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V magistrskem delu raziskujem vzroke in posledice psihosocialnih stisk slovenskih izseljencev v prvem letu po izbruhu epidemije COVID-19. V teoretičnem delu naslavljam ključne lastnosti sodobnih migracijskih tokov, psihosocialne vidike transnacionalizma, značilnosti izseljevanja Slovencev ter problematiko izseljencev v času epidemije. V empiričnem delu kvalitativne raziskave se osredotočam na edinstvene izkušnje izseljenstva med globalno pandemijo, učinke epidemije na kakovost življenja izseljencev ter njihove vire moči pri premagovanju stisk v izrednih razmerah. Čeprav so bile izkušnje izseljencev med epidemijo v marsičem podobne izkušnjam domačinov, so se v nekaterih pogledih bistveno razlikovale. Raziskava je pokazala, da migranti med preventivnimi ukrepi, ki omejujejo prosto gibanje in potovanje, doživljajo povečano psihično stisko zaradi negotovosti trajanja ločitve od družinskih članov v transnacionalnih družinah. Poleg tega so med epidemijo naleteli na pomembne ovire v procesu integracije v novo okolje, ki so nastajale zaradi težav pri vzpostavljanju socialnih mrež v času veljavnosti ukrepov in priporočil o omejitvi socialnih stikov, kar se je zaradi povečane socialne izolacije obenem negativno odrazilo na njihovem duševnem zdravju. Tisti, ki so imeli težave s sporazumevanjem v uradnem jeziku države bivanja, so imeli nekaj težav pri pridobivanju ustreznih informacij o poteku epidemije v lokalnem okolju ter sporazumevanju pri zdravstveni oskrbi. Nekateri so se iskanju zdravniške pomoči izogibali, ker so bili slabo obveščeni o svojih pravicah v tujih zdravstvenih sistemih. Posamezniki so se med epidemijo občasno soočali z občutnejšo stigmatizacijo zaradi oznake tujca v državah bivanja, istočasno pa jim je bila ob obisku domovine pripisana vloga krivca za prenos virusa. Ker je imela velika večina intervjuvancev stabilne zaposlitvene in stanovanjske pogoje v tujini, so se v državah bivanja večinoma počutili varne ter le redko koristili pomoč in storitve socialnega dela. Vire moči za spopadanje z novonastalimi stiskami v času epidemije so prepoznavali v svoji notranji moči, osebnostni strukturi in družinski podpori. Na podlagi analize rezultatov raziskave, v predlogih za prakso socialnega dela poudarjam pomen zagovorništva, analize sistemskih pomanjkljivosti in aktivacije neformalnih virov pomoči, zagotavljanja zanesljivih informacij o aktualnih preventivnih ukrepih pri delu z uporabniki ter prizadevanja za vključevanje izseljencev v lokalne skupnosti. The masters’ thesis explores the causes and effects of psychosocial distress in Slovenian emigrants during the initial year of the COVID-19 epidemic. The theoretical part addresses the key modern migration flows, the psychosocial viewpoint of transnationalism, characteristics of Slovenian emigration and the difficulties immigrants face during the epidemic. The empirical part of the thesis consists of qualitative research pertaining to the unique experiences of emigration during a global pandemic, the effects of the epidemic on emigrants' quality of life, and their sources of strength and empowerment. Whilst the experiences of emigrants were in many ways similar to the experiences of the locals, they differed in multiple aspects. The research showed that migrants tend to experience heightened psychological distress due to the uncertainty of the duration of separation in transnational families during preventive measures that obstruct free movement and travel. Additionally, their integration process was stalled due to the difficulty in establishing social networks during nationwide lockdowns, which incidentally negatively impacted their mental health by the means of increased social isolation. Those who were not fluent in the local language experienced some difficulty in obtaining relevant information about the epidemic in their countries of residence, as well as in seeking medical aid. In addition, some avoided seeking assistance due to being poorly informed about their rights in the local healthcare systems. Furthermore, as foreigners, individuals faced greater stigmatization in their receiving countries while simultaneously being blamed for spreading the virus upon visiting their homeland. As the vast majority of interviewees had stable employment and housing conditions abroad, they mostly felt secure in their receiving countries and seldom used social services. They depended mostly on their own resilience, independence, personality structure and familial support to empower them in these extraordinary circumstances. The recommendations for social work practice hence highlight the importance of advocacy and inclusivity, the analysis of systemic weaknesses and activation of informal resources, as well as providing reliable information on current preventive measures and striving towards the inclusion of immigrants in local communities.

