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Magistritöö Linna- ja tööstusmaastike korralduse õppekaval Kogu maailmas on probleemiks bioloogilise mitmekesisuse vähenemine. Ei osata piisavalt hinnata looduse mitmekesisust kui ressurssi, mis loob aluse parema elukvaliteedi saavutamisele. Bioloogiline mitmekesisus on väga tihedalt seotud maastikega. Maastikud pakuvad erinevatele liikidele elupaiku ja on inimestele eluruumiks, mistõttu tuleks keskkonnakorralduses rohkem tähelepanu pöörata maastikuindikaatoritele. Tulemuslikuks keskkonnakorralduseks on vaja teada, millised muutused on maastikus toimunud, miks on toimunud ja teha vajalikud otsused õigel ajal. Käesoleva magistritöö eesmärk oli uurida, milliseid maastikuindikaatoreid võiks täiendavalt kasutada Eesti keskkonnakorralduses. Uurimisülesannetena analüüsiti rahvusvaheliste ja Euroopa Liidu keskkonnakaitse strateegilistest dokumentidest tulenevaid maastikega seotud eesmärke, analüüsiti Eesti keskkonnakaitse strateegilistest dokumentidest tulenevaid maastikega seotud eesmärke ja maastikuindikaatoreid ning analüüsiti Eesti maastikunäitajate nimekirja täiendamise vajadust ja valitud maastikuindikaatorite kättesaadavust andmebaasidest. Töös kasutati selliseid rahvusvahelisi ja Euroopa Liidu keskkonnakaitse strateegilisi dokumente nagu globaalne elurikkuse strateegia aastani 2020, bioloogilise mitmekesisuse konventsioon, Euroopa Liidu bioloogilise mitmekesisuse strateegia, Euroopa maastikukonventsioon. Sealhulgas võeti aluseks niisugused Eesti keskkonnakaitse strateegilised dokumendid nagu looduskaitse arengukava aastani 2020 ja Eesti keskkonnastrateegia aastani 2030. Kontentanalüüsi teel selgitati välja, millised on neis dokumentides maastikega seotud eesmärgid ja eesmärkidest tulenevad maastikuindikaatorid. Rahvusvaheliste ja Euroopa Liidu keskkonnakaitse strateegiliste dokumentide eesmärkides tuuakse välja bioloogilise mitmekesisuse kaitse ning pööratakse tähelepanu ökosüsteemi teenuste säilitamisele ja parandamisele. Selleks ühendada roheline infrastruktuur ruumilise planeerimisega. Maastikukonventsioon rõhutab, et oluline on maastike kaitse, korraldus ja planeerimine. Kõik maastikud on olulised ja pööratakse tähelepanu maastikule kui inimese elukeskkonnale ning inimesele kes tunnetab maastikku enda ümber. Eesti keskkonnakorralduses pööratakse tähelepanu looduse ja maastike mitmekesisusele. Maastikunäidikud annavad teavet Eesti maastike üldisest toimivusest. Jälgima peaks linnade laienemist ja valglinnastumist, mis killustab traditsioonilist maastikku. Oluline on rohevõrgustik ja selle sidusus, et säiliksid rohealad linnas ja maal, mis pakuvad puhke ja vaba aja veetmise võimalusi ning aitavad säilitada ja parandada bioloogilist mitmekesisust. Jälgida maastikku kui kvaliteetset elukeskkonda ja millist kasu inimesed maastikust saavad. Võrdselt maastiku füüsiliste näitajatega, on tarvis jälgida, milliseid maastikuväärtusi hindavad kohalikud elanikud ning kuidas inimesed tajuvad maastikku enda ümber. Kõik need näidikud on olulised rohevõrgustiku kujundamisel ja rohealade planeerimisel. Eesti keskkonnakorralduses võiks lisada olemasolevatele maastikuindikaatoritele linnade laienemise, maastiku killustatuse, rohealade ja puhkealade kättesaadavuse, puhkealade funktsionaalsuse ning maastiku evolutsioonilise ja kultuurilise tajumise indikaatorid. The world has a problem with decreases in biological diversity. The diversity of nature is not valued sufficiently as a resource that creates the basis for achieving a better quality of life. Biological diversity is very closely related to landscapes. Landscapes provide animals and humans a place to live, wherefore more attention should be given to landscape indicators in environmental management. Successful management of the environment requires knowing why and what changes have occurred in the landscape. The aim of the Master’s thesis was to investigate which further landscape indicators could be used in the environmental management of Estonia. The research assignments were: to analyse the aims relative to landscapes in international and European Union strategical documents on environmental protection, to analyse the aims and landscape indicators associated with strategical documents on Estonian environmental protection, to analyse the need for updating the list of Estonian landscape indicators and the accessibility of the selected landscape indicators from databases. International and European Union environmental protection strategic documents were used, among them the global biological diversity strategy until the year 2020, the biological diversity convention, European landscape convention and strategic documents on Estonian environmental protection, such as the Estonian environmental strategy until the year 2030 and the development plan for nature conservation until the year 2020. The research assignments were solved through content analysis. The aims of international and European Union strategic documents on environmental protection highlight the protection of biological diversity and draw attention to the preservation and improvement of ecosystem services and green infrastructures. The landscape convention emphasises that the protection, management and planning of landscapes is important in the entire European Union. The stipulations of the convention cover all landscapes: quality independent country or city, artificial or natural landscapes. Green infrastructure is considered important in the country and city, as are the connections between green areas with country landscapes and the preferences of individuals and the society in landscapes. The