behavior in water supply.

Investigating the efficiency of irrigation networks is one of the most crucial factors in providing the information needed to improve the efficiency of these systems. Due to the recent water crisis in Iran, it should be considered by managers and planners in this area. Therefore, in this study, the linear robust data envelopment analysis (LRDEA) method, which has the potential to apply uncertain conditions for the model data, is used to evaluate the efficiency of four irrigation networks in the Karun catchment located in Khuzestan province, Iran. The use of this model depends on determining the appropriate input and output data that were examined. On the other hand, to study the effect of water and soil resources' quality on the efficiency of these networks, two scenarios with and without considering the quality of these resources in the input data are considered. The results show that the addition of water and soil quality input data causes some networks to experience a significant increase in efficiency score, resulting in a significant difference between the rankings in the two scenarios; so that the average efficiency of networks in the first scenario was 0.8 and in the second scenario is 0.97. It is also found that there is a significant difference between actual and desirable use for both input data of maintenance costs and personnel, which has led to inefficiencies in networks. This difference is less in the second scenario and is calculated as 41% and 34% for maintenance costs and personnel, respectively. Examining the Monte Carlo simulation results shows that LRDEA is reliable in terms of applying uncertain conditions and using its results to improve the efficiency of networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In the last decade, resilience has found a special place in the literature related to risk and hazard management. This issue is very important in the balanced, flexible and wise use of these infrastructures, especially in the areas that are exposed to climate change and the damages caused by it. In this regard, the present research has studied the resilience capacity of critical infrastructures in areas vulnerable to climate change, focusing on Khuzestan province, and for this purpose, the analytical framework of the resilience adaptation cycle model has been used. The data collection was done using the targeted Delphi method and from the perspective of 30 experts and experts, and the similarity model to the fuzzy ideal option was used to analyze the data. The findings of the research indicate that the critical infrastructure of the electricity network in Khuzestan province has the weakest conditions in all four stages of the four stages of the resilience adaptation cycle model and requires the creation of appropriate resilience capacities. This issue is more noticeable in the form of indicators of creativity in times of crisis, saved capital, positive changes and qualitative surplus. The final analysis of the resilience quality of critical infrastructures also shows the priority of the reorganization stage in improving the recovery capacity for the resilience of these infrastructures in Khuzestan province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the factors influencing product performance is dust storms. Accordingly, it has been attempted to evaluate the economic assessment of dust storm damage on the performance of agricultural products in Khuzestan province, the effective factors and the amount of tendency to pay using the conditional valuation method were calculated, up to the extent and role of any effective factor. Be determined on the likelihood of a willingness to pay. Finally, using estimated models, approximate damage was determined for various agricultural groups. Information about the variables of the research was completed by referring to cities and different seasons in Khuzestan province and for 1397-98 from farmers who had independent incomes. To determine the sample, Michael and Carson formula (1989) was used, with a sample of 372 subjects. Sampling was used by cluster sampling method. To calculate the total damage of the dust, first, using the results of the Logit model, the tendency to pay monthly people was obtained to improve damage. Then the tendency to pay annually of each farmers and the entire province was calculated. The results of the conditional valuation method were obtained as approximate damage of different groups of products, which had the highest and garden products with 330250 rials with 330250 rials, and the rest of the products included vegetables with 583200, cereals with 534400, legumes with 483520, forage with 353240, rials, the tendency to pay for a month. Also, the amount of damage to cereal, finance, vegetables, legumes, forage and garden was obtained 6412, 7395, 6998, 5802, 4238 and 3963 thousand rials per year for each exploitation, and ultimately estimated damages for the entire province for the groups of products Grain, grain, vegetables, legumes, forage and garden respectively 387, 384, 275, 127, 126 and 98 billion rials. In total, total damage was estimated to be 1397 billion annual rials for the entire province, compared with the value of agricultural production for 1396, as much as 1.2%, and it can be said that the amount of damage is a significant amount that requires control of control policies to control dust storms Appropriate international and domestic necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) is widely distributed in Iran and around the world. Also, Khuzestan Province is an endemic focus of ZCL. This study aims to investigate the natural infection of sand flies with the Leishmania parasite in Karun County. Methods: Sand flies were collected from Jangiyeh, Qaleh Chanan, Kut-e-Navaser, and Ghazavieh in the spring and summer in the year of 2019, by installing 60 sticky paper traps each time (30 traps outdoors and 30 traps indoors). Two hun­dred female sand flies with different abdominal conditions (empty, blood-fed, semi-gravid, and gravid) were examined for infection rate using the Nested-PCR method. Results: In this study, seven species of sand flies including Phlebotomus papatasi, Ph. alexandri, Ph. sergenti, Ph. cau­casicus, Sergentomyia tiberiadis, Se. sintoni, and Se. antennata were reported from Karun County, with a frequency of 79.64%, 16.96%, 1.07%, 0.18%, 0.36%, 1.61%, and 0.18%, respectively. Only eleven specimens of Ph. papatasi were found to be positive for Leishmania major, with an overall infection rate of 7.8%. The infection of Ph. papatasi was specifically reported in blood-fed, gravid, and semi-gravid specimens, with infection rates of 17.02%, 4.35%, and 14.29%, respectively. Conclusion: In this study, the infection of L. major from Ph. papatasi was reported. The results can be used in planning the control of ZCL in the study area.

Khuzestan was one of the important states of Iran in the Islamic era. This state, like the other regions of Iran, was governed by agents of the caliphate in the early Islamic centuries. Gradually, as the signs of decline of the Abbasid caliphate (656-132 AH) became apparent, Khuzestan, like the other regions of Iran, got out of the rule of the caliphs, and until the end of the 6th century, it was under the supervision of the governments in the Iranian plateau. In 591 A. H, the armies of Caliph Al-Nasser (575-622 AH) under the command of Ibn Qasab (592 AH) captured Khuzestan. In this way, after several centuries, Khuzestan was again under the direct control of the Caliphate institution, and the turkish slave-commanders of Caliph Al-Nasser were in charge of the affairs of this region. This research aims to investigate the factors of Caliph Al-Nasser's conquest of Khuzestan, and the continuation of this domination in the period of the Khwarazmshah (590-628 AH) through the descriptive-analytical method of research. The results of the research indicate that the factors such as the revival of worldly power of caliphate in Arab Iraq, the fall of the Seljuk monarchy in Iran, and the intra-dynastic differences of Al-Shamla local government in Khuzestan led to the domination of Caliph Al-Nasser over Khuzestan. The geographical and climatic connection of this state with Arab Iraq on the one hand, and the political-military troubles of the Khwarazmshah in the east and finally the invasion of the Mongols on the other hand, caused the continuation of Baghdad's rule over this region.