V magistrskem delu smo obravnavali slovensko šolo Brezmadežne s čudodelno svetinjo v Torontu. Pregledali smo literaturo in v teoretičnem delu najprej predstavili zgodovino preseljevanja Slovencev na ozemlje današnjega mesta Toronto: kdo so bili prvi izseljenci, zakaj je prišlo do izseljevanja in kako je potekalo skozi različna časovna obdobja. Raziskali smo začetke prve slovenske šole v župniji Mariji Pomagaj in njene naslednice, ki je danes še edina delujoča na ozemlju velemesta. Poleg predstavitve šol smo na kratko predstavili še organizacije, ki so ugodno vplivale na medsebojno povezovanje priseljencev. V zadnjem delu teoretičnega dela smo opisali težave, s katerimi so se srečali prvi izseljenci in težave, ki so prisotne v današnjem času. Za empirični del smo obiskali mesto Toronto, kjer smo pridobili podatke. Opravili smo zastavljene intervjuje z ravnateljico slovenske šole, učitelji, duhovnikoma, posameznimi starejšimi izseljenci in vodstvom Doma Lipa. V magistrskem delu so predstavljeni izsledki vseh pogovorov. Želeli smo raziskati, kako slovenska šola deluje, koliko učencev imajo, s katerimi težavami se srečujejo, kako je urejeno izobraževanje učiteljev, kdo jih financira, predpiše gradivo in kako so povezani z Republiko Slovenijo. Del empiričnega dela je analiza učnega gradiva (Čas za slovenščino in Materina beseda) in tritedenski obisk Republike Slovenije v okviru Mladinske poletne šole. V okviru izseljeniških zgodb so predstavljene nekatere pripovedi starostnikov. In the master's thesis, we discussed the Slovenian school of Our Lady of the Miraculous Medal Parish in Toronto. We reviewed the literature and in the theoretical part,firstly, the history of the migration of Slovenes to the territory of today's city of Toronto is presented: who were the first emigrants, why the emigration occurred and how it went through different periods. We researched the beginnings of the first Slovenian school at the parish of Our Lady of the Miraculous and its successor, which is still the only one operating in the territory of the metropolis. In addition to the presentation of schools, we also briefly presented theorganizations that had a positive impact on the interconnection of immigrants. In the last part of the theoretical analysis, we described the problems that the first emigrants faced and the problems present today. For the empirical part, we visited the city of Toronto, where we obtained the data and information. We conducted interviews with the principal of the Slovenian school, teachers, priests, and individual elderly emigrants and the management of the retirement home Lipa. The master's thesis presents the results of all information collected through conversations. We wanted to investigate how a Slovenian school works, how many students they have, what problems they face, how teacher education is regulated, who finances them, prescribes the material and how they are connected with the Republic of Slovenia. Part of the empirical work is the analysis of teaching materials (Čas za slovenščino in Materina beseda) and a three-week visit to the Republic of Slovenia as a part of the Youth Summer School. Some of the stories of the elderly are presented in the context of immigrant stories.

