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Phenolic compounds in jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) peel were extracted using novel sequential microwave-ultrasonic-assisted extraction (SMUAE) and a natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES). Choline chloride-lactic acid (ChCl-LA) was an optimal NADES. Optimal conditions of SMUprobeAE (SMUpAE) were 415 W microwave power, 124 s irradiation time, and 7 min ultrasonic time. Total phenolic content (TPC) of a crude extract (CJPE) under the optimum conditions was 53.16 ± 1.23 mg GAE/g DW. SMUbathAE (SMUbAE) could be used instead of SMUpAE to prevent the corrosion of the probe. The different sequences of applying ultrasonic wave and microwave did not differently influence TPC, antioxidant activity of CJPE, and microstructure of peel residues. LC-QTOF-MS/MS profiling of natural products in purified extracts (PJPE) was differently affected by ChCl-LA and 60% EtOH. Chlorogenic acid was the main phenolic compound in PJPE. Glycyrrhetinic acid was found for the first time in ChCl-LA-PJPE. Therefore, SMUbAE integrated with ChCl-LA was an alternative green technique for extraction of phenolic compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to improve the yield of jackfruit peel pectin (JFPP) and obtain high-purity pectin with good functional properties, this study optimized the extraction process of pectin by ultrasound-assisted cellulase enzyme method through response surface experiments. The extracted pectin was preliminarily purified, including degreasing, deproteinization, decolorization, and dialysis concentration process. The purified pectin was then enzymatically esterified and modified by de-esterification to obtain de-esterified jackfruit peel pectin (DE-JFPP), and a comparative analysis was conducted on the basic composition, molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, functional group characteristics, thermal stability, and microstructure of the pectin before and after modification. The results showed that the optimal conditions for the extraction process were enzyme dosage of 0.7%, the enzymatic hydrolysis temperature of 30.4 ℃, and the pH of 4.6. It was observed that the yield of JFPP was 15.26%±0.07% under the specified conditions. The galacturonic acid content in the modified pectin increased from 79.10% to 83.24%, with a decrease in total sugar content from 43.42% to 41.90%, a decrease in esterification degree from 84.25% to 32.36%, and a decrease in weight-average molecular weight from 29.24 ku to 28.49 ku. Both JFPP and DE-JFPP contained eleven monosaccharides and belonged to the RG-I pectin with a decrease in the degree of branching in DE-JFPP. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy demonstrated that both the pectin before and after modification had characteristic absorption peaks of pectin, and the peak area corresponding to the esterified carboxyl acid group decreased after modification. The JFPP and DE-JFPP demonstrated high thermal stability, with solubilization temperatures of 160.22 ℃ and 123.28 ℃, and degradation temperatures of 255.11 ℃ and 230.56 ℃, respectively. Scanning electron micrographs (SEM) showed that JFPP had a smooth surface and a compact structure, and DE-JFPP had a rough surface and a loose structure. This study optimized the extraction process of jackfruit peel pectin, improving its yield. Results demonstrated that the esterified pectin had favorable physicochemical properties and microstructure, meeting requirements for gel carrier systems in various fields and expanding the utilization space of jackfruit peel pectin.

