1,209 results on '"kamera"'
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2. Pendeteksian warna dengan image processing menggunakan model warna HSB
- Author
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Tri Nur Arifin, Ganjar Febriyani Pratiwi, and Syaeful Ilman
- Subjects
image processing ,model warna hsb ,kamera ,Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering ,TK1-9971 - Abstract
Pada pengolahan citra terdapat banyak model-model warna yang dapat digunakan untuk melakukan pendeteksian warna, salah satunya yaitu model warna HSB. Tujuan dari dilakukannya penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui nilai-nilai setiap variabel HSB dari objek-objek warna yang dideteksi menggunakan kamera, baik di dalam ruangan maupun di luar ruangan yang memiliki pencahayaan yang berbeda. Metode yang dilakukan pada penelitian ini, yaitu melakukan literasi tentang pengolahan citra (image processing) dan model warna HSB. Lalu ketika literasi sudah cukup, maka dilakukan perancangan perangkat lunak (software) agar citra dapat di olah. Lalu ketika perancangan perangkat lunak telah selesai, maka dilakukan penerapan pada kamera dan ujicoba. Hasil ujicoba di luar ruangan dan di dalam ruangan memiliki selisih nilai, yaitu pada nilai H (Hue) objek warna merah selisihnya 2,05 (0,8%), objek warna biru selisihnya 0,77 (0,3%) dan warna ungu selisihnya 3,67 (1,4%). Pada nilai S (Saturation) objek warna merah selisihnya 47 (18,43%), objek warna objek biru selisihnya 32,15 (12,61%) dan warna ungu selisihnya 2,33 (0,91%). Pada nilai B (Brightness) objek warna biru selisihnya 34 (13,33%) dan objek warna ungu selisihnya 36 (14,12%), namun objek warna merah tidak ada selisih nilai. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa model warna HSB waluapun pencahayaannya berbeda tetap dapat mendeteksi katagori warna yang sama dengan selisih nilai H (Hue) kurang dari 1,5%, namun pencahayaan berpengaruh pada ketajaman dan kecerahan objek warna dengan selisih nilai S (Saturation) dan nilai B (Brightness) kurang dari 20%.
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Oddziaływanie kamery na przebieg i efektywność procesu kształcenia językowego w trybie zdalnym – badanie empiryczne / The Impact of the Camera on the Course and Effectiveness of the Language Education Process in Remote Mode – an Empirical Study
- Author
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Agnieszka Jankowiak
- Subjects
kamera ,zajęcia zdalne ,kształcenie w czasie pandemii ,emocje ,Philology. Linguistics ,P1-1091 ,German literature ,PT1-4897 - Abstract
The concept of a comfort zone, most often defined as a psychological space of safety that sets boundaries for our day-to-day functioning, can also find its reference in the process of learning a foreign language. The experiences of the pandemic distance learning show that the turned off camera is the basic element constituting the comfort zone of students during synchronous language classes. The status of the camera often becomes a bone of contention between teachers, who perceive it as a tool that allows for building a positive relationship and contact with class participants, and students who identify it with a lack of a sense of security, freedom or privacy. This paper will present the results of an online survey conducted among teachers (13) and students (36) of Dutch philology, made of 13 questions concerning the function, reception and purposefulness of turned on / off cameras during remote classes. The collected data was subjected to qualitative and quantitative analysis, which revealed that an on-camera in remote language classes evokes mostly negative emotions in students, while an off-camera evokes mostly positive emotions; for teachers, the relationship is largely reversed. However, for both groups of respondents, the predominant belief is that there is a positive correlation between the camera being on and effectiveness of the class.
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
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4. Hazai közterületi videomegfigyelő rendszerek állapota és fejlesztési lehetőségei.
- Author
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Levente, Tóth
- Abstract
Copyright of Belügyi Szemle / Academic Journal of Internal Affairs is the property of Ministry of Interior of Hungary and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2024
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5. Influence of using perforated plastic flooring beneath the waterline on animal distribution of broiler chickens correlated with litter quality.
- Author
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Sonnabend, S., Visscher, C., and Lingens, J. B.
- Subjects
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PLASTIC flooring , *ZOOGEOGRAPHY , *BROILER chickens , *ANIMAL litters , *ANIMAL welfare , *WOOD floors , *EXPERIMENTAL groups - Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of perforated flooring beneath waterlines in broiler barns by using a camera system counting the animals and to investigate effects on animal welfare. In addition, the correlation between the number of animals and litter quality values was tested. Therefore, five experimental runs in two barns with a defined fattening period of 32 days were conducted. Each run consisted of 15,100 broilers of Ross 308 genetics of both sexes. They were split into two groups with three areas each (drinking, feeding, and comfort area) for the camera analysis and the weekly sampling. In the experimental group, frequently more broilers were counted on the perforated flooring in the drinking area with highest stocking density of 14.52 animals/m2. The control group instead had the highest stocking density with 11.92 animals/m2 in the comfort area. The correlation between animals/m2 on litter quality showed a small positive impact in the drinking and feeding area on dry matter in the experimental group. All in all, the installation of a perforated floor below the water line offers the broilers the opportunity to perform more species-typical behaviour, as they use the elevated perforated floor at night for perching as anti-predation behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
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6. Evaluasi Platform Perangkat Keras Sistem Tertanam untuk Unit Kontrol Parkir Otomatis
- Author
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Wahyu Dewanto, Agung Fathurrahman, and Agus Bejo
- Subjects
sistem parkir otomatis ,sistem tertanam ,smart card ,kamera ,Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) ,TA1-2040 - Abstract
Sistem parkir otomatis merupakan salah satu teknologi manajemen parkir yang saat ini banyak digunakan di berbagai instansi. Sistem parkir otomatis merupakan sistem parkir yang bekerja dengan menempatkan sebuah mesin portal parkir. Mesin portal parkir tersebut kemudian secara otomatis dapat membuka dan menutup portal serta merekam nomor kendaraan saat masuk dan keluar dengan menggunakan sebuah kunci akses berupa smart card. Salah satu kendala dalam penerapan sistem parkir otomatis adalah terjadinya kemacetan apabila kondisi lalu lintas sedang tinggi. Hal tersebut terjadi karena unit kontrol pada sistem parkir otomatis memerlukan waktu yang relatif lama saat melakukan proses pengambilan dan penyimpanan citra dari kamera. Dalam penelitian ini, dilakukan pengujian pada beberapa platform sistem tertanam yang nantinya digunakan sebagai unit kontrol pada sistem parkir otomatis, yaitu Raspberry Pi 3B, Raspberry Pi 4B, dan Orange Pi Zero Plus. Tujuan pengujian tersebut adalah untuk mencari platform unit kontrol terbaik dengan beberapa kriteria, yaitu memiliki waktu respons tercepat saat mengambil citra, memiliki waktu respons tercepat saat menyimpan citra, dan memiliki konsumsi daya yang rendah. Dari pengujian yang dilakukan, didapatkan hasil bahwa platform Raspberry Pi 4B memiliki waktu respons tercepat untuk mengambil dan menyimpan citra dengan waktu rata-rata sebesar 1.827,9 ms, sedangkan konsumsi daya terendah dicapai oleh platform Orange Pi Zero Plus dengan nilai sebesar 1,9 W. Dari hasil pengujian yang telah dilakukan, Raspberry Pi 4B direkomendasikan sebagai unit kontrol pada sistem parkir otomatis apabila sistem parkir otomatis memerlukan perangkat dengan kinerja tinggi. Sementara itu, jika sistem parkir otomatis memerlukan perangkat yang hemat daya, Orange Pi Zero Plus direkomendasikan sebagai unit kontrol pada sistem parkir otomatis.
- Published
- 2023
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7. Qualitätssicherung in der Produktion
- Author
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Effenberger, Ira, Eigenbrod, Hartmut, Frommknecht, Andreas, Jauch, Christian, Denecke, Julia, Huber, Marco, Bauernhansl, Thomas, Section editor, Bauernhansl, Thomas, editor, and Grün, Alexander, Editorial Contact
- Published
- 2023
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8. Prüfung von Rohrleitungen
- Author
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Günthert, Frank Wolfgang, Faltermaier, Simon, Horlacher, Hans-Burkhard, editor, and Helbig, Ulf, editor
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- 2023
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9. Die analoge Photogrammetrie für terrestrische thematische Anwendungen in ausgewählten Spektralbereichen
- Author
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Gläßer, Cornelia and Seyfert, Eckhardt
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
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10. Oddziaływanie kamery na przebieg i efektywność procesu kształcenia językowego w trybie zdalnym – badanie empiryczne.
- Author
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Jankowiak, Agnieszka
- Subjects
VIRTUAL classrooms ,PSYCHOLOGICAL safety ,FOREIGN language education ,DISTANCE education ,LANGUAGE & languages - Abstract
Copyright of Linguistische Treffen in Wrocław is the property of Oficyna Wydawnicza ATUT and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. Közterületi térfigyelő rendszerek eltérő fejlődése Európában.
