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In this paper we determine the cost of fatalities resulting from road traffic injuries (RTIs) in South Africa. We express the costs in terms of reduced life expectancy and years of potential life lost (YPLL). Our main data source is the Injury Mortality Survey, a retrospective descriptive study carried out in 2009 in South Africa. Using the mortality rates by sex and age from the mortuary data we calculate actual life expectancy at birth. In our counterfactual analysis we assume a reduction of 15% reduction per year in road fatalities for a period of 10 years. A comparison of the estimated actual and counterfactual life expectancies suggests that the average gain in life expectancy at birth would be 0.58 years. Since the overwhelming majority of road traffic fatalities are male (75.7%), there is a considerable gender difference. Men would gain 0.85 years while women would gain 0.30 years in life expectancy, closing the gender gap in life expectancy by about 14%. We then discuss how a reduction in RTIs could be achieved. South Africa’s legislation already covers all important aspects of road safety (e.g. seat belt use, drink driving restrictions, speed limits, infrastructure improvements), however, enforcement is relatively weak and should be improved. There are a raft of measures that have been well researched in other countries, most interventions aim to modify the behaviour of road users and have been found to be cost effective. In addition to stricter enforcement, evidence from social science suggests that compliance could be increased through a change in social norms regarding road usage. published

This paper considers the role of language in labour earnings in South Africa over the period 1996 to 1998. Our pooled cross-section comprises of over 160,000 working age adults, and the analysis considers the decision to participate in the labour force, employment prospects and labour earnings. Models include variables for individual mother tongue in addition to population group. After conditioning on a number of socio-economic and demographic factors, we find that having English as one's mother tongue is one of the pivotal determinants of labour earnings. These results are robust across two models of sample selection. Such findings shed light on the economic consequences of South Africa's national policy of linguistic heterogeneity.

The article proposes to analyze the political speech in the comedy O scrisoare pierdutã by I.L. Caragiale. I will analyze the speeches of the characters Farfuridi and Caþavencu from scene I, act III, respectively the scenes V, VI, VII of the same act, from a semantic and pragmatic perspective. Both characters want to candidate for the position of deputy and the means to achieve their goal are different. The speeches of the two characters breaches the principle of the logical non-contradiction, the conversation maxims and the politeness rules, thus leading to create the effect of lack of logical-semantic organisation and lack of diplomacy in interpersonal relations. The author’s purpose is to get the comical effect by irony of the demagogue politician, embodied into the two characters.

Bu çalýþmada; Adana, Mersin ve Gaziantep illerinde bulunan ve faaliyet konularý yalnýz akaryakýt istasyonu iþletmeciliði olan firmalarýn yöneticilerinin eðitim seviyeleri ile söz konusu firmalarýn risk iþtahlarý arasýndaki iliþki araþtýrýlmýþtýr. Risk kavramý, firmalarýn nakit banka borçlarý ile sýnýrlandýrýlmýþ; risk iþtahý ise nakit banka borçlarýnýn net satýþlara oraný olarak tanýmlanmýþtýr. Kullanýlan finansal veriler 2011 yýlsonuna ait gelir tablolarýndan ve bir bankanýn veri tabanýndan alýnmýþtýr. Yöneticilerin eðitim seviyelerine iliþkin bilgiler, kendilerinin sözlü beyanlarýna dayanmaktadýr. Araþtýrma sonunda, yöneticilerin eðitim seviyesinin firmalarýn risk iþtahý üzerinde negatif etkiye sahip olduðu ortaya çýkmýþtýr.

The current Romanian medical system is going throw a complex process of reform based mainly in winning the citizens, professionalization the management and increasing the funding levels. The present study is an analysis of the satisfaction level felt by medical staff in emergency reception units in Bucharest hospitals and brings a novelty in the field of medical research, based on the problems approached and the emphasis placed in observation the quality and the performance of medical services. This study shows how satisfied is a medical personnel in the working environment and identify what are the main drawbacks that generate disaffection and inefficiency in public medical emergency services in Bucharest. The research methodology used is based on a target group consisting of medical personnel’s in emergency reception units analyzed. The tools used for data collection were questionnaires and non-participatory observations were processed by computer program called SPSS. The results obtained from the medical staff examined shows dissatisfaction towards salary level, the level of endowment with modern equipment and informative materials available which capture the need to create a remuneration system based on performance criteria and competitiveness associated with a penalty system in parallel. The beneficiaries of this study are researchers in the medical field, hospitals surveyed, managers and representatives of research and development departments of analyzed hospitals taking into account their low activity in recent years.

Economic conditions exert a strong influence on regional migration. On the one hand, strong labour market conditions, as exemplified by low unemployment rates and high earnings, draw migrants into regions. On the other hand, strong housing market conditions can prevent movement since expensive housing can deter migrants and commuting may often be an alternative. This can be thought of as giving rise to a migration equilibrium, where high house prices choke off migration caused by strong labour market conditions. Expected capital gains in housing and expected earnings growth however, can offset high levels of house prices, effects ignored in previous literature. Migration can also be influenced more directly by the availability of housing relative to population without this being mediated through prices. This paper presents evidence from a 28 year panel on net and gross migration for the regions of Britain that is broadly in accord with these expectations.

