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Botryosphaeriaceae species are the major causal agents of walnut dieback worldwide, along with Diaporthe species. Botryosphaeria dothidea and Neofusicoccum parvum are the only two Botryosphaeriaceae species associated with this recently emergent disease in France, and little is known about their diversity, structure, origin and dispersion in French walnut orchards. A total of 381 isolates of both species were genetically typed using a sequence-based microsatellite genotyping (SSR-seq) method. This analysis revealed a low genetic diversity and a high clonality of these populations, in agreement with their clonal mode of reproduction. The genetic similarity among populations, regardless of the tissue type and the presence of symptoms, supports the hypothesis that these pathogens can move between fruits and twigs and display latent pathogen lifestyles. Contrasting genetic patterns between N. parvum populations from Californian and Spanish walnut orchards and the French ones suggested no conclusive evidence for pathogen transmission from infected materials. The high genetic similarity with French vineyards populations suggested instead putative transmission between these hosts, which was also observed with B. dothidea populations. Overall, this study provides critical insight into the epidemiology of two important pathogens involved in the emerging dieback of French walnut orchards, including their distribution, potential to mate, putative origin and disease pathways.

Common walnut (Juglans regia L.) is a valuable nut crop widely distributed within the temperate climate zone. It has several secondary centers of origin associated with refugia formed during the LGM (Last Glacial Maximum) period, one of which was presumably located in the Caucasus region. Currently, walnut populations of the Caucasus are studied fragmentarily, especially in the northeast. Our study is aimed at investigating the genetic diversity, population structure, and possible walnut introduction processes in the Caspian region of the Northeast Caucasus (Dagestan). Genotyping using 11 SSR markers was performed for 158 samples from local walnut populations. Also, to identify the introduction facts, 42 varieties of different geographical origin were added to research. The SSR markers genetic diversity in the analysis of population varied from four to 20 alleles per locus, with an average value of 9.82. Analysis of the genetic structure revealed significant genetic differences between the subpopulations of the Mountain and Flatland Dagestan. Presumably, the structure of the gene pool could have been influenced by terrain factors and ethnocultural characteristics. Subpopulations of Flatland Dagestan have an intermediate position between the western cultivars and the gene pool of Mountain Dagestan, which subpopulations showed significant genetic isolation. In the studied samples set of population selections, the established introduction facts were rare. We have suggested that a significant part of the walnut gene pool from Mountain Dagestan has an autochthonous origin from plants that survived the LGM in the Caucasian refugia. Our results are the basis for further studies of the local gene pool and verification of hypothesis about the presence of an indigenous germplasm preserved in this region from the LGM period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trees are exposed to significant spatio-temporal thermal variations, which can induce intra-crown discrepancies in the onset and dynamics of primary and secondary growth. In recent decades, an increase in late winter and early spring temperatures has been observed, potentially accelerating bud break, cambial activation, and their coordination. Intra-crown temperature heterogeneities could lead to asymmetric tree shapes unless there is a compensatory mechanism at the crown level. An original warming experiment was conducted on young Juglans regia trees in a greenhouse. The average temperature difference during the day between warmed and control parts from February to August was 4 °C. The warming treatment advanced the date of budbreak significantly, by up to 14 d. Warming did not alter secondary growth resumption but increased growth rates, leading to higher xylem cell production (by 2-fold) and to an increase in radial increment (+80% compared with control). Meristem resumptions were asynchronous without coordination in response to temperature. Buds on warmed branches began to swell 2 weeks prior to cambial division, which was 1 week earlier than on control branches. A difference in carbon and water remobilization at the end of bud ecodormancy was noted under warming. Overall, our results argue for a lack of compensatory mechanisms at the crown scale, which may lead to significant changes in tree architecture in response to intra-crown temperature heterogeneities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The common walnut (Juglans regia) is one of the most economically important nut trees cultivated worldwide. Despite its importance, no comprehensive evaluation of walnut tree population genetics has been undertaken across the range where it originated, Central Asia. In this study, we investigated the genetic diversity and population structure of 1082 individuals from 46 populations across Central Asia. We found moderate genetic diversity of J. regia across Central Asia, with 46 populations clustered into three groups with a weak relationship between genetic and geographic distance. Our findings reveal that the western Himalaya might be the core region of common walnut genetic diversity in Central Asia and that, except for two populations in Gongliu Wild Walnut Valley, humans might have introduced walnut populations to Xinjiang, China. The observed distribution of the genetic landscape has probably been affected by historical climate fluctuation, breeding system, and prolonged anthropogenic activity. We propose the conservation of the core genetic diversity resources in the western Himalaya and pay special attention to populations from Gongliu in Xinjiang. These findings enhance our understanding of the genetic variation throughout the distribution range of J. regia in Central Asia, which will provide a key prerequisite for evidence-based conservation and management.

Abstract Background The Persian walnut (Juglans regia), an economically vital species within the Juglandaceae family, has seen its mitochondrial genome sequenced and assembled in the current study using advanced Illumina and Nanopore sequencing technology. Results The 1,007,576 bp mitogenome of J. regia consisted of three circular chromosomes with a 44.52% GC content encoding 39 PCGs, 47 tRNA, and five rRNA genes. Extensive repetitive sequences, including 320 SSRs, 512 interspersed, and 83 tandem repeats, were identified, contributing to genomic complexity. The protein-coding sequences (PCGs) favored A/T-ending codons, and the codon usage bias was primarily shaped by selective pressure. Intracellular gene transfer occurred among the mitogenome, chloroplast, and nuclear genomes. Comparative genomic analysis unveiled abundant structure and sequence variation among J. regia and related species. The results of selective pressure analysis indicated that most PCGs underwent purifying selection, whereas the atp4 and ccmB genes had experienced positive selection between many species pairs. In addition, the phylogenetic examination, grounded in mitochondrial genome data, precisely delineated the evolutionary and taxonomic relationships of J. regia and its relatives. We identified a total of 539 RNA editing sites, among which 288 were corroborated by transcriptome sequencing data. Furthermore, expression profiling under temperature stress highlighted the complex regulation pattern of 28 differently expressed PCGs, wherein NADH dehydrogenase and ATP synthase genes might be critical in the mitochondria response to cold stress. Conclusions Our results provided valuable molecular resources for understanding the genetic characteristics of J. regia and offered novel perspectives for population genetics and evolutionary studies in Juglans and related woody species.