Introduction The relationship between economic development and the environment is known as one of the most important issues facing societies. If in the context of sustainable development, economic and environmental activities are considered together, the environment and economic development are two complementary factors and, as a result, it will lead to ecological balance. In this case, economic activities will not disturb this balance. Presently, the imperative of safeguarding the environment and attaining sustainable development has ascended to a prominent position on the agendas of diverse societies, Iran included. This commitment is underscored by the execution of comprehensive economic, social, and cultural initiatives aimed at fostering long-term ecological resilience and balanced societal progress. Therefore, to preserve the environment and meet the goals of sustainable development, as well as to guide and rationally manage plans and projects, especially in the agricultural sector, serious measures should be taken. Therefore, this study was carried out to evaluate the operational, environmental, and eco-efficiency of the major agricultural products of the irrigation and drainage networks of Gotvand. The irrigation and drainage network of Gotvand is located in the southwest of Iran in Khuzestan province. This network is designed to irrigate lands located in three regions of Gotvand, Aghili, and Dimcheh, enclosed between two rivers, Karun and Lor. According to the official statistics of government organizations, the consumption of fertilizers and chemical poisons in the lands covered by this network is 3.6 times the average limit in Iran. The excess irrigation water in this network is returned to the rivers by the built-in drains and causes water pollution downstream of the network. Therefore, considering that environmental protection is one of the most important aspects of sustainable development, it is very important to investigate the effects of the use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers in agriculture and to introduce solutions to improve the efficiency of the environment in the study area. Materials and Methods Eco-efficiency includes operational and environmental impacts, which are presented as the ratio of the weighted sum of outputs to the weighted sum of inputs (operational inputs + environmental inputs). However, since agricultural activities are carried out in uncertain environmental conditions, there is uncertainty regarding inputs and outputs. The uncertainty in some of the effective input and output parameters in the ranking of networks, and as a result, the inaccuracy of the model calculation results, and the need to pay attention to the use of uncertainty models, make it more obvious. Therefore, in the present study, to include the conditions of uncertainty and risk, the robust data envelopment analysis (RDEA) model was used, which is one of the most powerful and useful models in conditions of uncertainty. The required data were collected by completing a questionnaire of the Gotvand, Aghili, and Dimche regions using a simple random sampling method in 2019. Results and Discussion The alfalfa producers in the Gotvand region assigned the highest environmental and Eco-efficiency by obtaining points in the range of 81 to 89 percent and 90 to 96 percent, respectively. The rice crop in the Aghili region had the highest types of operational efficiency based on different levels of deviation probability in the range of 77-87%, environmental efficiency in the range of 80-90%, and environmental-economic efficiency in the range of 87-95%. Dimanche sugarcane region has the highest average of efficiency types for different levels of deviation probability by obtaining points in the range of 78 to 90, 80 to 89, and 87 to 95 respectively for operational, environmental, and Eco-efficiency. Comparing the results of technical efficiency with environmental efficiency shows the lack of attention and skill of farmers in the correct and optimal use of production inputs. Therefore, it is necessary to hold educational and promotional classes to empower farmers to improve production methods and optimal consumption of inputs to improve farmers' income and increase their profits. Given that a substantial portion of energy consumption within the agricultural sector is attributed to fuels and diesel, optimizing energy usage and promoting the adoption of newer, less polluting energy sources emerge as crucial imperatives. Enhancing environmental efficiency in this context involves a strategic focus on reducing reliance on traditional, environmentally taxing energy forms in favor of more sustainable alternatives. Conclusion The average operating efficiency in all different probability levels for the studied products in Goutvand , Aghili, and Dimche areas, except for beans in the Gatund area, was estimated to be lower than the average environmental efficiency. This shows the lack of ability and skill of farmers to produce a certain product with the lowest amount of input, while the farmers of these areas pay great attention and care to environmental issues.

IntroductionIn the pursuit of a resilient and progressive agricultural system, the incorporation of diverse fertilizers is deemed essential. This practice not only enhances product quality but also aids in cost reduction. However, over-reliance on a specific type of input can inadvertently lead to unintended repercussions. The unrestricted utilization of chemical fertilizers, for instance, can precipitate adverse outcomes such as imbalanced pH levels, the accumulation of heavy elements, soil structure deterioration, and environmental contamination. Conversely, organic fertilizers, while environmentally friendly, often release nutrients at a slower rate, potentially disrupting optimal plant growth. To attain a balanced and sustainable agricultural approach, the combined application of organic and chemical fertilizers is advocated. Moreover, harnessing the biological potential inherent in soil ecosystems, including beneficial microbial communities encompassing bacteria and fungi, emerges as a promising avenue in cultivating sustainable agriculture. Acknowledging the adverse impact of late-season heat stress on wheat production in Khuzestan and recognizing the significance of reducing chemical fertilizer usage while augmenting organic and biological fertilizers to foster ecological health, this experiment undertakes the exploration of the effects of a synergistic approach. Specifically, it delves into the combined utilization of nitrogen and compost fertilizers, complemented by the incorporation of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria. This endeavor aims to shed light on how this combined strategy operates within the context of terminal heat stress, assessing its influence on the physiological attributes and yield of the wheat cultivar Chamran 2.Materials and MethodsThis experiment was carried out as split-split plots based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in the crop year of 2021-2022 in the research farm of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan. The experimental factors include three planting dates: December 1st, December 20th, and December 10th in the main plots; Six levels of combined use of nitrogen fertilizer with compost fertilizer include control (without nitrogen and organic), 100% nitrogen, 75% nitrogen+ 25% compost, 50% nitrogen+ 50% compost, 25% nitrogen+ 75% compost and 100% compost in sub-plots and two levels of application and non-application of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria in sub-plots. Each sub-plot was 3 meters long and 2 meters wide (with an area of 6 square meters) and included 10 crop lines at a distance of 20 cm from each other. The distance between the main and secondary plots was considered to be half a meter and the distance between the blocks was two meters. After physiological maturity, the plants were harvested and the physiological traits and grain yield were measured.Results and DiscussionVariance analysis showed that the interaction effect of planting date, combined use of nitrogen with compost, and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria, on the traits of relative leaf water content, planting to flowering, and grain yield were significant at the 1% probability level. Also, the interaction effect of planting date and the combined use of nitrogen with compost on all traits except the length of the grain filling period and the length of sowing to physiological maturity was significant at the probability level of 1%. The mean comparison showed that the highest relative leaf water content, cell membrane thermostability, and canopy temperature depression were obtained from the treatment of 100% compost, and the highest traits of the length of sowing to flowering and length of sowing to physiological maturity were obtained in the use of 100% nitrogen. Also, the longest grain filling period, grain filling rate, and grain yield were obtained in the combined use of 50% nitrogen+ 50% compost and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, and the lowest value was obtained in the control of not using nitrogen and compost. In general, the delay in planting and the occurrence of terminal heat stress caused a decrease in grain yield, but on different planting dates, the combined use of 50% nitrogen+ 50% compost compared to the treatment of 100% nitrogen increased wheat grain yield.ConclusionAccording to the obtained results, in areas with terminal heat stress, the combined use of 50% nitrogen+ 50% compost and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria can be considered to increase the growth and yield of wheat.