- Author
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Levente, Tóth
- Subjects
SPACE surveillance ,TELEVISION in security systems ,PUBLIC safety ,VIDEO surveillance ,PUBLIC spaces ,FOREIGN study - Abstract
Copyright of Belügyi Szemle / Academic Journal of Internal Affairs is the property of Ministry of Interior of Hungary and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
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12. Autonomiczna kamera do wykrywania wolnych miejsc parkingowych.
- Author
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LAMZA, Aleksander
- Subjects
ARTIFICIAL neural networks ,TESTING laboratories ,CAMERAS ,PARKING lots - Abstract
Copyright of Przegląd Elektrotechniczny is the property of Przeglad Elektrotechniczny and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
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13. Wspieranie osiągania efektów uczenia się z zastosowaniem nowoczesnych technologii informacyjnych w kształceniu zawodowym
- Author
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Jacek Stańdo, Błażej Torzyk, Krzysztof Tomalczyk, Anna Tyl, Żywilla Fechner, Alicja Bortnik, and Iwona Krawczyk-Kłys
- Subjects
kamera ,podczerwień (ir) ,analiza termiczna ,drukarki 3d ,sieć 5g ,współpraca szkoły zawodowej z uczelnią ,Education (General) ,L7-991 - Abstract
Przedmiotem badań zaprezentowanych w artykule jest wskazanie potrzeby współpracy uczelni wyższych i szkół zawodowych w celu osiągania efektów uczenia się (Stańdo J., 2019) przez uczniów szkół zawodowych. Eksperyment przeprowadzony został w skali całego kraju przy wykorzystaniu pilotażowej infrastruktury sieci 5G, zlokalizowanej na terenie Politechniki Łódzkiej, poprzez transmisję online, na żywo. Dla uczniów szkół zawodowych zorganizowano trzy laboratoria online dotyczące nowoczesnych technologii: kamer termowizyjnych, drukarek 3D oraz sieci komórkowych 5G. Wyniki wykazały, że konieczna jest współpraca szkoły zawodowej i uczelni wyższej wspierającej poprawę jakości kształcenia uczniów szkół zawodowych ze względu na brak możliwości i/lub zasobów dydaktycznych oraz technologicznych czy też brak dostępu do nowoczesnych urządzeń technologicznych.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
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14. Endüstriyel makine görmesi uygulamalarında kullanılabilecek alan tabanlı çap ölçüm algoritması.
- Author
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Poyraz, Ahmet Gökhan, Kınagu, Hasan Melih, Alan, Semih, and Atak, Mehmet
- Abstract
Measurements of serial production workpieces in the industry are performed by camera-controlled systems thanks to the advantage of speed. The measurement success of camera systems largely depends on the measurement algorithm and ambient conditions. Area-based approaches are not preferred in industrial machine vision applications due to the undesired environmental conditions. In this paper, an area-based diameter measurement algorithm that can be used in industrial machine vision applications is proposed. The success of the proposed method is demonstrated based on the sub-computation metric. In the proposed method, firstly, the noise on the obtained image is cleaned according to the connected component analysis. Then, the inner and outer diameters of the largest component are determined according to the area calculation. In the designed experimental setup, a back lighting illumination has been preferred. According to 3 different positioning types in the field of view of the camera, a total of 40 stamps of 4 types were measured 20 times with 3 different lenses. According to the test results, it has been observed that the position of the part on the field of view greatly affects the repeatability measurements. Also, sub-computation metric (C) is measured 2 in random positioning. This value increases up to 5 in the limited positioning that meets the industrial conditions. Tests have shown that the proposed method can measure the diameters of workpieces with precise tolerances in an industrial setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. A Quantitative Color Analysis with Multispectral Photography of Macaronesian Chaffinches: A color review of the Fringilla teydea and Fringilla coelebs complexes
- Author
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Hosner, Peter Andrew, Pachá Guerras, Oscar, Hosner, Peter Andrew, and Pachá Guerras, Oscar
- Abstract
The genus of Fringilla has in recent time undergone mayor taxonomic change due to extensive taxonomic revision of the Fringilla teydea and Fringilla coelebs complexes using a range of integrative taxonomic methods such as primarily genetics but also morphometrics and bioacoustics with some attention to plumage coloration. The purpose of this study however was to explore some of the possibilities of quantitative color analysis using multispectral photography and avoid qualitative plumage assessment using human based color perception, and instead focus on avian color perception with the inclusion of an ultraviolet color channel. The study included specialized multispectral camera calibration and photography of museum bird specimens in laboratory conditions. Using quantum cone catch data both Principal Component Analysis and Euclidean/Color Distance Cluster Analysis was performed. The specimens were additionally reviewed for cryptic ultraviolet coloration. No genuine cryptic UV patches were found but the wing bar on most specimens showed great reflection in the UV. The quantitative analyses showed mostly a good ability to discriminate between closely related species, but it still lacks confidence maybe due to small sample size. However, the inclusion of UV as a factor of color seemed to add an additional and possibly important level of insight into the given color of the plumage and underlines the importance of its inclusion.
- Published
- 2024
16. Integration av radiovågssimulering och generering av 3D-miljöer
- Author
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Larsson, Alvin, Jonsson, Karl, Larsson, Alvin, and Jonsson, Karl
- Abstract
I dagens samhälle är det mycket viktigt för många att ha stabil uppkoppling för trådlös kommunikation. För att uppnå bra nätverkstäckning behöver radioantenner placeras ut på så optimala platser som möjligt. För att förenkla processen att identifiera dessa platser påbörjades utvecklingen av en radiovågssimulator hos arbetsgivaren. Två olika program har skapats som utgör grunden för simulatorn, ett som kan generera en 3D-miljö som återspeglar en verklig plats, och det andra programmet simulerar radiostrålar med hjälp av strålspårning. Problemet är att dessa program inte kan köras samtidigt som ett enda program, vilket innebär att täckningen inte kan undersökas i den miljö som genererats. Detta projekt har som mål att få de två olika programmen att fungera tillsammans så att det är möjligt att analysera var täckning kommer finnas om sändare placeras ut i miljön. Det ska även vara möjligt att byta betraktningsperspektiv i miljön för att möjliggöra att användaren kan undersöka var täckning finns i 3D-miljön. För att uppnå målen undersöktes de tidigare programmen för att avgöra hur programmen skulle kunna kopplas tillsammans. Resultatet är att de två programmen nu kan köras tillsammans som ett enda program där radiovågssimuleringen kan interagera med den automatiskt genererade 3D-miljön. Detta skapar ett program som tydligt kan simulera var sändare kommer att erbjuda stabil täckning i den miljön som genererats., In today's society, a stable wireless connection is very important for many. In order to achieve good network coverage, radio antennas need to be placed in the most optimal locations possible. In order to simplify the process of identifying these locations, the development of a radio wave simulator was previously started at the employer. Two different programs have been created that form the basis of the simulator, one that can generate a 3D environment that reflects a real location, and the other program simulates radio waves using ray tracing. The problem is that these programs cannot run concurrently as a single program, which means that coverage cannot be examined in the generated environment. This project aims to make the two different programs work together so that it is possible to analyze where coverage will be if transmitters are placed in the environment. It must also be possible to change the viewing perspective in the environment to enable the user to examine where coverage is in the 3D environment. To achieve the objectives, the previous programs were examined to determine how the programs could be linked together. The result is that the two programs can now run together as a single program where the radio wave simulation can interact with the automatically generated 3D environment. This creates a program that can clearly simulate where transmitters will offer stable coverage in the environment generated.