Walnut (Juglans regia L.) is a widely grown nut plant worldwide, including in Guizhou Province, located in southwest China. The high quality and special taste make Guizhou walnuts, particularly those produced in Hezhang County, a "Chinese National Geographical Indication Product" that substantially contributes to the local economy and grower's income. In July 2022, a serious occurrence of leaf spot disease was observed in a walnut plantation area, Shuitang Town, Hezhang County, Guizhou Province, China (27°07'67"N, 104°64'61"E). The causal agent was identified as Didymella segeticola through morphological characterization and amplification and sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, beta-tubulin (TUB) gene, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PD) gene. Koch's postulates, including re-isolation and identification, were performed to confirm its pathogenicity on healthy leaves. To our knowledge, this is the first report of D. segeticola causing leaf spot on walnuts worldwide. Further, to determine its biological characteristics, which could be utilized for future disease management, the effects of temperature, light, and carbon and nitrogen resources on mycelial growth, conidia production, and conidia germination and the effects of humidity on conidia germination were studied. The optimum temperature for mycelial growth of representative strain D. segeticola C27 was 20°C. Increasing the light period significantly decreased conidia production and conidia germination. Maltose and beef extract were the best carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively, for the pathogen. Conidia germination was enhanced at 90% humidity. In vitro screening of effective fungicides was conducted. Among the 20 screened fungicides, difenoconazole showed the best inhibition rate, with an EC50 (concentration for 50% of the maximal effect) of 0.0007 µg/mL. Tetramycin also showed sufficient inhibitory effects against D. segeticola, with an EC50 value of 0.0009 µg/mL. Our study provides new insights into the causal agent of walnut leaf spot in Guizhou, China, as well as the first pathogen characteristics and promising candidate fungicides for its management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review aims to provide a detailed overview of the botanical, phytochemical, and dermatological properties of Juglans regia (J. regia). The entire tree contains a wealth of chemical compounds, including phenols, tannins, alkaloids, saponins, reducing sugars, and amino acids, which contribute to its significant nutritional and pharmacological value. Extracts and oils from all parts of J. regia have been studied for their effects on various skin conditions, demonstrating antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, UV-protective, and chemoprotective properties. Additionally, these substances have shown potential in promoting wound healing, anti-aging, skin hydration, anti-tyrosinase activity, and hair dyeing. These benefits have been evaluated in various in vitro and in vivo studies. The therapeutic potential of J. regia suggests that its components could be integrated into treatment protocols and skincare routines. However, to optimize effectiveness and safety, future research should focus on in vivo studies in human subjects to determine the ideal concentrations and formulations of J. regia active compounds for specific skin conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Persian walnut (Juglans regia), an economically vital species within the Juglandaceae family, has seen its mitochondrial genome sequenced and assembled in the current study using advanced Illumina and Nanopore sequencing technology. Results: The 1,007,576 bp mitogenome of J. regia consisted of three circular chromosomes with a 44.52% GC content encoding 39 PCGs, 47 tRNA, and five rRNA genes. Extensive repetitive sequences, including 320 SSRs, 512 interspersed, and 83 tandem repeats, were identified, contributing to genomic complexity. The protein-coding sequences (PCGs) favored A/T-ending codons, and the codon usage bias was primarily shaped by selective pressure. Intracellular gene transfer occurred among the mitogenome, chloroplast, and nuclear genomes. Comparative genomic analysis unveiled abundant structure and sequence variation among J. regia and related species. The results of selective pressure analysis indicated that most PCGs underwent purifying selection, whereas the atp4 and ccmB genes had experienced positive selection between many species pairs. In addition, the phylogenetic examination, grounded in mitochondrial genome data, precisely delineated the evolutionary and taxonomic relationships of J. regia and its relatives. We identified a total of 539 RNA editing sites, among which 288 were corroborated by transcriptome sequencing data. Furthermore, expression profiling under temperature stress highlighted the complex regulation pattern of 28 differently expressed PCGs, wherein NADH dehydrogenase and ATP synthase genes might be critical in the mitochondria response to cold stress. Conclusions: Our results provided valuable molecular resources for understanding the genetic characteristics of J. regia and offered novel perspectives for population genetics and evolutionary studies in Juglans and related woody species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Caloptilia roscipennella (Hübner, 1796) is a leaf‐mining moth native to Central and Southern Europe. In this publication, we provide the first report of the occurrence of Caloptilia roscipennella in India. The identification was performed using an integrative approach, combining molecular (barcoding, COI) and morphological analysis (forewing pattern). In 2020, the larvae were initially found scraping in the silvery‐white mine and later feeding in folded or rolled leaves of the common walnut Juglans regia L. In the subsequent years, the species was found only in the same places. Two generations were recorded per year (May–June and August–September) and leaf miners overwintered as adults and reappeared in the early spring. Damage ranging from 15% to 20% was observed on the leaves of J. regia. Further efforts related to C. roscipennella should concentrate on evaluating its geographic distribution and its impact on walnut trees. Several species of parasitoids were reared from infested mines, with specimens belonging to the genus Chrysocharis Förster, 1856 (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) and Itoplectis maculator (Fabricius, 1775) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). These species provided excellent control of leaf miner larvae, and out of 10 larvae, seven were found parasitized by the parasitoids and higher numbers of specimens were found with relative higher frequencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The walnut industry in Argentina has grown in recent years, especially in northern Patagonia. However, this expansion has also brought new challenges, including the emergence of diseases threatening the health and productivity of walnut plantations. One of the most important diseases affecting walnut crops worldwide is 'ink disease' or 'walnut dieback'. The aim of this study was to characterize ink disease, identify the aetiological agents, and estimate its incidence in walnut orchards of northern Patagonia, Argentina. Symptomatic trees were observed in the seven surveyed walnut orchards, showing a range of symptoms, including chlorosis and wilting, stem cankers and desiccation. In vivo assay and molecular analyses revealed that not only Phytophthora (P.) but also Phytopythium (Ph.) species are the causal agents of the disease, with P. drechsleri, Ph. mercuriale and Ph. vexans being the most virulent over the commonly used rootstock Juglans hindsii. Notably, Ph. vexans was the most frequently isolated pathogen, suggesting its prevalence and potential impact on the regional walnut industry. Overall, this study provides critical insights into the prevalence and impact of Phytophthora and Phytopythium species on walnut health in northern Patagonia. The presence of multiple pathogenic oomycete species raises concerns about the health of walnut orchards, as well as the potential risk of pathogen transmission to other fruit crops