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This study aimed to investigate the relationship between earthquake-related post-traumatic stress disorder, eating behaviours, and sleep disorders. Conducted online with 515 participants (80.2% female; mean age: 32.1 ± 14.0), it utilized a questionnaire including socio-demographics, PTSD-Short Scale (PTSD), Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), and the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (measuring cognitive restraint-CR, uncontrolled eating-UE, emotional eating-EE, and hunger sensitivity-HS). 28.5% of the participants lived in the earthquake zone. The rate of destroyed house, losing a loved one, and injury were significantly higher in those with PTSD. A significant correlation was found between the ISI and PTSD scores (r = 0.509, p < 0.001). PTSD score (β = 0.162), age (β=-0.335), body mass index (β = 0.269), and body weight change (β=-0.179) significantly related the CR. ISI and PTSD scores were positively associated with UE and HS. PTSD triggers the occurrence of insomnia and maladaptive eating behaviours such as emotional or uncontrolled eating.. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In the 21st century, disasters (particularly earthquakes, which remain the leading cause of death) continue to be among the foremost issues requiring global emergency response. While the impact of advancing technologies on the environmental and human damage caused by earthquakes is still a subject of debate, search and rescue (SAR) teams and emergency departments (ED), specifically emergency physicians (EPs), play a crucial role in the most acute management of the effects of these earthquakes on human life. This study aims to examine the injury dynamics of two catastrophic earthquakes that occurred in Turkey 24 years apart from the perspective of EPs, utilizing archival records from the SAR teams in which EPs served. Method: This study is a cross-sectional investigation analyzing the injury and SAR dynamics of casualties, based on the archives of SAR teams that included 12 EPs, during the 1999 Marmara and 2023 Kahramanmaraş (Maraş) earthquakes (groups). Results: In this study, a total of 160 injured individuals who were rescued alive from the rubble were included, with 26.3% (n = 42) from the Maraş group and 73.8% (n = 118) from the Marmara group. Identification of the injured was achieved in 54.8% (n = 23) of the Maraş group and 88.1% (n = 104) of the Marmara group, with an overall identification rate of 79.4% (n = 127) (p < 0.001). The most common injuries among the injured were lower extremity injuries (53.1%, n = 85) and upper extremity injuries (49.4%, n = 79), with the most frequent scenario being the extraction of two individuals from the same location (33.8%, n=54). The most common interventions provided to the injured were intravenous fluid therapy (63.8%, n =102) and oxygen support (57.5%, n =92). The rate of intubation at the scene was 16.1% (n = 19) in the Marmara group and 4.8% (n = 2) in the Maraş group (p < 0.05). Additionally, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) was administered at the scene in 13.6% (n = 16) of the Marmara group, compared to 2.4% (n = 1) in the Maraş group (p < 0.05). When examining the challenges encountered during SAR operations, the most frequent issue in the Maraş group was identification, affecting 57.1% of the cases (p < 0.001), whereas the most common issue in the Marmara group was entrapment, occurring in 50.0% of cases (p < 0.001). Lighting difficulties were observed at similar rates in both earthquakes (19.0% in Maraş, 19.5% in Marmara; p = 1.000). Additionally, weather conditions posed a challenge in 11.9% of cases in the Maraş group, whereas this issue was not encountered in the Marmara group (p < 0.001). Conclusion: The 24 years of experience and expertise gained by EPs who served in Türkiye in these operations constitute a valuable global resource. Disseminating this knowledge is crucial not only for managing earthquakes but also for preparing for other catastrophic events that could cause widespread destruction. Harnessing this accumulated experience can significantly enhance knowledge-sharing and the development of more effective preparedness strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Time series satellite data, coupled with available ground-based observations, enable geophysicists to survey earthquake precursors in areas of strong geotectonic activity. This paper is focused on pre-seismic atmospheric disturbances resulting from the stress accumulated during the seismogenic process related to the 6 February 2023 Kahramanmaras doublet earthquake sequence in Türkiye. We investigated the pre- and post-seismic anomalies of multiple precursors of different spatiotemporal patterns from MODIS Terra/Aqua and NOAA-AVHRR satellite data (air temperature at 2 m height—AT, air relative humidity—RH, and air pressure—AP, surface outgoing long-wave radiation—OLR, and land surface temperature—LST). Pre-seismic recorded anomalies of AT within seven months and OLR within one month before the main shocks suggested the existence of the preparatory process of the Kahramanmaras doublet earthquake. The 8-Day LST_Day and LST_night data evidenced pre-seismic and post-seismic thermal anomalies for both the Pazarcik and Elbistan earthquakes. The results of this study highlight that the spatiotemporal evolution of earthquake precursors can be important information for updating the seismic hazard in geotectonic active areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On February 6, 2023, two major earthquakes with magnitudes of 7,7 and 7,6 struck the Kahramanmaraş region in Turkey. Over 50.000 people lost their lives and more than half a million buildings were damaged as a result of these earthquakes. Earthquake survivors may develop post-traumatic stress disorder and sleep hygiene problems. This study aims to evaluate the correlation between post-traumatic stress and sleep hygiene among surviving adults six months after the February 6th Kahramanmaraş Earthquakes in Turkey. This study was conducted with 1004 earthquake survivors in 11 provinces influenced by the February 6th Kahramanmaraş earthquakes in Turkey. The data was collected with Personal Information Form, Impact of Events Scale-Revised, and the Sleep Hygiene Index. It has been determined that 54.1% of earthquake survivors scored ≥ 33 on the Impact of Events Scale-Revised. The level of post-traumatic stress disorder was high and their sleep hygiene index level was above average among earthquake survivors. A strongly significant positive correlation was observed between the Impact of Events Scale-Revised and the Sleep Hygiene Index. It is recommended to plan and implement community-based psychological interventions to reduce post-traumatic stress disorder and improve sleep hygiene among survivors after earthquakes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On 6 February 2023, two very large destructive earthquakes occurred in the East Anatolian Fault Zone (EAFZ), one of Türkiye's primary tectonic members. The fact that these earthquakes occurred on the same day and in the same region increased the extent of the destruction. Within the scope of this study, twenty different settlements affected by earthquakes and located directly on the EAFZ were taken into consideration. Significant destruction and structural failure at different levels were induced in reinforced concrete (RC) structures, the dominant urban building stock in these regions. To determine whether the earthquake hazard is adequately represented, the PGA values predicted in the last two earthquake hazard maps used in Türkiye for these settlements were compared with the measured PGAs from actual earthquakes. Subsequently, the damage to reinforced concrete structures in these settlements was evaluated within the scope