A new long-legged fly species, Neurigona parchamii sp. n., from the southwestern Iranian province of Khuzestan is described and illustrated. The new species appears to be closely related to N. euchroma Negrobov, 1987 known from Uzbekistan, differing from this species by the following characters states: body somewhat longer; fore coxa with yellow bristles apically; mid femur with posteroventral row of mainly yellow bristles, mostly longer than femur height, and the shape of the hypopygium and its appendages. Neurigona euchroma has a fore coxa with black bristles at apex; mid femur with ventral row of mainly black bristles, shorter than femur height, and 1–2 light setae at base. A check list and key to 17 species of the genus Neurigona Rondani, 1856 of Iran and neighbouring countries are compiled

IntroductionOne of the factors affecting the growth and development of crops is the cultivation pattern, which affects the distribution of plants in the field, distances between plants, the use of growth sources such as light, water and soil nutrients, and competition between plants. These factors affect the growth and yield of crops. Also, using compost fertilizer has beneficial effects on physical, chemical and biological conditions of the soil and has positive effects on grain yield and yield components of crop plants. This study designed and carried out with aim to study the effect of planting method and sugarcane residue compost fertilizer on yield and yield components of corn and some soil properties in Ahwaz weather conditions at Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan.Materials and MethodsIn order to investigate the effect of planting method and sugarcane residue compost fertilizer on yield and yield components of corn (hybrid of single cross 703) and some soil properties, a field experiment using a split-plot arrangement accomplished based on the randomized complete block design with four replications in Mian-Ab region of Shooshtar on 2018. Experimental factors were include four planting method (single row on ridges, on watermark, in furrows and on flat ground) as a main factor in main plots and four amounts of sugarcane residues compost (0, 10, 20 and 30 t ha-1) as a sub factor in sub-plots. Each sub-plot had 6 planting rows with a length of 3 meters and a width of 4.5 meters (with an area of 13.5 square meters). The seeds were planted manually at a depth of 3 cm at 2nd August 2017 with a density of 66000 per ha (the distance between ridges and furrows was 75 cm and the distance between the plants was 18 cm). In this experiment row number per ear, grains per row, thousand grain weight, grain yield, biological yield, harvest index, soil nitrogen percent and soil organic matter percent were measured.Results and DiscussionThe analysis of variance showed that the effect of plant method, sugarcane residue compost and their interaction were significant on the traits of row number per ear, grain number per row, thousand grain weight, grain yield, biological yield, harvest index, soil nitrogen percent and soil organic matter percent. The comparison of mean showed that the maximum amount of corn traits were obtained in furrow planting and using 30 t ha-1 of sugarcane residue compost and the lowest amounts were observed in ridge planting and non-use of sugarcane residue compost. So that, mean comparison of grain yield under the interaction of planting method and sugarcane residue compost showed that the highest grain yield (6497 kg ha-1) was in furrow planting and 30 t ha- of sugarcane residue compost and the lowest grain yield (3870 kg ha-1) was in ridge planting and non-use of sugarcane residue compost. Examination of correlation coefficients between the measured traits showed that grain yield had a more positive and significant correlation with biological yield, harvest index and 1000-grain weight. Also, biological yield had a more positive and significant correlation with grain yield, 1000-seed weight and number of rows per ear.ConclusionIn general, the findings of this experiment demonstrated that the furrow cultivation method resulted in the highest values for the measured traits (excluding soil nitrogen and soil organic matter percentage). Moreover, across all cultivation methods, an increase in the application of sugarcane residues compost fertilizer, as well as the availability of water and nutrients for the plants, led to an increase in the magnitude of these traits. The maximum values were achieved at a compost fertilizer rate of 30 t ha-1. Based on the results of this experiment, it can be concluded that cultivating corn using the furrow method and applying 20 to 30 t ha-1 of sugarcane residue compost can significantly enhance corn grain yield in the Shooshtar region.

