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Rh isoimmunization of pregnant mothers may be responsible for varying severity of anaemia in fetuses and newborns. Usually, it is in the second or subsequent pregnancies that the fetus is affected. Management of this patient in a low resource setting posed serious challenges as various interventions levels. A 28-year-old G6P5+0 1alive at 17weeks of gestation, in her six pregnancy who had developed Anti-D antibodies after her first pregnancy. pregnancy was unbooked, carried to term and had spontaneous vaginal delivery at home to a live female neonate. She was unaware of her blood group and Rhesus typing and did not received Anti-D immunoglobulin. Subsequently, she had recurrent intrauterine stillbirth and early neonatal death. Current pregnancy was carried to 31weeks of gestation when it was noticed the fetus had severe anaemia following evaluation with middle cerebral artery-peak systolic velocity and had Caeserean section. The neonate had exchange blood transfusion and phototherapy following delivery. Close fetal monitoring with middle cerebral artery- peak systolic velocity and timely delivery can lead to a favorable outcome in low resource setting.

Resumen: La aloinmunización es una respuesta biológica frente a la exposición de antígenos no propios. La gestación, las transfusiones de hemocomponentes, los trasplantes de órganos sólidos y células hematopoyéticas, así como el consumo de drogas intravenosas exponen a las pacientes al desarrollo de aloanticuerpos antieritrocitarios. El hallazgo de los mismos debe cumplir con las instancias diagnósticas para identificar la probabilidad de estar asociados a enfermedad hemolítica feto neonatal (EHFN) y su oportuna derivación a policlínica de alto riesgo obstétrico (ARO) para su correcto seguimiento. Es fundamental que sean los laboratorios de inmunohematología de los servicios de hemoterapia y medicina transfusional los encargados de los estudios diagnósticos de aloinmunización eritrocitaria(1). En este sentido hemos elaborado esta guía con el objetivo de protocolizar de manera multidisciplinaria el manejo de las embarazadas aloinmunizadas y sus recién nacidos. Abstract: Alloimmunization is the biological response to exposure to non-HLA antigens. Pregnancy, transfusion of blood components, solid organ and hematopoietic cell transplantation, as well as intravenous drug use expose patients to the development of anti-erythrocyte antibodies. When the latter are found, they must match diagnostic criteria to identify the potential association to hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN) and its timely referral to the high-risk obstetric risk polyclinic for due follow-up. It is of the essence for erythrocyte alloimmunization diagnostic tests to be carried out by the immunohematology laboratories of the Hemotherapy and Transfusional Medicine services. To that end, we have prepared these guidelines with the purpose of providing a multidisciplinary protocol for the handling of maternal alloimmunization and alloimmunization of the newborn. Resumo: A aloimunização é uma resposta biológica à exposição a antígenos não próprios. A gravidez, as transfusões de hemocomponentes, os transplantes de órgãos sólidos e células hematopoiéticas, bem como o uso de drogas intravenosas expõem os pacientes ao desenvolvimento de anticorpos antieritrocitários. O achado destes deve obedecer a critérios diagnósticos para identificar a doença e a probabilidade de estarem associados a doença hemolítica feto neonatal (DHPN) e seu encaminhamento oportuno para uma unidade de alto risco obstétrico para acompanhamento adequado. É fundamental que os laboratórios de imuno-hematologia dos serviços de Hemoterapia e Medicina Transfusional se encarreguem dos estudos diagnósticos da aloimunização eritrocitária. Elaboramos este guia com o objetivo de estabelecer um protocolo multidisciplinar para o manejo de gestantes aloimunizadas e seus recém-nascidos.