of construction and earthquake engineering. In the final part of the study, static pushover analyses were performed on a selected example of a reinforced concrete building model, and target displacement values for different performance levels were determined separately for each earthquake. For the 20 different settlements considered, the displacements were also derived based on the values predicted in the last two earthquake hazard maps, and comparisons were made. While the target displacements were exceeded in some settlements, there was no exceedance in the other settlements. The realistic presentation of earthquake hazards will enable the mentioned displacements predicted for different performance levels of structures to be determined in a much more realistic manner. As a result, the performance grades predicted for the structures will be estimated more accurately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change and human‐induced pollution threaten freshwater systems. In the present study, it was aimed to evaluate the macrophytes‐stressor relations and ecological quality status based on the Macrophyte Biological Index for Rivers (Indice Biologique Macrophytique en Rivière [IBMR]) index of 25 streams sampled in the spring (rainy) and autumn (dry) seasons of 2021 in Kahramanmaraş province. A total of 53 macrophyte taxa were identified, and Lycopus europaeus, Mentha longifolia, Mentha aquatica, Juncus sp., Cladophora glomerata and Carex sp. were common taxa. Canonical correspondence analysis results indicated significant effects of total phosphorus, nitrite, dissolvent oxygen, electrical conductivity, bromate and boron on the distribution of macrophytes among streams, which was supported by results of the weighted average regression analysis. The IBMR indicated that the ecological quality status varied from bad to good in the studied streams. Deterioration in the water quality of a few ecosystems in the dry season compared to the rainy season was elucidated by the IBMR, which also distinguished the ecological conditions of streams. Results highlight that macrophyte species are one of the most important bioindicators to evaluate the ecological status of streams in Kahramanmaraş province due to their sensitivity to changes in environmental conditions. All suggest that IBMR can be used to evaluate the ecological health of streams in the Mediterranean region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silaj yapımı hayvan rasyonlarının önemli bir bölümünü oluşturmakta ve işletme ekonomisi bakımından büyük önem taşımaktadır. Mısır (Zea mays L.) silajlık materyal olarak en fazla tarımı yapılan bitkidir. Fakat mısır bitkisinden yüksek verim alınabilmesi için yetiştirileceği bölgeye uygun çeşitlerin belirlenmesi gerekmektedir. Bu araştırma, Kahramanmaraş ekolojik koşullarında 20 farklı silajlık mısır çeşitlerinin agronomik özelliklerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla, 2019 ve 2020 yıllarında Doğu Akdeniz Geçit Kuşağı Tarımsal Araştırma Enstitüsü’nde, Tesadüf Bloklar Deneme Desenine göre üç tekerrürlü olarak yürütülmüştür. İki yıllık ortalamalara göre; çeşitlerin bitki boylarının 244,56-314,22 cm, yaprak sayılarının 12,16-17,92 adet, sap çaplarının 20,23-25,79 mm, koçan çaplarının 32,30-49,59 mm, koçan sayılarının 1,00-1,17 adet, ilk koçan yüksekliklerinin 85,11-158,80 cm, yeşil otta yaprak oranlarının %13,66-21,73, yeşil otta sap oranlarının %41,01-59,29 ve yeşil otta koçan oranlarının %23,33-41,80 arasında değiştiği tespit edilmiştir. Bu çalışmadan AS160 silajlık mısır çeşidin Kahramanmaraş ili ve benzer ekolojilere sahip üreticilerimize tanıtılması ve ekiminin yaygınlaştırılması ile silajlık mısır üretimimizin artmasına katkı sağlanabileceği sonucu çıkarılmıştır.

Abstract Background Earthquakes are potentially traumatic natural disasters due to their destructive nature, and huge impacts, producing scenes of horror, undesirable and uncontrollable results. Children are affected mainly by earthquakes not only physically but also psychologically. We aimed to evaluate the rates of probable PTSD and related factors in children and adolescents after the February 6 Kahramanmaras earthquake. Methods In this cross-sectional study, 246 children and adolescents were included. The research was conducted in Hatay, one of the most affected provinces, between 06/07/2023-06/08/2023. Sociodemographic form, Children’s Depression Inventory, Children’s Posttraumatic Response Reaction Index, Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders, Child and Youth Resilience Measure and Social Support Appraisals Scale for Children were applied by face-to-face survey method. Results The median age of the participants was 12 (8-18). 133 (54%) of the participants were girls. Probable depression rate was 98%, and probable anxiety disorder rate was 63%. Probable mild, moderate, severe and very severe PTSD rates were 18%, 29%, 43% and 8%, respectively. The probable severe PTSD rate was higher in children who were injured in the earthquake (p = 0.032), who received outpatient treatment (p = 0.016), and who saw people trapped under the collapse (p = 0.012). Also, the children whose sleep routines have changed post-earthquake were found to have more probable severe PTSD (p

Background: Earthquakes are potentially traumatic natural disasters due to their destructive nature, and huge impacts, producing scenes of horror, undesirable and uncontrollable results. Children are affected mainly by earthquakes not only physically but also psychologically. We aimed to evaluate the rates of probable PTSD and related factors in children and adolescents after the February 6 Kahramanmaras earthquake. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 246 children and adolescents were included. The research was conducted in Hatay, one of the most affected provinces, between 06/07/2023-06/08/2023. Sociodemographic form, Children's Depression Inventory, Children's Posttraumatic Response Reaction Index, Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders, Child and Youth Resilience Measure and Social Support Appraisals Scale for Children were applied by face-to-face survey method. Results: The median age of the participants was 12 (8-18). 133 (54%) of the participants were girls. Probable depression rate was 98%, and probable anxiety disorder rate was 63%. Probable mild, moderate, severe and very severe PTSD rates were 18%, 29%, 43% and 8%, respectively. The probable severe PTSD rate was higher in children who were injured in the earthquake (p = 0.032), who received outpatient treatment (p = 0.016), and who saw people trapped under the collapse (p = 0.012). Also, the children whose sleep routines have changed post-earthquake were found to have more probable severe PTSD (p < 0.001). Access time to the potable water supply (p = 0.045), toilet facilities (p = 0.045), shelter facilities (p = 0.004), heating facilities (p = 0.001), clothing supply (p < 0.001) and healthcare services (p = 0.009) were found to be associated with probable severe PTSD right after the earthquake. In the fifth month of the earthquake, inadequate meeting of clothing needs (p = 0.018), educational services (p = 0.028) and social activity opportunities (p < 0.001) were significantly associated with probable severe PTSD. In the multivariate analysis, the risk of probable severe PTSD was increased 2.9 times in those with post-earthquake sleep changes (p = 0.001) and 11.1 times in those with probable anxiety disorders (p < 0.001). Also, it has been shown that each unit increase in the APP-family score reduces probable severe PTSD risk by 2% (p = 0.002). Conclusion: In the current study, the rates of probable PTSD, depression and anxiety disorders were considerably high. Probable anxiety disorder and sleep disturbance were significant predictors of probable severe PTSD. On the other hand, social support from family was found