In order to improve the yield of jackfruit peel pectin (JFPP) and obtain high-purity pectin with good functional properties, this study optimized the extraction process of pectin by ultrasound-assisted cellulase enzyme method through response surface experiments. The extracted pectin was preliminarily purified, including degreasing, deproteinization, decolorization, and dialysis concentration process. The purified pectin was then enzymatically esterified and modified by de-esterification to obtain de-esterified jackfruit peel pectin (DE-JFPP), and a comparative analysis was conducted on the basic composition, molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, functional group characteristics, thermal stability, and microstructure of the pectin before and after modification. The results showed that the optimal conditions for the extraction process were enzyme dosage of 0.7%, the enzymatic hydrolysis temperature of 30.4 °C, and the pH of 4.6. It was observed that the yield of JFPP was 15.26%±0.07% under the specified conditions. The galacturonic acid content in the modified pectin increased from 79.10% to 83.24%, with a decrease in total sugar content from 43.42% to 41.90%, a decrease in esterification degree from 84.25% to 32.36%, and a decrease in weight-average molecular weight from 29.24 ku to 28.49 ku. Both JFPP and DE-JFPP contained eleven monosaccharides and belonged to the RG-I pectin with a decrease in the degree of branching in DE-JFPP. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy demonstrated that both the pectin before and after modification had characteristic absorption peaks of pectin, and the peak area corresponding to the esterified carboxyl acid group decreased after modification. The JFPP and DE-JFPP demonstrated high thermal stability, with solubilization temperatures of 160.22 °C and 123.28 °C, and degradation temperatures of 255.11 °C and 230.56 °C, respectively. Scanning electron micrographs (SEM) showed that JFPP had a smooth surface and a compact structure, and DE-JFPP had a rough surface and a loose structure. This study optimized the extraction process of jackfruit peel pectin, improving its yield. Results demonstrated that the esterified pectin had favorable physicochemical properties and microstructure, meeting requirements for gel carrier systems in various fields and expanding the utilization space of jackfruit peel pectin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, jackfruit peel (JP) was blended into sugarcane bagasse (SB) powder during co-hydrothermal carbonization (Co-HTC) to improve the physicochemical properties of JP/SB@4:1 hydrochar for the removal of methylene blue (MB), malachite green (MG), and crystal violet (CV) dyes from aqueous solutions. JP/SB@4:1 was systematically characterized. Spectroscopic, morphological, and elemental analyses confirmed successful binding of MB, CV, and MG dyes with JP/SB@4:1 surface. Influence of various parameters such as contact time, pH, initial dyes concentration, and temperature on the adsorption process was studied. The optimized magnitudes for these parameters were found to be 480 min of contact time; pH 6.6 for MB, 7.6 for MG, and 8.3 for CV; and 328K of temperature. Non-linear kinetic and isotherm models were applied to the experimental data. Results revealed the fitting of pseudo-second-order (PSO) and Langmuir isotherm (LIM) models to experimental data, while the maximum monolayer adsorption capacities (qm) of JP/SB@4:1 toward MB, CV, and MG were 326.79, 300.87, and 922.29 mg/g, respectively. The adsorption of dyes on JP/SB@4:1 was ascribed to electrostatic interaction, hydrogen bonding, and π-π/n-π interactions. Thermodynamics evaluation showed the feasible, spontaneous, and endothermic adsorption of the dyes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kinetic studies play an instrumental role in determining the most appropriate reaction rate model for industrial-scale applications. This study focuses on the kinetics of methylene blue (MB) adsorption from aqueous solutions by biochar derived from jackfruit peel. Various kinetic models, including pseudo-first-order (PFO), pseudo-second-order (PSO), intra-diffusion, and Elovich models, were applied to study MB adsorption kinetics of jackfruit peel biochar. The experiments were performed with two initial concentrations of MB (24.23 mg/L and 41.42 mg/L) over a span of 240 min. Our findings emphasized that the Elovich model provided the best fit of the experimental data for MB adsorption. When compared to other materials, biochar from jackfruit peel emerges as an eco-friendly adsorbent for dye decolorization, with potential applications in the treatment of environmental pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iron-loaded biochar derived from jackfruit peels (Fe-JP) was synthesised by pyrolysis in a microwave furnace and