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to study the differences between countries regarding their residents’ trust in government, fear of government intrusions into their privacy and government surveillance concerns in the cyberspace. Design/Methods/Approach: A survey has been conducted to capture the perceptions of Slovenians around the globe. Respondents from 58 countries were reached (n = 629) although the results were reported only for countries with at least three respondents. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the sample and measured variables. Graphic illustrations made with MapChart are used to visualize the results. Findings: The findings of our study show that perceptions of trust in government, fear of government intrusions into the privacy of country residents and government surveillance concerns vary from country to country. Countries are ranked according to these three criteria. The average trust in government seems to be relatively low. It appears that respondents moderately fear government intrusions into their social network accounts and seem to be concerned about government surveillance over their online activities. Research Limitations / Implications: The research contributes to an understanding of the perceptions of Slovenians around the world of trust in government, fear of government intrusions and government surveillance concerns. Although a limited number of countries was reached, the results present some interesting insights into different regions of the world. The study targeted the population of Slovenians around the world thus the readers should be extremely cautious when trying to generalize the results, also due to snowball sampling employed. Originality/Value: This paper presents one of the first studies on perceptions of Slovenians around the world regarding their trust in the government of the country of their residence, fear of government intrusions into their privacy and their government surveillance concerns. Namen prispevka: Namen prispevka je analizirati ključne razlike med državami glede zaupanja v vlado njihovih prebivalcev, njihovega strahu pred vdori države v zasebnost prebivalcev in njihovimi skrbmi zaradi državnega nadzora v kibernetskem prostoru. Metode: Da bi zajeli dojemanja Slovencev po svetu, je bila izvedena anketa. Doseženi so bili anketiranci iz 58 držav (n = 629), čeprav so rezultati poročani le za države z vsaj tremi anketiranci. Za opis vzorca in merjenih spremenljivk je bila uporabljena opisna statistika. Grafične ilustracije, narejene s programom MapChart, so bile uporabljene za vizualizacijo rezultatov. Ugotovitve: Rezultati raziskave nakazujejo na to, da se dojemanja zaupanja v vlado, strahu pred vdori države v zasebnost njenih prebivalcev in skrbi zaradi državnega nadzora v kibernetskem prostoru od države do države razlikujejo. Države so razvrščene v skupine glede na te tri kriterije. Povprečno zaupanje v vlado se zdi relativno nizko. Zdi se, da se anketiranci srednje močno bojijo vdorov države v njihove račune na družbenih omrežjih in da so zaskrbljeni glede nadzora nad njihovimi aktivnostmi na spletu. Omejitve/uporabnost raziskave Doprinos raziskave je uvid v dojemanje Slovencev po svetu glede zaupanja v vlado, strahu pred vladnim vdorom in strahu pred nadzorom vlade v državi, v kateri živijo. Čeprav smo dosegli omejeno število držav, predstavljajo rezultati nekaj zanimivih vpogledov v različne regije sveta. Študija se je osredotočila na populacijo Slovencev po svetu, zato morajo biti bralci izjemno previdni pri posploševanju rezultatov, tudi zaradi uporabljene metode snežne kepe. Izvirnost/pomembnost prispevka: Prispevek predstavlja eno prvih študij dojemanj Slovencev po svetu glede njihovega zaupanja v vlado države, v kateri prebivajo, njihovega strahu pred vdori države v zasebnost njenih prebivalcev in njihove zaskrbljenost zaradi državnega nadzora v kibernetskem prostoru.

Spodnje Posavje se je med drugo svetovno vojno razdelilo med tri okupatorje. Nemški si je priključil ozemlje na levem bregu Save in kakih 15 km širok pas na desnem bregu. Italijanski je dobil južni in jugozahodni del, medtem ko je nekaj vasi ob Obrežju prišlo pod hrvaškega. Stičišče treh okupatorjev nakazuje na strateški pomen Posavja, ki leži na križišču prometnih poti. Okupatorji so geografsko lego izkoriščali za vpade na Balkan. Nemškemu rajhu je kotlina predstavljala skrajni jugovzhodni del nemškega kulturnega prostora, vendar je bila težava v tem, da tu živijo Slovenci. Začel je izvajati ponemčevanje prostora, pri čemer je slovensko prebivalstvo nasilno izselil, namesto njih pa na zapuščene domove namestil kočevske Nemce. Izgnane Slovence je pošiljal sprva