This paper asks whether population growth is conducive to the sustainability of cooperation. A simple model is developed in which farmers who live around a circular lake engage in trade with their adjacent neighbors. The payoffs from this activity are governed by a prisoner's dilemma "rule of engagement." Every farmer has one son when the population is not growing, or two sons when it is growing. In the former case, the son takes over the farm when his father dies. In the latter case, one son stays on his father's farm, whereas the other son settles around another lake, along with the "other" sons of the other farmers. During his childhood, each son observes the strategies and the payoffs of his father and of the trading partners of his father, and imitates the most successful strategy when starting farming on his own. Then mutant defectors are introduced into an all-cooperator community. The defector strategy may spread. A comparison is drawn between the impact in terms of the sustainability of cooperation of the appearance of the mutants in a population that is not growing, and in one that is growing. It is shown that the ex-ante probability of sustaining the cooperation strategy is higher for a community that is growing than for a stagnant community.

Using time diary data from the 1997 PSID CDS-I, the present study assesses the association between mother’s values concerning qualities they see as good for their children to possess for their future lives and the amount of time children spend in unstructured play and studying. The importance of everyday activity of parents in shaping these child socialization values has long been established. Previous research however has largely been unable to establish a clear association between these parental values and the structure of children’s lives. This research demonstrates such a linkage, independent of measures of socioeconomic status, family and child characteristics.

Poverty is a complex phenomenon based on a network of interlocking economic, social, political, and demographic factors. An understanding of the extent, nature, and determinants of rural poverty is a precondition for effective public policy to reduce poverty in rural Pakistan. The present study attempts to analyze the impact of socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of households on poverty, using primary data collected in the village of Betti Nala in Tehsil Jatoi, district Muzaffargarh in southern Punjab. We have used two distinct approaches: (i) a poverty profile, and (ii) an econometric approach in our empirical analysis. The results show that household size, dependency on household, participation, landholdings, and number of livestock have a significant impact on poverty incidence. Our final conclusion is that efforts should be made to improve socioeconomic factors in general and demographic factors in particular to alleviate rural poverty in remote areas of Pakistan, while land should be allotted to landless households.

Measures of childcare drawn from time-diary data are commonly based on the specific childcare activities a parent engages in throughout the day. This emphasis on activities has been criticised as it ignores the large quantity of time parents spend supervising their children. In order to provide more accurate estimates of childcare that incorporate supervisory childcare, researchers have turned to extended measures of care based on being i) in proximity to children or ii) responsible for children. There has been debate about the extent to which these approaches each measure the same aspect of childcare. In addition, it is thought they may be sensitive to the way surveys have been designed, which can affect the extent to which they can be compared crossnationally. We argue that measures of proximity and responsibility are conceptually interchangeable, and demonstrate that they can be harmonised and compared cross-nationally. Finally, we suggest ways in which these extended measures of childcare can be made increasingly comparable cross-nationally.

What motivates family members to share resources? Past research argues for, on the one hand, love and altruism, and on the other, the expectation of reciprocity. Drawing on this literature, this paper examines intergenerational transfers between small farmers and their non-coresident children in the rural area around the city of Altamira, Pará, Brazil. We apply GoM (Grade of Membership) models to create profiles of private transfers, using data collected in 2005 by a team from Indiana University. The results show three profiles: low intergenerational transfers, high levels of transfers of visits and help, and high levels of transfers of visits and money. There is no clear difference in profile by birth order, but we do find sex differences in profile. Men are more likely to send money while women provide time transfers (work and visits). Upward transfers are most common from children with high levels of education or living in urban areas, suggesting a repayment of prior investments made by parents. Thus, our empirical evidence supports theories arguing that transfers are motivated by intertemporal contracts between parents and children, and that altruistic theories of family transfers should be rethought among rural agricultural populations in contexts characterized by many environmental and institutional challenges.

In den vergangenen Jahren waren von Massenentlassungen größerer Firmen nicht mehr weit überwiegend Geringqualifizierte, sondern zunehmend auch Personen mit abgeschlossener beruflicher Ausbildung, einschließlich solcher mit Hochschulabschluss, und nicht mehr nur Arbeitnehmer im produzierenden Gewerbe, sondern auch Arbeitnehmer im Dienstleistungssektor betroffen. Diese Meldungen haben unter den weiterhin Beschäftigten ein beträchtliches Maß an Unsicherheit erzeugt. Auch der Einstieg ins Erwerbsleben erscheint, selbst im Bereich qualifizierter Beschäftigung, heute schwieriger als in der Vergangenheit. Trotzdem ist offen, ob und in welchem Maße die Wahrnehmung eines gestiegenen Entlassungsrisikos bzw. einer zunehmenden Instabilität von Erwerbsverläufen auch im Bereich der gesellschaftlichen Mitte der Realität entspricht. Der Beitrag untersucht, inwieweit innerhalb der "gesellschaftlichen Mitte" bestimmte Konvergenz- oder Divergenztendenzen sichtbar werden.