In February 2016 in Khuzestan province, dust in combination with air humidity affecting the province's electricity grid and widespread blackouts. As a consequence of the power outage, other infrastructure in the province also suffered, causing widespread public reactions. Thus, a technological disaster that affected the region's environmental conditions brought with it widespread social consequences. Accordingly, this article identifies and analyzes the social dimensions and consequences of the disaster and understanding the causes of the reactions. In this regard, by analyzing the literature on disaster analysis, Lindell's disaster assessment framework was chosen as the basic conceptual framework. Based on this framework and performing qualitative and quantitative analysis, the data obtained from interviews with different authorities and groups of people were analyzed and based on the results, a survey was conducted throughout Ahvaz. The findings of the study showed that there is a wide perceptual gap between the authorities and different groups of people in Khuzestan regarding different concepts related to the disaster and this causes widespread social consequences such as increased concern about recurrence of the disaster, increased tendency to migrate from the province, dissatisfaction with performance about disaster management, Increasing the awareness of the people about the problems of the province, .... Based on the obtained analysis, Solutions have been proposed to effect community resilience policies against possible future events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The southeastern section of Iran, especially the province of Khuzestan, experience severe air pollution levels, such as high values of surface dust mass concentration (SDMC). The province lacks accurate and well-placed ground observational stations, therefore the only viable approach for evaluating SDMC is via remote sensing. In this study, meteorological, hydrological and geological data on 11 input variables from Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications Version 2 (MERRA-2), global precipitation measurement (GPM) and Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) for the year 2018 are used for prediction of the SDMC values, also obtained from another MERRA-2 mission. For real-time prediction, Pearson's correlation coefficient (PCC) analysis shows that wind-related variables—surface wind speed, surface aerodynamic conductance and surface pressure—are those with the highest correlation with SDMC. Using the gradient boosting regression (GBR) algorithm, these three variables can simulate SDMC with good accuracy (R 2 = 0.76 , N S E = 0.76 , N - R M S E = 0.48 a n d N - M A E = 0.34) . Furthermore, near-future SDMC forecasting down to 8 days prior of SMDC occurrence is also carried out. A sequential forward feature selection of the input variables, based on PCC, is used for four lead times and results show that surface pressure and heat flux govern near-future predictions. With R 2 = 0.46 and N - R M S E = 0.74 , GBR shows good potential for forecasting SDMC 8 days in advance. Real-time and near-future simulation results generally show that robust SDMC prediction can be obtained using exclusively remote sensing data, without ground-based observations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Among the most common problems and stress in the conditions of Khuzestan province, heat stress at the end of the season and the deficiency of nutrients, which occurs in different periods of rapeseed growth, depending on their severity, causes physiological and metabolic disorders and ultimately reduces the yield of rapeseed plants with different intensity depending on the type of plant genotype, they affect Materials and Methods With the aim of evaluating the growth and yield response of rapeseed cultivars (Brassica napus) to boron element levels in late season heat stress conditions caused by late sowings dates, this study was carried out in a split-split plot arrangement in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications. The expeiment was carried out in the crop year of 2021-2022 in the research farm of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan. Sowings dates (November 21, December 11, and December 31) in the main plots, four levels of boron (zero, 4, 8, and 12 kg/ha) in the subplots and rapeseed cultivars (RGS, Zafar, and Saffar) in the sub-sub-plots were investigated. Results and Discussion The results of the research showed that sowing date and end of season heat stress in Khuzestan conditions had a significant effect on most of the studied physiological traits, seed yield and biological yield. In addition, the effect of boron on traits such as leaf area index, leaf area ratio, and relative moisture content of leaf water, leakage of electrolytes, grain yield and biological performance was significant. The triple interaction effect of planting date, boron and variety was also significant on traits such as relative moisture content of leaf water, leakage of electrolytes, grain yield, and biological performance. So that with the delay in planting and the consequent increase in temperature and heat stress at the end of the season in the period of growth of the rapeseed plant, it causes a decrease in traits such as leaf area index, relative moisture content of leaf water, leaf area ratio, leaf specific area, seed yield and biological yield. And conversely, due to the heat stress at the end of the season, the leakage of electrolytes and the canopy temperature increased significantly. In general, the highest seed yield was obtained in Safar variety on the sowing date of December 11 and the boron level was 4 kg/ha with an average of 4590 kg/ha. Also, the highest average leaf area index was observed on the first sowing date and Safar variety with an average of 5.43 and the lowest value was observed on the third sowing date and Safar variety with an average of 2.11. It was also observed that the application of boron caused a significant decrease in the leaf area index in all three studied cultivars. This issue can indicate the lower need of boron consumption of the studied cultivars in this experiment. Conclusion In general, the heat stress at the end of the season, which occurs in different periods of rapeseed growth, especially the seed filling period, depending on its intensity, causes physiological disorders in the plant and finally affects the grain yield with different intensity and depending on the genotype of the plant. The analyzed rapeseed genotypes also showed tolerance to different levels of boron element in the heat stress conditions of the end of the season and showed different reactions with different amounts of boron consumption per hectare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, the social study of the meaning of flood and coping strategies among the flood victims of Khuzestan province (Bander Imam Khomeini and Jarahee areas) have been addressed. The method used in this research was Grounded Theory. The data for this research was collected through in-depth interviews and theoretical sampling of 20 people consisting of the flood victims and injured, and reached complete theoretical saturation. For data analysis, three stages of open coding, central coding and selective coding have been used. After the coding stage, 7 main categories and 1 core category were extracted from the data. The results of this research are presented in the form of a paradigm model and a theoretical schema. The results showed that the meaning of the flood among the flood victims is mainly created through factors such as neglect, feeling of rejection and reproduction of negative mentality towards the actions of the officials as well as synergy of the problems. Of course, it goes without saying that the flood victims also chose a "fragile combined strategy" against the flood. Finally, the theory of the research showed that the flood has led to the "spatial and identity displacement of the flood victims". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides information on the identification and classification of genome variants in Khuzestan River Buffalos through sequencing technology. The study conducted at Sari Agriculture Sciences and Natural Resources University in Iran used Illumina technology for whole genome sequencing and identified over 76 million variants across the buffalo's chromosomes. The research highlights the genetic diversity in Iranian buffalos and suggests that this information can be used for breeding programs. The document also discusses the importance of water buffalo in rural economies, particularly in Asia, and the genetic diversity of water buffalo populations. Additionally, it mentions a research project that analyzed the genetic diversity of buffalo populations worldwide and found high-quality sequencing data and a high level of genetic diversity. The study identified various types of genetic variants, including microscopic chromosome inversions, single nucleotide mutations, and insertions and deletions in coding regions. The findings provide valuable insights into the genetic diversity and potential economic traits of buffalo populations, which can be utilized for breeding programs and genome studies. [Extracted from the article]