v Srbijo in NDH, nato pa v posebna taborišča na območju današnje Nemčije. Prebivalci so se začeli upirati že leta 1941 z nekaterimi bolj začetniškimi in neizkušenimi odporniškimi skupinami. V naslednjih letih so se začele oblikovati čete, bataljoni in odredi, pri čemer so vodilno vlogo prevzele skupine na Kozjanskem. Redno so sodelovale s hrvaškimi partizani, nekaj časa pa je v Posavju delovala tudi elitna XIV. divizija. Po vojni so se predvsem v Mostecu izvajali povojni poboji nad pobeglimi hrvaškimi vojaki, manjša grobišča pa se najdejo povsod po regiji. V spomin na dogodke med drugo svetovno vojno je v Posavju tudi veliko spomenikov in raznih obeležij. Mnoga so delo domačih kulturnih delavcev in se nanašajo na posameznike in dogodke, neposredno povezane na lokalno medvojno zgodovino. Lower Posavje region was split between three ocupators during the second world war. The Germans took the land on the left bank of Sava river and about 15km wide corridor in the right bank. The Italians got some south and south-west parts of the region, while some of the villages near Obrežje came under croatian state. The fact that three ocupators met in this part states that the region has an important strategic and transport location. Ocupators used it as an entrance to Balkan peninsula. German reich interpreted it as the most southeastern part of german cultural space, but the main problem was that the people were almost all Slovenians. The Germans started the germanification of the region by forcely exiling the Slovenians and settling the Germans from Kočevje region into freshly evicted homes. The exiled people were sent into Serbia and NDH at first, then they were transported into special camps in modern day Germany. The pepole of Posavje started to riot as soon as 1941, but the rebel groups were all beginners with lack of experience. In later years the corps, battalions and detachments were formed, the main units were forming in the Kozjansko part of the region. They were often cooperating with croatian partisans and for some time also with the elite XIV. divison while it was stationed in Posavje. After the war the partisans commited killings of emigrated croation soldiers, mostly in Mostec, but smaller burial grounds can be found all over the region. In order to keep the memory of the second world war events alive the people of Posavje made a lot of monumets and memorial statues. Most of them are the creation of local artists and are depicting the events and people connected to their local wartime history.

V prispevku je na gradivu objav skupine Slovenci v Nemčiji na Facebooku analizirana spletna slovenščina Slovencev v Nemčiji. Člani skupine so pripadniki mlajše generacije, ki so se v Nemčijo preselili pred kratkim in pogosto izmenjujejo informacije o upravnih postopkih. Zaradi okoliščin sporočanja je v besedilih kot prevladujoča jezikovna zvrst predvidena raba knjižnega in pogovornega jezika ter z višjim deležem strokovne leksike s področja uprave. The article presents the internet Slovenian used by Slovenians living in Germany by means of analysis of Facebook posts in the group Slovenci v Nemčiji. The group members belong to the young generation and have recently moved to Germany. They often exchange information on administrative procedures. Due to these circumstances of their communication, the prevailing language variety expected is standard and colloquial language and a high share of technical terms from the field of administration.

Narodnim manjšinam, izseljencem in zdomcem je skupna pripadnost določenemu narodu in njegovi kulturi ter obenem ločenost od obojega, za kar so vzrok bodisi migracije bodisi politična zgodovinska slika. Obravnava narodnih manjšin, izseljencev in zdomcev pri pouku geografije ne sme biti le doseganje kognitivnih ciljev iz učnih načrtov, kot so na primer usvojitev določenih pojmov, ampak tudi razvijanje razumevanja ter ponotranjanje vrednot, ki te pojme spremljajo. V pričujočem diplomskem delu smo se osredotočili na zastopanost tematike narodnih manjšin, izseljencev in zdomcev v geografskih učbenikih in učnih načrtih za osnovno šolo ter v gimnazijskem programu za srednje šole. V teoretičnem delu smo predstavili ključne pojme, ki spremljajo temo narodnih manjšin, izseljencev in zdomcev. Analizirali smo učne načrte in učbenike za geografijo. Predstavili smo, kje se tema posredno in neposredno pojavi, ter podali razmišljanja, kje lahko učitelj temo vključi v pouk. Kvantitativno smo prikazali število ciljev, ki se navezujejo na izbrano tematiko. Naredili smo tudi primerjavo slovenskega in hrvaškega učnega načrta za geografijo v gimnaziji. V empiričnem delu smo z vprašalnikom ugotovili, kako tematiko