iron was loaded onto the peels prior to pyrolysis, facilitated by sonication. The primary objective of the investigation was to examine the degradation process of methylene blue (MB) dye and Acid Red 1 (AR1) dye by the using Fe-JP biochar as a heterogeneous Fenton catalyst. The investigation encompassed an examination of the impact of different operating parameters, such as pH, catalyst dosage, and H 2 O 2 concentration. The synthesised Fenton catalyst underwent characterization using Field Emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) techniques, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra analysis, Raman spectroscopy, Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET) analysis. At a pH of 3, using an initial MB dye concentration of 20 mg/L and initial AR1 dye concentration of 50 mg/L, an 8 mM H 2 O 2 concentration, and a catalyst dose of 2 g/L, the maximum dye removal efficiency reached 96.5 % and 98 % respectively, while the total organic carbon (TOC) removal efficiency reached 68.5 % and 75 % respectively. The observed reaction time under the given experimental conditions was 120 min. The thermal stability of the biochar catalyst was found to be excellent based on the Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) studies. The catalysts that were developed demonstrated remarkable durability and negligible leaching of iron, hence enabling their repeated usage in subsequent cycles. The findings of the investigation suggest that the primary mechanism responsible for the degradation of the dye was the surface-based heterogeneous Fenton activity. Additionally, the effect of adsorption on the elimination of colour under varying pH conditions was examined, which had a very low influence in dye degradation (<30 %). The conducted scavenging investigations in the research have indicated the major involvement of hydroxyl radicals (OH) in the degradation process, followed by surface-bound hydroxyl radicals (OH surface), superoxide radicals (O 2 −) and ultimately by singlet oxygen radicals (1O 2). The study's economic analysis demonstrated that using microwave mode of heating for catalyst synthesis is both green and cost-effective. This observation suggests the possibility of practical implications in the domain of dye degradation. [Display omitted] • Synthesis of iron impregnated jackfruit peel (Fe-JP) biochar as heterogenous Fenton catalyst • Fenton oxidation of MB dye and AR1 dye and optimising the operation parameters (pH, catalyst dosage and H 2 O 2 dosage) • Elucidation of Fenton oxidation mechanism of FeJP on MB dye and AR1 dye • The economic aspects of Fe-JP catalyst were evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) is a part of the Moraceae family, normally found in abundance in tropic and sub-tropic regions of Asia and it has been found to have various beneficial compounds which treat diseases. An environmental concern that surrounds the disposal of the unutilized parts as for e.g.: peel, perianth, rind, outer core etc. of fruits is the increase in bio-waste accumulation. The presence of bioactive components in the peels of fruit termed as wastes have plenty of benefits for humans and can act as good antimicrobial components in agriculture. This literature review was carried out to have a detailed understanding on the pharmacological and phytochemical characteristics of jackfruit peels. This review paper is designed by considering some latest findings of several researchers in this area and mainly focused on the availability and exploitation of functional constituents as for e.g.: flavonoids, polyphenolics, steroids, tannins, saponins and terpenoids and triterpenoids.

An effort has been made to synthesize nanocomposites of TiO2/jackfruit peel via green synthesis. Various concentration of the synthesized nanocomposite (0.1%, 0.2% and 0.3%) has been combined with mat black paint to coat the sides and base of the proposed single slope single basin solar still (PSBSS). The structural and morphological properties of synthesized nanocomposite (JPT) were characterized using XRD and SEM. It was observed that the nanocomposite of JPT has a porous structure with 85% crystallinity with grain size ranging from 40 to 60 nm. The nanocomposite is mixed with cobalt (II) chloride (CoCl2), thiourea (CH4N2S) and silicon dioxide (SiO2) to make a new hybrid nanofluid (CTS) with a ratio of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% and 60%. Silver-color steel balls filled with CTS was placed in the basin of the PSBSS at equal intervals to enhance the heat transfer process inside the still. The PSBSS with nanocomposites (0.3%), nanofluids (40%) fill the silver-color steel balls (JPTCTSS) has high productivity of 8.7919 L/m2day, which is 50.55% higher than that of the conventional solar still (CSS) with nanofluid along with the saline water in the basin.