Background The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of the different anti-erythrocytic alloantibodies, to describe pregnancy outcomes according to a low-risk and high-risk classification for fetal anemia and to determine the factors that influence adverse perinatal outcomes. Methods This retrospective observational study included women referred to our center following the identification of maternal anti-erythrocytic alloantibodies between 2002 and 2017. Pregnancies were classified as high risk for fetal anemia in cases with clinically significant antibodies, no fetal-maternal compatibility and titers ≥1:16 or any titration in cases of Kell system incompatibility. In high-risk pregnancies, maternal antibody titration and the fetal middle cerebral artery peak systolic velocity (MCA-PSV) were monitored. Low-risk pregnancies underwent routine pregnancy follow-up. Results Maternal antibodies were found in 337 pregnancies, and 259 (76.9%) of these antibodies were clinically significant. The most frequent antibodies were anti-D (53%) and anti-K (19%). One hundred forty-three pregnancies were classified as low risk for fetal anemia, 65 (25%) cases were classified as no fetal-maternal incompatibility, 78 had clinically nonsignificant antibodies, 4 (2.8%) resulted in first-trimester pregnancy loss, and 139 (97.2%) resulted in livebirths. Of the 194 high-risk pregnancies, 38 had titers 1.5 MoM, resulting in 3 intrauterine deaths, 6 terminations and 48 livebirths. Ninety-two intrauterine transfusions were performed in 45 fetuses (87% anti-D). Adverse outcomes were related to a MCA-PSV > 1.5 MoM (p p p = 0.029) Conclusion Anti-D remains the most common antibody in fetuses requiring intrauterine transfusion. A low or high-risk classification for fetal anemia based on the type of antibody, paternal phenotype and fetal antigen allows follow-up of the pregnancy accordingly, with good perinatal outcomes in the low-risk group. In the high-risk group, adverse perinatal outcomes are related to high MCA-PSV, hydrops and early gestational age at first transfusion.

This study aims to identify the guidelines provided by the nurse to the pregnant woman during prenatal care and to describe the influence of these guidelines in the construction of knowledge of the pregnant woman with Perinatal Hemolytic Disease. This is an integrative review conducted in the Virtual Health Library database, where data from LILACS, SciELO and Bdenf are available. Were included 03 publications between 2011 and 2018 in the category Importance of the education of clients and health professionals in the care of Perinatal Hemolytic Disease. We have noticed that there is a vast lack of access to information relevant to prenatal care and about the pathology in question. In view of this, the study rescues the significance of a high-risk prenatal care performed concomitantly by the medical professional and the nurse, since the nurse, as an educator, can be a key element in the process of remodeling care. Este estudio tiene como objetivo identificar las pautas previstas por la enfermera a la mujer embarazada, durante el cuidado prenatal y describir la influencia de estas pautas en la construcción del conocimiento de la mujer embarazada con la Enfermedad Hemolítica Perinatal. Se trata de una revisión integradora realizada en la base de datos de la Biblioteca Virtual de Salud, donde están disponibles los datos de LILACS, SciELO y Bdenf. Incluyeron se tres publicaciones entre 2011 y 2018 en la categoría Importancia de la educación de los clientes y los profesionales de la salud en el cuidado de la enfermedad hemolítica perinatal. Hemos observado que hay una gran falta de acceso a la información relevante para el cuidado prenatal y acerca de la patología en cuestión. En vista de ello, el estudio rescata la importancia de un cuidado prenatal de alto riesgo realizado concomitantemente por el profesional médico y la enfermera, ya que la enfermera, como educadora, puede ser un elemento clave en el proceso de remodelación del cuidado. O presente estudo visa identificar as orientações fornecidas pelo enfermeiro à gestante, durante o pré-natal e descrever a influência dessas orientações na construção do conhecimento da gestante portadora da Doença Hemolítica Perinatal. Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa realizada na base de dados da Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde, onde se encontram disponíveis dados do LILACS, SciELO e Bdenf. Foram incluídas 03 publicações entre o período de 2011 a 2018 na categoria Importância da educação de clientes e profissionais da saúde no cuidado da Doença Hemolítica Perinatal. Percebemos que há uma vasta deficiência de acesso às informações pertinentes ao pré-natal e a patologia em questão. Á vista disto, o estudo resgata a significância da realização de um pré-natal de alto risco realizado concomitantemente pelo profissional médico e enfermeiro, visto que o enfermeiro, enquanto educador, pode ser um elemento chave no processo de remodelação da assistência.