in the region. The findings will help growers to develop better cultural practices and implement measures to guarantee the sustainability of the walnut industry in Patagonia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Juglans regia L. is a exotic nut widely used as functional food owing to its multi-nutritional qualities. It is generally found in Southeast Europe extending towards the Himalayas and Southwest China. This historical plant is extensively used ethno-medicinally in the treatment of digestive, respiratory, cardiovascular and skin diseases. Its seeds are highly proteinaceous and polyphenolic containing triacylglycerol-rich oil especially mono and polyunsaturated fatty acids. The diverse lipid profile of the walnut has attracted the researchers of the decade towards scientific validation of its traditional aspects and isolation of important chemical compounds for improving human health. The present review comprehends the ameliorative effect of Juglans regia on various chronic diseases including cancer, gut dysbiosis, cardiovascular and neurodegeneration concerning its specific chemical profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Derum, the bark of walnut tree (Juglans regia) has been used as a traditional tooth cleanser and chewed for its ability to bestow purple color to oral mucosa, tongue and lips Studies have shown that derum extract could affect oral epithelium after long term exposure, causing dysplasia. The aim of this in-vivo study was to evaluate the degree of epithelial dysplasia caused by varying durations and frequencies of topical derum application on oral mucosa of rabbits. Following ethical approval, derum extract was applied to the buccal vestibule of New Zealand white rabbits over three different periods (60 days, 120 days, 180 days) and two different protocols were used (daily application and once every 3 days). Accordingly, the animals were divided into four groups (A – daily derum application/B – derum applied once in 3 days/C – Positive control and acetone applied every alternate day/D – negative control), and three batches (I – 60 days/II – 120 days/III – 180 days). The animals were sacrificed, and oral biopsies prepared and examined under light microscope. The magnitude of epithelial changes was evaluated using epithelial atypia index (EAI) based on Smith and Pindborg histological grading system (1969) for epithelial dysplasia. Mild dysplastic changes were detected in animals treated with derum extract regardless of the period of application. Similar results were noted among positive control group, and highest score was recorded in group A followed by group B with high tendency towards long-term derum application. Moderate changes were encountered only in group A that received derum for 180 days. Statistically, long-term derum application (180 days / Batch III in groups A and B), irrespective of the frequency of application, resulted in significantly higher mean EAI scores than all other groups or batches. Based on this study, prolonged and frequent use of derum can induce dysplastic changes in rabbit oral mucosa, ranging from mild to moderate dysplasia. Further studies with extended times of exposure of derum to oral mucosa are recommended to document these adverse effects as an evidence base. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The codling moth (Cydia pomonella) has a major effect on the quality and yield of walnut fruit. Plant defences respond to insect infestation by activating hormonal signalling and the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway. However, little is known about the role of walnut husk hormones and flavonoid biosynthesis in response to C. pomonella infestation. The phytohormone content assay revealed that the contents of salicylic acid (SA), abscisic acid (ABA), jasmonic acid (JA), jasmonic acid-isoleucine conjugate (JA-ILE), jasmonic acid-valine (JA-Val) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) increased after feeding at different time points (0, 12, 24, 36, 48, and 72 h) of walnut husk. RNA-seq analysis of walnut husks following C. pomonella feeding revealed a temporal pattern in differentially expressed genes (DEGs), with the number increasing from 3,988 at 12 h to 5,929 at 72 h postfeeding compared with the control at 0 h postfeeding. Walnut husks exhibited significant upregulation of genes involved in various defence pathways, including flavonoid biosynthesis (PAL, CYP73A, 4CL, CHS, CHI, F3H, ANS, and LAR), SA (PAL), ABA (ZEP and ABA2), and JA (AOS, AOC, OPR, JAZ, and MYC2) pathways. Three gene coexpression networks that had a significant positive association with these hormonal changes were constructed based on the basis of weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA). We identified several hub transcription factors, including the turquoise module (AIL6, MYB4, PRE6, WRKY71, WRKY31, ERF003, and WRKY75), the green module (bHLH79, PCL1, APRR5, ABI5, and ILR3), and the magenta module (ERF27, bHLH35, bHLH18, TIFY5A, WRKY31, and MYB44). Taken together, these findings provide useful genetic resources for exploring the defence response mediated by phytohormones in walnut husks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Juglans regia L. is a fragrant transitory tree. Numerous health advantages are linked to the different components of the tree's phytochemistry, which has been the subject of substantial research. The current study evaluated the chemical composition of Jordanian Juglans regia Linn. acetonitrile extracts. The extract from the Juglans regia L. juvenile fruit, which grows in Amman, Jordan, was examined to determine its photochemical components. The extract was subjected to high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis. The fruit was harvested in May 2023. The juvenile fruit was extracted using Soxhlet, yielding 5.5 per cent. The semi-quantitative analysis identified secondary metabolites, including tannins. The total phenol content reached 9.83 gallic acid equivalents. Spectrophotometric analysis assessed antiradical activity after 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl reduction, with an IC50 value of 0.75 mg/mL. The study revealed 79 chemical compositions, including gingerol, hyperoside flavonoids, prostaglandin derivatives, quercetin, naringenin, and ginkgolic acid II. These compounds have previously shown antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and ulcer-prevention properties. Overall, this work shows that several phenolic acids, flavonoids, and fatty acids were identified that correspond to the pharmacological action of Juglans regia L. immature fruit extract previously described. The structural elucidation of unknown peaks requires more research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Botryosphaeriaceae species are the major causal agents of walnut dieback worldwide, along with Diaporthe species. Botryosphaeria dothidea and Neofusicoccum parvum are the only two Botryosphaeriaceae species associated with this recently emergent disease in France, and little is known about their diversity, structure, origin and dispersion in French walnut orchards. A total of 381 isolates of both species were genetically typed using a sequence-based microsatellite genotyping (SSR-seq) method. This analysis revealed a low genetic diversity and a high clonality of these populations, in agreement with their clonal mode of reproduction. The genetic similarity among populations, regardless of the tissue type and the presence of symptoms, supports the hypothesis that these pathogens can move between fruits and twigs and display latent pathogen lifestyles. Contrasting genetic patterns between N. parvum populations from Californian and Spanish walnut orchards and the French ones suggested no conclusive evidence for pathogen transmission from infected materials. The high genetic similarity with French vineyards populations suggested instead putative transmission between these hosts, which was also observed with B. dothidea populations. Overall, this study provides critical insight into the epidemiology of two important pathogens involved in the emerging dieback of French walnut orchards, including their distribution, potential to mate, putative origin and disease pathways.

