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Background: Drought is one of the most destructive and complex natural hazards, with direct and indirect effects, especially economic effects, on society and households. It affects the well-being and life satisfaction of households. It is important to understand the effects of drought at the micro level, such as households, by examining different attitudes, perceptions, and experiences of drought and its impacts. Methods: This research aims to investigate the understanding and experiences of the residents of the poor areas of Kerman city regarding drought and its consequences on their well-being and life satisfaction. To that end, the descriptive phenomenology qualitative method was used, selected samples purposefully, and conducted semi-structured and in-depth interviews with households in August and September 2022. MAXQDA2020 software was used to manage and organize the data. Results: From the analysis of the results of the interviews with the households, it was shown that the drought, with its impact on the economic, social, family, health, and environmental dimensions, has been identified as five main themes, leading to a decrease in the well-being and life satisfaction of the households. Conclusion: The drought has caused the migration of families from the cities and villages around Kerman province to the outskirts of the city. Subsequently, with the increase in the population in the outskirts of the city, the problem of waterlessness has increased. As a result, the welfare and life satisfaction of households have decreased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Drought is one of the most destructive and complex natural hazards, with direct and indirect effects, especially economic effects, on society and households. It affects the well-being and life satisfaction of households. It is important to understand the effects of drought at the micro level, such as households, by examining different attitudes, perceptions, and experiences of drought and its impacts. Methods This research aims to investigate the understanding and experiences of the residents of the poor areas of Kerman city regarding drought and its consequences on their well-being and life satisfaction. To that end, the descriptive phenomenology qualitative method was used, selected samples purposefully, and conducted semi-structured and in-depth interviews with households in August and September 2022. MAXQDA2020 software was used to manage and organize the data. Results From the analysis of the results of the interviews with the households, it was shown that the drought, with its impact on the economic, social, family, health, and environmental dimensions, has been identified as five main themes, leading to a decrease in the well-being and life satisfaction of the households. Conclusion The drought has caused the migration of families from the cities and villages around Kerman province to the outskirts of the city. Subsequently, with the increase in the population in the outskirts of the city, the problem of waterlessness has increased. As a result, the welfare and life satisfaction of households have decreased.

Background: Hypertension is an important cause of cardiovascular-related morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of demographic, biochemical, and lifestyle variables on hypertension in the last five years in Kerman, Iran. Methods: About 2055 adults were randomly selected through single-stage cluster sampling. Demographic characteristics, biochemical variables, tobacco use, opium use, mood, and physical activity were examined. The effect of the studied variables on hypertension was also measured. COPY methods were used to estimate relative risk (RR) and create confidence intervals. All statistical analysis were done in R 4.4.1. Results: Based on the results obtained using the multivariable COPY method for hypertension, the effects of age, education, physical activity, diabetes, obesity, smoking, anxiety, and depression were significant. It was also found that people with a family history of hypertension and a history of diabetes, obesity, and smoking are at higher risk for hypertension. Conclusion: The present study showed that the results of this study can be effective in designing and implementing intervention programs for the control and prevention of hypertension in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The school age period is characterized by significant physical and intellectual growth, necessitating the monitoring of macronutrient intake and its impact on weight and height. The objective of this study is to investigate the association between the quality and quantity of protein and fat consumption with anthropometric indices in primary school girls in Kerman. This cross-sectional analysis was conducted on primary school girls aged 6–12 (n 330) from ten schools in Kerman, Iran. A validated and reliable dish-based 185-item food frequency questionnaire was used. We calculated the amount of proteins and fats as the percentage of daily calories and grams per day. Plant-based and animal-based proteins were used to assess the protein quality. To assess the fat quality, we considered trans fatty acids (TFA), cholesterol, vegetable oils, solid vegetable oils, animal oils, omega-6 Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), omega-3 PUFA, and (PUFAs + Monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs))/Saturated fatty acids (SFAs), PUFAs/SFA, and (MUFA + PUFA)/(SFA + TFA). There was a significant positive association between height-for-age z-score (HAZ) and plant protein (p < 0.001) and vegetable oils (p = 0.038) after adjustment. In higher tertiles of animal protein, weight-for-age z-score (WAZ) (p = 0.024) were significantly higher. A significant positive association was observed between omega-3 PUFA and mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) (p = 0.039) and BMI-for-age z-score (BAZ) (p = 0.016). Our study emphasizes the importance of monitoring protein and fat intake in primary school girls for optimal growth. Positive associations were found between plant-based protein, vegetable oils and HAZ, as well as animal protein and WAZ, highlighting the impact of protein quality on growth indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Marginal immigrants cause many problems in economic, social and cultural, physical,and environmental aspects of cities. This study aims to investigate the factors affecting migration to Kerman city and the problems of marginalized immigrants using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) models. Methods: This cross -sectional study was conducted in 2022, with a sample size of 147 households selected from Kerman suburban region. The data were collected by a standardized questionnaire measuring effective factors on the migration and the checklist of the immigrant problems. Results: The most important immigration factors were economic, social, geographical, political, educational and religious -cultural factors, respectively. Among 37 components studied, transferring the job of the family man as the family head, being on the main land, air and rail ways, having a special position at the international level, burying the family’s dead members in the desired city, and the education of the wife or one of the children of the family were the most important components. According to the results, more than 90% did not have access to public baths, sports facilities, government centers, private institutions, and parks, and recreational spaces. Conclusion: According to AHP model, economic factors,and then social factors, were the most important reasons for migrating to the suburbs of Kerman. Therefore, it is suggested to create stable and long -term job opportunities, improve employment and business environment in the cities, and develop infrastructure to control migration to the city capitals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Shasatpich area hosts an ophiolitic complex located in the south of Kerman, southeast Iran. This ophiolitic complex is composed of lherzolite, harzburgite, and dunite. Olivine is one of the important minerals found in these rocks, which is observed along with pyroxene (orthopyroxene and clinopyroxene) and spinel. The combined range of olivines is forsterite to chrysolite, range of 84 to 92%. NiO with an average amount of about 0.38 wt% and MnO with an average of 0.14 wt% in olivines show the range has related to abyssal peridotites. In addition to serpentinization as a general alteration in the ultramafic rocks, petrographic studies show that evidence of metamorphism in the olivines of some harzburgites along with recrystallized antigorite crystals, which indicate a phase of thermal metamorphism in this harzburgite. These results have been confirmed in mineral chemistry studies too. Metamorphic olivines have an abnormality compared to magmatic olivines with a decrease in CaO. In chemical mineralogical studies, the amounts of forsterite and olivines show a regular increase from lherzolite to harzburgite and dunite. Raman spectroscopy studies on the studied olivines show the relationship between the peak shift of 854 waves/cm and forsterite values ​​of olivine minerals in the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the solution of mechanisms in this study, Golbaf, Kuhbanan and Rafsanjan faults have a dominant right-lateral mechanism with a reverse component and Sarvestan fault has a pure reverse dominant mechanism. Earthquakes are mostly scattered around the city of Shiraz near the Sabzpooshan fault system and Borazjan fault. Solved mechanisms also show that earthquakes with a dominant right-lateral mechanism are related to the Karebas fault. Some earthquakes, which are related to the Sabzevaran fault are with the dominant mechanism of strike slip. Earthquakes of the Sabzpoushan fault are with the dominant mechanism of strike-slip right-lateral (N-S active plain). Mechanism of some earthquake is not compatible with any known faults in the range. In the interpretation of earthquakes in of all maps, the location error of the seismicity must also be considered. This error can reach up to ten kilometers (in some cases) due to the intermediate distance between the stations of the seismological networks. The mechanism of some of these faults, which were studied in previous works (geologically or seismologically), are consistent with the mechanism solved in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & objectives: Sandflies are important carriers of Leishmania parasites. Leishmaniasis, spread by sandfly vectors, is a major public health problem worldwide particularly in the tropics and the subtropics. The parasite transmission capacity of vectors, life cycle of parasites in the body of vectors, disease transmission, and the physiology and behavior of carrier vectors can be extensively studied by establishing insect colonies in the insectarium. In addition, response of vectors to repellents and insecticides, mating behaviors, blood feeding habits, interaction between parasites, and vectors, and taxonomic studies can be investigated by establishing insect colonies. The goal of the present study was to establish a colony of Phlebotomus papatasi in the insectarium in a zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis endemic area in Kerman Province of Iran. Methods: The Killick-Kendrick and Killick-Kendrick method (1991) was used for individual rearing and the volf and volfa (2011) method was used for mass rearing of the collected sandflies. The larvae were fed by a diet with liver powder, which is the recommended diet for Phlebotomus papatasi larvae. Adult sandflies were allowed to feed on BALB/c mice blood in the laboratory. Results: Eighty sandflies specimens (75 female + 5 male) were collected with aspirator and reared for f1 and f2 generations in the laboratory. Interpretation & conclusion: Phlebotomus sandflies were colonized in laboratory condition. Then sandflies successfully maintained for the first time as a laboratory species in Kerman Province.