Polysaccharides with antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities were first isolated from jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) peel through the one‐step high‐speed countercurrent chromatography. The separation process was completed using the polymer two‐phase aqueous system constituted by PEG1000‐K2HPO4‐KH2PO4‐H2O (0.8:1.25:1.25:6.5, w/w). For every separation process, two main polysaccharides, namely, fraction‐1 and fraction‐2 (165 and 225 mg, respectively) were obtained from a 2.0 g crude sample. As suggested by high‐performance gel permeation chromatography, jackfruit peel polysaccharides had the mean molecular weight values of 113.3 and 174.3 kDa, separately. Physicochemical analysis suggested that two polysaccharides were dominant in galacturonic acid, galactose, rhamnose, arabinose, glucose, mannose, as well as fucose, which were highly esterified. Biological activity analysis showed that fraction‐1 exhibited stronger antioxidant activity in vitro and hypoglycemic activity in streptozotocin‐induced diabetic mice compared with fraction‐2. The results suggest that polysaccharide fraction‐1 may be developed as a potential functional food supplement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To address current energy consumption and chemical production, biomass is a promising alternative that can be used as an inexpensive and sustainable energy material for the development of supercapacitor devices. In this study, the jackfruit peel (JP) waste is used for the synthesis of an inexpensive and eco-friendly activated carbon (AC) as a sustainable energy material for the development of supercapacitor devices. JP wastes were synthesized by three-step approach consisting of KOH activation via nitrogen carbonization at 600°C and CO2 activation at different temperatures (850, 900, and 950°C). The specific capacitances of supercapacitor cells are 85 F g−1, 191 F g−1, and 131 F g−1 for the JP-850, JP-900, and JP-950, respectively. Based on the results, the JP samples are suitable to be developed as an inexpensive and eco-friendly AC for electrode material in supercapacitor applications due to their good physicochemical properties and electrochemical performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report a facile, one-pot hydrothermal synthesis of surface passivated, nitrogen doped carbon dots (N-CDs) from jackfruit peel and tamarind peel precursors. The synthesized N-CDs emit strong excitation dependent fluorescence in the blue region. The samples illustrate exciting quantum confined optical properties. Graphitization of N-CDs is identified by X-ray diffraction. Surface functionalization is confirmed by FT-IR studies whereas nitrogen doping by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The average size of synthesized N-CDs estimated from transmission electron images is 6.4 nm and 5.3 nm for jackfruit peel and tamarind peel precursors respectively. Quantum yield of N-CDs from jackfruit peel (13.04%) is higher than that from tamarind peel (6.13%). Appreciable anti-cancerous activity of the as-prepared carbon dots could be detected with DLA tumour cells extracted from mice. The work proposes an innovative design to yield blue luminescent carbon dots with high quantum yield from biowaste, providing a green and sustainable alternative to traditional carbon sources.

Jackfruit peel (JP) is considered as an agro-industrial lignocellulosic waste which can be utilized for cellulose isolation. In this work, a yield of 25.6% cellulose was obtained from JP powder through alkali (NaOH) and bleaching (NaClO 2) treatment along with the elimination of lignin, hemicellulose and other non-cellulosic constituents. The IR spectroscopy confirmed the existence of cellulose content in the final extracted product. The SEM images and EDX spectra demonstrated the microstructure of cellulose fibrils and their major elemental components as carbon and oxygen, respectively. The XRD data validated the crystalline (69.42%) nature of the cellulose. The various rheological attributes of cellulose suspension like the flow properties and dynamic rheological characteristics were examined at different pH, ionic strength and cellulose concentration. The cellulose suspensions exhibited shear thinning nature for all the pH, ionic concentration and cellulose concentrations. The change in viscoelastic behaviour of the cellulose suspension was noticed with the rise in storage modulus (G′) value with ionic concentration. The pH of the cellulose suspension had a significant impact on its viscoelastic properties due to the modifications in interfibrillar interactions of cellulose fibrils. The temperature ramp test showed that the G' is independent of the heating of cellulose suspension from 20 °C to 80 °C. The creep and thixotropic recovery test revealed that upon removal of stress, there is the recovery of strain and viscosity up to a certain extent, which is a characteristic property of viscoelastic material. [Display omitted] • Concentration, pH and salt addition had a significant effect on the rheology of cellulose. • Temperature ramp had less impact on viscoelastic