- Published
- 2024
17. Smooth Central and Non-Central Camera Models in Object Space
- Author
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Reulke, Ralf, Eisert, Peter, Maas, Hans-Gerd, Rueß, Dominik, Reulke, Ralf, Eisert, Peter, Maas, Hans-Gerd, and Rueß, Dominik
- Abstract
In den letzten Jahren sind immer mehr erschwingliche Kamera-Sensoren mit einer zunehmenden Vielfalt optischer Abbildungsfunktionen verfügbar geworden. Low-Cost-Optiken können aufgrund höherer Toleranzen und unterschiedlicher optischer Materialien von der gewünschten Lochkamera Metrik abweichen. Weitwinkel- und Fischaugenobjektive, verzerrende katadioptrische Objektive (spiegelnd und refraktiv) und andere ungewöhnliche Objektive weichen von der Annahme des Modells einer Lochkamera mit einer Brennweite ab. Actionkameras können die gesamte Umgebung mit zwei Objektiven abbilden, diese entsprechen meist nicht mehr dem Lochkameramodell. Kameras werden auch für Messaufgaben hinter zusätzlichen optischen Elementen eingesetzt. Die vorliegende Arbeit erweitert die ersten Erkenntnisse im Bereich der differenzierbaren (glatten) Kameramodelle ohne Einschränkungen. Viele existierende Modelle sind auf bestimmte Objektivtypen spezialisiert. In dieser Arbeit werden mehrere solcher allgemeinen Modelle eingeführt, ohne dass eine global feste Brennweite und spezielle Anforderungen an die Symmetrie der Abbildung erforderlich sind. Eine Einführung alternativer Fehlermetriken im Objektraum bringt auch enorme Rechenvorteile, da eine Abbildungsrichtung analytisch berechnet und viele der Berechnungsergebnisse konstant gehalten werden können. Zur Initialisierung solcher Modelle wird in dieser Arbeit eine generische lineare Kamera vorgestellt. Das wesentliche Merkmal dabei ist eine künstliche Transformation in höhere Dimensionen, welche mit linearen Verfahren weiterverwendet werden. Sie modellieren bereits nichtlineare Verzerrungen und Asymmetrien. Eine Multikamera-Kalibrierungssoftware wird ebenfalls beschrieben und implementiert. Das Ergebnis der Arbeit ist ein theoretischer Rahmen für glatte Kameramodelle im Objektraum selbst – anstelle der Abbildung in den Bildraum – mit mehreren konkreten Modellvorschlägen, Implementierungen und dem angepassten und erweiterten Kalibrierungsprozess., In recent years, more and more affordable camera sensors with an increasing variety of optical imaging features have become available. Low-cost optics may deviate from the desired pinhole metric due to higher tolerances and different optical materials. Wide-angle and fisheye lenses, distorting catadioptric lenses (specular and refractive) and other unusual lenses deviate from the single focal pinhole camera model assumption, which is sometimes intentional. Action cameras can map the entire environment using two lenses, these usually no longer correspond to the pinhole camera model. Cameras are also used for measuring tasks behind additional optical elements – with unforeseeable deviations in the line of sight. The present work expands the first findings in the field of differentiable (smooth) camera models without constraints. Many existing models specialise in certain types of lenses. In this work, several such general models are introduced without requiring fixed global focal length and symmetry requirements. An introduction of alternative error metrics in the object space also gives enormous computational advantages, since one imaging direction can be calculated analytically and many of the calculation results can be kept constant. For the generation of meaningful starting values of such models, this work introduces a generic linear camera. The essential feature of is an artificial transformation into higher dimensions. These transformed coordinates can then continue to be used with linear methods. They already model non-linear distortions and asymmetries. A multi-camera calibration software that efficiently implements these models is also described and implemented. The result of the work is a theoretical framework for smooth camera models in the object space itself - instead of the established mapping into the image space - with several concrete model proposals, implementations and the adapted and extended calibration process.
- Published
- 2024
18. Mekanik Gözün Kaydı Olarak Maddi Dünya.
- Author
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AL, Eyüp
- Subjects
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THEATER audiences , *CAMERA movement , *SOCIOLOGICAL research , *MOTION picture cameras , *HISTORICAL analysis - Abstract
Camera as a technological tool, establishes a modern relationship with the world; transforms and visualizes every space and object by recording. First of all, in this article, what kind of a world camera creates and its relationship with modernity is discussed. Then, the development of camera movement abilities is examined and it is seen that it has a fixed point of view that overlapped with theater audience in the early stages of cinema history. However, over time, different points of view were obtained by moving the camera. Elimination of the Italian-style scene and perspective is also addressed in connection with the movement of the camera. Throughout this article, an object/means centered perspective is used, and camera is examined as a historical phenomenon, regardless of content. In response to object centered approach, mechanical eye seems to record every corner of physical world. Accompanied by these discussions, in the last part of the article, "Man with a Movie Camera" is examined in terms of the connection of cinematographic elements with the world. In film analysis, it is shown that different cinematographic elements such as close-up and long shots, camera's involvement in everyday life, the increase of point of views transform physical world. Throughout the article, technological determinism forms the conceptual and theoretical framework; historical and sociological analysis methods are also used together. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Optimalisasi Keluaran Panel Surya Menggunakan Solar Tracker Berbasis Kamera Terintegrasi Raspberry Pi
- Author
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Agus Suryanto, Noor Hudallah, Tatyantoro Andrasto, Cahyo Fajar Adhiningtyas, and Seftriana Anifa Khusniasari
- Subjects
rapsberry pi ,solar cell ,solar tracker ,kamera ,Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) ,TA1-2040 - Abstract
Salah satu faktor pada pengoperasian sel surya agar didapatkan nilai maksimum adalah posisi sel surya terhadap matahari. Solar tracker adalah alat untuk meningkatkan insolasi pada panel surya dengan mengubah arah panel surya menuju posisi matahari. Pada awalnya, solar tracker diatur menggunakan LDR. Kemudian, pengaturan berbasis pengolahan citra dapat mengurangi kesalahan pelacakan. Solar tracker berbasis citra selama ini masih menggunakan komputer ukuran penuh yang membutuhkan banyak energi dan tempat. Makalah ini bertujuan meningkatkan akurasi arah panel surya dan mengoptimalkan keluaran panel surya dengan meningkatkan sudut penyinaran matahari (insolasi) menggunakan solar tracker dengan sensor kamera dan komputer mini Raspberry Pi. Penggunaan kamera ditujukan untuk mengurangi kesalahan sistem berbasis LDR dan penggunaan Raspberry Pi menggantikan kerja komputer ukuran penuh. Pencarian orientasi matahari menggunakan metode intensitas nilai piksel tertinggi. Berdasarkan hasil analisis, keluaran panel surya terbukti dapat dioptimalkan dengan diaplikasikannya Solar Tracker Berbasis Kamera Terintegrasi Raspberry Pi. Perbandingan daya keluaran antara panel surya diam dengan panel surya yang terpasang pada Solar Tracker Berbasis Kamera Terintegrasi Raspberry Pi adalah 1:1,389 (21,5487 W:29,8822 W) pada pengujian tanpa beban dan 1:1,2042 (6,0344 W:7,2671 W) pada pengujian dengan beban lampu pijar 12 V/5 W.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Autonomously mapping shallow water environments under and above the water surface.
- Author
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Zube, Angelika, Kleiser, Dominik, Albrecht, Alexander, Woock, Philipp, Emter, Thomas, Ruf, Boitumelo, Tchouchenkov, Igor, Buller, Aleksej, Wagner, Boris, Baatar, Ganzorig, and Petereit, Janko
- Subjects
WATER depth ,DIGITAL maps ,DIGITAL mapping ,GLOBAL Positioning System ,SONAR ,LIDAR ,MICROGRIDS ,WATER pipelines - Abstract
Copyright of Automatisierungstechnik is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Automatic multimodal sensor calibration of the UNICARagil vehicles.
- Author
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Kinzig, Christian, Horn, Markus, Lauer, Martin, Buchholz, Michael, Stiller, Christoph, and Dietmayer, Klaus
- Subjects
DETECTORS ,CALIBRATION ,OBJECT recognition (Computer vision) ,LIDAR ,MULTISENSOR data fusion ,AUTONOMOUS vehicles - Abstract
Copyright of Technisches Messen is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Pattern Recognition untuk Deteksi Posisi pada AGV Berbasis Raspberry Pi
- Author
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Florentinus Budi Setiawan, Franciska Amalia Kurnianingsih, Slamet Riyadi, and Leonardus Heru Pratomo
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otomatisasi ,robotika ,agv ,pattern recognition ,kamera ,titik koordinat ,Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) ,TA1-2040 - Abstract
Perkembangan teknologi di bidang otomatisasi dan robotika berkembang sangat pesat, karena memiliki tingkat efesiensi tinggi dari segi tenaga dan waktu. Pada sistem pergudangan, salah satu robot yang digunakan adalah Automated Guided Vehicle (AGV). AGV adalah alat transportasi berupa robot yang dikendalikan secara otomatis, yang berfungsi sebagai pengangkut barang, dengan menggunakan sistem navigasi agar bergerak ke arah yang telah ditentukan. Salah satu sistem navigasi AGV yang telah ada ialah dengan mengikuti pola garis pada lantai. Sistem tersebut kurang efisien karena lambat laun pola garis tersebut akan pudar dan tidak dapat terdeteksi kembali akibat gaya gesek dari roda AGV itu sendiri. Oleh karena itu, sangat diperlukan pengembangan sistem navigasi AGV untuk meminimalkan hambatan tersebut. Sistem pattern recognition ini menggunakan pola yang diletakkan pada langit-langit bangunan dan kamera sebagai sensor yang menghadap ke atas sehingga AGV mampu dengan leluasa mendeteksi pola. Kemudian, pola yang sudah terdeteksi diolah melalui perangkat komputer berupa Raspberry Pi 4 Model B yang telah diprogram. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa sistem ini mampu mendeteksi posisi dan berhasil menampilkan titik koordinat (x,y) dari AGV serta akan tetap berjalan sampai kapan pun hingga program diubah sesuai yang diperintahkan.
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- 2021
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23. Automatics Detect and Shooter Robot Based on Object Detection Using Camera.