Abstract Background The school-age is a crucial period of physical and cognitive growth, which requires an assessment of dietary intake and its influence on body weight and height. This study aims to determine the association between the quality and quantity of carbohydrate intake with selected anthropometric indices in primary school girls in Kerman City, Iran. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted on 330 primary school girls ages 6–12 years in Kerman. We used a validated and reliable dish-based 185-item food frequency questionnaire to evaluate people’s food intake. We assessed the amount of carbohydrates in children’s diets as the percentage of daily calories and grams per day. We used dietary fiber intake (grams/day), the glycemic load, the ratio of whole grain to total grain, and the ratio of solid carbohydrates to total carbohydrates to assess carbohydrate quality. Height, weight, and arm circumference were measured. We calculated body mass index (BMI) by dividing the weight in kilograms by the height in centimeters squared. We used the World Health Organization z-scores charts for girls 5 to 19 years old to assess z-scores for BMI-for-age (BAZ), height-for-age (HAZ), and weight-for-age (WAZ). Socioeconomic status and physical activity were assessed. We used ANOVA and ANCOVA statistical tests to assess the association between anthropometric indices and carbohydrate quantity and quality parameters. Results Participants with the highest amount of carbohydrate intake had significantly higher anthropometric indices, including arm circumference, BMI-for-age z score (BAZ), and Height-for-age z score (HAZ) (p

Scorpion stings are the major public health problem related to arthropods in tropical and subtropical areas of Iran. The study aimed to determine the species diversity and geographical distribution of scorpions in southern regions of Kerman province, Iran. The descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out from March 2019 to November 2021 in the south of Kerman province. The specimens were collected by rock rolling method using long forceps during the day and UV light during the night. The specimens were put in containers containing 80% ethanol, transported to the laboratory, identified using valid taxonomic keys, and studied their sexes. A total of 126 scorpions were collected from 2 families, 7 genera, and 10 species including Hemiscorpius acanthocercus (2.2%), H. enischnochela (0.4%), Androctonus crassicauda (56.1%), Mesobuthus kirmanensis (29%), Odontobuthus baluchicus (3.5%), Hottentotta navidpouri (2.2%), Ho. sistanensis (2.2%), Orthochirus hormozganensis (1.3%), O. kucerai (0.9%) and Sassanidotus gracilis (1.3%). Mesobuthus kirmanensis were reported as dominant species. H. navidpouri, H. sistanensis, O. baluchicus, and O. hormozganensis are reported for the first time from Kerman province. Androctonus crassicauda, H. acanthocercus and H. enischnochela are known as dangerous species and could enhance the potential risk of scorpion stings deaths, especially in children. The fauna and geographical distribution of scorpions in the southeast of Iran showed the presence of suitable habitats for scorpions and can be a warning to the health care system. Identification of dangerous species and their range of distribution can be comprehensive and valuable guides to reducing the exposure of scorpions in high-risk areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The school-age is a crucial period of physical and cognitive growth, which requires an assessment of dietary intake and its influence on body weight and height. This study aims to determine the association between the quality and quantity of carbohydrate intake with selected anthropometric indices in primary school girls in Kerman City, Iran. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 330 primary school girls ages 6–12 years in Kerman. We used a validated and reliable dish-based 185-item food frequency questionnaire to evaluate people's food intake. We assessed the amount of carbohydrates in children's diets as the percentage of daily calories and grams per day. We used dietary fiber intake (grams/day), the glycemic load, the ratio of whole grain to total grain, and the ratio of solid carbohydrates to total carbohydrates to assess carbohydrate quality. Height, weight, and arm circumference were measured. We calculated body mass index (BMI) by dividing the weight in kilograms by the height in centimeters squared. We used the World Health Organization z-scores charts for girls 5 to 19 years old to assess z-scores for BMI-for-age (BAZ), height-for-age (HAZ), and weight-for-age (WAZ). Socioeconomic status and physical activity were assessed. We used ANOVA and ANCOVA statistical tests to assess the association between anthropometric indices and carbohydrate quantity and quality parameters. Results: Participants with the highest amount of carbohydrate intake had significantly higher anthropometric indices, including arm circumference, BMI-for-age z score (BAZ), and Height-for-age z score (HAZ) (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, and p = 0.009, respectively). With the increase in glycemic load (GL) and dietary fiber intake, anthropometric indices including arm circumference (GL: p < 0.001, Fiber: p < 0.001), BAZ (GL: p < 0.001, Fiber: P < 0.001), and HAZ (GL: P = 0.009, Fiber: p < 0.001) increased significantly. Conclusions: We concluded that there was a positive association between the amount of carbohydrate intake and anthropometric indices (MUAC, BAZ, and HAZ). Also, with the increase in glycemic load and dietary fiber intake, the anthropometric indices including MUAC, BAZ, and HAZ increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background The school-age period is marked by substantial advancements in physical and cognitive development, highlighting the importance of assessing the diet quality and its impact on body weight and height. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the association between diet quality and selected anthropometric indices of primary school girls in southeast of Iran using the healthy eating index-2015 (HEI-2015). Methods This cross-sectional study involved 330 students aged 6–12 years from 10 primary schools in Kerman City. Standard protocols and a dish-based food frequency questionnaire were employed to evaluate anthropometric indices and dietary intake. The HEI-2015 was utilized to assess the quality of participants’ diets, with a total score ranging from zero to 100, based on thirteen food score components. Results In the present study, older participants had higher HEI scores (p = 0.02). Additionally, participants in the highest tertile of HEI score had greaterodds of being overweight (OR: 2.13; CI = 1.17–3.85, P = 0.011) and had higher intakes of whole fruits, total fruits including fruit juice, whole grains, total protein foods, seafood and plant proteins, greens, and beans (p