Introduction The relationship between economic development and the environment is known as one of the most important issues facing societies. If in the context of sustainable development, economic and environmental activities are considered together, the environment and economic development are two complementary factors and, as a result, it will lead to ecological balance. In this case, economic activities will not disturb this balance. Presently, the imperative of safeguarding the environment and attaining sustainable development has ascended to a prominent position on the agendas of diverse societies, Iran included. This commitment is underscored by the execution of comprehensive economic, social, and cultural initiatives aimed at fostering long-term ecological resilience and balanced societal progress. Therefore, to preserve the environment and meet the goals of sustainable development, as well as to guide and rationally manage plans and projects, especially in the agricultural sector, serious measures should be taken. Therefore, this study was carried out to evaluate the operational, environmental, and ecoefficiency of the major agricultural products of the irrigation and drainage networks of Gotvand. The irrigation and drainage network of Gotvand is located in the southwest of Iran in Khuzestan province. This network is designed to irrigate lands located in three regions of Gotvand, Aghili, and Dimcheh, enclosed between two rivers, Karun and Lor. According to the official statistics of government organizations, the consumption of fertilizers and chemical poisons in the lands covered by this network is 3.6 times the average limit in Iran. The excess irrigation water in this network is returned to the rivers by the built-in drains and causes water pollution downstream of the network. Therefore, considering that environmental protection is one of the most important aspects of sustainable development, it is very important to investigate the effects of the use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers in agriculture and to introduce solutions to improve the efficiency of the environment in the study area. Materials and Methods Eco-efficiency includes operational and environmental impacts, which are presented as the ratio of the weighted sum of outputs to the weighted sum of inputs (operational inputs + environmental inputs). However, since agricultural activities are carried out in uncertain environmental conditions, there is uncertainty regarding inputs and outputs. The uncertainty in some of the effective input and output parameters in the ranking of networks, and as a result, the inaccuracy of the model calculation results, and the need to pay attention to the use of uncertainty models, make it more obvious. Therefore, in the present study, to include the conditions of uncertainty and risk, the robust data envelopment analysis (RDEA) model was used, which is one of the most powerful and useful models in conditions of uncertainty. The required data were collected by completing a questionnaire of the Gotvand, Aghili, and Dimche regions using a simple random sampling method in 2019. Results and Discussion The alfalfa producers in the Gotvand region assigned the highest environmental and Eco-efficiency by obtaining points in the range of 81 to 89 percent and 90 to 96 percent, respectively. The rice crop in the Aghili region had the highest types of operational efficiency based on different levels of deviation probability in the range of 77-87%, environmental efficiency in the range of 80-90%, and environmental-economic efficiency in the range of 87-95%. Dimanche sugarcane region has the highest average of efficiency types for different levels of deviation probability by obtaining points in the range of 78 to 90, 80 to 89, and 87 to 95 respectively for operational, environmental, and Eco-efficiency. Comparing the results of technical efficiency with environmental efficiency shows the lack of attention and skill of farmers in the correct and optimal use of production inputs. Therefore, it is necessary to hold educational and promotional classes to empower farmers to improve production methods and optimal consumption of inputs to improve farmers' income and increase their profits. Given that a substantial portion of energy consumption within the agricultural sector is attributed to fuels and diesel, optimizing energy usage and promoting the adoption of newer, less polluting energy sources emerge as crucial imperatives. Enhancing environmental efficiency in this context involves a strategic focus on reducing reliance on traditional, environmentally taxing energy forms in favor of more sustainable alternatives. Conclusion The average operating efficiency in all different probability levels for the studied products in Goutvand, Aghili, and Dimche areas, except for beans in the Gatund area, was estimated to be lower than the average environmental efficiency. This shows the lack of ability and skill of farmers to produce a certain product with the lowest amount of input, while the farmers of these areas pay great attention and care to environmental issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the excessive and unreasonable use of chemicals, the occasional use of water, and the use of improper irrigation methods have created a worrying and unstable situation in developing countries' agricultural activities. In the present study, the robust multi-objective fractional linear programming model (RMOLFP) was introduced to determine the sustainable optimal cropping pattern. This model was presented in the Gotvand irrigation and drainage network located in Khuzestan province, southern Iran, under two scenarios with and without considering the uncertainty to evaluate the ability of the model. The results showed that in the first scenario, the consumption of critical disruptive inputs of sustainable agriculture such as fertilizers and chemical pesticides decreased by 5.9% and 8.19%, respectively. On the other hand, the model's uncertainty condition was applied in the second scenario in which the increase in gross margin was reduced. There is a trade-off between protecting the optimization model against system uncertainty and gross margin. Finally, the ability of the proposed model to apply uncertainty conditions was verified by the Monte Carlo simulation method. The results of this simulation confirmed the use of the RMOLFP method in determining the sustainable optimal cropping pattern for the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cultural rituals of any society are the birth certificates of that society’s culture, history, religion, and ethics. These rites and rituals are an important factor in fostering cohesion and unity among the people of a society who gather together in various ceremonies. Mourning ceremonies and rituals vary in different provinces, cities, and villages across the country, particularly during the first decade of Muharram. Iran is considered one of the inheritors of world culture due to its diverse and rich cultural rituals. The purpose of this research is to do a comparative and documented study of Muharram rituals in these two provinces so that by revealing the manifestations of cultural rituals and their differences and similarities, we can reach the deep and rich layers of the culture of these two provinces. This research intends to investigate the differences and similarities between the rituals of the first decade of Muharram and their cultural differences in the two provinces of East Azarbaijan and Khuzestan, using a descriptive-comparative study method. These two provinces have a deep cultural and religious background and an ancient civilization. The results of this research show that despite the great similarity in the performance of Muharram rituals in the two provinces in question, the diversity of mourning rituals is also visible in these two provinces. The varieties and differences are closely related to cultural, climatic, and linguistic differences in these two provinces. These two provinces’ people have chosen to mourn in accordance with their religion, vegetation, culture, and language. The results of this research show that, in addition to these differences, the common points of this cultural ritual in the two provinces are the love of the Prophet’s family and devotion to Ashura culture.