Estonian environmental management draws attention to the diversity of landscapes and green infrastructure in the countryside, as well as collects data on the on the condition of landscapes. The sustainable use of landscapes requires examining jointly the city and country landscapes. The expansion of cities and urban sprawl needs to be observed that fragments traditional landscapes. Green infrastructures are important, as they unity the countryside landscape with the city, so that green areas that are important for the preservation of biological diversity are preserved and offer people recreational opportunities. This creates a basis for improving the quality of landscapes. It is important to observe how people sense the changes in landscapes surrounding them and if emotional characteristics change with society or remain the same. The landscape indicators used in Estonian environmental management should be updated to include urban expansion, landscape fragmentation, accessibility of green and recreational areas, functionality of recreational areas, as well as indicators on the evolutional and cultural experiencing of landscapes. The author of the paper compiled a list of the existing and new landscape indicators, which takes into consideration ecosystem services and highlighted the accessibility from databases.

http://www.ester.ee/record=b4452218*est

Väitekirja elektrooniline versioon ei sisalda publikatsioone., Doktoritöös “Keskkonnaprobleemide ja –riskide kommunikatsiooni kriitilise analüüsi probleeme” võtan ma vaatluse alla kommunikatsiooni rolli keskkonnaprobleemide lahendamisel. Kui üldjuhul peetakse kommunikatsiooni, teadlikkuse tõstmist ja osalust keskseks keskkonnaprobleemide leevendamise ja lahenduste otsimise vahendiks, siis käesolevas töös vaatlen ma inimsuhtlust kriitilise pilguga. Tuginedes Jürgen Habermase, Anthony Giddensi, ja eriti Niklas Luhmanni töödele, toon ma välja, et kommunikatsioon on oma olemuselt puudulik, võimaldades küll lühiperspektiivis jõuda argielu kontekstis kahtlemata aktsepteeritavate lahendusteni, kuid pikas perspektiivis kasvatades tingimusi, mis lahenduste saavutamist üha raskendavad. See on nö inkrementaliseerumise protsess, mille leevendamisele ma oma töös lahendusi otsin. Olgu ka öeldud, et lahendused inkrementaliseerumisele ei peitu positivistlikus paradigmas – töö ei rõhuta vajadust kommunikatsiooni järele, vaid pigem hoiatab liigse kommunikatsiooni eest. Samas rõhutan ma, et ka kommunikatsioonivajadusi ning –võimalusi vähendades kaasame ühiskonda probleeme, lihtsalt teistsuguseid, seehulgas selliseid, mis pole argiarusaamas tunnustatud ega heakskiidetud. Ma analüüsisin keskkonnaküsimuste ja –riskide kommunikatsiooni Eesti näitel, haarates oma vaatega perioodi nõukaaja lõpust tänase päevani. Uurisin, mil määral erinevat tüüpi ühiskonnad (Nõukogude ja Euroopa Liit), mille osa Eesti on olnud, on kujundanud keskkonnaküsimuste lahendamise viise ning millistest ajaloolistest kogemustest võib leida teoreetilisi lahendusi inkrementaliseerimise vähendamiseks. Selleks vaatlen ma osalusprotsesse, poliitikate kujunemist, meediadebatti, inimeste käitumispraktikaid ning tõlgendusi erinevatele keskkonna- ja tehnoloogilistele riskidele. Lisaks mõtisklen selle üle, milline osa keskkonnakommunikatsioonist jääb mulle kui uurijale ja minu uuritavatele subjektidele nähtamatuks, kuid ometigi suunavaks., My doctoral thesis “Problems of critical analysis of communication of environmental issues and risks” focuses on the role of communication in the management of environmental problems. Communication, awareness raising and participation are usually considered central in the mitigation of and finding solutions to environmental problems. My thesis, on the contrary, approaches environmental communication from a critical point of view. I emanate from Jürgen Habermas, Anthony Giddens and most of all, from Niklas Luhmann. Inspired by their views I focussed on the selective and abstracting nature of (environmental) communication. The nature of communication is misleading: it enables individuals to find satisfactory solutions in the short term, but in the long term it raises conditions that impede finding sufficient solutions. This is called the process of incrementalisation, a phenomena that I seek solutions to in my thesis. I must say that the solutions to incrementalism can’t be found from everyday intentional problem-oriented practice. For me the solution is not in alarm raising or in the development of participation. It is rather in the conditions that impede the natural development of communication towards incrementalisation. These solutions may not find recognition and approval in individuals’ orthodox understanding about problem solving. To find the conditions that sustain incrementalisation and to offer solutions to overcome its paradox I analysed the development of communication of environmental issues and risks in the example of Estonia. My analysis covered the period from the late Soviet time to the present day. I investigated whether the types of the societies of the Soviet and western modernity have affected the way the environmental issues are dealt with and what historical experiences can offer insight to the theoretical analysis of incrementalisation. For this, I examined very different empirical content: participation processes, development of politics, media debate, practices of individuals, and interpretations of environmental and technological risks. An emphasis of my analysis was on the aspects that are invisible to the participants in the communication but are still prevalent and leading in the formation of it.