This is a report on the socio-economic development of the Metis in Canada. The report identifies appropriate indicators to benchmark Metis socio-economic development against non-Aboriginal socio-economic development, while establishing a benchmark against which future progress can be gauged. Quite briefly, there have been strong gains in Metis socio-economic development, especially concerning income and education. In particular, Metis median income reached 86.7 per cent of non-Aboriginal median income in 2010, up from 72.9 per cent in 2000. In terms of education, the share of the Metis with a college, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma as their highest degree actually surpassed the share of the non-Aboriginal population in similar areas by 2011. However, there are still a number of gaps that remain. For example, the Metis continue to have poorer indicators of health, especially concerning smoking. Furthermore, the Metis still have lower levels of suitable housing than the non-Aboriginal population. One of the most interesting findings of the report is the large gaps that exist within the Metis Nation between provinces. The report concludes that concerted efforts, determined cooperation, and substantial participation from Metis leaders and Metis organizations at both the provincial and national level will be required to close the remaining gaps between provinces within the Metis Nation and between the aggregate Metis and non-Aboriginal populations.

Dans le cadre de cette étude, nous avons choisi de nous concentrer sur la robotique sociale d’assistance qui constitue l’une des technologies clés des géront’innovations. Avoir un robot comme compagnon ou aide-soignant à domicile n’est plus du domaine de la science-fiction, mais est devenue une réalité. Ceci grâce à l’inventivité et à la créativité de nombreux entrepreneurs passionnés en France et dans d’autres pays. Mais, quelles sont les motivations de ces entrepreneurs ? Cherchent-ils simplement à saisir une opportunité d’affaire ? Quelles sont leurs ressources ? Sont-ils préoccupés par la question du vieillissement de la population et par celle de sa prise en charge ? L’ensemble de ces initiatives va-t-il contribuer à créer une nouvelle trajectoire technologique, induisant à la fois de nouvelles pratiques industrielles (conception et production de robots) et sociales (demande de la part des personnes âgées pour ce type de produit) ?, Robotics for social assistance is one of the key technologies of geront’innovations. Having a robot as a companion or home health aide is no longer science fiction, but has become a reality. This is due to the inventiveness and creativity of many passionate entrepreneurs in France and in other countries. But what are the motivations of these entrepreneurs? Do they simply seek to seize a business opportunity? What are their resources? Are they concerned about people ageing? All these initiatives contribute to create a new technological trajectory, leading to both new industrial practices (design and production of robots) and social ones (demand from old people for this type of product).

There are two different ways to deal with exceptions in Optimality Theory (OT): Co-phonology and Indexed Constraints. Several works compare the two approaches claiming that the Co-phonology approach is more formally parsimonious than Indexed Constraint approach. This paper presents an analysis of the stress system in Mehweb (Dargwa, Nakh Daghestanian) using a modification of the Indexed Constraint approach, which I call “Lexically Filled OT”. I argue that this approach is more parsimonious than both Co-phonology and Indexed Constraints

The present work aims at setting up an index to rank different coastal territories. The objective is to provide insights for future developing paths: a tool in the service of public decision-makers who govern the territories and optimize the local resources for the purpose of economic development, with the industry of boating involved. This paper offers indexes based on relevant indicators, all of which are available in advanced countries. The construction of the Nautical Quality Index (NaQi) follows a process that strictly adheres to the most reliable method of calculation: starting from 18 variables selected ad hoc, which are grouped into six synthetic indicators. The overall indicator is obtained as the sum of each partial indicator, appropriately re-standardized and weighted for the vector of dimensional weighting. The resulting NaQi is therefore a general classification, obtained from the sum of six synthetic indices.

After World War II, town twinning became popular, notably in Germany. This was mainly a reaction to the war experience, and it was aimed at creating renewed international understanding and co-operation between German cities and cities in other countries. The contacts created by town twinning also resulted in increased international access of the cities involved. This potentially stimulates growth in these cities compared to cities that do not have (as many) twinning partners. In this paper we investigate the effects of town twinning on population growth in German counties and municipalities. Our results show that German counties and municipalities that engage in town twinning often have had a significantly higher population growth compared to German cities that do not have twinning partners. Especially the number or intensity of twinning relations as well as town twinning with French cities, and with neighboring countries more generally, turn out to have a positive effect on city growth. We also find that the positive population growth effects of town twinning are confined to the larger German cities.

We develop an economic framework for valuing improvements to health and life expectancy, based on individuals' willingness to pay. We then apply the framework to past and prospective reductions in mortality risks, both overall and for specific life-threatening diseases. We calculate (i) the social values of increased longevity for men and women over the 20th century; (ii) the social value of progress against various diseases after 1970; and (iii) the social value of potential future progress against various major categories of disease. The historical gains from increased longevity have been enormous. Over the 20th century, cumulative gains in life expectancy were worth over $1.2 million per person for both men and women. Between 1970 and 2000 increased longevity added about $3.2 trillion per year to national wealth, an uncounted value equal to about half of average annual GDP over the period. Reduced mortality from heart disease alone has increased the value of life by about $1.5 trillion per year since 1970. The potential gains from future innovations in health care are also extremely large. Even a modest 1 percent reduction in cancer mortality would be worth nearly $500 billion.