to be a significant protective factor for severe PTSD risk. We conclude that the lack of meeting needs that increase the risk of probable severe PTSD differs in the acute and subacute phases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Agriculture & Nature / Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım & Doğa Dergisi is the property of Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Universitesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Agriculture & Nature / Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım & Doğa Dergisi is the property of Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Universitesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Agriculture & Nature / Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım & Doğa Dergisi is the property of Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Universitesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Although Kahramanmaraş province has a significant potential for greenhouse investments due to factors such as land structure, climate characteristics and widespread agricultural production activities, there are few scientific studies that examine the greenhouse production situation of the region in terms of agricultural economy and at micro level. This study aims to determine the sociodemographic characteristics and current structural characteristics of greenhouse enterprises in Kahramanmaraş province. The material of the study consists of data obtained by face-to-face questionnaire from 68 plastic greenhouse enterprises identified by complete census method in three districts, two of which are in the central district of Kahramanmaraş province. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. According to the results of the study, the average greenhouse land area of the enterprises was determined as 7.38 decares and it was determined that 70.05% of the producers produced tomatoes and 23.17% produced cucumbers. It was determined that all of the enterprises used plastic greenhouses, 50% of them grew more than one crop and 27.94% of them had agricultural insurance. In addition, the enterprises are mostly protected from frost damage by burning straw (58.82%) and sprinkling (13.24%). Most of the enterprises reported that they had soil analysis (80.88%). The enterprises reported that they mostly benefited from bumblebee use support (83.82%), input (diesel-fertilizer) support (80.88%) and TARSİM (greenhouse insurance) support (64.71%). It is thought that this research will be an important source of data and information to effectively mobilize the greenhouse potential in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Having an important place in the liberation and establishment of Republican Türkiye, Maraş not only serves as a bridge from the past to the present with its culture and history, but also is located in a transition zone in Anatolia geographically and geologically. The current characteristics of the province have brought about natural disasters and other developments that affect every area, from social life to economic order. Various disasters of geological and meteorological origin have occurred in Kahramanmaraş in many periods of history. As a result of the disasters, loss of life and property occurred in the region and province. In this study, the natural disasters that occurred in Maraş between 1923 and 1960, when the economic structure was still based on old methods and techniques and the land used in agriculture reached its largest limit, and the effects of these disasters on the economic life will be discussed. During the study, primarily the Prime Ministry Republic Archive, TUIK sources, Maraş press, other works on the province and region, and sources on the period were used. The main aim of the study is to reveal the reflections of natural disasters in Maraş on economic life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Turkish Studies - Economics, Finance, Politics is the property of Electronic Turkish Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Huge losses of life and property occurred as a result of two independent catastrophic earthquakes on 6 February 2023 in the Eastern Anatolian Fault Zone, where no significant earthquake has occurred in approximately 500 years. The earthquakes, whose epicenters were in the Pazarcık and Elbistan districts of Kahramanmaraş province at 9 h intervals, had magnitudes of Mw = 7.7 and Mw = 7.6 and caused different levels of structural damage, especially in masonry-style structures in rural areas. In this study, the damage that occurred in masonry village schools, especially in rural areas, during these two earthquakes was evaluated in terms of the characteristics of the earthquake and within the scope of civil engineering, and the causes of the damage were discussed. The damage levels of the masonry schools examined were classified using the European Macroseismic Scale (EMS-98). Information about the Kahramanmaraş earthquakes was given and structural analyses were carried out for a widely used reference school building. The school building block was analytically modeled, and its seismic load-bearing capacities were predicted through pushover analysis in TREMURI software. The study also includes repair and strengthening recommendations for such structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Mustafa Kemal University Journal of Agricultural Sciences / Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of Mustafa Kemal University, Faculty of Agriculture and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Agriculture & Nature / Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım & Doğa Dergisi is the property of Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Universitesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Kahramanmaraş earthquakes that struck the Antakya downtown resulted in significant structural damage, highlighting the need to understand the underlying causes and develop effective mitigation strategies. This experimental study aims to investigate the reasons behind the observed structural damage by examining defects in building materials. Through comprehensive laboratory testing, a detailed analysis was conducted to identify the factors contributing to the vulnerability of structures in the affected area. To simulate the conditions experienced during the earthquake, various building materials, including concrete and reinforcement steel, were subjected to rigorous testing. The results revealed variations in concrete quality, with some samples exhibiting lower compression strength, incorrect aggregate mixing ratios, deepening of carbonation over time and higher permeability, indicating potential weaknesses in the structural integrity. Furthermore, the examination of reinforcement steel samples revealed the presence of corrosion and inadequate bond strength, compromising the load-bearing capacity of the structures. These defects significantly affected the performance of reinforced concrete elements during the earthquake, leading to localized failures and increased vulnerability. In addition to these tests, cylindrical concrete elements with the same properties were reproduced to examine the concrete-steel adhesion interface. Ø8 reinforcements collected from the field was placed in the concrete elements during the production phase. Tensile tests were carried out on 48 test samples produced. In particular, pull-out tests of test elements without ribs and with low concrete compression strength, simulating the field, were completed at very low loads. The experimental results provide valuable insights into the causes of structural damage observed in the Hatay region following the Kahramanmaraş earthquakes. The identified defects in building materials, such as concrete and reinforcement steel, highlight the importance of stringent quality control measures during construction.