The Ramhormoz Plain and large portions of its northern piedmont are part of modern-day Khuzestan province. A season-long survey was conducted in this region in 2020. During this survey, cultural artifacts were identified and recorded at 36 sites from the Achaemenid period. This identification was based on the pottery seen on the surface. The identification of Achaemenid settlements in the Ramhormoz plain was made possible by taking into account the local pottery of Khuzistan reported from the Tappeh Darough. This study both describes the types of pottery from the Achaemenid period as well as introduces various settlements of this period. Two of the most diagnostic vessel forms of the Achaemenid period in the Ramhormoz collection are carinated bowls and jars with everted rims. Most of the pottery discovered is local, but the overall study of the Achaemenid pottery of the Ramhormoz Plain shows the limited influence of the pottery tradition of the Persians and of northwestern Iran. Pottery traditions of eastern Anatolia and southern Mesopotamia can only be identified to a limited extent in the Ramhormoz Plain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Equine Herpesvirus type 1 is a DNA virus with worldwide distribution which can cause noticeable economic loss. Although this virus is moderately contagious, after shedding, latent infection in the host can be considered as a potential risk for the other horses in the herd. The most important clinical syndromes caused by this virus are respiratory involvment, abortion, myeloencephalopathy and neonatal disease. The current study, using a PCR test on 150 horses in five cities in Khuzestan province (Ahvaz, Shooshtar, Shoosh, Ramhormoz and Mahshahr), reported no positive case about the presence of a DNA virus in the blood of the studied horses. This finding has shown that the presence of this virus in the horses from this region, at the time of performing the test, is justifiable. The results of this study vis-à-vis those of other studies show that the presence of EHV-1 among horses in different studies is very dissimilar. Regardless of the difference between the actual infection rate in different regions and herds, the reason for this disparity is possibly related to the sample type, presence or absence of clinical signs (related to the virus) in the sampled horse, and the laboratory method used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ticks are parasitic and bloodthirsty arthropods. Different species of ticks are important carriers of animal and human pathogens. Accurate identification and diagnosis as well as their continuous monitoring can be effective in reducing animal diseases, especially in the transmission of some protozoa. As an efficient tool in morphological studies and accurate identification of ticks electron microscopy is very useful. In the present study, using this tool, accurate identification of ticks collected from Khuzestan and Mazandaran regions in 4 consecutive seasons has been done. From a total of 6954 ticks collected from the body surface of cattle, sheep and goats in the two mentioned provinces, 13 species were detected. They include: Rhipicephalus turanicus, Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Rhipicephalus (boophilus) annulatus, Rhipicephalus bursa. Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum, Hyalomma asiaticum asiaticum Hyalomma excavatum, Hyalomma marginatum, Dermacentor marginatus, Haemaphysalis parva, Haemaphysalis punctate, Haemaphysalis inermis and ixodes ricinus. Based on the results, Factors such as temperature and sampling season are directly related to the isolated ticks. The results of the present study showed that the frequency ratio of Rhipicephalus ticks in different seasons in Khuzestan and Mazandaran provinces has followed a relatively similar pattern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Khuzestan Province is located in Iran and has average annual evaporation of over 2000 ml. It also encounters water scarcity and water salinity issues. To make proper use of the high evaporation rate in Khuzestan and help overcome the water scarcity issue, this study simulates the effects of wind velocity on the performance of passive single-slope solar stills, identifying the optimal regions for the deployment of solar stills. The wind velocities of 2.5, 7.5, 10, 12.5, 15, 17.5, and 20 m/s were incorporated. To simulate the two-dimensional steady laminar flow within the solar still, the humid air model was employed. Furthermore, the turbulence k-ε model was utilized to simulate the external flow of the solar still. The accuracy of the numerical technique was evaluated by comparing the average Nusselt number results on the water surface to different models and by comparing the production rate results to experimental data. It was observed that the numerical approach was properly accurate. The results indicate that a rise in the wind velocity decreases the freshwater production rate, with the maximum production rate reduction was occurred at a wind velocity of 15 m/s. Ramhormoz, Dehdez, and Izeh were found to be optimal regions for deploying solar stills, based on the wind velocity.

The current study aims to find the best methods of using remote sensing and supervised classification algorithms in long-term salinity monitoring of salinity changes in the Atabieh area with an area of 5000 hectares in the west of Khuzestan province. The procedure is based on the separation of different levels of saline soils utilizing information obtained from Landsat 7 and 8 satellite images (2001 to 2015) along with salinity data taken from the study area, and salinity indices including SI1, SI2, SI3, NDSI, IPVI, and VSSI. The results show the expansion of the saline zone trend in the soils of the study area, among which, soils with EC of more than 16 dS m-1 (very saline) have the highest frequency. The area of saline soils has increased significantly over the past 15 years, with a saline land area increasing by more than 90%. The percentage of salinity class is low (S1). According to this study, the only significant index in soil salinity at a 95% confidence level is the SI3 index, which has been able to have a good estimate of the increasing changes in soils in the region. The results of the supervised classification showed that the support vector machine (with an overall accuracy of 95.78 and a kappa coefficient of 0.89) is more accurate. After the vector machine method, the methods of minimum distance, maximum likelihood, and distance of Mahalanobis have the highest accuracy, respectively. Based on salinity maps obtained in years in 2001, 2005, 2010, and 2015, it can be said that the salinity rate in the whole of the study area was progressing and at the same time the salinity area in the middle and high classes increased decreased and on the other hand, the salinity area in the high class in 2001 gradually increased and distributed in 2015 throughout the region.