Important time-budget methodological issues are concerned with analysing time use tables, obtainable from time-budget diaries to face the multipurpose nature, the size and the complexity of time-budget data. After a brief introduction to the main time use analysis the paper focuses on the cross-sectional analysis using the explorative multidimensional data analysis. The paper deals with the multiway methods suitable for comparing statistical studies (i.e. countries) when each of them has many variables (i.e. activities) observed on many cases (i.e. categories of population). This article examines an example of application to cross-national differences in time use in six European countries at different stages of life. The results are exemplary of the applicational steps and statistical aspects of the methods proposed rather than definitive findings.

Extensive small scale studies have documented that when people assume the role of assisting a person with impairments or an older person, care activities account for a significant portion of their daily routines. Nevertheless, little research has investigated the problem of measuring the time that carers spend in care-related activities. This paper contrasts two different measures of care time – an estimated average weekly hours question in the 1998 Australian Survey of Disability, Ageing and Carers, and diary estimates from the 1997 national Australian Time Use Survey. This study finds that diaries provide information for a more robust estimate, but only after one models the time use patterns in the days of carers to identify care-related activities, which diarists do not necessarily record as care. Such a measure of care time reveals that even people who offer only occasional assistance to a person with impairments tend to spend the equivalent of more than 10 minutes a day providing care. Most caregivers undertake the equivalent of a part-time job to help a friend or family member. Summing the average caregiving time provided by all household members reveals that over a quarter of Australian households caring for an adult or child provide the equivalent of a full-time employee’s labour, and another quarter work between 20 and 39 total weekly hours to provide informal care.

This paper examines how time diaries facilitate the study of work-life balance. We first compare aggregate time spent in paid work, unpaid work, attending to personal needs, and free time across seven countries using the Multinational Time Use Study. We then measure the overlap of work with other activities in two ways. First, we map the timing of episodes of work over the day, and overlay these maps onto maps of leisure time. A social group can be said to have a work-life balance if their peak periods of different activities do not overlap substantially. Second, we measure the total time spent performing multiple activities at the same time, and compare periods of multi-tasking where work is the main focus while other activities occur simultaneously with multi-tasking where work occurs alongside another activity that is the main focus of the diarist’s attention. All analysis is broken down by sex and age. There are many qualifications on these results, and the results in this paper are exemplary of what can be done rather than definitive findings.

This paper discusses the long run effect of changes in the age distribution of Spanish population on the unemployment rate, disaggregated by sex and age segments in the light of cointegration theory given the non stationarity of the series. Four main results are obtained. First, empirical analysis does not provide a clear scheme concerning the long run relationships between population variables and the specific unemployment rates for different groups. Second, as a first approximation one can detect the existence of, at least, one long run equilibrium relationship in all sex-age groups, except for the ones including the middle aged unemployed female workers and oldest unemployed female workers. Third, a more thorough analysis enables us to justify the existence of such long run relationships for the youngest male workers and middle aged male workers. One cannot argue, however, a joint evolution of population variables and the unemployment rates associated with female workers and to the oldest male workers. Fourth, the short run dynamics of unemployment rates for the youngest (male and female workers) and the middle age male workers is affected by the transitory deviations from these long run relationships. Hence, from an applied economics point of view, the result stresses the likely failure of employment policies which do not take into account the heterogeneous composition of unemployed workers. It stresses the need to design particular policies for specific groups of workers depending on their age and sex characteristics.

RÉSUMÉLes sondages sur les conditions de santé chroniques fournissent des informations sur la prédominance mais pas l'incidence et le processus de changement au sein de la population. Notre étude a révelé comment "les dynamiques d'âge" des conditions chroniques—les probabilités de contracter des conditions aux âges divers, de passer d'un état d'une maladie chronique à l'autre, et de mourir—peuvent être déduites des données sur la prédominance de ces conditions, qui peuvent être considerées comme irreversibles. Les matrices de transition de probabilité ont été construites pour les groupes d'âge successifs, la séquence représentant la dynamique d'âge des conditions de santé pour une population sédentaire. Nous avons simulé la trajectoire de vie d'une cohorte sous les probabilités initiales, et encore sous les probabilités altérées, afin d'explorer les effets de la réduction du taux d'incidence ou de la mortalité associée à une condition particulière. Nous avons démontré que ces enquêtes sur les conditions chroniques peuvent être rendues encore plus valables en permettant le calcul des probabilités de transition qui définissent le processus de vieillissement pour des conditions chroniques.