The February 06, 2023, Kahramanmaraş earthquake brought great destruction and loss of life to the region. In times of crisis, effective disaster communication is crucial to ensure public safety and facilitate response efforts. Local governments play a critical role in managing and disseminating information during disasters using various communication channels, including social media. This research aims to analyze the role of local governments in disaster communication during the Kahramanmaraş earthquake. In particular, it examined how local governments use social media for disaster communication, the strategies they use to manage information dissemination, and the effectiveness of their communication efforts. By exploring these key issues, this study aims to provide insights into the vital role of local governments in disaster communication and contribute to improving future disaster response efforts. In this context, using the case study method, the posts of Kahramanmaraş Metropolitan Municipality on X accounts were analyzed between February 06, 2023, and March 09, 2023.

Huge losses of life and property occurred as a result of two independent catastrophic earthquakes on 6 February 2023 in the Eastern Anatolian Fault Zone, where no significant earthquake has occurred in approximately 500 years. The earthquakes, whose epicenters were in the Pazarcık and Elbistan districts of Kahramanmaraş province at 9 h intervals, had magnitudes of Mw = 7.7 and Mw = 7.6 and caused different levels of structural damage, especially in masonry-style structures in rural areas. In this study, the damage that occurred in masonry village schools, especially in rural areas, during these two earthquakes was evaluated in terms of the characteristics of the earthquake and within the scope of civil engineering, and the causes of the damage were discussed. The damage levels of the masonry schools examined were classified using the European Macroseismic Scale (EMS-98). Information about the Kahramanmaraş earthquakes was given and structural analyses were carried out for a widely used reference school building. The school building block was analytically modeled, and its seismic load-bearing capacities were predicted through pushover analysis in TREMURI software. The study also includes repair and strengthening recommendations for such structures.

Depremler çok sayıda can ve mal kayıplarına yol açan doğal afetlerden biridir. Depremler sonucunda nüfus kayıpları ve yerleşim birimlerinin zarar görmesi gibi nedenlerle mekan üzerinde önemli değişimler yaşanmaktadır. 6 Şubat Kahramanmaraş merkezli depremler asrın felaketi olarak nitelendirilmektedir. Bu kapsamda araştırmanın amacı 6 Şubat tarihinde meydana gelen depremlerin Kahramanmaraş şehrinde etkisini ortaya koymaktır. Bu bağlamda arazi çalışmalarında gözlemler yapılmış, CBS’den yararlanılarak haritalar üretilmiş ve ortafoto görüntüleri çalışmada kullanılmıştır. Dulkadiroğlu ve Onikişubat ilçe merkezlerinde yer alan 86 mahallenin depremlerden etkilenme durumları belirlenmiştir. Mahallelerin depremlerden etkilenme durumları belirlenirken arazi çalışmalarında yapılan gözlemler, TUİK’ten elde edilen nüfus verileri kullanılmıştır ve depremlerden sonra mahallerde yaşanan nüfus değişimleri ortaya konulmuştur. Maxar uydu verileriyle bina yoğunlukları belirlenmiş, depremlerden sonra yıkılan binalar orta foto görüntüleriyle çalışmaya eklenmiştir. Arazi çalışmaları, mahalle nüfus değişim oranları ve uydu görüntüleri ile elde edilen sonuç haritasına göre mahallelerin etkilenme durumları çok, orta ve az etkilenen şeklinde belirlenmiştir. 86 mahallenin 16’sı az, 12’si orta ve 58’i depremlerden çok etkilenmiştir. Araştırma sahasında zemin bakımından yerleşmeye uygun olmayan alüvyal ve kolüvyal arazilere karşılık gelen alanlar, nüfus yoğunluğunun fazla ve dikey yapılaşmanın görüldüğü Şazibey, Hayrullah ve İsmet Paşa mahalleleri depremlerden daha fazla etkilenmiştir. Eosen dönemine ait kumtaşı ve çamurtaşlarının bulunduğu Ahır dağı ve çevresindeki mahallelerin depremlerden etkilenme durumları azdır. Yüksek katlı olmasına rağmen binaların yeni yapılması ve zemin bakımından yerleşmeye daha uygun alanlara inşa edilmesi; Cumhuriyet, Beş Nisan ve Hürriyet mahallelerinin depremlerden daha az etkilenmesini sağlamıştır. Araştırma mahalellelerin depremlerden etkilenme durumlarını ortaya koyduğu için yeniden inşa edilecek şehirde atılacak adımlarda yol gösterici olabilir.