properties of cellulose suspension. • Creep and thixotropy tests revealed the strain and viscosity recovery of cellulose. • SEM and EDX confirmed the microstructure and elemental composition of cellulose fibril. • Cellulose obtained from jackfruit peel has higher crystallinity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Water is generally considered to be a safe and green solvent suitable for use in natural product extraction. In this study, an eco‐friendly subcritical water method was used to extract pectin from waste jackfruit peel (JFP‐S), which was compared with pectin obtained by the traditional citric acid method (JFP‐C). RESULTS: The extraction process was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM), and the optimum process parameters were as follows: extraction temperature 138 °C, extraction time 9.15 min, liquid / solid (L/S) ratio 17.03 mL g−1. Under these conditions, the pectin yield was 149.6 g kg−1 (dry basis). Pectin obtained from the two extraction methods displayed a high degree of esterification and the monosaccharide composition was consistent. The galacturonic acid content of JFP‐S and JFP‐C was 52.27% and 56.99%, respectively. JFP‐S had more hairy regions and side chains than JFP‐C. The molecular weight of JFP‐S was 113.3 kDa, which was significantly lower than that of JFP‐C (174.3 kDa). Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) indicated that two samples had similar pectin typical absorption peaks. According to differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), both JFP‐S and JFP‐C had relatively good thermal stability. JFP‐S demonstrated lower apparent viscosity and elasticity than JFP‐C. Meanwhile, the G′ and G′′ moduli of JFP‐S were lower, which found expression in the gel textural characterization of the samples. CONCLUSION: This work showed that the subcritical water method is an efficient, time‐saving, and eco‐friendly technology for the extraction of pectin from jackfruit peel compared with the traditional citric acid method. The physicochemical properties of pectin could be changed during subcritical water extraction. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • JFP is an effective adsorbent to remove Cr(III) and Ni(II) from aqueous solutions. • The adsorption capacity is significantly enhanced by surface modification of JFP by EDTA, SDS, NaOH and HNO 3. • The enhancement of metal ion adsorption is due to the improvement of active binding sites, complexation and improvement of ion exchange properties of JFP. • EJFP has the highest adsorption capacity for both Cr(III) and Ni(II), followed by NJFP, HJFP and SJFP. • Recovery of adsorbed metal ions is possible under acidic conditions. Abstract Biosorption has become an attractive alternative to chemical treatment methods, which use large amounts of toxic chemicals. Jackfruit peel (JFP) is an effective low-cost biosorbent for the removal of Cr(III) and Ni(II) from aqueous solution with maximum monolayer adsorption capacity (q max) of 13.50 mg g−1 and 12.03 mg g−1 for the two metal ions, respectively, which is due to the high surface area and surface negativity of the lignocellulosic structure of JFP. The adsorption capacity of JFP is enhanced by surface modification with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS), NaOH and HNO 3 , owing to their characteristics, such as complexation, ion-exchange and hydrolysis of surface functional groups. The q max of JFP modified by EDTA, SDS, NaOH and HNO 3 determined at the optimum conditions of the adsorbent dosage, contact time, concentration of the modifying agent and solution pH are 41.67, 26.25, 37.04 and 25.25 mg g−1, respectively, for Cr(III) as compared to that of unmodified JFP, according to the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model. The q max values for Ni(II) for the same adsorbents are 52.08, 20.88, 27.17 and 21.88 mg g−1, respectively. For all adsorption systems, both Cr(III) and Ni(II) ions obey pseudo second order kinetics model. Recovery of adsorbed metal ions is possible under acidic conditions. It is thus evident from the experimental findings that modified JFP possesses excellent adsorption characteristics for Cr(III) and Ni(II) over unmodified JFP, which creates a paradigm for future studies on enhancement of the adsorption capacity of heavy metals through surface modification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extraction and application of pectin from jackfruit ( Artocarpus heterophyllus ) peel could add value to the waste products arising from processing of the jackfruit. In this study, pectin from jackfruit peel was extracted using different organic acids and mineral acids. A response surface methodology was employed to optimize the ultrasonic-microwave-assisted extraction (UMAE) of pectin with citric acid. The pectins obtained from UMAE (UM-P) and conventional heating (CH-P) were compared in terms of their physicochemical and antioxidant properties. The optimum UMAE conditions were: extraction temperature 86 °C, extraction time 29 min, and solid-liquid ratio 1:48 ( w/v ). Under these conditions, the yield of pectin was 21.5%. Physicochemical analysis