Magistritöö eesmärk on selgitada välja kaitseväe harjutusväljade keskkonnakorraldust reguleerivate dokumentide kasutamise ulatus ning toimimise tõhusus. Analüüsiti viie kaitseväe harjutusvälja (Keskpolügoon, Sirgala, Nursipalu, Klooga ja Männiku) keskkonnajuhendeid ning keskkonnakorralduskavasid. Seoses keskkonnakorralduskavades käsitletud ajaperioodide lõppemisega (2013 ja 2015 aastal) on viimane aeg hakata keskkonnakorralduskavasid uuendama. Samas osadel harjutusväljadel puuduvad keskkonnakorralduskavad täielikult. Magistritöö ülesanded: • Selgitada välja, millised dokumendid reguleerivad harjutusväljade keskkonnakaitse korraldust • Selgitada välja, kas ja mis ulatuses dokumendid kasutust leiavad • Hinnata, kas dokumendid täidavad oma eesmärki • Esitada võimalusi dokumentatsiooni toimivuse parandamiseks Uurimisülesannete täitmiseks töötati läbi seadusandlus, teaduslik ning praktiline kirjandus, analüüsiti dokumente (keskkonnamõjude strateegilise hindamise elemente kasutades), viidi läbi keskkonnakorralduse tõhususe hinnang ekspertgrupi poolt (kasutades metoodikat Management Effectiveness Tracking Tool ehk METT), selgitati keskkonnakorralduse hetkeolukorda (keskkonnaauditi metoodika lihtsustatud elemente kasutades). Keskkonnakorralduse tõhusus on erinevatel harjutusväljadel sarnasel tasemel. Kõige tõhusam on keskkonnakorraldus Nursipalu harjutusväljal, kuid minimaalsete vahedega järgnevad Sirgala harjutusväli ning kaitseväe keskpolügoon. Sarnasel tasemel, kuid siiski märgatavalt väiksem tõhusus hinnati Klooga ja Männiku harjutusväljadele. Harjutusväljade keskkonnakaitselise tegevuse peamisteks probleemideks on eelarve ebapiisav tagatus, kohati nõrk kontroll harjutusväljal toimuvate tegevuste üle, kõrgema juhtkonna vähene kaasatus keskkonnakorraldusse ning nende madal koostöövalmidus. Nii keskkonnajuhendid kui ka keskkonnakorralduskavad leiavad harjutusväljade igapäevatöös väga vähe kasutust. Samuti on need uuendamata. Harjutusväljadel puudub ühtne dokument, mis hõlmaks harjutusvälja keskkonnakorralduslikku tegevust ning sobiks kasutamiseks nii harjutusvälja personalile, arendajale kui ka kasutajale. Keskkonnakorralduskavade keskkonnategevuskavasid ei ole piisavalt rakendatud. Military training activity has strong environmental impacts on the training areas (Ramos, 2005). The Estonian Defence Forces have taken as their ambition to bring the negative environmental impacts to the minimum, whereas satisfying the training needs (Kaitseväe juhataja, 2008). The purpose of this master's thesis is to find out the range and effectivness of the usage of the documents that regulate the environmental managment of the training areas. The environmental guidlines and environmental management plans of five different training areas (Central Training Area aka keskpolügoon, Sirgala, Nursipalu, Klooga and Männiku) were analysed. In order to accomplish the purpose, the legislation, scientific and practical literature were studied, documents were analysed, the evaluation of the efficienty of environmental management was carried out by a group of experts and the current situation in environmental management was studied. The thesis is based on the methodology for evaluating the effectiveness of nature preserves which has also found usage in Estonia - Management Effectiveness Tracking Tool (METT) – that has been modified to fit the training areas of The Estonian Defence Forces. The purpose of this methodology is to evaluate the effectiveness of the environmental management in the training areas by different elements (context, planning, process, input, output, assessment). In order to find out the real situation, modificated and simplified elements of the methodology of environmental audit (e.g. assessment questionnary) were used to make conclusions about whether and what use comes from the regulative documents of environmental protection that were studied in this thesis. In the evaluation of the documents the elements of environmental impact assessments methodology that helps to find out which impacts come with the usage of these documents and how the documents effect the activity in the training areas were used. The methods of environmental guidelines and environmental management plans compiled by different methodologies were studied and the impacts on different elements of the environment (soil, groundwater, surface water, air quality, flora and fauna, landscape change, social effects, economical effects, effects on the wellbeing and health of people, effects on infrastructure) were evaluated. The effectiveness of environmental management was similar in different training areas. The most effective was the environmental management in Nursipalu training area, but with