In the present study, red slip wares excavated from the ancient city of Germanicia (modern Kahramanmaraş, Southeastern Anatolia) were subjected to an archaeometric analysis. A multi‐analytical approach was employed, including stereomicroscopy, optical microscopy, XRPD, SEM‐EDS, and XRF to explore the mineralogical and chemical compositions of the samples. Based on both archaeological and archaeometric criteria, the samples were classified into three main categories: African, Phocaean, and Sagalassos red slip wares. The African red slip wares were characterized by an abundance of coarse quartz inclusion, accompanied by lesser quantities of plagioclase and mica. The Phocaean red slip wares primarily consisted of quartz, feldspar, and mica. In contrast, the Sagalassos red slip wares featured a groundmass rich in quartz, mica/biotite, hematite, and opaque minerals. Thermoanalytical data indicated that all samples were fired at temperatures between 800 and 900°C. The results suggest that red slip wares found at Germanicia were not manufactured using local available clay sources but rather originated from different regions. This evidence further provides that Germanicia was actively involved in trade networks and interacted with various ancient urban centers, such as Africa, Phocaean, and Sagalassos, during the Late Roman Period, between the fourth and fifth centuries AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Turkish Journal of Child & Adolescent Mental Health / Çocuk ve Gençlik Ruh Sagligi Dergisi is the property of Galenos Yayinevi Tic. LTD. STI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Many reinforced-concrete structures collapsed or were seriously damaged in the 7.7 and 7.6 magnitude earthquakes that occurred in southern Türkiye on 6 February 2023. The recorded peak ground accelerations were quite high (2.2 g) and the recorded motions' elastic acceleration response spectra were significantly greater than the elastic design spectra given by the most recent Turkish seismic design code. A total of 518,000 houses were heavily damaged or collapsed in the eleven cities affected by the earthquake. More than 53,000 people lost their lives and over 100,000 people were injured, the majority of these injurits caused by the collapse of reinforced concrete structures. Post-earthquake damage assessments are important in the context of applying sustainability principles to building design and construction. In this study, post-earthquake damage assesments and evaluations were made for the reinforced-concrete structures that were exposed to destruction or various structural damage in Hatay, Kahramanmaraş and Adıyaman, which where most affected after the Kahramanmaraş earthquakes. The RC building damage and failure mechanisms resulting from field observations were evaluated in detail from a broad performance-based structural and earthquake engineering perspective. Information about Kahramanmaraş earthquakes is given briefly. Design spectra and spectral accelerations were compared for the earthquake stations in these three provinces. Soft/weak story, short column, insufficiently reinforced-concrete, and poor workmanship are the primary causes of structural damage, which cause earthquake weaknesses in these buildings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study, which aims to draw attention to the historical features of Maraş Castle and the importance of preserving it, examines the changes Maraş Castle has undergone, through visual documents. Maraş Castle, located in the central district of the Kahramanmaraş Province, is a cultural heritage that has witnessed the five-thousand-year historical course of the city. The first settlements in the castle can be traced back to the beginning of the early Bronze Age. In addition to being surrounded by Roman era fortifications and harbouring the Late Hittite period archaeological remains, Maraş Castle, referred to as the traditional city centre since the Dulkadiroğlu era, has had an important place in the urban memory. In the data collection process, first, old photographs and engravings of the castle were obtained. Then, the literature review results related to the castle's architecture and history were evaluated together with field observations. It was found out that Maraş Caste has served different functions and undergone numerous changes in its history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Erciyes Communication / Erciyes İletişim Dergisi is the property of Erciyes University, Faculty of Communication / Erciyes Universitesi Iletism Fakultesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The study aims to identify factors influencing the consumption preferences of packaged and unpackaged milk among consumers in Kahramanmaraş province. A face-to-face survey was conducted with 400 consumers selected through proportional sampling in 2020. Tobit regression was employed for data analysis. Results indicate that women prefer packaged milk more than men, and as age increases, consumers tend to prefer packaged milk. Moreover, consumers in higher income groups are more likely to consume packaged milk. Conversely, there is a negative correlation between university education level and unpackaged milk consumption. Additionally, a higher number of family members and the perception of open milk as healthy influence open milk preferences. Advertising campaigns and having children in the family were found to be ineffective in influencing packaging preferences. Thus, decision makers should develop policies to promote open milk consumption among low-income consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the 6th to 7th of February 2023, a storm surge struck Ras El-Bar, Nile Delta coast and attacked the resort facilities, with a wave height and velocity in deep water of 7.2 m and 12.7 m/sec respectively. The wind speed was 12.84 m/s, blowing from the NW and the WSW quadrants. This was an unwitnessed event revealed from the study of similar time interval from 1998 to 2022. Synchronizing with this event on the 6th of February 2023, was Kahramanmaraş Turkey Earthquakes. Consequently, the shoreline receded for about −30 m and with a drop in sea-level of about −40 cm. Furthermore, considerable changes in the beach morphology from a dissipative to a cuspate-related, intermediate tidal flat transverse bar with a rip profile. These are either related to the change in the morphodynamic or sedimentary budget, and resulting due to seawater scouring of bottom sediments for more than −30 cm. Two days preceding the Earthquakes an isostatic rise in sea-level (+20 cm) at the Turkish coast compared to the Mediterranean records, which is interpreted due to regional underwater seismic activities. The drop in the sea-surface height does not happen due to seawater outflow to the Atlantic Ocean. However, the sea-level regained its normal position because of the refill occurring from the Atlantic Ocean to the Mediterranean Sea. The pumice pieces, organic peat, and starfish distributed at Ras El-Bar coast, and thrown from the Northern Mediterranean indicate that the Egyptian coast was subjected to a little tsunami with average height of 14 cm. It is minimized due to enforced wave shifting from high pressure over Egypt to the low-pressure sinks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Eastern Geographical Review / Doğu Coğrafya Dergisi is the property of Ataturk University Coordinatorship of Scientific Journals and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Rebuilding cities that have been significantly damaged or destroyed by multiple earthquakes is a challenging endeavor that has received considerable attention in recent days. It is necessary to conduct a thorough literature review to identify the key aspects that require closer examination to resolve this issue comprehensively. Significantly, the devastating earthquake that struck Kahramanmaraş caused extensive damage in twelve provinces, necessitating an immediate redesign of interior and outdoor spaces. This article emphasizes the importance of long-term planning involving multiple disciplines for implementing the proposed measures and actions. By leveraging the lessons learned from reconstruction efforts in earthquake-ravaged areas, it is possible to establish a comprehensive framework that provides policymakers, urban planners, and architects worldwide with invaluable guidance. By leveraging this collective knowledge, decision makers can develop holistic approaches that resolve immediate structural concerns and improve reconstructed cities' livability, adaptability, and disaster resilience. With Kahramanmaraş as a case study, this research provides a comprehensive road map for rebuilding earthquake-devastated urban spaces. This study provides invaluable insights into creating resilient cities that can withstand and recover from disasters by emphasizing long-term planning, interdisciplinary collaboration, and lessons from previous reconstruction efforts. The findings of this study have far-reaching implications for cities around the globe, as they shed light on effective strategies to mitigate the destructive impact of future disasters and promote sustainable urban development in an era of growing vulnerabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On February 6, 2023, two major earthquakes occurred in Kahramanmaraş, Türkiye. This study analyzes the transformations in housing preferences of the earthquake victims. Accordingly, 30 earthquake victims who were in Adana, Hatay, Kahramanmaraş, and Malatya during the earthquakes were reached via snowball sampling, and then semistructured interviews were conducted with them. After transcribing the interviews, the software ATLAS.ti 9 was used to identify the five themes of the study: 1) preferences shifting from vertical to horizontal housing, 2) preferences shifting from comfort-oriented options to those with safety, 3) preferences shifting from urban to rural areas, 4) rising demand for buildings complying with the earthquake legislation, and 5) reasons for not leaving the earthquake zone because of economic or family reasons despite lack of trust in the building/area. The findings revealed that safety needs were prioritized over other needs, supporting Maslow's theory of hierarchical structuring of needs. This study might make a general contribution to the field of sociology of disasters and guide development of public policies postdisaster. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On 6 February 2023, two very large destructive earthquakes occurred in the East Anatolian Fault Zone (EAFZ), one of Türkiye’s primary tectonic members. The fact that these earthquakes occurred on the same day and in the same region increased the extent of the destruction. Within the scope of this study, twenty different settlements affected by earthquakes and located directly on the EAFZ were taken into consideration. Significant destruction and structural failure at different levels were induced in reinforced concrete (RC) structures, the dominant urban building stock in these regions. To determine whether the earthquake hazard is adequately represented, the PGA values predicted in the last two earthquake hazard maps used in Türkiye for these settlements were compared with the measured PGAs from actual earthquakes. Subsequently, the damage to reinforced concrete structures in these settlements was evaluated within the scope of construction and earthquake engineering. In the final part of the study, static pushover analyses were performed on a selected example of a reinforced concrete building model, and target displacement values for different performance levels were determined separately for each earthquake. For the 20 different settlements considered, the displacements were also derived based on the values predicted in the last two earthquake hazard maps, and comparisons were made. While the target displacements were exceeded in some settlements, there was no exceedance in the other settlements. The realistic presentation of earthquake hazards will enable the mentioned displacements predicted for different performance levels of structures to be determined in a much more realistic manner. As a result, the performance grades predicted for the structures will be estimated more accurately.