suggested that two pectins (UM-P and CH-P) were major in galactose, rhamnose, arabinose, glucose, and galacturonic acid with a high degree of methyl-esterification. UM-P and CH-P possessed considerable antioxidant activities, while UM-P had stronger antioxidant abilities than CH-P in certain tests. The current work showed that critic acid is a ‘green’ and safe acidic solvent that could be used to effectively extract pectin from jackfruit peel. The UMAE method is considered to be a potential alternative conventional extraction method. Pectins from jackfruit peel could potentially be used as natural antioxidants by the food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adsorbent from agricultural waste has become a popular alternative method for heavy metal removal from aqueous solutions. The purpose of this study was to look into the feasibility of employing jackfruit peel (JP) (Artocarpus heterophyllus), a solid waste that is abundant in Malaysia, for the adsorption of Cu (II) and Zn (II) from an aqueous solution. In this work, jackfruit peels were investigated as an adsorbent with no chemical modification (JP), acidified (HJP), and base modified (NaJP) for Cu(II) and Zn(II) removal from aqueous solution by using batch-adsorption modes. Spectroscopic and electron microscopic methods were used to analyze the presence of surface functional groups such as -COOH and -OH and the morphologies of the adsorbent. Adsorption investigations were carried out by adjusting adsorbent dosage (0.10–0.50 g), solution pH (3−8), initial metal ion concentrations (20–250 mg/L), temperature (298–328 K), and contact time (0–360 min). Sorption equilibrium is quickly reached within 60 min, with a higher percentage of Cu(II) and Zn(II) removal for NaJP. Regarding the effect of initial concentration on JP, the maximum adsorption for Cu(II) and Zn(II) is at 50 mg/L and 30 mg/L, respectively. Meanwhile, for HJP, the maximum adsorption for Cu(II) and Zn(II) is at 230 mg/L and 30 mg/L, respectively. For NaJP, the maximum adsorption for Cu(II) and Zn(II) is at 20 mg/L. The pseudo-second-order model best characterized the kinetic data for both metal ions using JP, HJP, and NaJP. The experimental findings fit well with the Langmuir model in explaining the adsorption process, dominated by electrostatic interaction between the adsorbent and adsorbates, showing monolayer adsorption at the binding sites on the adsorbent's surface. It was proven that with the increase of adsorbent dosage, the percent of heavy metals removal was increased due to the increasing adsorption capability of the adsorbent. In conclusion, our findings show that jackfruit peel has the potential to remove Cu(II) and Zn(II) from an aqueous solution. The adsorption process for Cu(II) and Zn(II) was favourable in acidic conditions. Under the experimental conditions, the adsorption of Cu(II) and Zn(II) onto the surface of JP, HJP, and NaJP was exothermic and non-spontaneous. The results showed that the jackfruit peel, a waste material, has a high potential as an adsorbent for removing harmful metals such as copper and zinc from water. • The surface of the jackfruit peel was modified and characterized. • Copper(II) and Zinc (II) are removed efficiently using modified Jack fruit peel as adsorbent material. • Sodium hydroxide modified jack fruit peel (NaJP) exhibits high adsorption capacity. • Adsorption of Cu(II) and Zn(II) can be described by the Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jackfruit ( Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) peel is an underutilized by-product in both, the production and processing of jackfruit. This research compared the antioxidant and hypoglycemic potential of jackfruit peel with jackfruit pulp, flake and seed for the first time. The phytochemical profile of peel extract was characterized with HPLC-QTOF-MS/MS. Results revealed that peel extract exhibited the highest total phenolic and total flavonoid content, and the phenolics was 4.65, 4.12 and 4.95 times higher than that of pulp, flake and seed extract, respectively. The strongest DPPH and ABTS + scavenging ability, α -glucosidase inhibition were also found in peel extract, and the α -glucosidase inhibition was about 11.8-fold of that of acarbose. The HPLC-QTOF-MS/MS analysis led to the tentative identification of 53 compounds, prenylflavonoids, hydroxycinnamic acids and glycosides are the predominant bioactive compounds. Above results reveal promising potential of jackfruit peel as a new source of natural antioxidants and hypoglycemic agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The process conditions for extraction of pectin from jackfruit peel were optimized to determine and analyze molecular structure of extracts and provide references for deep processing and comprehensive exploitation. [Method] By acid extraction and alcohol precipitation method, effects of factors including extraction temperature, extraction time, pH and solid-to-liquid ratio on pectin yield were studied by single factor tests and orthogonal experiments. Meanwhile, infrared spectrum technology was applied to detect the structure of extractives. [Result] Primary and