In this paper, we examine the pure exchange motive for intergenerational transfers within the family. We consider a model where a parent offers a financial transfer in exchange for the care services of the child. Using a Stackelberg game, we study the optimal attention care-money contract between the generations. We prove that the amount of gift received may be either positively or negatively related with the child's income. In addition, the relationship between the two variables is non linear and affected by the parent's degree of risk aversion. This non linearity, which has been largely neglected to date in empirical analyses, may explain why the exchange transfer motive has received little support in developed countries

Are fertility responses to local unemployment homogenous across sub-demographic groups? This paper investigates how changes in local unemployment rates affect household fertility decisions in England while taking sub-demographic differences into account. Recognizing that labor market status is a major determinant of child rearing decision, and assuming that children are normal goods, this paper hypothesizes that an increase in male and female unemployment will have different effects on the current period fertility. Using the Labor Force Survey and Birth Statistics data from the Office for National Statistics, this study shows that female unemployment tends to increase births whereas male unemployment has the opposite effect. More importantly, reported results indicate that unemployment and fertility relation exhibits strong age group and educational attainment gradients. In addition, a persistent counter-cyclical fertility pattern has also been documented at the ceremonial county level.

[Vorwort zur Veröffentlichung] Die Fachtagung "Na, altes Haus? Stadt und Umland im Wandel- Planungs- und Entwicklungsinstrumente mit demografischer Chance" war eine Veranstaltung im Rahmen der Schweriner Wissenschaftswoche vom 21.-25.10.2013 statt. Das Motto der Schweriner Wissenschaftswoche orientiert sich jeweils am Wissenschaftsjahr des BMBF und stand daher unter der Gesamtüberschrift - Die Demografische Chance. Die Organisation der Fachtagung erfolgte federführend durch die Hochschule Wismar in Zusammenarbeit mit der Architektenkammer Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, der Ingenieurkammer Mecklenburg- Vorpommern, der Industrie- und Handelskammer zu Schwerin und der Handwerkskammer Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. Veranstalter und Organisatoren der Schweriner Wissenschaftswoche sind ist ein festes Team, zu dem außerdem die Landeshauptstadt Schwerin, das Baltic College Schwerin, die Hochschule der Bundesagentur für Arbeit, Schwerin, die Hamburger Fern-Hochschule, Studienzentrum Schwerin und der Verein der Förderer der Hochschulen in Schwerin gehören. [...]

BACKGROUND The narrowing of the sex gap in life-expectancy since the mid-1970s in the United States has been explained by women’s growing involvement in previously male-dominated risky behaviours, and in particular tobacco consumption. We argue that the narrowing sex-gap could additionally have resulted from greater benefits to men than women from new medical technologies due to differential access and the fact that many medical solutions result from studies based entirely on men. METHODS We decompose the sex gap in the mean duration of life between ages 0 and 75 into four large cause of death groups according to the index of amenable mortality. FINDINGS In the studied years, with the exception of 1985-1995, the sex gap decreased due to causes amenable to public policy interventions. An important contributor to this change was increased smoking among women. The observed narrowing of the sex gap due to medically amenable causes is limited to age 0. When a new group of causes amenable to medical interventions was formed by including half of the contribution of IHD, it had a positive contribution to the narrowing sex gap, and in particular at ages 1-75 years. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that when the group of medically amenable causes of death includes half of the contribution of IHD, the narrowing-sex gap in life-expectancy results from the two sexes benefiting to a different degree from medical developments due to differential access or from the fact that treatments are better fitted to male physiological needs than those of women.

Celem artykułu było wyznaczenie maksimum krzywej Laffera w gospodarkach poszczególnych krajów OECD posiadających instytucjonalne systemy emerytalne. Do realizacji tego zadania został wykorzystany model matematyczny opracowany wcześniej przez autora. Model przewiduje teoretycznie możliwość wystąpienia efektu związanego z krzywą Laffera w gospodarce z instytucjonalnym systemem emerytalnym. Podstawowa formuła modelu łączy produkt gospodarki tworzący wynagrodzenie czynników wytwórczych (kapitału i pracy) ze zmienną, którą jest stosunek liczby emerytów do liczby pracujących. Metodyka badania uwzględniała trzy etapy analizy z wykorzystaniem dostępnych danych statystycznych krajów OECD oraz bazy danych Banku Światowego. Pierwszy i drugi etap badania nie wypadł pomyślnie dla wszystkich krajów OECD. Kryteria modelu dla okresu 2001–2010 spełniło tylko 16 gospodarek na 34 zbadanych. Jednakże obliczenia przeprowadzone w oparciu o dane statystyczne potwierdzają przewidywania modelu. Gospodarka każdego kraju OECD może znajdować się w maksimum krzywej Laffera. To maksimum może być związane ze stosunkiem liczby emerytów do liczby pracujących z zakresu od 0 do 1. Może być ono umiejscowione bliżej 0 lub bliżej 1. Zależy to od elastyczności produktu względem kapitału w gospodarce. Przeprowadzone obliczenia nie rozstrzygają jednak, jaka jest rzeczywista w danej gospodarce elastyczność produktu względem kapitału.

