Search

This paper is concerned with the speed of linguistic change. If social variation is a reflection of linguistic change, the scene of the linguistic change can be caught in action as a palpable phenomenon. However there is one theoretical question, the distinction of “real time” and “apparent time”. In order to observe linguistic change repeated surveying is necessary. The tradition of Japanese dialectology provides us with several examples of repetitive surveys. The conclusion of the analysis is as follows. The curve of apparent-time change corresponds to that of real-time change. The total number of years necessary for a linguistic change to be completed is nearly 200 years. Prispevek obravnava hitrost jezikovnih sprememb. Jezikovne spremembe zaznamo kot otipljiv družbeni pojav, vendar se pri tem pojavlja teoretično vprašanje razlikovanja med realnim oz. dejanskim in navideznim časom. Opazovanje jezikovnih sprememb zahteva večkratno ponovitev raziskave, prav japonska dialektologija pa se s tem še posebno natančno ukvarja – pri tem krivulja navideznega časa ustreza krivulji realnega časa, in sicer je za jezikovno spremembo potrebnih skoraj dvesto let.

The paper focuses on Slovene - English language contact and the potential language change resulting from it. Both the immigrant context (the U.S. and Canada) and Slovenia, where direct and indirect language contact can be observed respectively, are examined from two perspectives: social on the one hand and linguistic on the other. In the case of Slovene Americans and Canadians the ernphasis is on language maintenance and shift, and on the relationship between mother tongue preservation and ethnic awareness. The linguistic section examines different types of bilingual discourse (borrowing, code switching), showing how the Slovene inflectional system in particular is being increasingly generalized, simplified and reduced, and how Slovene word order is gradually beginning to resemble that of English. In the case of Slovenia we are witnessing an unprecedented surge in the influence of English on Slovene, especially in the media (both classic and electronic), advertising, science, and the language of the young. This influence will be discussed on a number of levels, such as lexical, syntactic and intercultural, and illustrated by relevant examples. Članek obravnava slovensko-angleški jezikovni stik in jezikovne spremembe, ki izhajajo iz le-tega. Pri tem gre za dve okolji, izseljenskega (ZDA, Kanada) in slovenskega. V prvem gre za neposredni jezikovni stik, v drugem za posrednega, v obeh pa pojav raziskujem tako z jezikoslovnega kot z družbenega vidika. V primeru ameriških in kanadskih Slovencev je poudarek na jezikovnem ohranjanju oz. jezikovnem premiku ter na odnosu med ohranjanjem maternega jezika in etnične ozaveščenosti. V jezikovnem delu se osredinjam na različne tipe dvojezičnega diskurza (sposojanje, kodno preklapljanje), pri čemer ugotavljam, da prihaja do postopnega posploševanja, poenostavljanja in opuščanja slovenskih sklanjatvenih vzorcev, medtem ko postaja slovenski besedni vrstni red v nekaterih segmentih vedno bolj podoben angleškemu, V Sloveniji smo po drugi strani priča doslej najmočnejšemu vplivu angleščine na slovenščino, predvsem v medijih (tako klasičnih in elektronskih) in v jeziku mladih. Ta vpliv analiziram na različnih jezikovnih ravninah od leksikalne do sintaktične in medkulturne ter ga ponazorim z ustreznimi primeri.

Pričujoči prispevek obravnava različne načine funkcioniranja slovenščine in angleščine v fizičnem in virtualnem prostoru današnjega sveta. Izpostavlja razlike med relativno homogeno angleščino in slovenščino, ki se govorita v okviru matičnih držav (ob upoštevanju notranje variabilnosti zaradi knjižnih in narečnih zvrsti), in med njunimi manj homogeninmi oblikami, ki se rabijo izven njunih meja. Očiten je močan vpliv globalne angleščine na vse druge jezike, pri čemer slovenščina ni nikakršna izjema. The article discusses various ways in which Slovene and English function within the physical and virtual spaces of today's world. On the one hand English has undergone a process of differentiation into numerous mother tongue varieties, on the other we are witnessing tendencies toward its renewed homogenization in the role of a universal means of international communication. Special emphasis is placed on the influence of Global English on Slovene as well as on possible developmental trends.