secondary order of influencing factors having an effect on yield of pectin extracted from jackfruit peel was pH>solid-to-liquid ratioWextrac-tion temperature Wextraction time, among which pH had the most significant effect on pectin extraction rate from jackfruit peel (P<0.01) and solid-to-liquid ratio had a significant effect on pectin extraction rate from jackfruit peel (P<0.05). The optimal process conditions were extraction temperature of 85 °C, pH of 1.0, extraction time of 1.5 h and solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:30. Under the optimum extraction conditions, the average extraction yield of pectin was 13.8%. The structure of extractive molecule contained part of acetyl, ester and methoxyl. [Conclusion] Acid extraction and alcohol precipitation method with advantages such as easy operation, short extraction time, low energy consumption and so on is an effective way of extracting pectin from jackfruit peel. What's more, pectin extracted is high -degree esterification of pectin with general structure features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fossil fuels such as petroleum, charcoal, and natural gas sources are the main energy sources at present, but considering their natural limitation in availability and the fact that they are not renewable, there exists a growing need of developing bio-fuel production. Biomass has received considerable attention as a sustainable feedstock that can replace diminishing fossil fuels for the production of energy, especially for the transportation sector. JackfruitwasteisabundantinIndonesiamake itpotentiallyas one of thegreenrefineryfeedstockforthe manufacture ofbio-fuel.As intermediate of bio-fuel,jackfruitpeelsisprocessed intobio-oil. Pyrolysis, a thermochemical conversion process under oxygen-absent condition is an attractive way to convert biomass into bio- oil.In this study, the pyrolysis experiments were carried out ina fixed-bedreactor at a range of temperature of400-600 °C, heating rate range between 10-50 °C/min, and a range of nitrogen flow between 2-4litre/min. The aims of this work were to explore the effects of pyrolysis conditions and to identify the optimum condition for obtaining the highest bio-oil yield.The effect of nitrogen flow rate and heating rate on the yield of bio-oil were insignificant. The most important parameter in the bio-oil production was the temperature of the pyrolysis process.The yield of bio-oil initially increased with temperature (up to 550 °C) then further increase of temperature resulting in the decreased of bio-oil yield. Results showed that the highest bio-oil yield (52.6%)wasobtainedat 550 °C with nitrogen flow rate of 4L/min and heating rate of 50 °C/min. The thermal degradation of jackfruit peel was also studied using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Gas chromatography (GC-MS) was used to identify the organic fraction of bio-oil. The water content in the bio-oil product was determined by volumetric Karl-Fischer titration. The physicochemical properties of bio-oil produced from pyrolysis of jackfruit peels such as gross calorific value, pH, kinematic viscosity, density, sulfur content, ash content, pour point and flash point were determined and compared to ASTM standard of bio-oil (ASTM 7544). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The feasibility of preparing activated carbon (JPAC) from jackfruit peel, an industrial residue abundantly available from food manufacturing plants via microwave-assisted NaOH activation was explored. The influences of chemical impregnation ratio, microwave power and radiation time on the properties of activated carbon were investigated. JPAC was examined by pore structural analysis, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nitrogen adsorption isotherm, elemental analysis, surface acidity/basicity and zeta potential measurements. The adsorptive behavior of JPAC was quantified using methylene blue as model dye compound. The best conditions resulted in JPAC with a monolayer adsorption capacity of 400.06mg/g and carbon yield of 80.82%. The adsorption data was best fitted to the pseudo-second-order equation, while the adsorption mechanism was well described by the intraparticle diffusion model. The findings revealed the versatility of jackfruit peels as good precursor for preparation of high quality activated carbon. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This study aimed at investigating the feasibility of using jackfruit peel (JFP), a solid waste, abundantly available in Malaysia, for the adsorption of methylene blue, a cationic dye. Batch adsorption studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of contact time, initial concentration (35–400mg/L), pH (2–11), and adsorbent dose (0.05–1.20g) on the removal of dye at temperature of 30°C. The experimental data were analyzed by the four different types of linearized Langmuir isotherm, the Freundlich isotherm and the Temkin isotherm. The experimental data fitted well with the type 2 Langmuir model with a maximum adsorption capacity of 285.713mg/g. Pseudo-first and pseudo-second-order kinetics models were tested with the experimental