Children can be considered as a marriage-specific investment that increases the value of the marriage, making a divorce more costly. We exploit the richness of pre- and post-marital information from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 79, for the United States, to investigate the relation between fertility and marriage instability. In our model of marriage breakdown, we use the number of siblings of the respondent and, alternatively, multiple births, to instrument the number of children conceived during first marriage. Our results indicate that the presence of children significantly reduces the probability of marital disruption. In addition, the younger the children, the greater the deterrent effect. In contrast, we conclude that children conceived before first marriage increase the risk of marital disruption. Finally, the higher the parents' level of education, the larger the positive effect of fertility on marital stability.

In this paper, we explore the relationship between ethnic fractionalization and social capital. First, we test for time differences in the impact of ethnic fractionalization on social capital using U.S. data from 1990, 1997, and 2005. Subsequently, we examine the data for evidence of the con flict, contact, and hunker-down theories espoused by Putman in explaining what happens over time when individuals interact with those of differing ethnicities. We find no evidence of heterogeneity in the impact of ethnic fractionalization on social capital over time. In addition, we find evidence of the confl ict theory and no evidence of hunker-down or contact theories. Our results suggest that as communities become more diverse, there is a tendency for social capital to decline.

The aim of this contribution is to apply methods from optimal control theory to the mathematical modeling of biological pest control. We formulate a pest control strategy for nonlinear Kolmogorov system of n interacting populations by introducing natural enemies as a control function. The sufficient conditions for existence of an optimal feedback control function are based on the fact, that the steady-state solution of the Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman partial differential equation is a Lyapunov function guaranteeing stability and optimality. We apply those general results to the Lotka-Volterra system with a logistic rate of increase of the prey population and Holling’s second type functional response of the predator population, to illustrate biological control of pest mite in stored grain Acarus siro by predatory mite Cheyletus eruditus.

We propose several models in which an ascriptive characteristic generates earnings differentials and is sorted across sectors. The general approach shows how to distinguish the ultimate sources of labor-market returns to such characteristics; the specific example uses longitudinal data on a large sample of attorneys who graduated from one law school. Beauty is measured by ratings of their matriculation photographs. 1) Better-looking attorneys who graduated in the 1970s earned more after 5 years of practice than their worse- looking classmates, other things equal, an effect that grew even larger by the fifteenth year of practice. There is no impact of beauty on earnings among 1980s graduates. 2) Attorneys in the private sector are better-looking than those in the public sector, with the differences rising as workers sort across sector based on their beauty. 3) Male attorneys' probability of attaining an early partnership rises with beauty. The results support a theory of dynamic sorting and the role of customer behavior. We cannot determine whether this is because clients discriminate or because better-looking lawyers are able to obtain greater pecuniary gains for their clients.

This paper examines the economic returns from participating in a subsidized vocational education program in stitching and tailoring offered to women residing in certain disadvantaged areas of New Delhi, India. The availability of pre and post-training data in an experimental framework allows us to measure the impact of participating in this program on a broad range of outcomes. In less than a year, the program has generated substantial improvement in labor market outcomes for these women. In particular, we find that women who were randomly offered the training program are almost five percentage points more likely to be employed, six percentage points more likely to look for a job, on an average work two additional hours, and earn almost twice as much in the post-training period compared to women who were not offered the training. There is a also a large increase in the ownership of sewing machine in the post-training period. The program impacts are much larger for women who completed the training program. Women assigned to the training program have also gained in the form of increased relative confidence. Further, the impact estimates vary with participants' intrinsic preferences for risk, competition, and confidence. Finally, a simple cost-benefit analysis suggests that the program is highly cost effective and that there are considerable gains from both continuing the program in the current location and replicating it in different locations.

The paper shows relationships between level of residential satisfaction and form of differentiation of marketing policy in place market segments. A combination of three criteria of place attractiveness (retention and attraction, conditions for natural growth, and settling) was chosen to classify place market segments, and distribution of residents by the level of satisfaction as a result of specific place marketing policy for all the segments were hypothesized. The results of the empirical study partially confirm developed theoretical typologies. The paper also demonstrates, that driver forces of the place marketing differentiation are related to both current activities of place marketers and external factors. Using the results of the study, it becomes possible to choose a relevant form of differentiation of place marketing policy and interpret its results adequately.

The aim of this paper is to use previous research to identify determinants of mortality rates, an economic variable that affects the size of Russia's population. It is impossible to explain mortality solely in terms of socioeconomic factors, so the survey of medical literature conducted here was essential. It was concluded that factors such as a deterioration in levels of medical care or an increase in environmental pollution could not easily explain the rise in mortality rates throughout the Soviet era and the fluctuating mortality rates seen after the collapse of the Soviet Union. Previous research has explored the relationship between Russians and alcohol, which had been described anecdotally in literary works, the media, and so on, and demonstrated the significance of alcohol consumption as a factor exerting a decisive influence on long-term changes in mortality rates and the probability of death in Russia since the transition to capitalism.