Diplomsko delo se posveča jezikovnim spremembam, ki jih je doživelo izrazje s področja kozmetike. Poleg tega se dotakne tudi podob žensk v oglasih – odkriva, kaj so bile zaželene telesne lastnosti in s katerimi kozmetičnimi sredstvi so ženske lahko povečale svojo privlačnost. Viri za preučevanje izrazja so bili oglasi ter objave v ženskih revijah s konca 19. in z začetka 20. stol. S pomočjo slovarskega gradiva, ki je najbliže času nastanka besedil, sem ugotavljala ustaljenost kozmetičnega izrazja v 19. stol. in njegovo ustaljevanje v 20. stol. Podatke sem primerjala z jezikovnim stanjem kozmetičnega izrazja v 21. stol. Za določanje sprememb v obliki, pomenu in pogostosti besedja sem izvedla etimološko-leksikološko analizo z uporabo etimoloških jezikovnih priročnikov, slovarskih gradiv 19. in 20. stol., korpusa starejših besedil ter sodobnih slovarskih gradiv in korpusov. Analiza je pokazala precejšno neustaljenost izrazja v času njegovega oblikovanja. Največ izrazja (polovico analizirane leksike) je normiral že jezikovni priročnik s konca 19. stol., Pleteršnikov Slovensko-nemški slovar. V slovarjih 20. stol. je bil normiran zanemarljiv del analiziranih kozmetičnih izrazov, vendar pa rezultati analize po korpusu starejše slovenščine IMP kažejo na obstoj tega izrazja v tiskih 19. in 20. stol. Večinski delež tega izrazja je do danes doživel spremembo na vsaj eni jezikovni ravni, nekaj izrazja se ne uporablja več, dobrih 43 % kozmetičnega besedja pa ostaja nespremenjenega. The thesis presents the changes of cosmetic terminology. Furthermore, the image of women in advertisements is also taken into consideration the present paper is discovering the desirable physical attributes in women and the measures they could take to be more attractive. The advertisements and articles in women's periodicals at the end of the 19th and in the beginning of the 20th century were used as the source for terminology analysis. The viability of cosmetic terminology in the 19th century and its practicality in the 20th century were researched with the support of contemporary dictionaries. The research data was compared to the state of cosmetic terminology in the 21st century. The etymological and lexicological analyses were undertaken to determine the lexical changes, semantic changes, and vocabulary frequency etymology language guides, dictionaries of the 19th and the 20th centuries, a corpus of historical Slovene, as well as contemporary dictionaries and corpora were used to conduct the research. The data determined the terminology was considerably nonviable as it was developing. Most of the terminology – half of the analyzed – got verified with The Slovene-German Dictionary by Jože Pleteršnik, a language guide from the end of the 19th century. The analyzed terminology verified in the dictionaries of the 20th century is negligible however, the analysis data – according to the corpus of historical Slovene language IMP – confirms the practicability of those terms in 19th and 20th century written language. A considerable share of those terms have undergone a language change at some level some of the terms are not in use anymore, and about 43 percent of cosmetic terminology stay unchanged.

The article discusses various ways in which Slovene and English function within the physical and virtual spaces of today's world. On the one hand English has undergone a process of differentiation into numerous mother tongue varieties, on the other we are witnessing tendencies toward its renewed homogenization in the role of a universal means of international communication. Special emphasis is placed on the influence of Global English on Slovene as well as on possible developmental trends. Pričujoči prispevek obravnava različne načine funkcioniranja slovenščine in angleščine v fizičnem in virtualnem prostoru današnjega sveta. Izpostavlja razlike med relativno homogeno angleščino in slovenščino, ki se govorita v okviru matičnih držav (ob upoštevanju notranje variabilnosti zaradi knjižnih in narečnih zvrsti), in med njunimi manj homogeninmi oblikami, ki se rabijo izven njunih meja. Očiten je močan vpliv globalne angleščine na vse druge jezike, pri čemer slovenščina ni nikakršna izjema.

V diplomskem delu so najprej naštete in opisane vrste jezikovnih sprememb: glasovne spremembe, spremembe po analogiji, semantične spremembe, spremembe v sintaksi in spremembe, ki so posledica jezikovnih kontaktov. Sledi opis dveh različnih pristopov k jezikovnim spremembam. Najprej je predstavljen zgodovinski pristop s pomočjo študija dela Rogerja Lassa. Lassov pristop k proučevanju jezikovnih sprememb je konservativen in temelji na analizi jezika kot abstraktnega objekta, neodvisnega od govorcev in uporabnikov. Jezikovne spremembe je po njegovem mnenju potrebno proučevati kot spremembe v notranjem sistemu in strukturi. Drug pristop, ki je opisan v diplomskem delu, pa je jezikovni pristop, ki zagovarja dejstvo, da je govorec, tj. uporabnik jezika, tisti, ki jezik spreminja. Diplomsko delo vsebuje tudi različna mnenja o proučevanju jezika kot živega organizma. V zadnjem poglavju so navedene možne skupne točke dveh prej opisanih pristopov. My diploma paper contains a list of language changes: sound change, analogy, semantic change, syntactic change and change resulting from language contact. Changes are listed and described. Next, two different approaches to language change are presented. Firstly, the historical approach is described through the work of Roger Lass whose approach to the theory of language change is conservative and based on the analysis of language as an abstract object independent of speakers and users, and on the idea of language change as an internal to language structure and systems. The other approach that I present in my diploma paper is the linguistic approach, which defends the fact that it is the speaker who changes the language. I also provide different opinions on seeing language as a living organism and finally I present some parallels between biological and linguistic approach.