razumejo, sprejemajo anketirani učenci devetih razredov. Ugotovili smo, da je v učnih načrtih za pouk geografije v osnovni šoli in gimnaziji izbrana tema zastopana od sedmega razreda pa vse do zadnjega letnika gimnazije. Z analizo anketnih vprašalnikov smo ugotovili, da anketirani učenci iz obmejnih šol nimajo več znanja o izbrani tematiki kot anketirani učenci iz šol v notranjosti Slovenije. To dokazuje, da se kakovost znanja med različnimi območji Slovenije izrazito ne spreminja. National minorities, emigrants and workers abroad share a belonging to a particular nation and its culture together with separation from both because of migrations or political historical figure. The reason for dealing with national minorities, emigrants and workers abroad in geography lessons must not be only achieving cognitive goals set in lesson plans like for example mastering certain concepts. The reason must also be developing understanding and internalization of the accompanying values. In the graduation thesis the focus was on the representation frequency of the theme of national minorities, emigrants and workers abroad in geographic textbooks and curriculums for primary school and high school. In the theoretical part some key concepts related to the theme of national minorities, emigrants and workers abroad were presented. Curriculums and geographic textbooks were analyzed. Indirect and direct occurrence of the theme was presented and considerations about where the teacher could include the theme into the lesson were given. The number of goals which link to the theme was demonstrated quantitatively. Comparison of Slovenian and Croatian curriculum for geography in high school was made. In the empirical part the understanding and the acceptance of the theme by ninth grade learners were tested using a questionnaire. The representation of the theme in curriculums for geography teaching from seventh grade of primary school to the last grade of high school was discovered. By questionnaire analyze it was found that interviewed learners from border schools do not have more knowledge of the selected theme than the interviewed learners from the interior of Slovenia do. This also proves that the quality of knowledge between different areas in Slovenia does not vary significantly.

POVZETEK V diplomski nalogi je predstavljen oris kulturne zgodovine Prekmurja vse od Cirila in Metoda do druge polovice 20. stoletja. Območje Prekmurja je opisano geografsko, v nadaljevanju pa predstavljeno še z zgodovinskega vidika. Obravnavani so protestantsko in katoliško gibanje v pokrajini, vpliv ogrske oblasti na življenje v njej ter usodnost združitve Prekmurja s Slovenijo. Nekoliko podrobneje so predstavljeni arheološka najdišča, arhitekturna in etnološka dediščina ter rokodelske obrti. Tudi prekmurski izseljenci ter Romi in Židi v Prekmurju imajo svojstven pečat v preteklosti pokrajine. Na koncu naloge je opisanih še nekaj pomembnih panonskih književnikov, zgodovinarjev, politikov ter narodnih delavcev, ki so s svojim trdim delom in pogumom oblikovali identiteto prekmurskega človeka. Jezik, ki se je tod oblikoval skozi stoletja, je pustil edinstven pečat v slovenskem prostoru in zaznamoval kulturno dogajanje v pokrajini. V diplomski nalogi je uporabljena deskriptivna raziskovalna metoda, pri opisovanju in vzročnem pojasnjevanju zgodovinskih dejstev pa zgodovinska metoda, saj delo temelji na proučevanju daljne preteklosti. V zaključku naloge pa sta vsebovani tudi analiza in sinteza. ABSTRACT In this diploma paper the outline of cultural history of Prekmurje is presented from Cyril and Methodius to second half of the 20th century. Prekmurje area is described geographically and further presented from a historical point of view. It considers Protestant and Catholic movement in the area, influence of Hungarian authority on life under it, and fatality of integration of Prekmurje into Slovenia. Archaeological sites, architectural and ethnological heritage, and handicraft are presented in more detail. Emigrants of Prekmurje, and Roma and Jews in Prekmurje also left a special mark in the history of area. At the end of this paper, some of the important Pannonian authors, historians, politicians and national activists are included, who have formed the identity of Prekmurje person by their hard work and courage. Language, which was formed here over the centuries, left a unique mark in Slovene area and characterized cultural events in the region. In this diploma paper, descriptive research method is used, and historical method when dealing with descriptions and causal explanations because work is based on study of distant past. In conclusion of the paper analysis and synthesis are used.