Severe morbidity and death because of Rh disease have only been reduced by approximately 50% globally during the last 50 years, despite the advent of anti-Rh(D) immunoglobin prophylaxis, which has resulted in >160,000 perinatal deaths and 100,000 disabilities annually. This apparent failure to take appropriate preventive measures is of great concern. Thus, there is a great need to do much better. We wish to draw attention to the unnecessary continuing burden of Rh disease, to discuss some of the reasons for this failure, and to provide suggestions for a better way forward.

Alloimmunisation was one of the most important causes of perinatal mortality and morbidity by the middle of the last century. The objective of the present study was to investigate the presence of the RHD gene in fetal cells (amniocytes) obtained from amniotic fluid by genotyping to compare it with the RhD serotyping. Also to correlate the presence of RhD gene with the neonatal outcome. This work was carried out at Maternity hospital and Medical Genetics center, while PCR testing was done at the Medical Research center, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University in the period from 2008 to 2010. The present study included recruiting of 20 RhD negative (sensitized to the RhD antigen) pregnant mothers. The entire study group was subjected to complete general, obstetric and a detailed obstetric ultrasonographic examination. Rh typing and indirect Coomb’s test were also done. Amniocentesis was performed with a 20-gauge needle under continuous ultrasound guidance. RhD serotyping of the fetuses showed that, 14 fetuses (70%) were positive and six fetuses (30%) were negative. While using RhD gentyping 13 cases (65%) were positive and seven cases (35%) were negative (P value = 0.002). Among fetuses positive for RhD genotyping six fetuses (46%) had received postnatal treatment, while among fetuses negative for RhD genotyping, neither of them had received postnatal treatment (P value =0.032), which is statistically significant. From the present study we can conclude that, the identification of an antigen-negative fetus on the basis of the blood group genotype provides significant advantages in managing the pregnancy at risk for HDFN.Keywords: Maternal alloimmunization; Rhesus; RHD; Isoimmunization; Hydrops fetalis; Fetus; Rh negative