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Muharom, Syahri and Prasetyo, Budi
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OBJECT recognition (Computer vision) ,ROBOTS ,CAMERAS ,IMAGE processing ,TEST systems - Abstract
Copyright of Przegląd Elektrotechniczny is the property of Przeglad Elektrotechniczny and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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- 2022
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24. APLIKASI SISTEM KENDALI PERGERAKAN KAMERA BERBASIS ANDROID
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F Shoufika Hilyana, Hasyrul Mirza, and Budi Gunawan
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sistem kendali ,kamera ,android ,Technology ,Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) ,TA1-2040 - Abstract
Pengambilan gambar dengan menggunakan banyak kamera digunakan untuk mengambil gambar dengan dua atau lebih kamera, pada setiap pengambilan gambar dari suatu adegan yang sama dengan hasil sudut pandang yang berbeda. Sehingga sumber daya manusia akan banyak yang terlibat. Oleh karena itu dibutuhkan aplikasi yang memudahkan teknik pengambilan gambar oleh kamera dan mengurangi keterlibatan sumber daya manusia, maka tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah terciptanya sistem kendali pergerakan kamera menggunakan kendali berbasis Android. Metode yang digunakan adalah riset dan pengembangan yang meliputi pembuatan hardware, pembuatan software, pengujian, dan pengambilan data. Dalam pengujian data meliputi pengujian gerakan pan, tilt, dan zoom dengan mecari tigkat presentasi error dan akurasi dan pengujian jarak pairing bluetooth. Pengujian menggunakan smartphone android sebagai pengendali. Hasil penelitian pada gerakan pan right tingkat error dengan rata-rata 5,55% dan akurasi dengan rata-rata 94,45%, dan untuk gerakan pan left tingkat error dengan rata-rata 4,99% dan akurasi dengan rata-rata 95,01%. Pada gerakan tilt up tingkat error dengan rata-rata 7,90% dan tingkat akurasi rata-rata 92,10%, gerakan tilt down tingkat error dengan rata-rata 3,99% dan tingkat akurasi rata-rata 96,01% Pada zoom in tingkat error dengan rata-rata 5,25% dan tingkat akurasi 94,75%. Pada pengujian zoom out tingkat error dengan rata-rata 4,57% dan nilai tingkat akurasi 95,43%. Dan untuk pengujian jarak pairing bluetooth pada ruang terbuka sampai pada jarak 64 meter dan pengujian jarak pairing pada ruang tertutup sampai pada jarak 9 meter.
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- 2020
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25. Prüfung von Rohrleitungen
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Günthert, Frank Wolfgang, Faltermaier, Simon, Horlacher, Hans-Burkhard, editor, and Helbig, Ulf, editor
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- 2018
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26. Desain dan Implementasi Visual Object Tracking Menggunakan Pan and Tilt Vision System
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Riky Tri Yunardi, Ajeng W. Mardhiyah, M. Hafi Yahya, and Franky Chandra Satria Arisgraha
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object tracking ,visi komputer ,kamera ,pan ,tilt ,Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering ,TK1-9971 - Abstract
Object tracking is a technique for detecting and following the moving object. It can be used to helping security officers to monitor the room that has a large monitoring working area. The aim of research is to design the visual system of object tracking by using pan and tilt vision system. The orientation of camera can move in vertically and horizontally path. Visualization program for this project is consist of motion detection, edge detection and center of mass. The detected object position can be used for controlling the pan and tilt at mechanical system which is mounted on the camera to track the moving object. The results of research show the design of object tracking can detecting and following walking human with an ideal distance of 6 meters and directional angular shift is 5 degrees on the visual resolution of 360 × 240 pixels
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- 2019
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27. Plattformen und Sensoren für die Fernerkundung und deren Geopositionierung
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Toth, Charles, Jutzi, Boris, and Heipke, Christian, editor
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- 2017
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28. Mekanik Gözün Kaydı Olarak Maddi Dünya.
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AL, Eyüp
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THEATER audiences , *CAMERA movement , *SOCIOLOGICAL research , *MOTION picture cameras , *HISTORICAL analysis - Abstract
Camera as a technological tool, establishes a modern relationship with the world; transforms and visualizes every space and object by recording. First of all, in this article, what kind of a world camera creates and its relationship with modernity is discussed. Then, the development of camera movement abilities is examined and it is seen that it has a fixed point of view that overlapped with theater audience in the early stages of cinema history. However, over time, different points of view were obtained by moving the camera. Elimination of the Italian-style scene and perspective is also addressed in connection with the movement of the camera. Throughout this article, an object/means centered perspective is used, and camera is examined as a historical phenomenon, regardless of content. In response to object centered approach, mechanical eye seems to record every corner of physical world. Accompanied by these discussions, in the last part of the article, "Man with a Movie Camera" is examined in terms of the connection of cinematographic elements with the world. In film analysis, it is shown that different cinematographic elements such as close-up and long shots, camera's involvement in everyday life, the increase of point of views transform physical world. Throughout the article, technological determinism forms the conceptual and theoretical framework; historical and sociological analysis methods are also used together. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2020
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29. Image and RADAR fusion for autonomous vehicles
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de Gibert Duart, Xavier and de Gibert Duart, Xavier
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Robust detection, localization, and tracking of objects are essential for autonomous driving. Computer vision has largely driven development based on camera sensors in recent years, but 3D localization from images is still challenging. Sensors such as LiDAR or RADAR are used to compute depth; each having its own advantages and drawbacks. The main idea of the project is to be able to mix images from the camera and RADAR detections in order to estimate depths for the objects appearing in the images. Fusion strategies can be considered the solution to give a more detailed description of the environment by utilizing both the 3D localization capabilities of range sensors and the higher spatial resolution of image data. The idea is to fuse 3D detections from the RADAR onto the image plane, this requires a high level of synchronization of the sensors and projections of the RADAR data on the required image., Robust detektering, lokalisering och spårning av objekt är avgörande för autonom körning. Datorseende har till stor del drivit utvecklingen baserad på kamerasensorer de senaste åren, men 3D-lokalisering från bilder är fortfarande utmanande. Sensorer som LiDAR eller RADAR används för att beräkna djup; var och en har sina egna fördelar och nackdelar. Huvudtanken med projektet är att kunna blanda bilder från kameran och RADAR-detektioner för att uppskatta djup för de objekt som förekommer i bilderna. Fusionsstrategier kan anses vara lösningen för att ge en mer detaljerad beskrivning av miljön med både 3D-lokaliseringsförmågan hos avståndssensorer och den högre rumsliga upplösningen av bilddata. Tanken är att smälta samman 3D-detektioner från RADAR till bildplanet, detta kräver en hög nivå av synkronisering av sensorerna och projektioner av RADAR-data på den önskade bilden.
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- 2023
30. Minimalistická bezpečnostní kamera
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Rozsíval, Pavel, Tomášek, Dominik, Rozsíval, Pavel, and Tomášek, Dominik
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Práce je zaměřena na provedení rešerše vhodných jednotlivých kamerových modulů spolu s rešerší na mikroprocesory vhodné pro zpracování obrazu k následujícímu sestavení minimalistické bezpečnostní kamery v podobě kamery či popřípadě fotopasti., The work is focused on a search for suitable individual camera modules together with a search for microprocessors suitable for image processing for the subsequent assembly of a minimalist security camera in the form of a camera or in the case of a photo trap., Fakulta elektrotechniky a informatiky, Logická i stylistická úroveň práce odpovídá zvykům bakalářské práce.Student byl schopen samostatně navrhnout funkční řešení, na základě nastudovaných informací, čímž dokázal dobrou schopnost uplatnit poznatky v praxi. Student zodpověděl všechny dotazy komise. Práce není plagiátem, Dokončená práce s úspěšnou obhajobou
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- 2023
31. Primena kamera i tehnika obrade video zapisa za procenu protoka u kanalizacionim sistemima - iskustva merne kampanje Novi Banovci
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Ljubičić, Robert, Ivetić, Damjan, Milašinović, Miloš, Pavlović, Dragutin, Ljubičić, Robert, Ivetić, Damjan, Milašinović, Miloš, and Pavlović, Dragutin
- Abstract
Tehnike merenja u hidrotehnici zasnovane na upotrebi kamera i naknadnoj obradi video zapisa u trendu su poslednje dve decenije. Odlikuju ih tehnička jednostavnost, niska cena i prilagodljivost hardvera i softvera. Međutim, primena za merenje protoka u kanalizacionim sistemima nije analizirana u literaturi. Tim Građevinskog fakulteta Univerziteta u Beogradu osmislio je, konstruisao i postavio merni uređaj, baterijski napajan mikroračunar sa IC kamerom u kanalizacioni šaht u naselju Novi Banovci radi kontinualnog merenja dotoka upotrebljene vode. Rad prikazuje specifičnosti upotrebe mernog uređaja i tehnike obrade video zapisa. Preliminarni rezultati pokazuju potencijal razvijene metodologije, posebno tamo gde konvencionalna oprema nije primenjiva.
