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Electronic commerce discussions are ongoing at the WTO under two parallel tracks–multilaterally under the 1998 Work Programme on Electronic Commerce and among a group of currently 87 Members who are negotiating rules on trade-related aspects of e-commerce under the Joint Statement Initiative launched in 2017. This paper provides a brief history of e-commerce in the WTO; the evolution of the JSI; and the current state of play under both tracks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brain is the primary complex organ in the human body. Brain tumor due to the abnormal cells of proliferation, brain tumor decrease the life expectancy of the patient when not identify at early stage. If identify at an early stage, life expectation of the patientmay rise. To identify the tumor preciselyso many image processing techniques were proposed by so many authors. Nowadays proper segmentation of tumors in brain images is very necessarythat helps in proper treatment. Among various modalities Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)is usedto segment the tumor due low ionization and noise. In this paper, study the various clustering segmentation techniques to identify the tumor from human brain MRI images. The clustering techniques such as K-means andfuzzy c-means(FCM) techniques are used after proper pre-processing steps. Both clustering methods performances evaluated by dice coefficient (DC), Jaccard similarity index (JSI), structural similarity indexmeasure (SSIM), and time. Finally, the FCM accurately detect the tumor as compared to the K-means clustering due to multiple clusters update iteratively. And it is observed that FCM take more time to identify the tumoras compared with K-means clustering algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regulatory measures on cross-border data flows are essential to personal data protection laws. The General Data Protection Regulation (hereinafter "GDPR") of the European Union (hereinafter "EU") is one of such influential personal data protection regimes, which has become a model and has been adopted by many countries. The GDPR aims to ensure the protection of natural persons regarding the processing of personal data. To protect personal data outside the EU, the GDPR provides certain safeguards for its movement across the EU border. Under the GDPR, the Commission can make a finding that a third country ensures an adequate level of protection, and the transfer of personal information to that country does not require specific authorization. Given the huge number of transfers involved, the adequacy decision is critical to the cross-border transfer of personal data under the GDPR. The adequacy status of a country would have a strong impact on the competitive position of its service providers supplying digital services to consumers in the EU. The adequacy decision is therefore at the heart of the EU's Most-Favoured-Nation (hereinafter "MFN") obligations under the international trade rules. This paper argues that the current likeness analysis of the MFN obligations under the General Agreement on Trade in Services (hereinafter "GATS") is not optimal in solving the MFN disputes. Recent Regional Trade Agreements (hereinafter "RTAs") adopted a different approach that may solve some of the major problems under the GATS, i.e., the costs and uncertainties associated with the issues regarding whether non-discrimination obligations and necessity tests even apply to data protection measures. Under such RTAs, evaluations of data personal measures go straight to the nondiscrimination test. It is more straightforward and cost-effective, and future trade negotiations should consider this approach. Instead of focusing on the relationships between the services or service suppliers, this approach focuses on the non-discrimination obligation of the data protection regimes. However, the approach raises the issue of determining the inconsistency with the MFN obligation. Considering the jurisprudence of the World Trade Organization (WTO), this paper argues that the Joint Statement Initiative (JSI) negotiations should adopt an MFN obligation that focuses on the design, structure, and process of the personal data protection regime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]