Introduction: Neonatal jaundice is the commonest abnormal physical finding in the new born nursery and hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) among babies born to Rh negative mothers is the most formidable etiology. During last few decades considerable evolution has been observed in this entity secondary to development of several novel preventive, diagnostic and therapeutic modalities. Objective: To study the current trends in presentation, management and outcome of hyperbilirubinemia among newborns delivered to Rh negative mothers. Methodology: This observational descriptive study with prospective data collection included one hundred live born term babies born to Rh negative mothers in our hospital. A predesigned proforma was used to record antenatal and postnatal data .Cord blood collected during delivery for assessment of bilirubin,hematocrit and direct coombs test.Serum bilirubin levels were estimated in babies with clinical jaundice and treated for the same if required.All babies were regularly followed up weekly for one month. Chi square test/Fisher Exact test and Student “t” test has been used to find the significant association of jaundice(incidence,treatment) and study characteristics. results: Out of 100 babies enrolled, 57 babies developed jaundice. Jaundice is 2.7 times more likely associated with babies born to multiparous Rh-ve mothers with p=0.017*. Jaundice is 3 times more likely associated with Rh+ve babies born to multiparous mothers with p=0.020*. Jaundice is 3.97 times more likely associated with Rh+ve babies born to multiparous mothers who have not received Anti-D with p=0.154. Treatment of jaundice is 2.75 times more likely in Rh+ve babies born to multiparous mothers who have not received Anti-D with p=0.162. Duration of phototherapy is significantly more in Rh+ve babies born to multiparous mothers who had not received Anti-D with p=0.0097*.Exchange transfusion was required in two babies. conclusion: Although the incidence of Rh isoimmunization has declined dramatically over the years ,it is still an important cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality emphasizing the need for more vigorous preventive efforts and up-to-date management skills.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a velocidade de fluxo na veia cava inferior e no ducto venoso em fetos, nas gestações isoimunizadas. MÉTODOS: De junho de 1999 a junho de 2004, foram avaliados 61 fetos, entre 27 e 35 semanas, de gestantes portadoras de isoimunização por antígenos eritrocitários. Em todos os fetos foram avaliadas as velocidades de fluxo na veia cava inferior e no ducto venoso. Obteve-se amostra de sangue fetal para determinação dos valores da hemoglobina e calculou-se o déficit da concentração de hemoglobina. Esses fetos foram divididos em quatro grupos, de acordo com o déficit da concentração de hemoglobina: fetos não anêmicos, anêmicos leves, anêmicos moderados e anêmicos graves. Utilizou-se o teste Qui-quadrado para comparar os quatro grupos de fetos quanto à proporção da alteração da velocidade média de fluxo na veia cava inferior e no ducto venoso. RESULTADOS: A velocidade de fluxo na veia cava inferior estava alterada em 3,8% dos fetos não anêmicos, em 3,1% dos fetos com anemia leve, em 40% dos anêmicos moderados e em 76% dos fetos com anemia grave. Já a velocidade de fluxo no ducto venoso estava alterada em 7,7% dos fetos não anêmicos, em 3,1% dos fetos com anemia leve, em 32,5% dos anêmicos moderados e em 68% dos fetos com anemia grave. O valor p foi inferior a 0,001. CONCLUSÃO: Verificou-se aumento da freqüência de alteração da velocidade de fluxo na veia cava inferior e no ducto venoso à medida que a anemia se agravava.OBJECTIVE: Ductus venosus and inferior vena cava flow velocity was assessed in fetuses in isoimmunized pregnancies. METHODS: Examination of 61 fetuses aged 27 to 35 weeks from Rh-erythrocyte antigen isoimmunized women was carried out from June 1999 to June 2004. All fetuses were submitted to the examination of ductus venosus and inferior vena cava flow velocity. Blood samples were collected to determine hemoglobin values and hemoglobin concentration deficits. Accordingly, fetuses were grouped as follows: non-anemic; mildly anemic; moderately anemic and severely anemic fetuses. Comparison of the variation of average flow velocity in the inferior vena cava and ductus venosus across the four groups was carried out using the chi-square test. RESULTS: Inferior vena cava flow velocity was found to be altered in 3.8% of non-anemic fetuses; in 3.1% of the mildly anemic, in 40.0% of those moderately anemic; and in 76.0% of the severely anemic ones. Alteration in ductus venosus flow velocity, in turn, was identified in 7.7% of non-anemic fetuses; 3.1% of mildly anemic; 32.5% of moderately anemic and 68.0% of those severely anemic. Results were statistically significant with p < 0.001. CONCLUSION: The study shows that alteration of flow velocity in the inferior vena cava and ductus venosus increased with the severity of anemia.