Anthelmintic resistance in livestock animals has been spreading across the world in prevalence and severity. As a result, researchers are exploring alternative strategies to combat this issue, and one promising avenue is the utilization of medicinal plants. This study aims to investigate the anthelmintic efficacy of the crude ethanolic extract (CEE) derived from the leaves of Juglans regia against one of the most detrimental nematode parasites affecting poultry, namely Ascaridia galli (A. galli). For the in vitro studies, adult A. galli worms were collected from the naturally infected chickens and the efficacy of CEE was measured at the concentration of 25, 50, and 100 mg/ml using adult worm motility inhibition (WMI) assay. In addition, levamisole (0.55 mg/ml) was used as the positive control. Likewise, Phosphate buffered saline (PBS) was used as the negative control. For the in vivo studies, CEE of J.regia at the doses of 500, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg were evaluated in chickens experimentally infected with A. galli. The anthelmintic efficacy was monitored using faecal egg count reduction (FECR) and worm count reduction (WCR) assays. In vitro studies revealed significant (P < 0.001) anthelmintic effects of CEE of J.regia on the motility of A. galli worms at different hours post-exposure. At the concentration of 100 mg/ml, CEE resulted in 96.5% inhibition of worm motility at 24 h post-exposure. While the synthetic anthelmintic drug, levamisole caused the highest inhibition of worm motility (100%) at the same time period. The in vivo anthelmintic activity of CEE of J. regia demonstrated a maximum effect on day 14 post-treatment by inducing 67.28% FECR and 65.03% WCR. We observed no significant difference (P > 0.05) in worm counts between the negative control group and the chickens treated with CEE at the dosage of 500 mg/kg. Together, the results of the present study suggest that CEE of J. regia leaves possess anthelmintic properties and could be a potential source of novel anthelmintic compounds for controlling helminth parasites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents an update on the natural presence of Goniozus legneri in walnut agroecosystems in Catamarca and the first record in the Famatina Department, La Rioja Province. It was observed that this species parasitizes Cydia pomonella larvae in the province of Catamarca and Ectomyelois ceratoniae larvae in post-harvest walnut fruits in La Rioja. Details are discussed regarding the external morphology of Goniozus legneri, as well as its biology and role as a biocontroller of lepidopteran pest populations. The article reports on research conducted on the interaction between G. legneri and C. pomonella under laboratory and field conditions. It has been found that G. legneri has a high survival rate, a close synchronization with the larval stages of the pest, a female-biased progeny, high fecundity, and a short generational time. These studies demonstrate the effectiveness of G. legneri as a biological control agent for the pest. Furthermore, the natural presence of G. legneri in walnut agroecosystems in Catamarca and La Rioja has been confirmed, although at low densities. Future studies are suggested to focus on the development of low environmental impact control tools, such as augmentative biological control. The article also mentions other studies on the biology, biological control, and presence of G. legneri in different regions of Argentina, as well as its first record in Chile. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences is the property of Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Walnuts have substantial economic value and are of significant interest being a wild-cultivated species. The study has re-sequenced the entire genome of the wild walnut, aligning it with the walnut reference genome, to identify 2,021,717 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). These were used to examine the genetics of 130 wild walnut samples collected from three countries. Utilizing structural and principal component analysis, the walnut samples from Central Asia were classified into four populations: Ili ah in Xinjiang (I), Dushanbe region in Tajikistan (II), Sary-Chelek, Arslanbob in Kara-Alma regions of Kyrgyzstan (III), and Kok-Tundy region of Kyrgyzstan (IV). The 4 groups showed large differences in nucleotide diversity, population differentiation, and linkage disequilibrium decay, as well as gene flow among them. The present geographic distribution of these populations does not align with the genetic distribution pattern as the populations of Central Asian wild walnuts have experienced similar population dynamics in the past, i.e., the highest effective population size at ca. 6 Ma, two sharp population declines at 6 and 0.2 Ma, and convergence at ca. 0.2 Ma. The genetic distribution patterns are better explained by human activity, notably through archaeological findings of walnut use and the influence of the Silk Road, rather than by current geographic distributions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over a century ago, there are anecdotal stories of the use of therapeutic anthelminthic plants, such as papaya (Carica papaya) against cestode infections. Various studies have explored the efficacy of traditional plants in the inactivation of protoscolices and have reported the scolicidal effect of plants. Further, these plants have relatively lower side effects compared to chemotherapeutic agents and are suggested to be used for treatment of this disease in humans as well. Thus, in the present study the in vitro scolicidal effect of C. papaya and J. regia on Echinococcus granulosus protoscolices was explored from sheep, goat and human cysts in Jammu region of North Western Himalayas.The ethanolic extracts of J. regia and C. papaya showed significant scolicidal activity against E. granulosus, under in vitro conditions with reference to the known standard drug “praziquantel”. Against J. regia, highest mortality was observed at 30 mg/ml concentration at different exposure time as 10 min. (88.58%), 20 min. (91.24%), 30 min. (93.16%) and 40 min. (96.64%). Against C. papaya, highest mortality was observed at 30 mg/ml concentration at different exposure time as 10 min. (82.95%), 20 min. (85.83%), 30 min. (90.23%) and 40 min. (92.95%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Objective】The SQUAMOSA promoter binding protein like（SPL）transcription factor is a crucial regulatory element in the induction of plant flowering. This study aims to identify the members of the SPL（JrSPL）gene family within the walnut genome and analyze their expression characteristics. The findings of this study will serve as a valuable reference for further investigations into the functional aspects of SPL in walnut flowering induction.【Method】The present study employed bioinformatics techniques to identify members of the JrSPL gene family, subsequently to predict their fundamental physicochemical properties, conserved domains, evolutionary relationships, and cis acting elements of promoters. Additionally, transcriptome sequencing and RT-qPCR technology were employed to investigate the expressions of JrSPL family members in various tissues of walnut, as well as following grafting-induced flowering.【Result】The JrSPL family consisted of 28 members, showing significant conservation in their gene and protein structures, which were dispersed across 14 distinct chromosomes within the walnut genome. Notably, there were 17 collinear relationships with Arabidopsis and 24 with Populus tomentosa, respectively. Through phylogenetic analysis, these members were categorized into 8 distinct groups. Additionally, the JrSPL promoter region encompassed a substantial quantity of light responsive elements, hormone responsive elements, stress responsive elements, and other similar regulatory motifs. The transcriptome analysis revealed that the JrSPL genes demonstrated varying expressions across different tissues of walnut, including male flowers, female flowers, apical buds, and leaves. Notably, the expressions of most genes were relatively high in female flowers, with 6 genes having significant expression, suggesting their potential involvement in the induction of flowering. In the context of grafting-induced walnut flowering materials, with the except of JrSPL8, the expressions of 12 JrSPLs observed in the flowering materials were found to be greater than those in the control group. Specifically, JrSPL2 and JrSPL25 showed significant expressions in the male flowers of mixed inflorescences, whereas JrSPL8 had high expression in the apical buds.【Conclusion】The JrSPL gene exerts a significant influence on the process of walnut flowering, with its high expression serving as the primary determinant of early flowering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Arid Zone Research / Ganhanqu Yanjiu is the property of Arid Zone Research Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Climate change significantly impacts tree growth in the Himalayas, however, there is little information on how broadleaved tree species in Himalayan regions respond to climate change. Juglans regia L. (Common or Persian walnut) plays a vital economic and ecological role across the Himalayas, but little is known about how environmental changes influence the growth and wood anatomical traits of this species. In this study, we developed chronologies of tree-ring width (TRW) and six quantitative vessel anatomical features of Persian walnut trees from two sites in the Bhutan Himalayas. We evaluated how TRW and vessel anatomical features respond to climatic conditions and extreme climate events for the period 1960–2020. We found the climate sensitivity of tree growth differed at the two study sites, with the southwest-facing Dodeyna site (DOD) exhibiting higher moisture sensitivity than the north-facing Chimithangka site (CHI). The climate sensitivity of vessel traits was much stronger than that of tree-ring widths, particularly at the DOD. Hydraulic efficiency-related vessel traits (Mean vessel area, MVA; theoretical hydraulic conductivity, Kh; and hydraulic diameter, Dh) were positively sensitive to moisture availability, whereas the hydraulic safety-related vessel traits (vessel density, VD; and vessel grouping index, RVGI) were negatively sensitive to moisture availability at the DOD site. We further observed that MVA and Kh were significantly higher during extreme dry events at CHI site but displayed opposite directions at DOD site. Notably higher RVGI at the DOD site during dry years indicated an enhancement of hydraulic safety against drought. These findings highlight that the climate sensitivity of tree-ring width and vessel traits of walnuts were site-specific and mediated by aspects with the drier site (south-facing slope) being more sensitive. Whilst consideration of the aspects and site-specific climate sensitivity of tree species is crucial to developing robust forest conservation strategies at a larger spatial scale in the Himalayan region which is more vulnerable to climate change.