Considering the importance of educational justice and the approval of the law "Establishment and Administration of Non-Governmental Schools and Educational Centers" in Iran, the question arises as to what effect the law on the establishment and administration of non-governmental schools and educational centers has on the realization of educational justice? In response to the above question, first:, using the documentary method, educational justice was indexed according to Rawls, second, the city of Kerman was selected as a study sample, and using a questionnaire, the main indicators of educational justice in non-government schools were compared. It was investigated with the public schools of this city, third, the results of the second step were analyzed with semi-structured interviews with experts of education department of this city. Although the implementation of the aforementioned law helps to develop educational justice, other needs of Kerman public schools are ignored, and this law is only a one-dimensional view of educational justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Bam area is located north of the Kerman magmatic copper belt (KMCB) in SE Iran. It belongs to the Urumieh-Dothtar magmatic assemblage (UDMA) that hosts many large Cu-porphyry deposits such as Sarchemeh, Iju, Meiduk, Pakram, and Dalli. The area comprises volcanic and volcano-sedimentary rocks of the Eocene intruded by some sub-volcanic patches. Geochemical analyses show that the sub-volcanic rocks are calc-alkaline granodiorites formed on an active continental margin. The rare earth elements (REE) distribution patterns are differentiated (LaN/YbN = 4–31), having weak to moderate Eu negative anomalies (Eu/Eu* = 0.4–0.8) and flat heavy rare earth element (HREE) sections. The MgO, SiO2, La, Yb, Sr, Sm, and Y contents of these rocks are consistent with adakite-like magmas formed by partial melting of thickened lower crust containing no garnet. Negative correlations of Al2O3, Y and Ba with SiO2 and moderate to weak Eu negative anomalies, indicate the role of hornblende, K-feldspar, and plagioclase fractionation in the formation of these rocks. Geochemical features of the Bam sub-volcanic rocks are similar to those of the Cu-porphyry deposits from UDMA and Malmyzh deposit from eastern Russia, indicating fertility of these rocks for Cu mineralization that should be considered in the future explorations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main question of the present article is to determine Kerman statesmen's approach towards finance and tax collection and the basis for tax resources of Kerman Qara-Khitai. The findings of the research indicate that the tax resources in the Qara-Khitai period included receiving diverse types of taxes from different areas of the Kerman as well as receiving taxes from the surrounding area, which were done in two direct and indirect ways. In the direct method, they collected various taxes by sending tax collectors and deposited the collected taxes to the treasury of the Grand Divan. In the indirect method, the government collected taxes, without direct contact with the people, and sent tax collectors to collect taxes, using Muvada'a (contracting), Mukata (Grant), and Barat (bill of exchange). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among environmental pollutants, trace elements are of particular importance due to their non-degradability and physiological effects on living organisms even at low concentrations. These elements gradually accumulate in the soil due to their low mobility and eventually enter the food chain, posing a threat to the health of humans and other organisms. Therefore, it is essential to study the distribution and concentration of trace elements in order to assess soil pollution and maintain environmental quality. In this research, a human health risk assessment of trace elements in agricultural soils in Kerman City was conducted. The study employed a descriptive-cross-sectional approach, involving the collection of 74 soil samples from agricultural lands. Additionally, 40 samples from rocks (lime, conglomerate) and wind sediments, alluvium, and platy sediments were collected. Furthermore, 41 soil samples were taken from residential areas and polluting areas such as car repair shops, gas stations, battery productions, car painting shops, and landfills. The concentrations of cadmium, lead, iron, and copper were determined using a graphic furnace atomic absorption system. The Nemrow comprehensive index method was utilized to qualitatively and quantitatively assess soil pollution, identify toxic sources, and evaluate anthropogenic effects. The carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks associated with trace elements in agricultural soil were assessed using the recommended method proposed by the US Environmental Protection Agency, considering both children and adults. The results indicated that the mean concentration of trace elements, except for copper, in the agricultural soils studied was higher than the natural background level. According to the Nemrow index [contamination factor (CF) and pollution loading index (PLI)], the agricultural soils were heavily contaminated with lead (CF > 3), while the contamination levels of the target trace elements in all areas fell within the low pollution range (PLI ≤ 1). The geo-accumulation index (Igeo) revealed that the accumulation of lead in agricultural soils of Kerman City ranged from low pollution (0 < Igeo < 1) to medium pollution (1 < Igeo < 2). The concentrations of other metals remained within non-contaminated values. The hazard index for both children and adults was found to be below one, indicating a low risk in terms of non-carcinogenic effects from the studied agricultural soils. Ingestion was identified as the main pathway for carcinogenic risk associated with lead and cadmium exposure for both children and adults. The total carcinogenic risk for children and adults fell within the acceptable range (1 × 10–4–1 × 10–6). Overall, the values of both carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks were higher in the children group compared to the adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural ventilation is one of the most important factors in creating thermal comfort. Wind catchers, which are considered as important and historical elements of Iranian architecture, have been recognized as a passive cooling system. These cooling systems provide air conditioning for buildings through renewable energy sources such as wind, and are used to ensure comfort for individuals in hot and dry areas. Today, considering the increase in environmental pollution and the importance of non-renewable energy sources, the role of natural ventilation in building construction is important in terms of environmental compatibility. Additionally, due to the significance of wind catchers in creating natural ventilation, this research has focused on examining this functional element in architecture. The wind catchers in Kerman city are an example of energy saving by buildings in hot and dry climates. Therefore, by studying and understanding the precise, quantitative, and numerical aspects of how wind catchers function and behave, they can be considered as an effective step in achieving climate-adaptive design solutions. The present study assumes that in spaces where natural ventilation is provided by wind catchers, there can be a significant relationship between proportions and form of space on wind speed and performance, and compares the performance of wind catchers in selected samples with different forms, dimensions, and proportions to identify the optimal form for natural ventilation in contemporary architecture. The research method used in this study is descriptive-analytical, which first used library resources and photography, then observations of the studied buildings, and finally, CFD analysis using Design Builder software. The results of the analysis indicate differences in wind speed and performance in the studied samples with different forms and proportions, and after performing calculations, the optimal form in terms of performance and wind behavior has been determined.

Understanding the motivations behind tourists' decision to travel to a particular region greatly contributes to comprehending their behavior. This study aims to identify, categorize, and prioritize the motives of domestic tourists who choose to travel to Kerman city. The research methodology employed an applied approach, a descriptive nature, and utilized a mixed data type. The collection of research data involved the utilization of field and library methods. The statistical population for this study consisted of domestic tourists who visited Kerman city in March 2022 and were accessible for the researcher. The research sampling method used was non-probability sampling, specifically employing the easy or available sampling type. The identification and categorization of tourists' motives were achieved through the application of the Exploratory Factor Analysis method, while the prioritization of the identified motives was conducted using the TOPSIS method. The results of the data analysis demonstrated that the motives of domestic tourists for traveling to Kerman city encompassed the following aspects: the desire to visit historical-cultural attractions, religious motives, work-related motives, motives related to the economic benefits of travel, motives associated with group travel, motives to visit friends and relatives, shopping motives, entertainment and recreational motives, nostalgia, appreciation of the natural environment, and learning motives.