La isoinmunización eritrocitaria feto-materna se define como la presencia de anticuerpos maternos dirigidos contra antígenos presentes en los glóbulos rojos fetales. Los anticuerpos maternos pueden atravesar la barrera placentaria y provocar hemólisis de los glóbulos rojos fetales produciendo anemia hemolítica e hiperbilirrubinemia, características de la enfermedad hemolítica perinatal (EHP). La principal causa de EHP es la incompatibilidad ABO, seguida de la isoinmunización por RhD; esta última ha disminuido su incidencia dado el amplio uso de inmunoglobulina anti D. Sin embargo, el glóbulo rojo tiene más de 400 antígenos, muchos de ellos (>50) capaces de producir isoinmunización y EHP. En este artículo, revisamos la evidencia y proponemos un algoritmo de manejo y seguimiento de las embarazadas con isoinmunización por anticuerpos irregulares. En la isoinmunización por anticuerpos irregulares, los títulos de anticuerpos maternos no se correlacionan con la gravedad de la enfermedad. La anemia en la EHP por anticuerpos anti-Kell es secundaria a una supresión de la eritroblastosis fetal a diferencia del resto de los sistemas que producen anemia hemolítica. Recomendamos efectuar tamizaje de todas las pacientes en el control prenatal, solicitando grupo sanguíneo, Rh y test de Coombs indirecto. En las pacientes Rh (+) con test de Coombs indirecto positivo es necesario identificar los anticuerpos irregulares. En caso de tener isoinmunización por anticuerpos irregulares con riesgo de EHP, derivar a una unidad de alto riesgo obstétrico para realizar seguimiento de la aparición de anemia fetal midiendo de modo seriado el peak sistólico de la arteria cerebral media. Si se detecta anemia fetal, debemos planificar una cordocentesis para confirmar el diagnóstico y tratar la anemia. The fetomaternal erythrocyte isoimmunization is defined as the presence of maternal antibodies directed against antigens present in fetal red blood cells. Maternal antibodies can cross the placenta and cause hemolysis of fetal red blood cells causing hyperbilirubinemia and hemolytic anemia, known as perinatal hemolytic disease (PHD). The main cause of PHD is ABO incompatibility, followed by RhD isoimmunization. The latter has decreased its incidence since the widespread use of anti-D immunoglobulin. However, the red cell has more than 400 antigens; many of them (>50) can lead to isoimmunization and PHD. In this article, we review the evidence and propose an algorithm for the management and monitoring of pregnant women with irregular antibodies isoimmunization. In the isoimmunization by irregular antibodies, maternal antibody titers do not correlate with the severity of the disease. Anemia in PHD by anti-Kell is secondary to suppression of fetal erythroblastosis unlike other systems that produce hemolytic anemia. We suggest the screening of all patients in the prenatal control with blood group, Rh and indirect Coombs test. In the Rh (+) patients with positive indirect Coombs test, irregular antibodies should be identified. In case of immunization by irregular antibodies in risk of PHD, the women should be referred to a high-risk obstetrics where the appearance of fetal anemia should be seek by measuring systolic peak of middle cerebral artery. If anemia is detected full confirmation of diagnosis and treatment should be effected by cordocentesis.

Objectve. The Rh-hemolytic disease can lead to a late anemia by hemolytic and hyporigenerative mechanism. We compared the effectiveness of rHuEPO in two care protocols that differ for doses of rHuEPO administrated and for timing of administration. Methods. A cohort of 14 neonates was investigated. The neonates were treated with two different protocols. Protocol A: a dose of 200 U/kg/day of rHuEpo administered subcutaneously starting from the end of the second week of life; Protocol B: a dose of 400 U/kg/day of rHuEpo administered subcutaneously starting from the end of the first week of life. Results. The hematocrit values in the protocol A group decreased during treatment (32,5% vs 25,2%), whereas the hematocrit value in protocol B group remained almost stable (38,7% vs 42,8%). The mean numbers of platelets remained stable in both groups while neutrophils increased in protocol A group and decreased in protocol B (p

The overall prevalence of non-Rh-D isoimmunization seems to lie between 0.15% and 1.1%. Anti-Rh(c) alloimmunization, "little c," occurs in 0.07% of pregnancies and shows a quite broad clinical presentation. Late anemia is a frequent problem occurring in the setting of isoimmunization. It occurs more frequently after intrauterine blood transfusions or exsanguinotransfusion, and it can be thought as a hyporegenerative anemia. The authors describe the use of human recombinant erythropoietin in preventing late anemia in a case of anti-Rh(c) isoimmunization. The use of human recombinant erythropoietin is a valid tool for preventing late-onset anemia due to either anti-Rh-D or non-anti-Rh-D isoimmunization.