minimal distinctions from Sirgala training area and the central training area (CTA) of The Estonian Defence Forces. On a similar level, but still noticeably lower effectiveness was assessed in Klooga and Männiku training areas. The main problems of evironmental protection in the training areas are the insufficiency of the budget, occasionally weak control over the activities held in the training areas, the low involvement of the higher management and their low readiness for collaboration. Environmental guidlines as well as environmental management plans find very little usage in the routine of training areas. They have also not been updated. A unique document that covered the environmental management on a training area and fit for usage for the personnel of the training area as well as the developer and user is missing. The programmes of the environmental management plans have not been administered sufficiently. Even so the values of nature have so far been relatively well preserved. The plans of the training areas have been compiled very well and support the achievement of purposes of nature preservation. The information about values of nature preservation is sufficient in every domain for competent planning and judgements in Sirgala and Nursipalu training areas due to monitorings, investigations and expert analyses. Local people have been provided with several ways of acquiring environmental information. With the purpose to improve the effectiveness of the documentation and the environmental management in the training areas, the author of this thesis presents methods and circumstances that should be taken into consideration when compiling the environmental documentation for training areas.

https://www.ester.ee/record=b5479360*est

Full text HISTORY OF NATURE CONSERVATION IN ESTONIA. The historical development of nature conservation ideas can be divided into a number of phases. A simple division identi - fies five phases in the international development of nature protection in Europe, as in Estonia: (1) the common law phase, (2) the phase of narrow regulations restricting the use of nature resources, (3) the protection of nature monuments and species protection, (4) the establishment of multifunctional protected areas, and (5) the nature protection outside protected areas, cross-sectoral approach to preserving landscape and biological diversity. First, the roots of nature conservation stem from folk religion. Records from the 13th century speak of sacred trees and groves that were worshipped and preserved. The era of narrow restrictions on the use of natural resources followed. According to historical documents, in 1297 the Danish King Erik Menved issued a strict order to prohibit the cutting of coastal woods on four islands near Tallinn. This is the first known Act at the national level to establish nature conservation over a relatively large area in Estonia. The more systematic study of nature and propagation of nature conservation ideas started in the middle of the 19th century. The first protected area in Estonia was established in 1910: a bird sanctuary was created on the Vaika islets of the west coast of Saaremaa. The first Nature Conservation Act was passed in 1935. World War II and the starting Soviet Era disrupted the nature conservation activities. It was not until 11 July 1957 that the third Nature Conservation Act was passed; it was the first Act on nature conservation in the Soviet Union. The first protected area based on international principles – Lahemaa National Park, the first national park in the entire Soviet Union – was established in 1971. In 1981, Lahemaa became the first Estonian protected area to receive a development plan, the predecessor of the modern management plan. One of the key nature conservation decisions in newly independent Estonia was to preserve the continuity of protected areas: areas that had been granted protection in the Soviet era remained under conservation in the Republic of Estonia, regardless of land ownership. The Protection of Natural objects Act enacted in 1994 served as the foundation of this principle. From the mid-1990s, nature conservation in Estonia has been characterized by assumption of the obligations of EU nature con - servation and applying the concept of the nature protection outside protected areas, cross-sectoral approach to preserving landscape. Currently, the primary basic piece of legislation governing nature conservation in Estonia is the Nature Con - servation Act (2004). As of 2010, Estonia is party to around ten international treaties that directly or indirectly deal with protection of flora and fauna. Hanno Zingel, Kalev Sepp

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