Background: Kerman Province is one of the endemic foci of scorpionism in southeastern Iran. Totally 17 species are reported for Kerman Province fauna. The current study seeks to determine the fauna of medically important scorpions in northern parts of this province. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2019 to March 2021. The specimens were captured from different areas, by rock-rolling during day and using Ultraviolet light at night. The specimens were pre­served in ethanol (80%) and then identified using reliable identification keys for scorpions. Results: Totally, 499 specimens were captured from eight cities in northern Kerman. In total, 11 species belonging to three families were identified. Buthacus sp. is reported for the first time from Kerman Province. Buthacus sp., Hotten­totta cf. juliae, and Hottentotta cf. schach, were the lowest in frequency of occurrence, against Mesobuthus navidpouri as the highest frequency. Conclusion: The results of this study are useful for the preparation of regional or monovalent antivenom for the Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute. Additionally, the obtained data are useful for the effective planning of scorpion control programs in the northern parts of Kerman Province, Iran.

Background: Kerman Province is one of the endemic foci of scorpionism in southeastern Iran. Totally 17 species are reported for Kerman Province fauna. The current study seeks to determine the fauna of medically important scorpions in northern parts of this province. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2019 to March 2021. The specimens were captured from different areas, by rock-rolling during day and using Ultraviolet light at night. The specimens were preserved in ethanol (80%) and then identified using reliable identification keys for scorpions. Results: Totally, 499 specimens were captured from eight cities in northern Kerman. In total, 11 species belonging to three families were identified. Buthacus sp. is reported for the first time from Kerman Province. Buthacus sp., Hottentotta cf. juliae, and Hottentotta cf. schach, were the lowest in frequency of occurrence, against Mesobuthus navidpouri as the highest frequency. Conclusion: The results of this study are useful for the preparation of regional or monovalent antivenom for the Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute. Additionally, the obtained data are useful for the effective planning of scorpion control programs in the northern parts of Kerman Province, Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Spain, almost all pistachios are grown under water-stress conditions. Pistachio plants have sophisticated mechanisms to avoid or tolerate stress. It is known that the rootstock affects responses to water stress in the cultivar grafted onto it. The traditional belief is that Pistacia terebinthus L. is the rootstock best adapted to rainfed conditions. This study examined the effect of rootstock on stress traits, photosynthetic rate, transpiration, stomatal conductance, chlorophyll, polyphenol concentrations, and growth in plants of Pistacia vera L. cv. Kerman grafted onto P. terebinthus, P. atlantica, and UCB-1. These responses were classified into constituent traits and characteristics of the plant's adaptation to water stress. The latter was induced by adding PEG 6000 to the nutrient solution. Plants grafted onto P. terebinthus showed more constituent traits, while plants grafted onto UCB-1 showed a greater number of drought-responsive traits. Plants grafted onto P. atlantica showed similar adaptative traits to those observed in UCB-1 but lower values of transpiration and net photosynthesis. Although it is likely that plants grafted onto P. terebinthus survive longer under extreme drought conditions, under moderate stress conditions, their yield is probably lower than that of plants grafted onto UCB-1 under the same moderate stress conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Advanced Applied Geology is the property of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Antibiotics are widely used to treat infectious diseases in humans and animals. However, the indiscriminate use of antibiotics contributes to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, making infections more difficult to treat. In this study, we randomly collected thirty-six rainbow trout fish from various retail stores in Kerman city, located in the southeast of Iran. Skin samples were obtained from each fish using a swab, and Escherichia coli (E. coli) isolates were identified and screened for antimicrobial resistance (AMR) phenotypes, as well as related genes, using microbiological culturing, disc diffusion, and conventional PCR methods. Our findings showed that the prevalence of phenotypic resistance against the tested antibiotics was high, with erythromycin (88.57%), florfenicol (77.14%), oxytetracycline (74.28%), trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole (71.42%), trimethoprim (65.71%), chloramphenicol (62.85%), flumequine (60%), ciprofloxacin (54.28%), and tetracycline (54.28%) having the highest resistance rates. Moreover, 8.57% of the E. coli isolates were found to be ESBL-producing strains, and 74.28% of the isolates were multi-drug resistant (MDR). The highest frequencies of antibiotic resistance genes were 5.71 % for blaTEM, 14.28% for qnrA, 17.14% for sul1, and 20% for sul2. E. coli is a mesophilic bacteria and is not naturally present in fish. Fishes have mostly psychrophilic bacteria in their microflora. The origin of E. coli on the skin of fish is water contaminated with human and animal feces, so the antibiotic resistance of this bacterium has an indirect relationship with aquaculture. Our study showed that E. coli isolates from the skin of rainbow trout has a high level of antibiotic resistance, which may be a risk to public health. Therefore, it is very important to control the use of antibiotics in fish farming to reduce the selection pressure to emergence and spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Sciences, Islamic Republic of Iran is the property of University of Tehran and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Forts are among the evidences that are central to understanding administrative-political sovereignty. Qal’ehDokhtar is a fort with a special position in Kerman’s history thanks to the measures its builders had taken regardingits approach and security. The present contribution aimed to analyze and expound upon the spatial relationships inQal’eh Dokhtar’s architecture using the space syntax technique. The dataset deriving from the field surveys andhistorical texts was analyzed in Depthmap software. The results showed that the so-called “ruler’s residence” hadthe highest spatial depth, and its difficult access furnished the security inherent in such a residence. Furthermore, inlight of the parameters of control and entropy, the eastern quarter of the fort was found to exhibit the lowest level ofboth access and control across the fort. In terms of connectivity, Court I enjoyed the highest level of accessibility,continuity, and spatial coherence with the remaining spaces at the complex as they all clustered around this centralcourtyard. Court II showed the highest degree of integration. It was probably home to the administrative body,and perhaps also supplied the services to other quarters, as suggested by the passageways linking it to the differentparts of the fort.

In the present research, three data-driven models including M5P, REP tree, and random forest were used to estimate daily reference evapotranspiration. The abilities of these three models to estimate reference evapotranspiration were studied in single and combined modes. To this end, the daily meteorological data of five synoptic stations in Kerman province in the period from 2000 to 2020 were used. A combination of meteorological variables, using sensitivity analysis versus the reference evapotranspiration values ​​obtained from FAO-Penman-Monteith, was considered as input for each of the mentioned models. Finally, the accuracy of the mentioned models and empirical methods in estimating the evapotranspiration of the reference plant were compared using statistical indicators, and the superior model was selected. The results of validation data showed that the M5P model in the form of individually (RMSE = 0.083 and NS = 0.998 in Bam station) and the weighted averaging in the form of the ensemble (RMSE = 0.155 and NS = 0.994 in Bam and Sirjan stations) in all stations had better results for estimating evapotranspiration rates than other methods. In general, tree models, especially M5P, had better results in estimating daily evapotranspiration than empirical models.