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- 2023
32. Deine Kamera ist eine App
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Braida, Nicole, Jouini, Angela, Krautkrämer, Florian, Mücke, Laura Katharina, Pfeifer, Simone, Linseisen, Elisa, and Strohmaier, Alena
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Soziale Medien ,Software ,Serious Games ,Fototheorie ,Ukraine-Krieg ,Aktivismus ,Kamera ,Smartphone ,Dokumentarfilm ,Apps ,Widerstand ,MENA-Region ,Format ,thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JB Society and culture: general::JBC Cultural and media studies::JBCT Media studies ,thema EDItEUR::A The Arts::AJ Photography and photographs::AJF Photojournalism and documentary photography ,thema EDItEUR::A The Arts::AT Performing arts::ATF Films, cinema ,thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JP Politics and government::JPW Political activism / Political engagement ,thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UD Digital Lifestyle and online world: consumer and user guides::UDT Mobile phones and smartphones: consumer / user guides - Abstract
Der vorliegende Band untersucht systematisch das Verhältnis von digitalen Kameras und ihren softwaretechnischen Grundlagen, die wir unter „Apps“ zusammenfassen. Als konzeptuelles Framing in der Auseinandersetzung mit dieser medialen Verbindung aus Kamera/App wählen wir das ästhetische wie theoretische Spektrum aus Techniken des Appropriierens und Applizierens und damit verbundene Theorietraditionen der Filmwissenschaft sowie der Software, Platform und App Studies. Mit dem programmatischen Befund ‚Deine Kamera ist eine App‘ soll in vier dialogischen Textpaaren dem offenen Themenfeld zwischen Appropriation/Applikation und seiner zeitgenössischen Brisanz wie historischen Tiefe entlang übergreifender Konzepte wie Partizipation, Format und Widerstand nachgegangen werden. Dabei beleuchtet der Band die Verbindung von Ästhetik und Technik, Kunst und Software und wendet sich neben dem Film auch den sogenannten Medienkünsten, dokumentarischen Videoformaten, Selbstdokumentationen und dem Gaming zu.
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- 2023
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33. Perancangan Sistem Kendali pada Lengan Assistive Social Robot menggunakan Kamera
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Riky Tri Yunardi and Ronny Mardiyanto
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Assistive social robot ,lengan robot ,kamera ,Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering ,TK1-9971 - Abstract
Teknologi robotika telah banyak diaplikasi dan dikembangkan dalam bidang rehabilitasi. Assistive Social Robot merupakan suatu teknologi robotika yang dapat berinteraksi dengan pengguna dan memberi bantuan dalam pemulihan proses rehabilitasi. Aksesibilitas ketika mengambil sebuah benda dengan menggunakan sistem lengan robot sangat dibutuhkah. Kamera merupakan sensor optik yang paling banyak diaplikasikan untuk mendeteksi posisi objek. Artikel ini membahas mengenai sistem kendali lengan robot menggunakan kamera. Informasi jarak dan posisi objek digunakan untuk mengendalikan gerakan lengan robot robot yang berbentuk gripper. Pengujian yang dilakukan meliputi: pengujian mendeteksi kontur objek, pengujian pengukuran jarak objek, serta pengujian kendali lengan robot. Dari hasil menunjukkan kecepatan kinerja sistem kendali yang telah dirancang dalam melakukan tugas untuk mengambil sebuah objek dari posisi awal sampai akhir memerlukan waktu 28,05 detik.
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- 2017
34. Térfigyelő rendszerek empirikus kutatási eredményei a szubjektív biztonságérzet fényében
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Szabolcs Mátyás and Gyula Csege
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kamera ,CCTV ,közbiztonság ,bűnözés ,Political institutions and public administration (General) ,JF20-2112 - Abstract
Napjainkban a közbiztonság kérdése a legfontosabb tényezők közé sorolható. Az elmúlt években bekövetkezett Európa biztonságát jelentősen rontó események következtében, paradigma váltásra volt szükség a rendvédelmi szervek, a települési önkormányzatok és a lakosság részéről egyaránt. A legfontosabb lépéseket már mindhárom fél megtette, azonban e folyamat rendkívül hosszú, és folyamatos munkát igényel. Az objektívbiztonság és a szubjektív biztonságérzet növelésének egyik záloga lehet a térfigyelő kamerarendszerek fejlesztése és bővítése. A tanulmány egy 2017-ben Debrecenben elvégzett kérdőíves felmérés eredményeit mutatja be.
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- 2019
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35. Kameraer i køretøjer – ny teknologi i et databeskyttelsesretligt perspektiv
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Christensen, Tanja Kammersgaard
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Køretøjer ,Dataansvarlig ,Kamera ,GDPR - Abstract
Artiklen undersøger, om reglerne i databeskyttelsesforordningen finder anvendelse, når et kamera installeres i en bil, hvem der i givet fald er ansvarlig for overholdelsen af forordningens regler, samt hvilke regler i GDPR, bilproducent og ejer skal være særligt opmærksomme på
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- 2023
36. Digitization of the robotic workspace in a simulation software using an in-hand 3D camera
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Piršić, Antonio, Švaco, Marko, and Šuligoj, Filip
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kamera ,TEHNIČKE ZNANOSTI. Strojarstvo ,RoboDK ,oblak točaka ,Universal Robots ,alat ,robot ,kalibracija ,tool ,TECHNICAL SCIENCES. Mechanical Engineering ,calibration ,camera ,point cloud - Abstract
U ovom završnom radu se integrira sustav za digitalizaciju radnog prostora robota primjenom 3D kamere. Korišteni su Universal Robots 5e robot i Intel Realsense D435i kamera. Sva korištena oprema nalazi se u Regionalnom centru izvrsnosti za robotske tehnologije (CRTA) u sklopu Fakulteta strojarstva i brodogradnje. Opisan je postupak izrade skripte za dohvaćanje oblaka točaka predmeta kojeg kamera snima, te vizualizaciju tog oblaka unutar simulacijskog softvera RoboDK. Riješen je problem kalibracije kamere i vrha alata. Koriste se matrice homogene transformacije za potrebe transformacije i dovođenja u odnos kamere (samim tim i oblaka točaka) i koordinatnog sustava baze robota. Naposljetku, kao zadatak koji robot izvršava je dolazak vrha alata u kontakt s površinom snimljenog predmeta na naredbu provedenu iz RoboDK softvera. In this bachelor thesis, a system for digitizing the robot workspace using a 3D camera is integrated. The Universal Robots 5e robot and the Intel Realsense D435i camera were used. All the equipment used is located at the Regional Center of Excellence for Robotics Technologies (CRTA) within the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture. It describes the process of creating a script for retrieving the point cloud of the object captured by the camera, and visualizing that cloud within the RoboDK simulation software. The problem of calibrating the camera and tooltip was solved. Homogeneous transformation matrices are used for transformation and bringing the camera (therefore the cloud of points) into relation with the coordinate system of the robot base. Finally, the task of the robot is to bring the tip of the tool in contact with the surface of the captured object in response to the command executed by the RoboDK software.
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- 2023
37. DOPRAVNÍ NEHODY A KAMERY - PŘÍPADOVÁ STUDIE.
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Křižák, Michal
- Abstract
Copyright of XXV. Mezinárodní Vedecká Konference Soudního InZenYrství Expert Forensic Science (ExFoS) 2016 is the property of International Scientific Conference of Forensic Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2018