Background and objectives: In order to improve soil fertility, increase the capacity to hold water and nutrients in the soil, as well as improve the growth and yield of plants, the use of different organic fertilizers in the soil has great importance due to the problem of lack of organic matter in most soils of Iran. However, organic fertilizers alone are not able to meet the needs of plants and are not sufficiently available to farmers. On the other hand, the high consumption of chemical fertilizers causes environmental pollution and increases production costs. Therefore, in order to efficiently and effectively use organic and chemical fertilizers and achieve sustainable agriculture, combined use of organic and chemical fertilizers is recommended. Using the biological potential of the soil or beneficial microbial community, including bacteria and fungi, is considered as a promising solution in sustainable agriculture. Considering the effect of heat stress at the end of the season on the reduction of wheat production in Khuzestan, as well as the effect of reducing the use of chemical fertilizers and increasing the use of organic and biological fertilizers on the health of agricultural ecosystems, this experiment was designed and implemented with aim to investigate the effect of combined use of nitrogen chemical fertilizer with sugarcane residue compost and the application of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria in late season heat stress conditions on the growth and yield of wheat (cv. ‘Chmaran 2’). Materials and methods: The experiment was carried out in the form of split-split plots in the form of a basic design of randomized complete blocks with three replications in the crop year of 2021-2022 in the research farm of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan. The experimental factors include three planting dates on November 1, December 11 and December 31 in the main plots; Six levels of combined use of nitrogen chemical fertilizer (urea) with organic fertilizer, sugarcane residue compost, including control (without nitrogen and organic fertilizer), 100% nitrogen fertilizer, 75% nitrogen fertilizer+ 25% organic fertilizer, 50% nitrogen fertilizer+ 50% organic fertilizer, 25% nitrogen fertilizer+ 75% organic fertilizer and 100% organic fertilizer in sub-plots and two levels of application and non-application of biofertilizers in sub-plots. Each subplot was 3 meters long and 2 meters wide (with an area of 6 square meters) and included 10 crop lines at a distance of 20 cm from each other. The distance between the main and sub plots was half a meter and the distance between the blocks was considered to be two meters. After harvest maturity, the plants were harvested and grain yield and yield components were measured. Results: Analysis of variance showed that the effect of sowing date and the combined use of chemical fertilizer with organic fertilizer of sugarcane residue compost were significant on all measured traits. Also, the effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria was significant on all the measured traits except harvest index. The mean comparisons showed that on the first planting date (December 1), the highest grain yield (5663 Kg ha-1 ) was in the combined use of 50% nitrogen+ 50% compost and the lowest amount (2821 Kg ha-1 ) was in the control. On the second planting date (December 20), the highest grain yield (4874 Kg ha-1 ) was in the combined use of 50% nitrogen+ 50% compost, and the lowest grain yield (2179 Kg ha-1 ) was in the condition of not using nitrogen fertilizer and compost. Also, on the third planting date (December 10), the highest grain yield (3622 Kg ha-1 ) was in the combined use of 50% nitrogen+ 50% compost and the lowest amount (1155 Kg ha-1 ) was in the control. In general, the delay in planting and the occurrence of heat stress at the end of the season caused a decrease in grain yield, but in different planting dates, the combined use of 50% nitrogen fertilizer+ 50% organic fertilizer compared to the treatment of 100% nitrogen chemical fertilizer, increased the yield by 9 to 18 percentage of wheat grain yield. Conclusion: According to the results, in areas with heat stress at the end of the season, it is possible to consider the combined use of 50% nitrogen chemical fertilizer+ 50% organic fertilizer of sugarcane residue compost and plant growth promoting bacteria to increase the growth and yield of wheat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Floods are one of the most frequent and destructive natural events which lead to lots of human and financial losses with damage to the houses, farms, roads, and other buildings. Intensity–duration–frequency (IDF) curves are the main and practical tools that have been used for flood control studies, including the design of the water structures. In many cases, there is no measuring device at the desired place, or their information is not helpful if there is any available. In this case, it is not possible to extract these curves through conventional methods. Regionalizing the IDF curves is a method that has solved the issues mentioned in the common methods. In this research, the regionalized IDF curves are extracted in Khuzestan province, Iran using 21 rain gauge stations through L-moments and neural gas networks. Clustering is one of the most effective steps and a prerequisite for regional frequency analysis (RFA) that divides the region and existing stations into hydrologically homogenous regions. In this study, clustering is done using two new models named neural gas (NG) and growing neural gas (GNG) network. Comparing the regional IDF curves with at-site curves, it was found that neural gas network models had a more accurate performance and higher efficiency, so they had the lowest estimate error amount among other models. Also, due to the acceptable difference between regional and at-site curves, the efficiency of L-moments in RFA was evaluated as appropriate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elamite Kingdom, which takes its name from the rugged and high geography it reigns, is expressed in cuneiform sources with “Elamtu” meaning “High Land” and its derivative words. The Elamite Kingdom ruled between 3rd-1st millennium BC in the geography known as Southwestern Iran, which includes the Khuzestan, Fars, Luristan, Kerman and Senendaj regions of today's Iran. Considering the cities of Susa and Anshan, which were the capitals of the kingdom, the provinces of Khuzestan and Fars formed the core region of Elamite. Southwestern Iran is a geography rich in landforms and natural resources, where high mountains and wide plains, especially the Zagros Mountains and the Khuzestan Plain, coexist, along with lakes such as Bakhtegan and Maharloo as well as rivers such as Karun and Karkheh. The region, which is adjacent to Mesopotamia, hosts to different climates and plant species. In the region where the arid climate prevails in places, while the high parts are partially covered with trees, the steppe vegetation comes to the fore in the plains. All these geographical factors allow the Southwestern Iran geography to be characterized as a mosaic structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Khuzestan Province is located in Iran and has average annual evaporation of over 2000 ml. It also encounters water scarcity and water salinity issues. To make proper use of the high evaporation rate in Khuzestan and help overcome the water scarcity issue, this study simulates the effects of wind velocity on the performance of passive single-slope solar stills, identifying the optimal regions for the deployment of solar stills. The wind velocities of 2.5, 7.5, 10, 12.5, 15, 17.5, and 20 m/s were incorporated. To simulate the two-dimensional steady laminar flow within the solar still, the humid air model was employed. Furthermore, the turbulence k-ε model was utilized to simulate the external flow of the solar still. The accuracy of the numerical technique was evaluated by comparing the average Nusselt number results on the water surface to different models and by comparing the production rate results to experimental data. It was observed that the numerical approach was properly accurate. The results indicate that a rise in the wind