This study investigates the ground-motion analysis and local site effects in Kahramanmaras city during the 6 Feb 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake sequence. The damage distribution was non-uniform, concentrated in an area with 8–10-story buildings on alluvial soil. Comparison between the recorded data and several ground-motion models examined in this study indicates that ground-motion models predict the spectral accelerations around 3 times less than what observed during the first event. Site response analyses are carried out for three sequential earthquakes with magnitudes greater than 6.5 occurred on 6th of February 2023. Deconvolution analysis shows that the peak ground acceleration of bedrock motions correlates with distance: 0.1 g farthest, 0.3 g nearest, and ~ 0.2 g intermediary stations in Kahramanmaras city. The results of convolution analysis indicate that the ground surface spectral acceleration of the first event is the dominant spectra compared to the second and third events for periods less than 4 s. The results of site response analysis show that the 10-story buildings tolerated a spectral acceleration upto 0.85 g which is ~ 1.8 times greater than what is recommended by the available national design spectrum (i.e., the 2007 Turkey seismic design code). This means that the recorded motions in Kahramanmaras city have return periods larger than the 475 years of the Turkish seismic design code. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and Study Objective: In Turkey, a total of 269 earthquakes took place from 1900 through 2023. The most devastating earthquakes in terms of casualties and extensive destruction occurred at 4:17am and 1:24pm local time on February 6, 2023 with the epicenters located in Pazarcik (Kahramanmaras) and Ekinozu (Kahramanmaras) and magnitudes of 7.7Mw and 7.6Mw, respectively. The aim of this study was to define the frequency of lung complications that occurred directly and/or developed during the intensive care follow-up of individuals affected by the Kahramanmaras earthquakes. Method: A retrospective evaluation was conducted on the files of 69 patients who were rescued from the debris of collapsed buildings after the Kahramanmaras earthquakes and followed up in the intensive care unit in terms of the time under the debris, demographic data, vital signs, and lung complications that were present at the time of admission and developed during follow-up. SPSS for Windows v. 20.0 was used for data analysis. Results: The study included a total of 69 patients, of whom 29 (42%) were female and 40 (58%) were male. The mean age was 39.9 (SD = 16.9) years. The mean time under the debris was 53.9 (SD = 52) hours, and the mean time from rescue to the intensive care unit admission was 18.7 (SD = 12.8) hours. One or more pulmonary complications were detected in 52.2% (n = 36) of the patients at the time of admission. During the follow-up, 30.4% (n = 21) of the patients developed pulmonary congestion, 13.0% (n = 9) pneumonia, 1.5% (n = 1) alveolar hemorrhage, and 1.5% (n = 1) atelectasis, while no additional lung complications developed in the remaining 37 patients (53.6%). Conclusion: Severe cases of individuals recovered from the debris can have a high prevalence of earthquake-related lung disorders and chest trauma, which may be associated with high mortality. The timely identification and effective intervention of pulmonary complications that may develop during follow-up can reduce mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kahramanmaraş is an Anatolian city with a very rich historical and cultural background. This wealth has also affected the emotional and mental world of the local people and has revealed a rich vocabulary by being expressed in words. It is possible to find thousands of examples of local words in the vocabulary of the region, apart from pronunciation differences. The fact that the region has been a Turkish homeland for many years and, therefore, the Turkish language has existed in the region for many years has led to the survival of some vocabulary belonging to the historical periods of Turkish. It is seen that many vocabulary elements in the region exist in historical periods but have fallen out of use in our written language today. In some studies, it has been stated that the fact that the elements used in the historical periods of the language are still seen today cannot be seen as an archaic situation. It has been stated that in order to be archaic, this can be determined by comparing it with another dialect region or dialect. We also agree with this opinion. For this reason, while revealing the archaic elements in the Kahramanmaraş dialect, a determination was made by comparing them with today's written language. As a result of the study, 52 lexical items were identified as archaic. Some of these lexical items can be traced back to the Old Turkish period, some to the DLT, and some to the 13th century in Anatolia. It was observed that most of the archaic loanwords preserved their meaning in historical periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Ottoman Legacy Studies (OMAD) / Osmanlı Mirası Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of Journal of Ottoman Legacy Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Agriculture & Nature / Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım & Doğa Dergisi is the property of Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Universitesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

OBJECTIVES: Earthquakes are one of the most studied uncontrollable natural conditions that cause negative psychological consequences. Although health-care workers (HCWs) are trained to manage trauma in the out-of-hospital area, uncontrollable tragic events in the earthquake field and exposure to life-threatening situations may cause psychological disorders. This study aimed to investigate the risk of the development of probable posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and the factors affecting it in HCWs working in the region during major earthquakes centered in Kahramanmaras. METHODS: The questionnaire, which consists of the Turkish version of the 20-item PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) self-report measure assessing DSM-5 symptoms of PTSD, was applied to HCWs. The Turkish version of the PCL-5 proved validity and reliability, with a cutoff point of ≥47 to diagnose probable PTSD. RESULTS: In this study, of the 79 HCWs, 62.7% were male. The overall probable PTSD rate was 37.9% (n = 30). Female participants had a significantly higher probable PTSD rate than males (P < 0.001). The nurses met probable PTSD criteria statistically significantly more than the doctors (P = 0.026). The multiple regression analysis for predictors of probable PTSD revealed that female gender, previously working in a level 1 hospital, and being a nurse were among the independent risk factors. CONCLUSION: This study showed that the probable PTSD rate was high among HCWs and that female HCWs were at higher risk for PTSD. HCWs, especially females working in the disaster area, should be closely monitored, and more mental health services should be provided to ensure that HCWs receive the necessary support in the postdisaster period.