Introduction: Older adults are the largest group of medication users in each society. Since medications act differently in seniors compared with younger patients, great considerations are required regarding the effects and side effects of medications in the older adults. The present study aimed to determine the status of medication use and its related factors among older adults in Kerman city, Iran. Methods: In the cross-sectional study, 388 seniors were selected using multistage cluster sampling from the population covered by comprehensive health centers in Kerman in 2021. Demographic information questions (age, gender, education level, marital status, life status, substance abuse, income, and health insurance status), a question regarding medication usage status and a question regarding disease that the elderly are currently suffering from, Montreal Cognitive Assessment Questionnaire, Geriatric Depression Scale, and Sleep Disorder Questionnaire were used for data collection. The data were analyzed using SPSS software by running Chi-square and multiple logistic regression tests. Results: The average number of medications used per day was 4.59 and 53.5% of the participants used five or more medications concomitantly. Antihypertensive medications had the highest prevalence (64.3%) followed by anti-hyperlipidemic (43.6%) and Supplements (41.3%). A significant correlation was found between the participants' frequency of medication use and their gender, income, primary insomnia, and cognitive impairment (p < 0.001). However, medication use had no significant association with the senior's age, marital status, education level, living status, substance abuse, and health insurance (p < 0.05). The risk of polypharmacy was 2.15 times higher in the elderly women than men (p = 0.001) and 0.45 times higher in participants with depression than non-depressed seniors (p = 0.011). Conclusion: The high prevalence of polypharmacy indicates an unfavorable status of medication use among older adults in Kerman. So, authorities are required to provide educational information about polypharmacy to aged groups.

Background and Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the level of anxiety and depression in clinical residents who worked in the COVID-19 ward of Afzalipour Hospital of Kerman in 2020. Materials and Methods: This was a descriptive study. The statistical population was all assistants working in the COVID-19 center of Afzalipur Hospital (n=50). Data collection was done through the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and the Corona Disease Anxiety Scale (CDAS) in a self-reported manner. Data was analyzed using independent t-test, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Pearson's correlation test. Results: There was a statistically significant association between the total CDAS score (p=0.041) and HADS anxiety score (p=0.033) and gender. A statistically significant association was found between the HADS anxiety score (p=0.045) and the HADS depression score (p=0.030) and a history of psychiatric diseases. Conclusion: The mean score for coronavirus anxiety was moderate, and the mean score for hospital anxiety and depression was low. It seems necessary to implement appropriate policies to reduce the psychological problems of clinical assistants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous examples of macro plant fossils can be found in the Kerman region's Early and Middle Jurassic successions. The Ab-e-Haji, Badamu, and Hojedk formations were among these patterns. One of the suitable regions for paleobotanical study is the Chatroud section. In this region, the Lower-Middle Jurassic is approximately 210 meters thick. 18 species of macro plant fossils from 14 genera, including Nilssonia polymorpha, Pterophyllum nathorsti, Podozamites distans, Elatocladus zamioides, Elatides thomasii, Nilssonia feriziensis, Nilssonia herriesi, and Beania sp., which are identified and described in this study, along with Pterophyllum schenki, Anomozamites marginatus, and Klukia exilis. In this region, there are two plant assemblage zones known as Anomozamites marginatus-Pterophyllum schenki Zone and Klukia exilis Zone. The Hettangian-Bajocian age is preserved at the Chatroud section. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One juvenile specimen of the desert Cobra (Walterinnesia morgani) was obtained from Kerman Province, southeastern Iran. Three further localities of the species were recorded during 2010-2020. The farthest locality is situated about 270 km northeast of easternmost limit of the range. These records indicate a wider distribution of Walterinnesia morgani on the Iranian Plateau than previously thought. Results indicated that Walterinnesia morgani has a compatible distribution pattern with the zoogeographical region of Khuzestan Plain and the Persian Gulf Costs. In addition, information of pholidosis and habitat is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The education of women by women in the structure of the Ministry of Culture is one of the important and new phenomena in the era of Reza Shah. Women teachers entered the field of education, worked and retired through a process that was very similar to the hiring process of men. The women who taught middle and lower class girls in the cities and villages with the 6th grade and later in the structure of the Ministry of Education created an important change in the level of Iranian society by entering this field. The issue of how the hiring process and then control over their work was like can be one of the most important indicators of Reza Shah's era. Among them, the teachers of Kerman state have been considered, because this state had many deprived areas during the period under review, and there was also religious and ethnic diversity in it. In this research, the cases of several women teachers have been explored from the stage of employment to retirement, and the research has been prepared and organized by posing the question of what was the activity status of women teachers in the era of Reza Shah Pahlavi in Kerman province. Therefore, the research has been compiled. The results show that, in their first steps, women teachers have faced many problems in terms of rights, place of life, maternal and female responsibilities. Iranian society has not been very ready to accept womenteachers in the new form of education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Validating the suicide behavior scale can provide a better assessment of the quality and nature of behavior. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the factor structure and validity of the Suicide Behavior Assessment Scale in female high school students in Kerman City in 2021. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive study, statistical population included all female high school students in Kerman city in 2021. A sample size of 682 was selected using cluster random sampling method. Data were collected through two suicide behavior assessment scales and the Cull and Gill’s Suicide Probability Scale. Content validity, convergent validity, structural validity, and internal consistency methods were used to examine the validity and reliability of the scale. Results: Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis showed that the Suicide Behavior Assessment Scale consists of three factors that explain 62.88% of the variance of suicide behavior. The content validity ratio and content validity index were acceptable for all questions. This questionnaire, along with the Cull and Gill’s Suicide Probability Scale, with 16 items, had appropriate concurrent validity (p<0.001). The Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the entire scale was 0.84 and for subscales ranged from 0.87 to 0.95. Conclusion: The 16-item Suicide Behavior Assessment Scale has appropriate reliability and validity for female high school students. Therefore, this scale can be used to evaluate the status of suicide behavior in female high school students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Literature and purpose: Failure to pay attention to the protection of water resources, soil and plant resources has caused the destruction of these resources. Among the effective factors in this destruction, we can point out land use conversion without a comprehensive approach, cutting down forests, destroying rangeland, drought, damage by pests and diseases. Pests and plant diseases in the forests and rangelands of the country are considered one of the most important factors of forest destruction. For the prevention and management of the outbreak of pests and plant diseases, there is a need for monitoring and a comprehensive management plan for pests and plant diseases. As the largest province in the country, Kerman province is part of the Turani, Iran zone, and out of the total area of 181737 square kilometers of this province, about 5% of agricultural land, 45% of rangeland, 13% of forest and 37% of desert. Methodology: To evaluate and monitor the status of the most important pests and pathogens of the main plants and considering the diversity of environmental conditions and the area of forests and natural rangeland in Kerman province, sampling was carried out during the years 2018 to 2020. The monitoring plan was implemented in Dehno, Babzangi, Kohpanj and Glochar stations as well as Yazdanabad and Raviz areas as two mountain almond tree habitats. The most important forest communities (trees-shrubs) and rangeland in the mentioned areas are Juniperus excelsa M.Bieb., Amygdalus scoparia Spach., Amygdalus elaeagnifolia Spach., Artemisia aucheri Boiss's, Artemisia siberi Besser, Stipa arabica Trin. & Rupr and Zygophyllum atriplicoides Fisch. & C. A. Mey. Periodic sampling of pests and pathogens was done in those plants in the desired parts. In sampling, the type and level of contamination with pests and pathogens were recorded. Due to the thinness of the almond forests in the investigated areas in Kerman province, the transect sampling method was used in the form of continuous lines. Data collection from rangeland areas was done during field visits of representative plant types. Sampling in this range was based on systematic random method. Result: Based on the investigations carried out at the Dehno Bardsir station as the habitat of Z. atriplicoides, the seed-eating moth from the Lepidoptera order, at the Dehno Bardsir and kohpanj Bardsir stations as the habitat of S. arabica, the Tranzscheliella iranica S. and Dehno Bardsir and Kohpanj Bardsir stations as habitats of A. aucheri and A. siberi, Gallfly from the family of Cecidomyiidae was isolated and identified with about 4% contamination, also from Yazdanabad Zarand region as a habitat of A. scoparia, wood-borer beetle capnodis tenebrionis with about 30% contamination and from Raviz area of Rafsanjan as a habitat of A. elaeagnifolia, mistletoe Loranthus grewinkii Boiss. & Buhse was detected with about 60% contamination. The population fluctuations of the pests of seed-eating moth, gallfly and woodborer beetle in mountain almonds and the the stipa smut pathogen in the years of monitoring of damaging agents in the studied areas was almost constant and no particular fluctuation was observed in these agents population. However, the population of mistletoe as a semi-parasitic plant based on A. elaeagnifolia decreased in the studied area in 2019 and again in 2020, it was returned to the level of the previous years. The reason for the decrease in the population of L. grewinkii in 2019 was the pruning of the infested tree branches to the mistletoe plant. Conclusion: Due to the unprincipled pruning, this semi-parasitic plant grew again from the previous contaminated places and reached the previous population level in the following year, according to the results of the seed-eating moth pests. The dormant Gallfly, and the stipa smut have a low population, and based on their population fluctuations in the studied years, they were in equilibrium with the host plants in their natural environment and do not have an overflowing state. Based on the results, the populations of C. tenebrionis and L. grewinkii are high in the host plants, causing severe damage and reducing the growth and reproduction of the host. It is necessary to continue detection pests and diseases in different regions in order to monitor the existing factors and the newfound factors to prevent their entry and spread. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The medical evolution that occurred through the transition from traditional medicine to modern medicine, together with the arrival of foreign doctors in the Qajar era, was considered one of the most important social events in the field of medicine. This was enhanced by establishing hospitals and infirmary by missionary associations, which, in turn, contributed to improving the health level. The Missionary Association of the Church was one of the most important missionary associations that started its activity in the southeast of Iran due to the prevalence of various diseases, lack of public health, and shortage of medicine and treatment. This association pursued its activities by establishing schools, hospitals, and churches to propagate and spread Christianity. During this period, Kerman suffered from various diseases, and traditional medicine was far from providing effective treatment. Therefore, the agents of the CMS Association took an important step to treat patients. To this end, they established Morsalin Hospital.This article attempts to address the following question: what role and position did the missionary association of the church have in providing health services in Kerman? The current research was carried out in a descriptive-analytical way, taking a library approach. The research findings show that the doctors and nurses of the missionary association of the church have played an influential role in improving the health and treatment of people in the context of preaching and spreading Christianity.