The codling moth (Cydia pomonella) has a major effect on the quality and yield of walnut fruit. Plant defences respond to insect infestation by activating hormonal signalling and the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway. However, little is known about the role of walnut husk hormones and flavonoid biosynthesis in response to C. pomonella infestation. The phytohormone content assay revealed that the contents of salicylic acid (SA), abscisic acid (ABA), jasmonic acid (JA), jasmonic acid-isoleucine conjugate (JA-ILE), jasmonic acid-valine (JA-Val) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) increased after feeding at different time points (0, 12, 24, 36, 48, and 72 h) of walnut husk. RNA-seq analysis of walnut husks following C. pomonella feeding revealed a temporal pattern in differentially expressed genes (DEGs), with the number increasing from 3,988 at 12 h to 5,929 at 72 h postfeeding compared with the control at 0 h postfeeding. Walnut husks exhibited significant upregulation of genes involved in various defence pathways, including flavonoid biosynthesis (PAL, CYP73A, 4CL, CHS, CHI, F3H, ANS, and LAR), SA (PAL), ABA (ZEP and ABA2), and JA (AOS, AOC, OPR, JAZ, and MYC2) pathways. Three gene coexpression networks that had a significant positive association with these hormonal changes were constructed based on the basis of weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA). We identified several hub transcription factors, including the turquoise module (AIL6, MYB4, PRE6, WRKY71, WRKY31, ERF003, and WRKY75), the green module (bHLH79, PCL1, APRR5, ABI5, and ILR3), and the magenta module (ERF27, bHLH35, bHLH18, TIFY5A, WRKY31, and MYB44). Taken together, these findings provide useful genetic resources for exploring the defence response mediated by phytohormones in walnut husks.