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in herbal remedies for therapeutic purposes. Aromatic plants have become a significant source of raw materials for the fragrance, food, and cosmetics industries. Additionally, the emergence of new applications and the trend towards natural nutrition and alternative healing methods, often referred to as "going natural," have increased the interest in medicinal and aromatic plants in our country, as well as in other countries around the world. In this study were investigated to determine yield and quality characteristics of seven different lavender (Lavandula intermedia Emeric ex Loisel. = L. hybrida L.) (Grasso, Süper-A, Seguret, Dutch, Abrial, Akmeşe, English) cultivars under dry and irrigated cultivation in Kahramanmaraş conditions between 2019 and 2020. The research was carried out in a randomized block design with 4 replications. Fresh stem flower yield was the highest variety Grasso(672.81kg/da). The lowest fresh stem flower yield was found in Seguret variety with 611.33kg/da The highest dry stemless flower yield was determined in Grasso variety with 59,66 kg/da. There were significant differences determined between cultivars the end of 2 years. The highest average fresh stem flower yield (693.067 kg/da) and the highest average dry branched flower yield (252.588 kg/ha) were measured in GRASSO variety.

Deprem sonrasında barınma, afetzedelerin en temel ihtiyaçlarından biridir. Afet sonrası halkın geçici olarak barınma ihtiyaçlarını karşılamak amacıyla kullandıkları spor kompleksleri sahip oldukları özelliklerinden dolayı deprem bölgelerinde çok önemli mekânlar haline gelmektedir. Geniş hacimleri, dönüştürülebilir mekân potansiyeli, temel ihtiyaçların karşılanması konusunda ıslak hacimlerin varlığı ve açık-kapalı alanları bir arada bulundurmasından dolayı spor kompleksleri geçici kullanımlar için potansiyeller barındırır. Bu çalışmada, 6 Şubat 2023 tarihinde Kahramanmaraş merkezli yaşanan depremler sonrasında geçici barınma alanı olarak kullanılan Kahramanmaraş ilinde bulunan Batıpark Spor Kompleksi ve Gaziantep ili Nurdağı ilçesinde bulunan Vali Mehmet Lütfullah Bilgin Spor Salonu’nun deprem sonrası mekânsal kullanımı iki örnek özelinde ele alınmakta ve spor komplekslerinin potansiyellerinin ortaya konulması amaçlanmaktadır. Sonuç olarak, sahip oldukları mekânsal özelliklerinden dolayı spor komplekslerinin deprem sonrası dönüşümü ve kullanımı deprem ülkesi olan Türkiye için büyük önem taşımakta, bu iki örneklemden elde edilen değerlendirmeler ise olası depremler için önemli veriler sunmaktadır.

Bu çalışma, tarihsel süreç içerisinde yaşanan gelişmelerden en güncel olan dijital çağın toplumsal kurumlar arasından din kurumuna etkileri ve bunun sonucunda ortaya çıkan bireysel ve toplumsal anlamdaki değişiklikleri belirleme amacı taşımaktadır. Bu noktada dijital çağda din eğitimi alan bireyler ve dijitalleşme ile din kurumunun kesişimi ile karşılaştıkları deneyimler ve verdikleri tepkiler önem arz etmektedir. Bu çalışmada teknolojik gelişmelerin dini alana sirayet etmesi neticesinde görüşmecilerin tekno- dini pratikleri yaşamlarına yansıtış biçimlerini ve din kurumu algısının değişimi ve dönüşümünü belirlemek amacıyla derinlemesine görüşme tekniği kullanılmıştır. Tekno dini pratikler bağlamında değişen, dönüşen ve farklılaşan din fenomeni üzerinden oluşturulan çalışma, Kahramanmaraş İlinde yer alan Hacı Mehmet Kalay Kız Anadolu İmam Hatip Lisesi'nde eğitim gören 15 gönüllü kız öğrenci ile yapılan görüşmelerin sonucudur. Alan araştırması sonunda dijital iletişim teknolojilerinin gün geçtikçe çeşitlenmesi, fonksiyonlarının artması ve yaygınlaşması, bireysel ve toplumsal düzeyde hızlı bir dijitalleşme sürecine geçilmesini sağlayarak din olgusunu da etkisi altına aldığı görülmüştür. Bu bağlamda, üretilen dijital dini uygulamaların varlığı söz konusu olmuştur. Dijital gelişmelerin dini eğitime ve pek çok dini alana kolaylık sağladığı, katılımcıların yaşamlarının daha pratik hale geldiği gerçeği ortaya çıkmıştır. Katılımcıların teknolojik gelişmeleri dini yaşam alanlarında etkin bir şekilde tercih ettikleri görülmüştür.