38. Objektfotografie in Praxis und Labor.
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Devigus, Alessandro and Werner, Joachim
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Copyright of Quintessenz Zahnmedizin is the property of Quintessenz Verlags GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2019
39. Depth Sensing and Mesh-Based 3D Reconstruction
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Schreiberhuber, Simon
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robotics ,reconstruction ,cameras ,Robotik ,Rekonstruktion ,Computer vision ,Kamera ,Bildverarbeitung - Abstract
Räumliche Wahrnehmung und Analyse sind Fundamente von moderner Computer Vision und ermöglichen ein breites Feld an Anwendungen in Robotik, autonomen Fahren und Augmented Reality. Damit einher geht eine Vielzahl an Herausforderungen, wobei die beiden grundlegendsten die Erfassung von Entfernungsdaten und Kombination dieser Daten in eine konsistente Rekonstruktion sind. Diese zwei Aufgaben bilden den Kern dieser Arbeit.Das erste große Kapitel, Kapitel 3, widmet sich der maschinellen Tiefenwahrnehmung und Verbesserung existierender “structured light”-Methoden. Bei diesen Methoden wird codiertes Licht auf die zu messenden Oberflächen projeziert und mit räumlich versetzten Kameras aufgenommen. Indem man das Signal dieser Pixel entschlüsselt, lassen sich die ursprünglichen Projektionsrichtungen ableiten und mittels Triangulierung die Tiefe der einzelnen Pixel errechnen.In diesem speziellen Fall bedienen wir uns der “spatial neighborhood”-Verschlüsselung, einem verbreiteten “structured light”-Ansatz, der in kommerzieller Hardware genutzt wird. Um eine erfolgreiche Dekodierung zu gewährleisten muss das projezierte Muster in einer räumlichen Nachbarschaft intakt bleiben. Verzerrung, Abdämpfung und Fragmentierung aufgrund der Oberflächengeometrie und -beschaffenheit stellen dabei eine Herausforderung dar. Die verwendeten Dekodierungsalgorithmen müssen deshalb einen Kompromiss zwischen Präzision der resultierenden Messung und Robustheit gegenüber den soeben genannten Effekten bieten. Klassische “stereo matching”-Methoden liefern zuverlässige Resultate, indem das aufgenommene Bild mit einem Referenzbild des projezierten Musters verglichen wird. Robustheit bezüglich Verzerrungen und akkurate Ergebnisse sind dabei gegensätzlich, sodass eine Verbesserung in einem Aspekt oft nur mit Kompromissen in anderen Aspekten möglich ist. Wir zeigen, dass Robustheit und Genauigkeit entscheidend gesteigert werden können, indem man die Positionen der einzelnen Pixel im Referenzmuster direkt schätzt. Der von uns vorgestellte “weight-adaptivelayer” ermöglicht es Informationen zu verarbeiten, die zuvor durch ein “convolutional neural network” aus den rohen Bilddaten extrahiert worden sind. Dies geschieht in einem mehrstufigen Klassifikations- und Regressionsmodell: Ein auf “multilayerperceptrons” basierter Entscheidungsbaum, der den Lösungsraum in kleiner werdende Intervalle unterteilt, bis ein finaler Regressionsschritt subpixelgenaue Resultate liefert.Da unser Ansatz während der Trainingsphase auf absolute “ground-truth”-Tiefendaten angewiesen ist, führen wir das Training mit Hilfe eines künstlichen Datensatzes aus, der nahe an der Realität und den Anwendungsfällen eines solchen Sensors liegt. Anhand eines separaten Datensatzes, der mit einem “structured light”-Sensor und einem proffessionellen Laserscanner aufgenommen worden ist, zeigen wir auf, dass unser Ansatz aktuellen konkurrierenden Methoden überlegen ist: Wir demonstrieren starke Unempfindlichkeit hinsichtlich des Wechsels von der Trainings- zur Anwendungsdomäne, sowie hohe Genauigkeit auf subpixel-Niveau.Das zweite zentrale Kapitel, Kapitel 4, behandelt die Herausforderungen und Vorteile von 3D-Rekonstruktionen anhand des genutzten, auf Dreiecken basierten Oberflächenmodells. Dichte 3D-Rekonstruktionen akkumulieren einzelne Aufnahmen in ein globalkonsistentes Modell der Umgebung, welches in Anwendungen genutzt werden kann,wie zum Beispiel der Robotik. Gegenwärtige, auf RGB-D Daten operierende Systeme sind dabei jedoch eingeschränkt, da die gängigen volumetrischen Datenstrukturen die Auflösung der Farbinformationen an die geometrische Auflösung koppeln – Dies ist ein limitierender Faktor dieser Methoden. Wir präsentieren deshalb einen echtzeitfähigenAlgorithmus, der die Erstellung und Aktualisierung dreiecksbasierter Oberflächenrekonstruktionen ermöglicht. Die vorgestellten Methoden, um Speicherverbrauch undDetailgrad zu steuern, erlauben sowohl kleinste Details von Objekten akkurat zu rekonstruieren, als auch große Areale oder Gebäude in Echtzeit zu verwalten und darzustellen.Um die Vorteile dieses Algorithmus zu demonstrieren, erweitern wir eine handelsübliche PrimeSense basierte RGB-D Kamera mit einer hochauflösenden “global shutter” RGBKamera. Die resultierenden Rekonstruktionen zeigen nicht nur mehr Details, sondern erfassen auch größere Areale als typische surfel- oder volumenbasierte Rekonstruktionen., Spatial understanding and sensing is a cornerstone of modern computer vision and the enabler of a vast field of applications in robotics, augmented reality, or self-driving by providing a geometrically interpretable foundation. However, this comes with a number of challenges whose two most fundamental ones are the acquisition of range data and the coherent integration of said data into a reconstruction. These are the main topics of this work and receive dedicated chapters each.The first major chapter of this work, Chapter 3, is focused on depth sensing and takes on the challenge of improving existing structured light principles. By projecting encodedlight onto the measured surfaces and decoding the pattern position from a capturedcamera image, simple triangulation can give dense depth values on a per-pixel basis.Spatial neighborhood encoding, in particular, is a popular structured light approachfor off-the-shelf hardware. However, it suffers from the distortion and fragmentation of the projected pattern by the scene’s geometry in the vicinity of a pixel. This forces algorithms to find a delicate balance between depth prediction accuracy and robustness to pattern fragmentation or appearance change. While stereo matching provides more robustness at the expense of accuracy, we show that learning to regress a pixel’s position within the projected pattern is not only more accurate when combined with classification but can be made equally robust. We propose splitting the regression problem into smaller classification subproblems in a coarse-to-fine manner with the use of a weight adaptive layer that efficiently implements branching per-pixel Multilayer Perceptrons applied to features extracted by a Convolutional Neural Network. As our approach requires full supervision, we train our algorithm on a rendered dataset sufficiently closeto the real-world domain. On a separately captured real-world dataset, we show thatour network outperforms state of the art and is significantly more robust than other regression-based approaches.The second major topic, presented in Chapter 4, discusses the challenges and benefits of 3D reconstruction while focusing on the influence of the utilized data structure.Dense 3D reconstructions generate globally consistent data of the environment suitable for many robot applications. Current RGB-D-based real-time reconstructions, however,only maintain the color resolution equal to the depth resolution of the used sensor.This firmly limits the precision and realism of the generated reconstructions. We present a real-time approach for creating and maintaining a surface reconstruction in as high as possible a geometrical fidelity with full sensor resolution for its colorization.By performing the reconstruction directly on a dense triangle mesh, we overcome the lossyand inflexible nature of voxel-based reconstructions that, for many purposes, need toI be transformed to such triangle mesh. A multi-scale memory management process and a Level of Detail scheme enable equally detailed reconstructions to be generated at small scales, such as objects, as well as large scales, such as rooms or buildings. We show case the benefit of this novel pipeline with a PrimeSense RGB-D camera as well asby combining the depth channel of this camera with a high resolution global shutter camera. Further experiments show that our memory management approach allows us to scale up to larger domains that are not achievable with current state-of-the-art methods.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Kroppskamera som dokumentasjon i norsk politiarbeid: Litteraturstudie
- Author
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Hermansen, Helene Gangdal and Jonsson, Ingrid Arnesen
- Subjects
kamera ,kroppskamera ,bacheloroppgave ,bevis ,rapportskriving ,litteraturstudie ,kameraovervåkning ,dokumentasjon ,politiarbeid ,politi - Abstract
Bachelor i politiutdanning
- Published
- 2023
41. Monitoring queen bee behaviors using image processing techniques
- Author
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Ulus, Ahmet Faruk and Tuna, Gürkan
- Subjects
Bilgisayarlı görü ,Image processing ,Arıcılık ,Görüntü işleme ,Apiculture ,Computer vision ,Kamera ,Camera - Abstract
Arılar Dünya’daki hayatın devam edebilmesi için oldukça önemli canlılardır. Her canlı gibi amaçları üremek ve hayatta kalmaktır. Koloni halinde yaşayan bal arısı arılarının; ana arı, işçi arı ve erkek arı türleri vardır. Cinsiyet olarak ana arı ve işçi arılar dişidir. Ana arının görevi yumurtlayarak koloninin devamlılığını sağlamaktır. İşçi arıların ise nektar, polen, propolis toplama, su taşınma, kovan temizliği, arı sütü ve bal mumu üretimi gibi çok çeşitli görevleri vardır. Erkek arıların tek görevi ana arıyı döllemektir. Bu tez çalışmasında arı kolonisinin ve içindeki ana arının hareketlerinin takibi için deneysel bir arı kovanı tasarlanmıştır. Bu tasarım, kovanın içerisindeki ana arının diğer çerçevelere geçmesini engelleyecek şekildedir. Çerçevenin karşısında ana arı hareketlerini kaydeden 1080p çözünürlüğünde ve gece görüş özelliği olan bir kamera bulunmaktadır. Ana arı işaretlenip kafesin içerisine konularak, 15 gün süre boyunca kayıt işlemi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Sonrasında elde edilen video kayıtlarından resimler oluşturulmuş ve bu resimler üzerinde ana arı etiketlenmiştir. Daha sonra, geliştirilen bir bilgisayarlı görü algoritmasıyla model eğitimi yapılarak, Darknet, Matplotlib ve OpenCV kütüphaneleri kullanılarak ana arı ve işçi arıların petek üzerindeki konumu tespit edilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlar, önerilen yöntem ile kovan içerisinde işçi arı ve ana arının konumlarının tespit edilebildiğini göstermiştir. Elde edilen veriler kullanılarak, Yolov3 ve Yolov4 algoritmalarının karşılaştırılması yapılmıştır. Bees are extremely important creatures for the continuation of life on Earth. Like all living things, their purpose is to reproduce and survive. The colony-dwelling honey bees have three types: the queen bee, worker bees, and male bees. Gender-wise, the queen and worker bees are females. The queen bee's role is to lay eggs to ensure the colony's continuity. Worker bees have various tasks such as collecting nectar, pollen, propolis, carrying water, cleaning the hive, producing bee milk and wax. The only role of male bees is to fertilize the queen bee. In this thesis study, an experimental bee hive was designed to track the movements of the colony and the queen bee. This design prevents the queen bee from moving to other frames. Opposite the frame, there is a 1080p resolution camera with night vision. The queen bee was marked, placed in the cage and recorded for 15 days. Afterwards, images were created from the video recordings and the queen bee was labeled on these images. Then, a computer vision algorithm was developed, and using the Darknet, Matplotlib and OpenCV libraries, the position of the queen bee and worker bees on the comb was detected. The results obtained showed that the positions of the worker bee and the queen bee inside the hive can be detected using the proposed method. The data obtained was also used to compare the Yolov3 and Yolov4 algorithms.