Background and Aim: Nowadays, due to people using antibiotics without prescription, the resistance of the bodies to antibiotics has been a major health issue in the world. This study aimed to investigate the consumption of antibiotics without prescription among the people that go to the health care centers of Kerman. Materials and Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was conducted from April to September 2019, cross-sectionally on 331 people who were referred to the health care centers of Kerman city by the available sampling method. In this research, a valid questionnaire was used to collect information. Data was analyzed with SPSS statistical software, using t-test and chi-square statistical tests. Results: The average age of the referred people in this study was 38.6±10.76 years, 135 (40.4%) were males and 194 (60.6%) were females. More than two-thirds of people had a higher education than deploma degrees. The self-medication prevalence with antibiotics was 32.9%. The most common cause of self-inflicted use of antibiotics is unwillingness to pay (34.4%), the most common types of antibiotics used are amoxicillin (25%) and azithromycin (24%), and the most common form of medicine used is pills (55.5%). Respiratory infections were also the most common cause of self-inflicted use of antibiotics (42.2%). Pharmacies were the most common source of information about how to use antibiotics (53.9%). Also, self-medication with antibiotics in married people (P=0.015). people with self employed jobs (P=0.031) and people without medical insurance (P

Introduction. The economic development of Eastern Persian provinces Kerman and Sistan — and the latter’s role in Russian-British economic rivalry — throughout the late 19th and early 20th centuries remains somewhat understudied in both Russian and foreign historiographies. Goals. The article attempts an analysis of key trends in the development of Sistan and Kerman at the turn of the 20th century and their significance in foreign economic activities of both Great Britain and Russia. Materials and methods. The paper investigates reports by Russian diplomats to have headed Consulates to Kerman and Sistan. The employed research methods are the historical/genetic, historical/comparative, and historical/typological ones. Results. Russian diplomats paid great attention to peculiarities of Kerman and Sistan’s development, with due regard of their ethnic compositions, climatic conditions, and economic potentials. The article emphasizes that for a long time foreign trade of Kerman and Sistan was dominated by the British Empire which used, first of all, the potential and experience gained by India in organizing trade with Persia. The analysis of the Russian diplomatic reports shows since the late 19th century Russia — driven by its own foreign economic ambitions in Eastern Persia — was showing great interest in these provinces. St. Petersburg was aware of the impossibility of maintaining political dominance in Persia without strengthening its economic presence in the country, including in regions traditionally dominated by the British Empire. This initiative of St. Petersburg caused great concern in London. Conclusions. In the late 19th – early 20th centuries, Russia succeeded in challenging the positions of the British Empire in Sistan and Kerman markets, even in the segment of textile exports traditionally dominated by Great Britain. At the same time, when it comes to describe the obvious achievements of Russia in Persia’s eastern provinces it should be noted that Russian entrepreneurs showed little interest in developing trade with Kerman and Sistan. Therefore, most foreign economic operations were to be implemented with the active participation of Russian diplomatic missions. However, on the eve of WWI Russia’s entrepreneurs did take an initiative of their own, and thus paved further trade success in Sistan and Kerman.

The convergence of community and government along with the economic prosperity of Kerman in Qarakhitai era (619-703) provided the ground for the cultural development along with the attention of government towards the literate historians such as Nasser al- Din Monshi (730 A.H) and Tarikhshahi (698 A.H). The aforementioned historians completed the trend of local historiography in this region through the further consideration of Iranian political culture as well as the replication of political elements on Iranian governing. The present writing investigates the cultural viewpoints of two nominated historians concerning the society and government relations to answer the question on the elements reflecting the political culture of Iranshahr in the works of local historians in Qarakhitai era. Accordingly, it is concluded that part of identifiable elements in the works of these two historians including the Iranian identity, the social and political order, the necessity of the presence of governor and a favorable governing have been actually the representation of cultural elements derived from the Iranian Political Culture and the replication of their concepts.