This paper examines the gender gap in the division of housework in Vietnam among the household heads f children who are not married and still reside in the family home. We find that in a typical day, a daughter has a higher probability of undertaking some housework and for some 9.66 to 17.94 minutes longer than would an equivalent son. Among siblings in two-child families, a daughter who has a brother has the largest gender gap. However, once we control for differences in genetic endowment, with both twins involved in at least some housework, male-female twins spend approximately the same amount of time on housework. In a mutual decision-making scenario, among siblings in two-child families, an elder daughter would shoulder housework for the other sibling while the reverse holds for younger sisters, but only where the children are 20 years of age or younger. In addition, we find that besides sharing the family total housework load, one minute spent on housework by the mother inspires a 0.0481-0.298 minute increase in the time spent on housework by her daughter.

Auf der Grundlage der Sterbetafel 2011 des Statistischen Bundesamtes wird gezeigt, welche Beitragssätze bei versicherungsmathematischer Betrachtungsweise erforderlich wären, um eine gleich hohe Rente wie in der gRV zu erreichen. Mit einem solchen Maßstab ist es möglich, steuerliche Belastungen, Ungleichbehandlungen und erforderliche Bundeszuschüsse zu quantifizieren und den Eigentumsschutz von Rentenleistungen zu stärken. Eine Neuformulierung des SGB VI § 213 wird insoweit vereinfacht. Eine ausführliche Darstellung zur Berechnung einer aktuellen Versicherungsprämie aus versicherungsmathematischer Sicht ist als Anhang beigefügt.

This study tests whether individuals who grow up with parents on welfare benefits are themselves more (or less) likely to be welfare recipients as young adults, compared to individuals who grow up in non-welfare households. We use the sibling difference method to identify causal effects separately from the effects of correlated factors. While a descriptive analysis reveals a fairly high positive intergenerational correlation, especially in the late teens and conditional on a large set of household level factors, the sibling analysis provides no support for a causal effect of parents’ welfare benefit receipt on children’s future welfare use.

Inhabitants become the important target group of place marketing along with other place consumers. The problem of defining criteria for the attractiveness of places for different inhabitants and classification of factors is one of the most important for the marketing policies aimed at development of local communities. The paper shows that a combination of three criteria of place attractiveness (retention and attraction, conditions for external growth, and settling) may be considered as the main characteristic of a place market segment that determines its distinctive attributes. Based on these criteria, the heuristic monothetic 3-dimensional typology of market segments and the hypothetic classification of distinctive characteristics of the Russian place market segments were developed.The combination of three demographic indicators (emigration, birth rate, difference of general birth rates, and emigration of natives - in accordance with the criteria of place attractiveness) were selected to estimate the place consumers’ behavior in the segments. The results of the empirical study partially confirm developed theoretical typologies. In addition, they allow concluding that both tangible and “intangible” attributes of places can have an impact on the behavior of inhabitants as place consumers. This paper also shows that all of the studied attributes depend on market segments, which towns occupy. Study results are important for marketing analysis and marketing policy of Russian towns.

Population-ageing is one of the traditional topics of development and growth theory and a key challenge to most modern societies. We focus on the following aspect: Population-ageing is associated with changes in demand-structure, since demand-patterns change with increasing age. This process induces structural changes (factor-reallocations across technologically heterogeneous sectors) and, thus, has impacts on average productivity growth. We provide a neoclassical multi-sector growth-model for analyzing these aspects and elaborate potential policy-impact channels. We show that ageing has permanent and complex/multifaceted impacts on the growth rate of the economy and could, therefore, be an important determinant of long-run GDP-growth.

This paper analyzes naming behavior in Germany in the context of rapid social change. It begins with an overview of general developments in naming in Germany over the last one hundred years, based on data from the German Socio-Economic Panel Study (SOEP), which supplies us with almost 45,000 datasets. The paper focuses on the periods of World War II and the Cold War since we conclude that general developments in naming were disrupted by these two phenomena. Wartime brings accelerated social change in its wake and people react to this social change - often on an apparently individual level. Here, our findings are in accordance with established sociological theories. Publisher's website: http://maneypublishing.com/index.php/journals/nam/

We explore what are the key facts that Uruguayans consider relevant for being an adult. In particular, we assess the linkages between adulthood and skills, income, labor market participation and marital status, among others personal attributes. With the aim of identifying behavioral patterns, we estimate ordered probit models. Our dataset is the 2008 survey carried out by the International Social Survey Program in Uruguay.This article points out that gender, age and the educational level are critical factors for understanding opinions about adulthood. Moreover, we extend previous findings by showing that living some circumstances does not make people to consider that they are relevant experiences. For example, regarding parenthood, there are non-significant differences between those who have had a child and those who have not.

Methods. Sequence Analysis supported by Event History Analysis. Key Findings. Despite only 12 years separating both cohorts, the younger 1970 cohort exhibited very different patterns of housing including a slower progression out of the parental home and into stable tenure, and an increased reliance on privately rented housing. Returns to the parental home occurred across the twenties and into the thirties in both cohorts, although occurred more frequently and were more concentrated among certain groups in the 1970 cohort compared to the 1958 cohort. Although fewer cohort members in the 1970 cohort experienced social housing, and did so at a later age, social housing was also associated with greater tenure immobility in this younger cohort. Conclusions. The housing experiences of the younger cohort became associated with more unstable tenure (privately rented housing) for the majority. Leaving the parental home was observed to be a process, as opposed to a one-off event, and several returns to the parental home were documented, more so for the 1970 cohort. These findings are not unrelated, and in the current environment of rising house prices, collapses in the (youth) labour market and rising costs of higher education, are likely to increase in prevalence across subsequent cohorts.