- Published
- 2023
42. Teknolojik Bir Aygıt Olarak Kameranın Keşfi ve Sinemanın Doğuş Döneminin İncelemesi
- Author
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Görkem Katmer
- Subjects
Sanat ,Kamera ,Sinema ,Tarih ,Teknoloji ,Camera ,Cinema ,History ,Technology ,Art - Abstract
Doğuşu Sinematograf’ın icadına tekabül eden sinema sanatının gelişimi, Gölge Oyunları ve Büyülü Fener, Fotoğraf Tüfeği, Optik Tiyatro, Kinetograf gibi pek çok aygıtın icadına dayanmaktadır. Temelde bir alıcının görüntüyü kaydetmesi ve bir göstericinin görüntüyü yansıtarak göstermesi prensibine dayanan sinema sanatı için görüntünün kaydedildiği aygıt olan kamera, üretim sürecinin en önemli faktörlerinden biridir. Kameranın gelişimi, teknolojinin gelişmesiyle doğrudan bağlantılıdır. Dolayısıyla yaşanan teknolojik gelişmeler sinemadaki üretim süreçlerini yakından etkilemektedir. Bu makale teknolojik olarak sinemanın oluşması sürecini yakından incelemekte, ayrıntılı ve örnekli bir bakış sunmaktadır., The development of the art of cinema, whose birth was realized with the invention of the Cinematograph, is based on the invention of many devices such as the Shadow Plays and Laterna Magica, Chronophotography, Théâtre Optique, Kinetograph. The camera on which the image is recorded is one of the most important factors in the production process for the art of cinema, which is essentially the device that is based on the principle that a receiver records the image and a transmitter shows the image by reflecting it. The development of the camera is directly related to the development of technology. Accordingly, technological developments have an immediate impact on the production processes in cinema. This article closely examines the technological process of the emergence of cinema and develops a detailed point of view with examples.
- Published
- 2022
43. Vodenje brezpilotnega letalnika s pomočjo kamere
- Author
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MUJIĆ, EMIR and Logar, Vito
- Subjects
kamera ,stabilnost ,regulator ,unmanned areal vehicle ,brezpilotni letalnik ,vodenje ,stability ,controller ,control ,camera - Abstract
V diplomski nalogi se lotimo naloge vodenja kvadrokopterja skozi poligon obročev, ki imajo na spodnji strani nameščeno ArUco značko. Prvi korak je modeliranje gibanja letanika s prenosnimi funkcijami, posamezno za vsako prostorno stopnjo premika. S pomočjo Strejčeve metode identificiramo prenosne funkcije in prilagodimo parametre tako, da se ujemajo s posnetim signalom odziva realnega sistmea pri vzbujanju s stopničastim vhodnim signalom. Na osnovi dokončanih modelov izberemo vrsto regulatorja ter ga načrtamo, spet, za vsak premik posamezno. V nadaljevanju analiziramo stabilnost zaprtozančnega sistema s pomočjo Nyqustiovega in Bodejevega diagrama in prilagodimo konstante regulatorja tako, da je model robustno stabilen. Ko imamo vse parametre regulatorja, regulator implementiramo v programsko kodo in poskus izvedemo na letalniku. V teku poskusa snemamo izhodne signale, da jih lahko primerjamo s simuliranimi. In the thesis we address the problem of controlling a quad-copter trough a polygon of rings witch have an ArUco marker on the bottom. The first step is to model drone’s movements with transfer functions for each degree of freedom individually. With the use of Strejc method we identify transfer functions and adjust parameters in such a way that the signals of the models match recorded output of a real system when the input is a step function signal. On the basis of finished models we pick a controller and construct it, once again, for each degree of freedom individually. In continuation, we analyze stability with Nyquist and Bode diagrams and adjust controller constants so the model is robustly stable. Once we have all controller parameters, the controller is implemented in the code and the experiment is done on the real drone. During the experiment, we record all output signals so we can compare them to simulated ones.
- Published
- 2022
44. Optimalisasi Keluaran Panel Surya Menggunakan Solar Tracker Berbasis Kamera Terintegrasi Raspberry Pi
- Author
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Cahyo Fajar Adhiningtyas, Noor Hudallah, Seftriana Anifa Khusniasari, Agus Suryanto, and Tatyantoro Andrasto
- Subjects
solar tracker ,Pixel ,Computer science ,business.industry ,Position of the Sun ,Electrical engineering ,Image processing ,Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) ,Tracking (particle physics) ,law.invention ,Solar tracker ,solar cell ,Atmosphere ,kamera ,law ,Physics::Space Physics ,Solar cell ,Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics ,rapsberry pi ,Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics ,TA1-2040 ,Image sensor ,business - Abstract
Maximum output from the operation of solar cell depends on the temperature of the solar cell, solar radiation, wind speed, the state of the earth's atmosphere, the orientation of the solar cell and the position of the location of the solar cell against the sun (tilt angle). Solar Tracker is a device that automatically change the orientation of a solar panel towards the position of the sun and increasing the insolation. Initially the solar tracker is set up using LDR then image processing-based settings can reduce tracking errors. Image-based solar tracker still uses a full-sized computer that requires a lot of energy and space. This research aims to improve the accuracy of the direction of the solar panel and optimize the output of the solar panel by increasing the angle of solar radiation (insolation) using the Solar Tracker with a camera sensor and a Raspberry Pi minicomputer. The use of cameras is intended to reduce errors from LDR-based systems and the use of Raspberry Pi replaces full-sized computer. The method to track position of the sun is by tracking the pixel with highest value. From the output analysis the solar panel proved to be optimized by the application of Raspberry Pi-integrated camera solar tracker. The comparison of the output power between the stationary solar panel and the solar panel installed on the Raspberry Pi-integrated camera solar tracker is 1: 1,389 (21,5487W: 29,8822W) in the no-load test and 1: 1,2042 (6,0344W: 7, 2671W) in tests with a 12V-5W bulb load.
- Published
- 2021
45. Identifikation geeigneter Strategien zur Einführung neuer künstlich intelligenter Technologien in der Produktion
- Author
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Bierling, Antonella Maria and Bierling, Antonella Maria
- Abstract
Antonella Bierling, Masterarbeit Universität Innsbruck 2022
- Published
- 2022
46. Research on the Use of Smartphone Technologies in the Field of Interactive Fitness Apps : How can we learn more about a user’s physical condition?