Six years have passed since, in 2018, an invasive species from Europe – the Ohrid miner Cameraria ohridella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) penetrated into the Lower and Middle Volga region and began to actively populate urban landscapes planted with horse chestnut. Using the example of the regional center of Saratov, the temporary aspects of settlement and damage to horse chestnut trees over the specifi ed period are considered. As a result of the settlement of the species and the annual increase in its population density, the degree of damage to the leaves of horse chestnut in parks and alleys of the regional center – showed a massive drying and leaf fall in Aesculus hippocastanum in early August 2023. The total output of the imago of the 3rd generation of the occupier completed the process of withering and shrinking of the trees by switching to another type of urban tree – walnut. This is the fi rst case of such a choice of a new host object for this type of invader in the Volga region.

Context: Peptic ulcers are a challenging problem. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) play a substantial role in bioactivity and have distinct characteristics. There are several biomedical uses for bioreduction nanotechnology. Historically, traditional healthcare has employed Juglans regia L. Aims: To evaluate how well fruit pellicle extract-derived bio-reduced silver nanoparticles (AgNP/FP) can treat peptic ulcers. Methods: Ultraviolet spectra, dynamic light scattering, transmittance electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared were used to characterize AgNPs and AgNP/FP. AgNPs and extracts were compared to omeprazole in ethanol-induced stomach ulcers in mice. Six groups of 36 mice were created at random. AgNPs were given orally to the experimental groups, using 300 mg/kg as a dose. The reference proton pump inhibitor, omeprazole, was employed as a control. Results: As evidenced by a falling ulcer index and an increase in the percentage of ulcer inhibition, bio-reduced AgNPs decreased the adverse effect of ethanol-induced stomach injury. Reduced mucosal damage and hemorrhagic lesions, necrobiotic alterations in the stomach epithelium, submucosal edema, and blood vessel congestion were all indicators of substantially reduced ethanol-induced gastric lesions and greater anti-inflammatory results. Conclusions: Fruit pellicle extract-derived bio-reduced silver nanoparticles have an efficacy similar to proton pump inhibitors like omeprazole and a lower incidence of possible side effects, making them a safe herbal therapy for ulcers.

Natural plant products are suitable, eco-friendly, and toxicologically safe for using in integrated disease management approaches. Present work was carried out to decipher the potential of walnut kernels against Alternaria mali, the causal agent of leaf and fruit blotch on apples. Bioactive compound profiling of extracts was also done through HPLC and GC-MS to reveal the potential role of the compounds for disease management. In the present study, a comparative analysis of the anti-fungal activity and concentration of active substances using HPLC and GC-MS in different walnut extracts has been carried out on the inhibition of A. mali. The extracts of walnut kernels belonging to different eco-geographical regions viz. CS (Char-e-Sharief), KG (Kulgam), TM (Tangmarg), and KW (Kupwara) of Kashmir valley were prepared. The extracts prepared were added to potato dextrose agar (PDA) @ 1000, 2000, and 3000 ppm for evaluation against A. mali. The results revealed the efficacy of the different walnut extracts, with a maximum inhibition of mycelia growth in the range of 60%, 62.2%, and 71.1% at 3000ppm. Among them, the TM (Tangmarg) extract showed the highest inhibition (71.1%). The bioactive compounds were identified by using GC-MS chromatographic technique. The Quercetin content was quantified in the kernels of walnut, collected from four locations in Kashmir valley using HPLC. Among the selected genotypes, the highest Quercetin content was observed in samples collected from TM (Tangmarg) (0.765mg g-1) followed by KW (Kupwara) (0.705 mg g-1). The major phenolic components identified by GC/MS were methyl-7,8-Octadecadienoate, hexadecanoic acid, linoleic acid, epicatechin, and tocopherol. The results of the present study can be utilized further in the development of formulation from walnut kernels for evaluation under field conditions.

Common walnut (Juglans regia L.) is a valuable nut crop widely distributed within the temperate climate zone. It has several secondary centers of origin associated with refugia formed during the LGM (Last Glacial Maximum) period, one of which was presumably located in the Caucasus region. Currently, walnut populations of the Caucasus are studied fragmentarily, especially in the northeast. Our study is aimed at investigating the genetic diversity, population structure, and possible walnut introduction processes in the Caspian region of the Northeast Caucasus (Dagestan). Genotyping using 11 SSR markers was performed for 158 samples from local walnut populations. Also, to identify the introduction facts, 42 varieties of different geographical origin were added to research. The SSR markers genetic diversity in the analysis of population varied from four to 20 alleles per locus, with an average value of 9.82. Analysis of the genetic structure revealed significant genetic differences between the subpopulations of the Mountain and Flatland Dagestan. Presumably, the structure of the gene pool could have been influenced by terrain factors and ethnocultural characteristics. Subpopulations of Flatland Dagestan have an intermediate position between the western cultivars and the gene pool of Mountain Dagestan, which subpopulations showed significant genetic isolation. In the studied samples set of population selections, the established introduction facts were rare. We have suggested that a significant part of the walnut gene pool from Mountain Dagestan has an autochthonous origin from plants that survived the LGM in the Caucasian refugia. Our results are the basis for further studies of the local gene pool and verification of hypothesis about the presence of an indigenous germplasm preserved in this region from the LGM period.