An important element in considering school finance policies is that households are not passive but instead respond to policies. Household behavior is especially important in considering how households affect the spatial structure of metropolitan areas where different jurisdictions incorporate bundles of advantages and disadvantages. This paper adds richness to existing urban models by incorporating multiple workplace locations, alternative public services by jurisdiction (school qualities), and voter-determined school expenditure. In our general equilibrium model of residential location and community choice, households base optimizing decisions on commuting costs, school quality, and land rents. The resulting equilibrium has heterogeneous communities in terms of income and tastes for schools. This basic model is used to analyze a series of conventional policy experiments, including school district consolidation and district power utilization. The important conclusion within our range of simulations is that welfare falls for all families with the restrictions on choice that are implied by these approaches.

This paper evaluates the effect of AIDS-related mortality on per-capita incomes of surviving household members, using a large nationally representative sample of rural households from Zambia. To minimize selection bias that may arise because AIDS is likely to be the endogenous outcome of individual behavior, we employ a difference-in-difference propensity score matching estimator. We find that the death of a prime-age member has no significant impact on per-capita household income. This result continues to hold when we control for spillover effects by excluding households from the control group if members departed or joined for reasons related to AIDS. A likely explanation for this finding is that surviving household members pursue a mix of income and demographic coping strategies that prevents income losses in the short to medium run.

Losing a parent is a trauma that has consequences for human capital formation. Does it matter at what age this trauma occurs? Using longitudinal data from the Kagera region in Tanzania that span thirteen years from 1991-2004, we find considerable impact heterogeneity across age at bereavement, but less so for the death of opposite-sex parents. In terms of long-term health status as measured by body height, children who lose their same-sex parent before teenage years are hit hardest. Regarding years of formal education attained in young adulthood, boys whose fathers die before adolescence suffer the most. Maternal bereavement does not fit into this pattern as it affects educational attainment of younger and older children in a similar way. The generally strong interaction between age at parental death and sex of the late parent suggests that the preferences of the surviving parent partly protect same-sex children from orphanhood's detrimental effects on human capital accumulation.

Ce travail propose une analyse des trois dimensions de l’insertion professionnelle (emploi, formation et ressenti), pour des bac+5 par une double approche : le parcours de formation d’une part et le capital social (transmis ou acquis) ensuite. Les résultats obtenus montrent que quelle que soit la dimension, pour le capital social transmis, les personnes issues des catégories sociales les plus favorisées ont de meilleurs résultats par rapport à l’insertion professionnelle, et pour le capital social acquis, ce sont les individus issus de filières « prestigieuses » qui ont de meilleurs résultats. Nous montrons également que quelle que soit la filière ce sont les enfants d’ouvriers qui ont les meilleurs scores pour la dimension ressenti ; pour la dimension emploi ils obtiennent le meilleur score au sein des filières « standards » et le plus faible au sein des filières « prestigieuses ».

In this paper, we examine the pure exchange motive for intergenerational transfers within the family. We consider a model where a selfish parent offers a financial transfer in exchange for the services of the child. Using a Stackelberg game, we study the optimal attention-money contract between the generations. We prove that the amount of gift received may be either positively or negatively related with the child's income. In addition, the relationship between the two variables is non linear and affected by the parent's degree of risk aversion. This nonlinearity, which has been largely neglected to date in empirical analyses, may explain why the exchange transfer motive has received little support in developed countries.

We explore the relationship between formal employment and recidivism using a dataset that follows every Norwegian resident released from prison in 2003 for several years. By the end of 2006, 27 percent are re-incarcerated. Using a Cox proportional hazard model that controls for a host of individual characteristics, we find that the hazard of re-incarceration is 63 percent lower for those getting employed compared to those not getting employed. While some of the moderating association between employment and re-incarceration is accounted for by observable individual characteristics, the substantially lower hazard for those getting employed indicates a possibility of a considerable benign effect of employment on recidivism. Our analysis thus provides further indication that provision of employment opportunities can facilitate the return to society after release from prison.

Accurate knowledge of adult mortality levels and trends in the developing world is hampered by its widespread lack of complete vital registration systems. Although knowledge of infant and child mortality was once affect by the same problem, survey-based techniques have been more successful in estimating child and infant than adult mortality. The main objective of this paper is to estimate mortality rates for the population aged 5 and above, in Peru by sex. The study evaluates the degree of coverage, and corrects the level of mortality, when necessary, using different methodologies. The literature does not indicate the best method to investigate mortality data problems. Thus, the implementation of alternative methods will improve the understanding of the mortality levels and trends in Peru in recent decades.