- Author
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Heim, Felix and Heim, Felix
- Abstract
Interactive Ątness apps can motivate people to lead an active lifestyle. However, it is not yet fully understood how smartphone data collected during exercise is related to the user's actual physical condition. The aim of this work is to investigate in what way and how accurately fitness-related parameters can be estimated using a smartphone. To achieve this, three separate tests were conducted: The first test examined how acceleration data (external intensity) and % of heart rate reserve (internal intensity) correlate with each other during three different exercises (bodyweight squats, jumping jacks, and standing mountain climbers). Results (n=6) show that regardless of accelerometer position, there is a moderate to strong correlation between internal and external intensity for squats (r=0.656-0.789) and mountain climbers (r=0.592-0.782), and a weak to moderate correlation for jumping jacks (r=0.291-0.587). The second test determined how accurately heart rate can be estimated with a smartphone camera (contactless and contact-based). Heart rate was determined simultaneously with a heart rate monitor and a smartphone. The mean absolute error of the contact-based method (n=120) was 5.42 ± 1.44 beats per minute. The mean absolute error of the contactless method (n=30) was 3.60 ± 0.81. However, the contactless method did not provide reliable readings for heart rates above the resting level. The third test evaluated how accurately a VO2max test, in this case, the 3-minute step-in-place test, can be monitored with a smartphone. The results show that step count could be computed from a video recording with a mean absolute error of 2.69 ± 1.89 steps per minute. The knee height could be distinguished as high or low in 98% of cases (n=4). The results of this work can help developers create highly personalized and meaningful fitness apps., Interaktiva fitnessappar kan motivera människor till att leva en aktiv livsstil. Det är dock ännu inte helt klarlagt hur smartphone-data som samlas in under träning är relaterad till användarens faktiska fysiska tillstånd. Syftet med det här arbetet är att undersöka på vilket sätt och hur exakt konditionsrelaterade parametrar kan mätas med hjälp av en smartphone. För att uppnå detta genomfördes tre separata test: Det första testet undersökte hur accelerationsdata (extern intensitet) och % av hjärtfrekvensreserven (intern intensitet) korrelerar med varandra under tre olika övningar (knäböj med kroppsvikt, jumping jacks och stående mountain climbers). Resultaten (n=6) visar att oavsett accelerometerposition finns det en måttlig till stark korrelation mellan intern och extern intensitet för knäböjningar (r=0,656-0,789) och mountain climbers (r=0,592-0,782), samt en svag till måttlig korrelation för jumping jacks (r=0,291-0,587). Det andra testet fastställde hur exakt hjärtfrekvensen kan mätas med en smartphone-kamera (kontaktlös och kontaktbaserad). Hjärtfrekvensen mättes samtidigt med en pulsmätare och en smartphone. Det genomsnittliga absoluta felet för den kontaktbaserade metoden (n=120) var 5,42 ± 1,44 slag per minut. Det genomsnittliga absoluta felet för den kontaktlösa metoden (n=30) var 3,60 ± 0,81. Den kontaktlösa metoden gav dock inte tillförlitliga avläsningar för hjärtfrekvens över vilonivån. Det tredje testet utvärderade hur ett VO2max-test, i detta fall 3-minuters steg-på-plats-testet, kan övervakas med hjälp av en smartphone. Resultaten visar att stegantalet kunde beräknas från en videoinspelning med ett genomsnittligt absolut fel på 2,69 ± 1,89 steg per minut. Knähöjden kunde urskiljas som hög eller låg i 98 % av fallen (n=4). Resultaten av detta arbete kan hjälpa utvecklare att skapa mycket personliga och meningsfulla fitnessappar.
- Published
- 2022
47. Neue Ansätze des Condition Monitoring von Kettentrieben
- Author
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Nölcke, Jonas and Nölcke, Jonas
- Abstract
Zustandsüberwachung von Kettentrieben bietet die Möglichkeit der Instandhaltungsplanung auch ohne allgemeine Lebensdauergleichung für dieses Maschinenelement. Zwei Konzepte der kamerabasierten Erfassung des Verschleißzustandes werden vorgestellt, die die mit fortschreitendem Verschleiß zunehmenden Trumschwingungen erfassen und quantifizieren. Daneben wird ein Konzept für einen berührungslosen Längungssensor präsentiert, der die Kettenlängung unmittelbar während des Betriebs misst., Condition Monitoring of chain drives allows maintenance planning without a general lifetime equation for this machine component. Two concepts for camera-based evaluation of the wear state are presented, that quantify the increasing span oscillation due to advanced wear. Next to that, a concept for a contactless elongation sensor is presented, that measures the chain elongation directly during operation.
- Published
- 2022
48. SSIMS-FLOW: Alat za procenu protoka u otvorenim tokovima na osnovu polja površinskih brzina iz video zapisa sa lakih bespilotnih letilica
- Author
-
Ljubičić, Robert, Zindović, Budo, Rosić, Nikola, Pavlović, Dragutin, Ljubičić, Robert, Zindović, Budo, Rosić, Nikola, and Pavlović, Dragutin
- Abstract
Merenje protoka u otvorenim kanalima često je dugotrajan, invazivan, složen i skup poduhvat, koji neretko uključuje veći broj naročito obučenih rukovaoca opremom, i različite naknadne obrade podataka sa terena. Razvoj tehnologije lakih bespilotnih letelica opremljenih kamerama omogućio je alternativan pristup posrednog merenja protoka putem analize polja površinskih brzina u otvorenom toku. Iako merenja ovom metodom pružaju podatke više merne neizvesnosti od konvencionalnih mernih metoda, opisana procedura beskontaktnog merenja protoka je (1) vremenski efikasnija, (2) zahteva manji broj rukovaoca opremom, (3) primenjiva čak i u određenim uslovima u kojima konvencionalne metode nisu i (4) otvara mogućnost automatizovanog i autonomnog monitoringa vodotoka. Procedura hidrometrijske analize video zapisa još uvek nije standardizovana, i na tržištu se teško pronalazi alat koji uspešno obavlja sve korake neophodne za dobijanje podataka o brzinama i protoku. Alat SSIMS-Flow razvijen je sa ciljem da omogući lak pristup različitim koracima pripreme i procesiranja podataka iz video zapisa u sveobuhvatnom procesu – od pripreme „sirovog“ video zapisa do procene vrednosti protoka – čime se drastično pojednostavljuje primena opisane metoda merenja., Open-channel flow rate measurement is often a time consuming, invasive, complex, and expensive procedure, which frequently requires involvement of multiple equipment operators and various postprocessing techniques. The development of camera-equipped lightweight unmanned aerial vehicles has enabled an alternative approach of indirect flow rate measurement by analyzing the surface flow velocities. Although the data acquired by this approach experiences somewhat higher measurement uncertainty than that of conventional measurement techniques, such non-contact measurement method is (1) more time efficient, (2) requires fewer operators, (3) can be applied in certain conditions when conventional methods are unfeasible, and (4) allows for automated and autonomous flow monitoring. Hydrometric analyses of video footage are still unstandardized, and finding a suitable tool which successfully deals with all the necessary actions for velocity and flow estimation has proven to be difficult. SSIMS-Flow tool is developed with the aim of providing easy access to different actions of video footage data preparation and processing to enable a holistic process – from preparing a “raw” video footage to the estimation of flow rate – which drastically simplifies the described approach.
- Published
- 2022
49. Sharing a Vision : Systems and Algorithms for Collaboratively-Teleoperated Robotic Cameras
- Author
-
Dezhen Song and Dezhen Song
- Subjects
- Robot camera, Command and control systems, Robotics, Mehrrobotersystem--Telemanipulator--Kamera--, Dreidimensionale Rekonstruktion, Kamera, Mehrrobotersystem, Remote Access, Telemanipulator, Virtuelle Gemeinschaft
- Abstract
By the dawn of the new millennium, robotics has undergone a major transf- mation in scope and dimensions. This expansion has been brought about by the maturity of the?eld and the advances in its related technologies. From a largely dominant industrial focus, robotics has been rapidly expanding into the challenges of the human world. The new generation of robots is expected to safely and dependably co-habitat with humans in homes, workplaces, and c- munities, providing support in services, entertainment, education, healthcare, manufacturing, and assistance. Beyond its impact on physical robots, the body of knowledge robotics has produced is revealing a much wider rangeof applications reaching across diverse research areas and scienti?c disciplines, such as: biomechanics, haptics, n- rosciences, virtual simulation, animation, surgery, and sensor networks among others. In return, the challenges of the new emerging areas are proving an ab- dant source of stimulation and insights for the?eld of robotics. It is indeed at the intersection of disciplines that the most striking advances happen. The goal of the series of Springer Tracts in Advanced Robotics (STAR) is to bring, in a timely fashion, the latest advances and developments in robotics on thebasisoftheirsigni?canceandquality.Itisourhopethatthewiderdissemi- tion of research developments will stimulate more exchanges and collaborations among the research community and contribute to further advancement of this rapidly growing?eld.
- Published
- 2009
50. Analisis Kesalahan Pengukuran Kecepatan Akibat Distorsi Lensa
- Author
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Yudha Hardhiyana Putra and Yusuf Kaelani
- Subjects
distorsi ,focal length ,kamera ,pengukuran kecepatan ,tingkat kesalahan ,Technology ,Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) ,TA1-2040 - Abstract
Gambar yang terdistorsi tentunya merugikan jika digunakan sebagai piranti untuk mengukur kecepatan. Hal ini terjadi karena efek distorsi bisa mengurangi tingkat ketepatan pengukuran. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan analisis kesalahan pengukuran kecepatan dengan perekaman video terhadap partikel yang bergerak lurus. Kecepatan partikel ini telah diketahui dan dijaga konstan. Video yang dihasilkan kemudian di-extract menjadi rangkaian gambar. Koordinat-koordinat titik pada rangkaian gambar tersebut merupakan bahan untuk analisis perpindahan. Data perpindahan selanjutnya diolah untuk analisis kecepatan sesaat. Hasil analisis kecepatan sesaat kemudian dibandingkan dengan kecepatan konstan partikel guna mengetahui sejauh mana keakuratan metode penelitian ini. Selain itu, dilakukan juga analisis distorsi untuk mengetahui seberapa besar distorsi yang berlaku pada beberapa focal length. Hasil yang diperoleh dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa tingkat kesalahan pengukuran kecepatan partikel dengan focal length 22 mm cenderung lebih kecil daripada saat menggunakan focal length 10 mm. Di sisi lain, distorsi lensa yang berlaku pada focal length 22 mm juga jauh lebih kecil. Maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa distorsi dan tingkat kesalahan memiliki korelasi yang berbanding lurus.
- Published
- 2017
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