Batocera horsfieldi (Hope) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) is an important pole borer pest. It causes serious harm to various hosts, particularly Juglans regia L. (Juglandaceae). In this study, headspace solid‐phase microextraction (HS‐SPME), gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), and electroantennogram (EAG) responses were combined to examine the mechanism by which B. horsfieldi adults locate their host, J. regia. The results showed that J. regia contained 65 volatile compounds in all, with 36 and 42 volatile substances in bark and leaves, respectively. Moreover, terpenes accounted for the largest relative content among the volatile compounds of bark and leaves, 43.4 and 78.9%, respectively. Ten of 19 selected volatile components elicited significant EAG responses in adult B. horsfieldi, which indicated that the pest may prefer certain volatile compounds when selecting a host. Sex and volatile concentration affected the responses of B. horsfieldi. Male adults had the strongest EAG responses to 1‐octen‐3‐ol, whereas female adults had the strongest EAG responses to linalool. Host selection in B. horsfieldi was somewhat positively associated with the concentrations of the effective volatile compounds in the host. Furthermore, B. horsfieldi showed varying preferences for isomers. This work provided data support for the development of insect attractants, and laid a theoretical foundation for the ecological protection of local forestry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study investigated the impact of cold stress on the morphological, physiological, and phytochemical properties of Juglans regia L. (J. regia) using in vitro microclone cultures. The study revealed significant stress-induced changes in the production of secondary antioxidant metabolites. According to gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analyses, the stress conditions profoundly altered the metabolism of J. regia microclones. Although the overall spectrum of metabolites was reduced, the production of key secondary antioxidant metabolites significantly increased. Notably, there was a sevenfold (7×) increase in juglone concentration. These findings are crucial for advancing walnut metabolomics and enhancing our understanding of plant responses to abiotic stress factors. Additionally, study results aid in identifying the role of individual metabolites in these processes, which is essential for developing strategies to improve plant resilience and tolerance to adverse conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dieback of fruiting spurs, stems and branches of walnut trees (Juglans regia L.), caused by Botryosphaeriaceae, is widespread in walnut orchards in Australia. Five species of Botryosphaeriaceae (Diplodia seriata, Dothiorella omnivora, Neofusicoccum macroclavatum, N. parvum, and Spencermartinsia viticola) were recovered from the Australian walnut orchards in a previous study, with D. seriata and N. parvum being the most prevalent. The present study evaluated inhibitory effects of ten fungicides on mycelium growth of those five species and on conidium germination of D. seriata and N. parvum. It investigated the preventative and curative efficacy of selected fungicides on disease incidence in glasshouse and field trials. In vitro experiments showed that nine of the fungicides reduced mycelium growth, and all ten inhibited conidium germination, but to varying extents. Tebuconazole, prochloraz manganese chloride, fluazinam, fludioxonil and pyraclostrobin were the most effective for inhibiting mycelium growth (EC50 < 0.14 µg a.i. mL-1), whereas pyraclostrobin, fluxapyroxad, fluopyram, penthiopyrad and tebuconazole were the most effective for inhibiting conidium germination (EC50 < 2.2 µg a.i. mL-1). In planta experiments with five fungicides confirmed that preventative treatments had greater efficacy than curative treatments. A field trial with four commercial fungicide formulations demonstrated that tebuconazole and tebuconazole + fluopyram provided protection of walnut trees for the longest period. The field trial also confirmed the efficacy of pyraclostrobin and the inhibitory effect of fluazinam. This study is the first in Australia to evaluate fungicides in different classes and with different modes of action for efficacy against Botryosphaeriaceae recovered from walnut orchards in Australia, and provides a wider selection of active ingredients for a fungicide rotation programme than that which is currently available to the Australian walnut industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Imagine consuming a daily diet rich in fatty acids to help treat diseases such as hypertension and obesity. This concept presents an attractive paradox. In particular, consuming walnut kernels is beneficial for treating diseases associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS), including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, dyslipidemia, and obesity. Different parts of the Juglans regia tree (family Juglandaceae), including its leaves, green husks, bark, and septum, have shown promising effects on pathological conditions related to MetS. The therapeutic advantages of consuming walnut kernels for MetS can be attributed to the presence of polyunsaturated fatty acids and polyphenolic compounds such as juglone and ellagic acid. Diets enriched with walnut kernel have a positive impact on MetS complications by reducing diastolic blood pressure, improving blood lipid profiles, lowering fasting blood sugar levels, and increasing insulin sensitivity. The potential cellular mechanisms responsible for these benefits involve activating the cholesterol hemostasis pathway by inhibiting sterol regulatory element‐binding proteins (SREBPs), proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), and cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP). Furthermore, other by‐products of walnuts, such as leaves and green husks, have also demonstrated effectiveness in managing MetS. These findings highlight the potential of incorporating walnut‐based products into our diets as a natural approach to combating MetS and its complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Walnut (Juglans regia L.) is a monoecious species and although it exhibits self-compatibility, it presents incomplete overlap of pollen shed and female receptivity. Thus, cross-pollination is prerequisite for optimal fruit production. Cross-pollination can occur naturally by wind, insects, artificially, or by hand. Pollen has been recognized as one possible pathway for Xanthomonas arboricola pv. juglandis infection, a pathogenic bacterium responsible for walnut blight disease. Other than the well-known cultural and chemical control practices, artificial pollination technologies with the use of drones could be a successful tool for walnut blight disease management in orchards. Drones may carry pollen and release it over crops or mimic the actions of bees and other pollinators. Although this new pollination technology could be regarded as a promising tool, pollen germination and knowledge of pollen as a potential pathway for the dissemination of bacterial diseases remain crucial information for the development and production of aerial pollinator robots for walnut trees. Thus, our purpose was to describe a pollination model with fundamental components, including the identification of the "core" pollen microbiota, the use of drones for artificial pollination as a successful tool for managing walnut blight disease, specifying an appropriate flower pollination algorithm, design of an autonomous precision pollination robot, and minimizing the average errors of flower pollination algorithm parameters through machine learning and meta-heuristic algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sulfate transporter (SULTR) is responsible for the transport and uptake of sulfate, which plays an indispensable role in the growth cycle of plants and adaptation to plant stress. However, there are few reports on the response and regulation of SULTR gene family members in walnuts (Juglans regia L.) to sodium selenate, low temperatures, high temperatures, and simulated drought stress. In this study, the whole genome of the SULTR genes family in walnuts was identified and analyzed by the bioinformatics method. The results show that the walnut genome contains seventeen JrSULTR genes, which are unevenly distributed on eight chromosomes and can be divided into four subfamilies. Cis-acting elements that respond to stress and participate in the regulation of plant hormones were found in the promoter sequence of the JrSULTR genes. The analysis of transcriptome data showed that the expression of JrSULTR1.2b was significantly upregulated under sodium selenate treatment, and the results of qRT-PCR analysis were basically consistent with the transcriptome data. The expression of JrSULTR3.1a and JrSULTR3.4b increased with the prolongation of simulated drought stress time. The transcription levels of JrSULTR1.2b and JrSULTR3.1a were significantly increased after low-temperature treatment. After 9 h of high-temperature treatment, the expression levels of JrSULTR3.1a and JrSULTR3.3 were significantly increased. JrSULTR1.2b and JrSULTR3.1a showed significant expression specificity under stress treatment. At the same time, we also performed subcellular localization of these two genes, which was consistent with the predicted results and was in the cell membrane, and their regulatory functions need to be further studied. These studies laid the foundation for us to explore the specific function of the JrSULTR genes in alleviating abiotic stress in walnuts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Tubby-like proteins (TLPs) constitute a diverse multigene family found across a broad range of eukaryotic organisms, from single-celled to multicellular eukaryotes. Despite their importance, the existence of TLPs in walnuts (Juglans regia L.) has not been reported until now. In this study, we identified 12 members of the JrTLP gene family in the walnut genome, revealing a pattern of gene replication events. Notably, all JrTLPs exhibited a split gene structure, containing two to eight introns, and these genes could be divided into five distinct categories based on their evolutionary relationships. The majority of TLP proteins possess two signature domains: the F-box and Tubby domains. Subcellular localization prediction and experiments confirmed that JrTLP2 was located in the nucleus and membrane. Expression profiling revealed that multiple JrTLPs respond to a range of stimuli, including pathogen infection, hormonal treatment (such as auxin, ABA, MeJA, and GA), and abiotic stress conditions such as cold, heat, and salt. This study represents the first comprehensive identification of the walnut TLP family, providing valuable insights into the function and regulation of TLP in walnut and laying the foundation for future functional dissection, particularly in the context of stress tolerance.