Coğrafî özellikleri bakımından nemli iklim bölgelerinde yetiştirilmeye uygun olan fındık bitkisi, Türkiye’de ilk defa Giresun’da üretilmeye başlanmış olup ülkenin dış ticaretinde tarımsal ihraç ürün olma özelliğiyle önem arz eden ürünler arasında yerini almıştır. Eskiçağlardan beri tanınıp bilinen ve tarihi süreç içinde özel bir yere sahip olan fındık, şimdilerde Kahramanmaraş´ın Kalekaya Mahallesi için ekonomik bir ürün haline gelmiştir. Çalışmada Kalekaya’daki fındık üretiminin yörede bilinirliğinin arttırılması ve farkındalık yaratılması, fındığın yöre ekonomisine ve istihdamına yönelik katkısının belirlenip üretim sürecinde karşılaşılan sorunların ortaya konması amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada veri toplama aracı olarak yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme formu kullanılmış, fındık üreticileri ile yapılan görüşmeler tablolar haline getirilerek değerlendirilmiştir. Katılımcılar, fındık üretimini dedelerinden öğrendiklerini ve uzun yıllarda bir kültür haline gelen bu üretimden memnun olduklarını ifade etmişlerdir. Kırsal bir mekân olan Kalekaya ve çevresinde fındık üretiminde doğru gübre kullanımıyla verimliliğin arttırılabileceği ve fındığın yörede önemli bir istihdam alanı oluşturup çevre il ve ilçelere olan göçü azaltacağı düşünülmektedir.

Excavation sites are laboratories and data sources of archaeological science. Each archaeological site has its own specific excavation practices. Taking this situation into consideration, different excavation methods have been developed and continue to improve thanks to technological tools and equipment. Site dynamics play an important role in deciding an excavation method. As a result of excavations carried out in different systematics as “Horizontal Plan Excavations” and “Vertical Plan Excavations”, both the data to be obtained and the speed of accessing the data vary. Since the aim of “Horizontal Plan Excavations” is based on revealing together of life elements, on the same plane, in wide-plan squares, it provides that the settlement layers in the stratigraphy are clearly visible; in “Vertical Plan Excavations”, the target is to quickly detect cultural layers by excavating from top to bottom in several adjacent plan squares. “Step Trench” as “Vertical Plan Excavation” is methods applied in mounds, but it can also be applied in cave excavations. Since cave, large or small-scale mound and large-scale city excavations are among the rich resources of Anatolian archeology distinct excavation methods mentioned above, can be applied. The cultural deposit structure of settlements is an also important determinants in deciding which of these excavation methods to use. The aim of this article is to reveal the advantages of evaluating the data obtained when cave archeology, which is tried to be continued with a small number of excavations, is carried out with a horizontal plan excavation, specifically in the Direkli Cave. Excavations.

Large-scale loss of life and property occurred in Kahramanmaraş and its districts, which are the city center where the epicenters of the earthquake couples that occurred on February 6, 2023, in Türkiye. Major damage has occurred in different structural systems due to the earthquake. In addition, fault traces that are the source of the earthquake were clearly observed on the ground surface. In this study, the effects of both earthquakes on soil, reinforced concrete, masonry, prefabricated, and other structural systems were evaluated observationally in Kahramanmaraş and its districts. Comparisons were made on the last two earthquake maps used in Türkiye for the locations of strong ground motion measuring devices in Kahramanmaraş. The masonry structures, which are common in rural areas in the epicenter, have been heavily damaged because they have not received engineering service. However, it is seen that the concrete buildings have insufficient strength and ductility. A similar situation is also present in industrial precast structures, and it has been observed that the damaged and collapsed in these structures are manufactured without complying with the type connection details given for prefabricated reinforced concrete structures in the codes. It has also been observed that the soil-structure interaction is the most determining parameter in the structure's performance in these earthquake couples. Especially in weak soils, the damage to the structures has been quite heavy. The field data obtained from the earthquakes showed that some of the conditions of the current earthquake code should be discussed again. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Air pollution can be defined as the presence of air pollutants, such as Sulfur Dioxide, Particulate Matter, Nitrous Oxides, Carbon Monoxide, Ozone and Hydrocarbons in the atmosphere above the limit values. These polluting parameters can be found in high amounts in the outdoor air as a result of the rapid increase in population, the use of fossil fuels for heating and energy needs, unplanned industry and industrialization, volcanic movements and natural disasters. The high amount of these air-polluting parameters in the air we breathe can prevent people and other living things from living a healthy life. In this study, the great destruction caused by two major earthquakes in Kahramanmaraş and Hatay and the changes in the outdoor air during the works to remove the debris of the collapsed buildings and other structures due to this destruction were investigated. It is thought that the increase in PM10 data at Kahramanmaraş Onikisubat air quality measurement station may be due to the use of too many heavy equipment in debris removal works and the increase in vehicle traffic using fossil fuels due to the earthquake. The content used in the study was sourced from the National Air Quality Monitoring Network of the Ministry of Environment, Urbanization and Climate Change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crisis communication in disasters is an important tool for establishing relationships with the parties affected by the crisis, fostering a healthy relationship with the affected target audience, and mitigating the effects of the crisis. Accurate, regular, and continuous information dissemination is a crucial element of crisis communication. There are fundamental tools available to facilitate communication during crises. One such tool is the press release, used to inform the people. Press releases are shared directly with the media and made available to all other stakeholders through relevant digital channels. The purpose of this article is to investigate how the Disaster and Emergency Management Authority (AFAD) attempted to manage the crisis through the press releases published on its website during the earthquake in Kahramanmaraş on February 6, 2023. The study includes a total of 41 press releases published on AFAD's website between February 6 and February 24, 2023. Content analysis technique using the Maxqda 2020 program was employed to analyse the press releases as part of qualitative research methods. The findings indicate that AFAD initiated earthquake information dissemination through its website from the moment the earthquake occurred. AFAD was found to use press releases within the framework of "official updates" and "public statements." The conclusion drawn is that AFAD established statistical and coordination-based communication throughout the disaster using press releases. Another finding is the absence of fundamental communication content within the framework of crisis communication, such as taking responsibility, goodwill gestures, and expressing good wishes. arasındaki araştırmalar sınırlılığında literatür analizi uygulanmıştır. Sosyal değişim sürecindeki otantik liderin, kişiliğinin ve ahlaki anlayışının, personelin algıladığı örgütsel desteğe ve performansına etkisini göstermek araştırmanın önemini oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmanın bulgularında personelin algıladığı örgütsel destek düzeyi ile otantik liderin davranışı arasında olumlu ve doğru orantılı bir ilişki olduğunu, bu oran ölçüsünde personel, otantik liderinin ahlaki inançlarına ve öz değerlerine güvendiğini, davranış ve inancıyla yönetilmeyi kabul ettiği tespit edilmiştir. Araştırmanın son kısmında çalışmanın neticesine ve gelecekteki çalışmalar için önerilere yer verilmektedir. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]