vedi allegato

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a velocidade de fluxo na veia cava inferior e no ducto venoso em fetos, nas gestações isoimunizadas. MÉTODOS: De junho de 1999 a junho de 2004, foram avaliados 61 fetos, entre 27 e 35 semanas, de gestantes portadoras de isoimunização por antígenos eritrocitários. Em todos os fetos foram avaliadas as velocidades de fluxo na veia cava inferior e no ducto venoso. Obteve-se amostra de sangue fetal para determinação dos valores da hemoglobina e calculou-se o déficit da concentração de hemoglobina. Esses fetos foram divididos em quatro grupos, de acordo com o déficit da concentração de hemoglobina: fetos não anêmicos, anêmicos leves, anêmicos moderados e anêmicos graves. Utilizou-se o teste Qui-quadrado para comparar os quatro grupos de fetos quanto à proporção da alteração da velocidade média de fluxo na veia cava inferior e no ducto venoso. RESULTADOS: A velocidade de fluxo na veia cava inferior estava alterada em 3,8% dos fetos não anêmicos, em 3,1% dos fetos com anemia leve, em 40% dos anêmicos moderados e em 76% dos fetos com anemia grave. Já a velocidade de fluxo no ducto venoso estava alterada em 7,7% dos fetos não anêmicos, em 3,1% dos fetos com anemia leve, em 32,5% dos anêmicos moderados e em 68% dos fetos com anemia grave. O valor p foi inferior a 0,001. CONCLUSÃO: Verificou-se aumento da freqüência de alteração da velocidade de fluxo na veia cava inferior e no ducto venoso à medida que a anemia se agravava. OBJECTIVE: Ductus venosus and inferior vena cava flow velocity was assessed in fetuses in isoimmunized pregnancies. METHODS: Examination of 61 fetuses aged 27 to 35 weeks from Rh-erythrocyte antigen isoimmunized women was carried out from June 1999 to June 2004. All fetuses were submitted to the examination of ductus venosus and inferior vena cava flow velocity. Blood samples were collected to determine hemoglobin values and hemoglobin concentration deficits. Accordingly, fetuses were grouped as follows: non-anemic; mildly anemic; moderately anemic and severely anemic fetuses. Comparison of the variation of average flow velocity in the inferior vena cava and ductus venosus across the four groups was carried out using the chi-square test. RESULTS: Inferior vena cava flow velocity was found to be altered in 3.8% of non-anemic fetuses; in 3.1% of the mildly anemic, in 40.0% of those moderately anemic; and in 76.0% of the severely anemic ones. Alteration in ductus venosus flow velocity, in turn, was identified in 7.7% of non-anemic fetuses; 3.1% of mildly anemic; 32.5% of moderately anemic and 68.0% of those severely anemic. Results were statistically significant with p < 0.001. CONCLUSION: The study shows that alteration of flow velocity in the inferior vena cava and ductus venosus increased with the severity of anemia.