Hot springs are known as one of the hydrotherapy centers in the world and have been welcomed due to their healing properties. Due to the presence of radon and radioactive elements in hot spring sediments, water and soil, these components are radioactive. So far, the radiation hazards and the annual effective dose of hot spring components in the body organs have not been investigated in Iran. The purpose of this study was to calculate the amount of U-238, Cs-137, Th-232, and K-40 elements in soil, water, and sediments of Jooshan hot springs in the Kerman region. The presence of these elements causes radiation hazards and an effective annual dose in people who use these hot springs. In addition to the healing properties of hot springs, the high amount of radiation hazard and effective annual dose may cause cancer risk. Experimental results with the CsI(Tl) detector showed that the total activities of these elements in soil, water, and sediments of Jooshan hot spring were 95.26±9.76, 52.86±7.27, and 51.61±7.18 Bq.kg-1, respectively. The Jooshan hot springs radiation hazards were calculated using activity measurement of the radioactive elements in soil, water, and sediments which was less than the permission level. The result of the Monte Carlo simulation with the MCNPX code showed that effective annual dose of sediment, water, and radon in Jooshan hot spring are 5.43×10-6, 3.00 × 10-3, and 1.16 × 10-1 mSv.year-1 respectively, which is less than the effective annual dose (5 mSv.year-1). The maximum time for treatment by hot spring water is considered equal to one year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Considering the conditions of the new era, the topic of two-way interactions and co-creation has become increasingly important to enhance service quality and maintain or create value for customers. As the end users of products and services, customers are the most valuable source of information and new ideas for business products and services. Customer participation in new product development is a way to listen to what customers want and respond to their needs. As a result, it helps to understand the obvious and hidden needs of customers and produce quality products according to customers' tastes. Although the participation of customers in production and service activities in the company's process is not a new concept, an analysis of the intention to co-produce and participate in the future can simultaneously influence the intention to co-create business value leading to business profit. It has not been investigated in the literature of marketing and information systems. It should be noted that coproduction refers to the participation of customers in the product development process, while co-creation pays attention to the commitment of customers towards the product improvement process. In addition, an interesting field of special interest for studying value cocreation processes is e-commerce. The idea that customers and firm resources must be considered jointly to properly explain perceived value is attractive, especially in e-commerce. This type of business expresses the exchange of services with services, which leads to the integration of resources and the creation of common value. One of the main drivers in the knowledge-based economy is technological companies that provide a platform for the development of emerging technologies and create high-skilled employment. Science and technology parks are the institutions that support technological companies. Therefore, considering the existing research gap, the main question of the current research is how the intention of co-production and the intention of participating in the future of customers can simultaneously influence the intention of co-creating business value in the field of e-commerce. Another question is 'will it affect technology companies based in Kerman Science and Technology Park?' Methodology: This research is applied in terms of its purpose. Because it describes the situation of the studied society through a field survey, it is classified as a descriptive-survey research. In order to collect the data and measure different dimensions of the model, a questionnaire was used. The statistical population of the research was all the managers and vice presidents of the technology companies based in Kerman Science and Technology Park. Due to their unlimited population in the year 2021, the desired sample was selected by a simple random sampling method. The sample of this research was 520 people. Cochran's formula was used to determine the sample size, and 221 people were selected. Finally, by adding to the sample size and many follow-ups, 230 acceptable questionnaires were examined. A 5-point Likert scale was used in the questionnaire. Due to the use of this standardized questionnaire, there was no need to confirm its content validity. In the current research, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to measure the reliability of the questionnaire. This was done using the SPSS software. Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the whole questionnaire was 0.882. Because this value was higher than 0.7, it is concluded that the mentioned questionnaire has good reliability. In order to test the hypotheses and fit the proposed model, SPSS and SMART PLS were used, and the analysis of variance examined the statistical population. Results and discussion: The purpose of this research is to investigate the factors affecting the intention to co-create value in e-commerce. According to the managers and vice-presidents of the technology companies located in Kerman Science and Technology Park, Customer recognition and communication have positive and significant effects on the intention of joint production as well as customer experience (with the two dimensions of personalization and relative advantage). Also, customer empowerment affects the intention to participate in the future. Finally, the two variables of joint production intention and the intention to participate in the future have positive and significant effects on the intention of value co-creation. Conclusion: In general, the findings of this research help to understand how co-production activities and customer participation in the business process create the possibility of increasing co-creation of value, which ultimately brings profitability to enterprises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to systematically study the trace fossils of Upper Cretaceous flysch deposits, Golbaf stratigraphic section in the southeast of Kerman province was selected and sampled. These deposits are 147 meters' thickness and consist of siltstone, silty sandstone and shale._From Golbaf stratigraphic section, 68 ichnospecies belonging to 30 ichnogenera have been studied and identified, according to the abundance of trace fossils in the section, Planolites isp., Paleophycus isp., Ophiomorpha rudis, Thalassinoides suevicus, Helminthopsis isp., Helminthorhaphe.felxcous, Cochlichnus isp., Cosmorhaphe isp., Zoophycos isp. and Paleodictyon strozzii. Based on the diversity of identified fossils, the age of the flysch deposits in the Golbaf Coniacin-Santonian section is suggested. These fossils mostly include crawling-nutritional or nutritional effects. The variety and abundance of trace fossils in the section under study shows the appropriate environmental and ecological conditions at the time of the deposition of sediments. These fossils are found in a shallow to turbidity marine environment, which is well preserved and varied, and their highest abundance is seen in the middle part of this section. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: The distribution and establishment of plant species are influenced by various environmental conditions. Calligonum bungei, a species of the genus Calligonum, is widely distributed in arid and semi-arid climates in Iran. This research aimed to investigate the environmental conditions governing the distribution of Calligonum bungei in the desert rangelands of Kerman province. The study focused on identifying different types of Calligonum bungei habitats, assessing canopy cover, density, and associated species, and examining the influence of environmental factors, such as climate, topography, and soil, on the species' distribution. Methodology: Four representative areas in Kerman province were selected to represent the dominant types of Calligonum bungei habitats. Geomorphological types were identified using satellite images and field visits. Environmental factors, including climate, topography, soil properties, and characteristics specific to the species (density, canopy cover, associated species), were evaluated in each habitat type. Vegetation studies were conducted along 300-meter transects, with plot sizes determined based on vegetation type and distribution (100 square meters). A total of 40 plots (10 plots per studied area) were investigated. Canopy cover was determined by measuring two perpendicular diameters of the plant canopy. Principal component analysis (PCA) using PC-ORD software was employed to analyze the relationship between environmental factors and species establishment in the study areas. Results: The results showed that Calligonum bungei was present in the altitude range of 1400-1750 