Walnut is an important economic tree species that is susceptible to osmotic stress. Scientific cultivation management is an important way to improve the yield and quality of walnuts, which requires understanding the regulatory mechanisms in response to osmotic stress. Therefore, in this study, 15 protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) genes were identified from the walnut transcriptome (named JrPP2A01~15) and their potential function responses to osmotic stress were elucidated. The open reading frame (ORF) of JrPP2A01~15 ranges from 651 to 1,764 bp in length, the molecular weight of the encoded proteins are 24.15−65.61 kDa, and the theoretical isoelectric points are 4.80−8.37. These JrPP2As were unevenly distributed on 10 chromosomes and divided into five groups based on the composition of conserved domains, motifs, and exon/intron organizations. The five groups are JrPP2AAs, JrPP2AB's, JrPP2AB''s, JrPP2AB55s, and JrPP2ACs, including 1, 5, 2, 3, and 4 members, accordingly. The cis-elements in JrPP2As' promoters were involved in responses to hormone and abiotic stress. Most JrPP2A genes, excluding JrPP2A01, JrPP2A02, JrPP2A05, JrPP2A06, and JrPP2A13, could be induced significantly by PEG6000, NaCl, CaCl2 and ABA. JrPP2A02, JrPP2A05, JrPP2A07, JrPP2A09, and JrPP2A14, could independently interact with a bZIP transcription factor JrVIP1. Moreover, overexpression of JrPP2A07, JrPP2A09, and JrPP2A14 could significantly decrease ROS accumulation while increasing calcium (Ca) uptake exposed to PEG6000 and NaCl stresses, which was mediated by exogenous CaCl2 and ABA. These results suggested that JrPP2A genes play potential key roles in walnut response to drought and salt-inducing osmotic stress involving Ca- and ABA-dependent signaling pathways.

This review aims to provide a detailed overview of the botanical, phytochemical, and dermatological properties of Juglans regia (J. regia). The entire tree contains a wealth of chemical compounds, including phenols, tannins, alkaloids, saponins, reducing sugars, and amino acids, which contribute to its significant nutritional and pharmacological value. Extracts and oils from all parts of J. regia have been studied for their effects on various skin conditions, demonstrating antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, UV-protective, and chemoprotective properties. Additionally, these substances have shown potential in promoting wound healing, anti-aging, skin hydration, anti-tyrosinase activity, and hair dyeing. These benefits have been evaluated in various in vitro and in vivo studies. The therapeutic potential of J. regia suggests that its components could be integrated into treatment protocols and skincare routines. However, to optimize effectiveness and safety, future research should focus on in vivo studies in human subjects to determine the ideal concentrations and formulations of J. regia active compounds for specific skin conditions.

Introduction: The internal septum of J.regia is traditionally used to control diabetes, and its effectiveness has been shown in animal studies. Accordingly, human clinical trials are needed to confirm its effectiveness on hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), fasting blood sugar (FBS), blood insulin level, and insulin resistance as a complementary for better control of type 2 diabetes. Methods: This study was a randomized, double-blinded, controlled trial. The lyophilized powder of extract of the internal septum of J.regia was used to fill the capsules. Sixty type 2 diabetic patients were randomly divided into two groups. 500 mg capsules three times daily before meal was added to their routine drug regimen, and HbA1c, FBS, and blood insulin level were checked at the baseline and after three months. Results: Sixty patients completed the study. The mean(±SD) age of patients was 49.1(10.2) and 50.9(12.7) years in the placebo and J.regia groups, respectively. We observed that J.regia internal septum increases the level of HbA1c by about 0.02 units, but this effect was not significant (MD=0.02,95%CI=-0.36 to 0.40, P=0.93). Regarding the impact of capsules on insulin level, it seems that J.regia-containing capsules can raise insulin level by one unit. However, it was not significant (MD=1.01,95%CI=-0.86 to 2.88, P=0.28). As for FBS, it can cause a decrease of four units, but this effect is also not significant (MD=-3.98,95%CI=-18.33 to 10.37, P=0.58). Conclusion: Based on our study, the internal septum of J.regia has no significant effect on HbA1c, FBS, and insulin resistance. Moreover, no specific adverse reaction was observed in any of the patients.

The Juglans regia root aqueous extract (JRRAE) phytochemical variability and the investigation of their antimicrobial, antibiofilm, insecticidal, and anti-leishmanial properties were studied. As a result, the JRRAE chemical profile revealed the presence of biomolecules using UV, HPLC, and FT-IR analysis. The investigations showed marked antibacterial activities, highlighted inhibited biofilm formation, induced lethality Leishmania amazonensis promastigotes (50%), and possess an insecticidal activity at 100 µg/ml. A molecular docking study was performed against S. aureus gyrase, S. aureus tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase, human peroxiredoxin 5, cyclooxygenase-2, and trypanothione reductase and confirmed that the activities are mainly due to coumarin, epicatechin, juglone, epicatechin, and epicatechin presence, respectively. The stability of these complexes is essentially related to the strong hydrogen bonds formed between the most active compounds and the binding site amino acids. The identified compounds were found to pass the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion property as well as five Lipinski’s rules with good drug-likeness and pharmacokinetic behavior.

Biological control nowadays is rapidly growing to reduce the incessant use of chemical insecticides for control of various insect pests. In the present study, entomopathogenic fungi are used to determine insecticidal activity against walnut blue butterfly under laboratory conditions. The experimental setup was completely randomized design (CRD) with two treatments along with control with different concentrations of entomopathogenic fungi. The bioassay was carried out by spraying second larval instar of Chaetoprocta odata [Hewitson 1865] with 1, 2, 3 & 4 % conidial concentration of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuill. (1912) and Isaria fumosorosea Wize (1904). The results of this study showed that all the concentrations showed remarkable pathogenic activity but I. fumosorosea was highly pathogenic and recorded the highest mortality rate of 93.33 % after 144 hours compared to B. bassiana where 73.33 % mortality was reported. LC50 values for B. bassiana (4.15) was higher than that of I. fumosorosea (3.34) which indicates that I. fumosorosea was more effective against C. odata population. Among different concentrations of I. fumosorosea, 4 % concentration was the most effective with lowest LC50 values.