Objetivo: Evaluar los resultados de 90 transfusiones intrauterinas intravasculares realizadas en 45 fetos afectados por aloinmunización Rh. Método: Descripción del procedimiento de transfusiones intrauterinas intravasculares y presentación de la evaluación y seguimiento prospectivo de 90 transfusiones llevadas a cabo entre el período 1995- 2002. Ambiente: Unidad de Alto Riesgo del Servicio de Prenatal de la Maternidad “Concepción Palacios”. Caracas. Resultados: La edad promedio de las pacientes fue 25,8 años; se realizaron en promedio 2 transfusiones por paciente, con un mínimo de 1 y un máximo de 4; la mayoría de las pacientes tenían antecedentes de importancia como mortinato anterior e historia de enfermedad hemolítica; la principal indicación para realizar la el procedimiento fue la lectura de densidad óptica seguida por el hidrops fetal; la edad promedio para realizar la primera transfusión fue de 25,6 semanas con un mínimo de 20 semanas; los valores de hemoglobina fetal previa a la primera oscilaron entre 2 y 11,3 g/dL ascendiendo posterior a la transfusión a valores entre 5 y 15,3 g/dL; la sobrevida total fue de 69 % y al analizar sólo los fetos sin hidrops la sobrevida ascendió a 84,37 %. Conclusiones: La prevención con el uso de inmunoglobulina anti Rh D es definitivamente el mejor protocolo para evitar la anemia fetal por aloinmunización Rh, cuando se produce la enfermedad hemolítica intrauterina el mejor tratamiento es la reposición de sangre a través del cordón umbilical. En nuestro trabajo confirmamos que se debe adquirir una amplia experiencia en el manejo de las transfusiones intrauterinas para de esta forma prolongar la vida intrauterina y así alcanzar mayor madurez y probabilidad de sobrevida neonatal con menores riesgos y complicaciones. Objective: To present the results of 90 intrauterine intravascular transfusions performed in 45 Rh isoinmunized fetuses. Method: Description of the intrauterine intravascular transfusion´s procedure and presentation of evaluation and prospective floow up of 90 transfusions practiced from 1995 to 2002. Setting: High Risk Unit of Prenatal Service at Maternidad Concepción Palacios. Caracas. Results: The mean age of patients was 25.8 years; the number of transfusions ranged from one to tour (the mean was two); most patients had important records of fetal death and hemolytic disease; transfusion was mainly prescribed after optical density values followed by fetal hydrops. Gestational age for the first procedure was 25.6 weeks with a minimum of 20 weeks; fetal haemoglobin values prior to the first transfusion ranged between 2-11.3 g/dL increasing to 5-15.3 g/dL post transfusion. Total survival was 69 % and increased to 84.37 % in the nonhydropic group. Conclusion: Prevention using antiRhD inmunoglobulin is definitively the best protocol when avoiding fetal anaemia due to Rh isoimmunization. When intrauterine hemolytic disease occurs, blood transfusion through umbilical cord seems to be the best option. In our experience, we confirmed that the accumulation of experience in intrauterine intravascular transfusion is needed in order to extend intrauterine life and so achieve a higher neonatal outcome along with less risk and complications.

Submitted by Boris Flegr (boris@uerj.br) on 2020-07-05T16:06:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MauroArenazio-dissertacao.pdf: 1165804 bytes, checksum: 674249594e9f3291e4a2421ea6b2f52e (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2020-07-05T16:06:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MauroArenazio-dissertacao.pdf: 1165804 bytes, checksum: 674249594e9f3291e4a2421ea6b2f52e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-03-31 Study context is the prediction of fetal anemia in pregnant women with perinatal haemolitical disease and it has like objective to appraise the accuracy of middle cerebral artery peak systolic velocity (MCA-PSV) in fetal anemia prediction. Papers identification was identified using general bibliographic databases (MEDLINE and LILACS), and by checking reference lists of other authors. Studies were selected if observe type, pregnant woman with indirect coombs higher than 1:8, adequate technic, MCA-PSV ≥ 1,5MOM, presence of gold standard (fetal or newborn hemoglobin), and hierarchy of evidence higher or equal than four. Data from the selected studies were abstracted as 2 x 2 tables comparing the diagnostic teste result with the reference standard. Diagnostic accuracy was expressed as likelihood ratios. The review included eleven studies with a total sample of 688. Prospective patient recruitment and hierarchy of evidence one were reported in three studies. The test performance presented reasonable variation. Mari et al (2000) study was applied like best quality, with a LR(+) 8,45 and LR(-) 0,02. MCA-PSV like a fetal anemia predictor in perinatal haemolitical disease is consolidated. However, some points have to be cleared up., like the best exams interval in severe cases and method validity in after transfusional situation. O contexto do estudo é a predição da anemia fetal em gestantes portadoras da doença hemolítica perinatal e tem como objetivo avaliar a acurácia da medida doppler velocimétrica da velocidade máxima do pico sistólico da artéria cerebral média na detecção da anemia fetal na doença hemolítica perinatal. A identificação dos estudos foi realizada com a adoção de bancos de dados gerais (MEDLINE e LILACS) e a partir de referências bibliográficas de outros autores. Os estudos selecionados tinham como critérios serem do tipo observacionais, com gestantes apresentando coombs indireto maior do que 1:8, técnica de insonação do vaso adequada, Vmax-ACM ≥ 1,5MOM, presença obrigatória de comparação com o padrão-ouro (hemoglobina fetal e/ou neonatal), e nível de evidência diagnóstica acima ou igual a 4. Os dados dos estudos selecionados foram alocados em tabelas 2x2 comparando o resultado do teste com o padrão-ouro. A acurácia diagnóstica foi expressa principalmente através da razão de verossimilhança. A revisão incluiu onze estudos, com uma amostra total de 688. Três estudos apresentaram delineamento do tipo prospectivo e nível de evidência diagnóstica categoria 1. A performance do teste em questão apresentou variação razoável. O estudo de Mari et al (2000) foi considerado o de melhor qualidade metodológica, apresentando uma RV(+) de 8,45 e uma RV(-) de 0,02. A medida do doppler da Vmax da ACM como preditor da anemia fetal na doença hemolítica perinatal está consolidada. Porém, alguns pontos precisam ser melhor esclarecidos, como o intervalo ideal dos exames em casos graves e a validade do método em fetos que já foram submetidos a transfusões intra-uterinas.