velocity decreases the freshwater production rate, with the maximum production rate reduction was occurred at a wind velocity of 15 m/s. Ramhormoz, Dehdez, and Izeh were found to be optimal regions for deploying solar stills, based on the wind velocity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In this study for identification of internal and external origins of dust events in the southwest of Iran, for the first time, a comprehensive dust sampling was performed in nine regions of Khuzestan over the four seasons. The dust samples were analyzed using INAA nuclear technique. Factors obtained from applying the PMF Modeling indicated five kinds of pollutant sources which include 1) Sedimentary surface soil/dried bed of wetlands, 2) steel and metalworking industries, 3) refineries, 4) waste, and 5) solid fuel as well as oil fuel power plants. These identified sources were used as the tracers to identify the internal dust sources. Investigation of NASA AOT images and the synoptic data at the event dates showed that in the period of mid-autumn up to the early winter, dust events had external origins, that are mainly situated in Iraq and Saudi Arabia, while in the period of mid-summer to early autumn and mid-winter up to the early spring, the internal sources such as mud-salt zones or areas with fine sediments with evaporitic deposits and puffy grounds in the regions between Omidieh - Mahshahr, south, and southeast of Ahvaz, “Dasht-E-Azadegan,” and dried bed of Hoor-Al-Azim are more dominant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heat stress is the most important climate feature of Khuzestan province and the most influential atmospheric phenomenon on manpower in the study area. In this study, in order to investigate the temporal and spatial heat stress affecting the manpower of military units based in Khuzestan province, First, a special exploratory study was conducted on the subject and method of research, and then the physiological equivalent temperature index was compared with the standard effective temperature index and the physiological equivalent temperature index was found to be more appropriate for this research. Data from 12 synoptic stations in the study area with a statistical period of 30 years (1990-2020) have been used to extract the index. Data on climatic parameters including wind speed, temperature, relative humidity, water vapor pressure and cloud cover were received daily from the Meteorological Organization and GIS software was used to draw the map. The research findings show that the trend of index changes in the last 30 years has been increasing and is projected to reach 18,088 in 2030. The stations of Abadan, Omidieh, Hindijan and Bostan in the west and south of the region are the most days with heat stress and the most unfavorable place for manpower in military units in the region. In terms of time, July and August are the worst times for the use of manpower in the region, respectively, and the months of November and March have the best conditions for the use of manpower in military units based in Khuzestan province.

In order to investigate the effect of planting method and sugarcane residue compost fertilizer on morphological and physiological traits and grain yield of corn, a field experiment using a split-plot arrangement was accomplished in a randomized complete block design with four replicates in Mian-Ab, Shooshtar, south-west Iran in summer 2018. Experimental factors included four planting methods (on ridges, on watermark, in furrows, and on flat ground) as main factor in main plots and four amounts of sugarcane residues compost (0, 10, 20, and 30 t ha-1) in sub-plots. Results showed that the effects of planting method, sugarcane residue compost, and their interaction were significant on the leaf area index, plant height, ear height, SPAD, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, grains/ear, thousand grain weight and grain yield. Mean comparison showed that the maximum amount of the examined corn traits was obtained in furrow planting and using 30 t ha-1 of sugarcane residue compost and the lowest amounts were observed in ridge planting and absence of sugarcane residue compost. The highest grain yield (6497 kg ha-1) was achieved in furrow planting and presence of 30 t ha-1 of sugarcane residue compost and the lowest grain yield (3870 kg ha-1) was in ridge planting and absence of sugarcane residue compost. In general, it seems that furrow planting by providing better growth conditions and consumption of sugarcane residues compost fertilizer due perhaps to improvement in soil nutrient availability and moisture storage capacity increase the growth and grain yield of corn in Shooshtar region.

Background and purpose: Khuzestan Province in Iran is one of the endemic foci of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) caused by Leishmania major and Phlebotomus papatasi as the main vector. The aim of this study was to predict the probability of presence of Ph. papatasi in this province using Hierarchical Analysis Process (AHP) and Geographic Information System (GIS). Materials and methods: In order to determine the distribution of Ph. papatasi, sand flies were collected in five counties, including Izeh, Mahshahr, Ahvaz, Dasht-e-Azadegan, and Andimeshk by sticky paper traps in spring and summer, 2018. Six criteria, including average annual temperature, average annual rainfall, average annual relative humidity, land use, soil texture, and elevation were selected. Maps of criteria were prepared in ArcGIS 10.5 software. The weights of the criteria and sub-criteria were determined using Expert Choice 11. Then, the final map of the probability of vector presence was prepared by combination of weighted maps and including the weight of the criteria. Results: In this study, 13 species of sand flies of two genera, Phlebotomus and Sergentomyia, were collected. The abundance of Ph. papatasi from samples collected in Izeh, Dasht-e-Azadegan, Mahshahr, Andimeshk, and Ahvaz was 55%, 72%, 69.4%, 3%, and 66.5%, respectively. Based on the analysis of matrix tables, average annual temperature (0.406), average annual relative humidity (0.233), and average annual rainfall (0.156) had the highest weight in probability of the vector presence, respectively. Conclusion: This study provides useful information for health authorities in determining the distribution of Ph. papatasi to act properly based on facilities and budget in case of outbreak.

Introduction: Malnutrition is one of the most important public health problems worldwide and has adverse effects on the physical as well as mental capacities of individuals, especially school-age children. This descriptive-analytical study aimed to investigate the nutritional status of primary-school students in urban and rural areas of Abadan. Methods: Multi-stage stratified-cluster and simple random sampling was performed on urban and rural primary school students in Abadan with the demographic information, height, and weight of 1133 students measured. Furthermore, the indices of short stature for age (stunting), low weight for age (underweight), and low weight for height (wasting) in children were calculated and compared with the National Center for Health Statistics standard. Results: The results revealed that the average age of malnourished children was 9.56 years and the average age of normal children was 8.97 years. The malnutrition prevalence among primary school children of Abadan was 8%, and there was a poor correlation between factors such as sex (P = 0/8), place of residence (P = 0/4), plus school place (P = 0/9), and malnutrition, while there was a positive relationship between with the parents' level of education and malnutrition (P = 0/02). Thus, the most influential factor seems to be the parents' level of education and awareness. Conclusion: Steps can be taken to promote the social and cultural level of families and prevent malnutrition as well as improve the nutritional status of society through collaboration among various institutions, holding educational classes with the presence of education departments, and encouraging families. The household economic status is also one of the important factors in the implementation of these educational classes that must be considered.