data, and pseudo-second-order kinetics was the best for the adsorption of MB by JFP with coefficients of correlation R 2 ≥0.9967 for all initial MB concentrations studied. The results demonstrated that the JFP is very effective for the adsorption of methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solutions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• The feasibility of AD of durian shell (DS) and jackfruit peel (JP) was studied. • Effects of different pretreatments on AD of DS and JP were studied. • The suitable pretreatments for DS and JP were 3% KOH and 5% AHP, respectively. With growing popularity of durian and jackfruit, environment threats following improper management of durian shell (DS) and jackfruit peel (JP) are increasingly serious. Anaerobic digestion is a potential solution but concern on its unsatisfied efficiency from lignocellulosic recalcitrance remains. This work applied four representative pretreatments on DS and JP to determine the effects on methane generation, energy potential, and environmental benefits. The suitable pretreatments for DS and JP were 3% KOH and 5% AHP, causing 103.8% and 69.8% increase in methane yield and biodegradability than untreated, respectively. Moreover, 3% KOH-treated DS and 5% AHP-treated JP could potentially produce total energy of 2.0 × 109 MJ/year, reduce coal consumption by 6.8 × 104 ton/year, and cut emission by 2.2 × 1010 particulate/year, which might alleviate the serious energy crisis and environmental issues from the overuse of fossil fuel. This study provides important insights into efficient use of DS and JP, and a reference for other fruit wastes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The effects of activation temperature and impregnation ratio on the pore structure and surface chemistry of activated carbons derived from jackfruit peel with chemical activation method using phosphoric acid as activating agent were studied. Activated carbons with well-developed pore sizes were produced at activation temperatures of 450 and 550°C. The BET surface areas and total pore volumes of the carbons produced at these temperatures are in the range of 907–1260m2/g and 0.525–0.733cm3/g, respectively. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A novel method of anaerobic digestion using contact filter was adopted for treating solid waste generated from the fruit processing industry, namely jackfruit, with the intention of generating energy free from greenhouse gases. A new source of microflora was isolated from cow dung by subjecting it to pH adjustment at coupled with heat treatment at for 1h, and not less than three consecutive periods of heat treatment. The isolated microflora exhibited their capability to generate hydrogen while treating solid waste consisting of jackfruit peel. The biogas generation was found to be 0.72l/g VS (jackfruit peel) destroyed. The hydrogen content in the biogas was found to be consistent resulting in , while the biogas was free from methane content. The effect of hydraulic retention time (HRT) on volatile solids destruction efficiency was investigated for an influent volatile solids content of 33g/l at an HRT of 7 and 12d. The results showed a volatile solids destruction efficiency of 22% and 50%, respectively, for the above said conditions. The efficiency of anaerobic digestion was also investigated for varying influent volatile solids content viz: 22.5, 17.1 and 11.3g/d at 12d HRT. The anaerobically digested jackfruit peel waste having an initial volatile solid content of 22.5g/d was subjected to filtration test at 15psi for a period of 1.3h. The sludge resulting from the filtration test had a solids content of 12%, whereas the filtrate had the following characteristics viz: pH , COD 1700mg/l, BOD 1175mg/l and TKN 120mg/l. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The fruit of the jack (Artocarpus heterophyllus) is one of the popular fruits in India, where the total area under this fruit is about 13,460 ha. A significant amount of peel (approximately 2714–11,800 kg per tree per year) is discarded as agricultural waste, as apart from its use as a table fruit, it is popular in many culinary preparations. Treatment of jackfruit peel with sulphuric acid produced a carbonaceous product which was used to study its efficiency as an adsorbent for the removal of Cd(II) from aqueous solution. Batch experiments were performed as a function of process parameters; agitation time, initial metal concentration, adsorbent concentration and pH. Kinetic analyses made with Lagergren pseudo-first-order, Ritchie second-order and modified Ritchie second-order models showed better fits with modified Ritchie second-order model. The Langmuir–Freundlich (Sips equation) model best defined the experimental equilibrium data among the three isotherm models (Freundlich, Langmuir and Langmuir–Freundlich) tested. Taking a particular metal concentration, the optimum dose and pH required for the maximum metal removal was established. A complete recovery of the adsorbed metal ions from the spent adsorbent was achieved by using 0.01 M HCl. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]