meters, slopes ranging from 1% to 18.4%, and in all directions. The average annual rainfall in the areas varied from 55.5 to 163.4 mm, while the average annual temperature ranged from 16.7 to 26.4 degrees Celsius. The minimum and maximum absolute temperatures recorded were between -20.8 and 48.8 degrees Celsius, respectively. The average annual humidity ranged from 29.6% to 42.5%, and the length of the dry season varied from 8 to 12 months per year. Soil analysis revealed shallow soil with sandy-loamy to sandy-loamy texture, sand content between 67% and 84%, lime content between 8.5% and 20%, carbon content between 0.1% and 1.35%, nitrogen content between 0.0% and 0.7%, absorbable phosphorus between 9.5 and 13.5 milliequivalents, absorbable potassium between 200 and 217.5 milliequivalents, salinity between 0.36 and 1.02 decisimians, and pH values between 7.8 and 8.09. In terms of vegetation, Calligonum bungei was observed to be scattered in all studied areas, with densities ranging from 10 to 280 plants per hectare and canopy cover varying from 0.1% to 5.7%. Conclusion: The principal component analysis revealed that the first component (annual temperature, humidity, sand, and silt) explained 46.9% of the variation, the second component (altitude, slope, annual rainfall, phosphorus, lime, and potassium) explained 35.3%, and the third component (clay, nitrogen, and salinity) explained 17.8%. Environmental factors influencing the establishment of Calligonum bungei varied among the studied areas. In Anar and Kerman regions, increasing sand content and decreasing annual temperature, humidity, and silt were significant factors. In the Bam region, increasing phosphorus and potassium content and decreasing altitude, slope, annual rainfall, and lime were influential. In the Jiroft region, reducing sand content and increasing annual temperature, humidity, and silt played a role. Overall, these findings indicate that the identified environmental factors act as limiting factors for the establishment of Calligonum bungei in the study areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives With a growing population, there is a need for new agricultural patterns to meet increased food demand together with concerns for reducing environmental impact. There is a concern about land performance when land is used for specific purpose without doing of suitability analysis. Therefore, proper land use planning based on the land evaluation is essential. There are several methods for assessing land suitability, among which Sys et al. (1991) method is most widely used due to the simple and classic models. In many land suitability studies, the uncorrected land index has been used. This has led to many differences in the results of different approaches of land suitability evaluation. The present study was conducted for assessing of accuracy and validity of the corrected indices of land suitability based on the determined relations by Sys et al. (1991) and Bagheri Bodaghabadi (2021). Methodology In this research, the field studies were conducted, then several profiles were drilled and described in Khanouk, Bam and Rabor districts in Kerman province. Land suitability classes were determined by the four methods including 1-simple limitation, 2- number and intensity of limitations, 3- Khidir (square root) and 4- Storrie, using both the corrected land index and the uncorrected land index. The climate and land requirements of olive were determined using Sys tables. To determine the class of land suitability, the indices of land and climate were calculated by simple limitation, number and intensity of limitations and parametric methods (Storrie and Square Root method). In parametric approach, the land index (uncorrected land index) is calculated using Khidir and Storrie methods as shown in equations 1and 2, respectively. Then numerical simulation was employed to assess the obtained results from the Sys et al. (1991) and Bagheri Bodaghabadi (2021) functions and compared them together. For this purpose, one million random values were created for each of the S1 to N2 classes; so that the minimum rating (Rmin) was a random number for each class in own defined range and the other seven characteristics were random numbers between Rmin and 100. Finally, a total of two million random simulations were created. Findings Climate evaluation of the studied areas showed that Khanouk as a more suitable climate for olive irrigation cultivation in the current climate. The climatic suitability class was obtained S1 for Khanouk and S2 for Bam and Rabor. The results showed that using the corrected land indices, the results of the four employed methods are much closer, especially for the Storrie and Khidir methods. Altogether, the simple limitation method was more consistent with the Khidir method. On the other hand, the employed methods differed greatly when the uncorrected land indices were used. Totally, the results of the uncorrected land indices may be largely inaccurate and misleading, and may show unrealistic results. The relationship between land suitability index for the two numerical methods Storrie and Khidir shows that the value of R² has increased from 0.94 for the uncorrected index to 0.995 for the corrected index. Also, the relationship between land suitability index for the two numerical methods Storrie and Khidir based on the corrected index presented by Bagheri Bodaghabadi (2021) shows that the value of R² has increased from 0.995 for Sys relations to 0.998 for Bagheri Bodaghabadi relations. Conclusion According to the research, Khanouk area has a more suitable conditions for olive cultivation in comparison with Bam and Robor. According to the findings of the current study, it is very important and necessary using the corrected land index to determine the land suitability class. The study showed, there is no significant difference between Storrie and Khidir methods based on the corrected land index, while there significantly was a difference between the Khidir and Storrie methods using the uncorrected land index. In general, the results of the Khidir method are closer to the simple limitation method compared to Storrie. The results of the present study showed that using the modified index based on Sys et al. (1991) and Bagheri Bodaghabadi (2021) relations, the difference between the results of different methods is reduced, so that in most cases, the results of Storrie and Khidir methods are close to each other. Therefore, it is recommended that the corrected indices of land suitability presented by Sys et al. (1991) and also Bagheri Bodaghabadi (2021) may be useful to use in the future studies of land suitability for obtaining the more reliable results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spanish flu outbreak is one of the historical catastrophes in southern Iran, Kerman provinces, and citie Kerman, which wiped out most of the population. The epidemic began on October 29, 1918 and continued until 1920 in several waves. Within three years, the population of Kerman due to a Persian famine and disease was reduced from 50,000-60,000 to around 25,000-30,000. In rural areas of Kerman province, there were up to 100% deaths. It effectively killed half the population of the city and caused serious damage to its demographic context and economic development. A rather unpleasant remnant of the epidemic is Tandarestan Cemetery in Kerman, which is the burial place of a large number of people and celebrities such as Nazim al-Islam Kermani (1861-1918), a famous historian, writer and journalist. This article explores the importance of local medical history in Kerman, the effects of the flu outbreak, World War I, and the presence of the British that led to a man-made famine, and malnutrition, and finally the role played by this colonial government in amplifying the flu outbreak, Wrong prescription of opium and decimation of the city. This study examines the type of Spanish flu in Kerman, the death toll and the treatment of British troops for the people.

Sphenophytes often occur in wet environments; examples include the many extant equisetaleans that grow along streams, lake banks, and marshes. In the northern part of Kerman Province in Central Iran, in sandstone beds of the Middle Jurassic Hojedk Formation, there are two wetland sites, Swamp 1 and Swamp 2, separated by ~160 m along the sequence. Large numbers of in situ stems of sphenophytes were recorded there. They are preserved as casts, with imprints of the external cortex and/or vascular bundles of the internal cylinder. The stems belonged to one genus, Neocalamites, represented by three morphotypes. In Swamp 1, all the stems are large, ~120–220 mm in diameter, and of arborescent habit, while in Swamp 2, they do not exceed 20 mm in diameter. Swamp 2 contains two stem morphotypes that significantly differ in the number of vascular bundle traces. Such a type of Sphenophyta stem found in situ has not been reported from other regions of Iran or other parts of the world. The deposits of both swamps indicate a meandering river system. The observed Sphenophyta colonies and trace fossils found in the same bed may indicate undisturbed life conditions occurring after cessation of environmental stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]