Objetivo: verificar se existe correlação significativa entre a velocidade média na dopplerfluxometria da artéria aorta torácica descendente e o grau de anemia fetal. Métodos: estudo prospectivo, transversal, no qual foram analisados 66 fetos de gestantes isoimunizadas, em que se realizou a cordocentese para a realização de transfusões intra-uterinas pela via intravascular (66,7%). Nos fetos que foram submetidos à transfusão intra-uterina pela via intraperitoneal, ou naqueles casos em que não houve necessidade de tratamento intra-uterino (33,3%), a determinação da concentração de hemoglobina do cordão foi realizada pela punção do cordão umbilical, no momento da interrupção da gestação. Neste grupo de fetos estudados, foi realizado exame dopplerfluxométrico da artéria aorta torácica descendente, sendo calculada a velocidade média de fluxo. Foi realizado estudo de associação entre as variáveis. Foram também calculados os valores de sensibilidade, especificidade, valores preditivos positivo e negativo. Resultados: observou-se correlação significativa e inversa entre a velocidade média na artéria aorta torácica descendente e o nível de hemoglobina fetal. A velocidade média na dopplerfluxometria da artéria aorta torácica descendente apresentou sensibilidade de 47,5% para anemia fetal moderada (Hg

Objetivos: avaliar os resultados do tratamento intra-útero de fetos anêmicos devido a isoimunização materna pelo fator Rh. Pacientes e Métodos: foram acompanhados 61 fetos submetidos a transfusão intra-uterina seja por via intraperitoneal, intravascular ou combinada. Os casos de fetos hidrópicos corresponderam a 19,7% do total, sendo que nestes a via de tratamento sempre foi a intravascular. Foram realizadas em média 2,7 transfusões por feto, com um total de 163 procedimentos. A indicação para a transfusão se baseou na espectrofotometria do líquido amniótico (método de Liley) ou quando a dosagem de hemoglobina em sangue de cordão obtido por cordocentese fosse menor que 10 g/dl. Resultados: em metade dos casos submetidos a transfusão intra-uterina, empregou-se a via intravascular. Em relação aos casos de fetos hidrópicos a sobrevida foi de 46% e nos fetos não-hidrópicos, de 84%. Não ocorreram complicações maternas relacionadas ao procedimento. A idade média da interrupção da gestação foi de 34,8 semanas. Conclusões: apesar da melhora do resultado com a transfusão intra-uterina guiada pelo ultra-som e da cordocentese, a isoimunização materna pelo fator Rh permanece como causa de elevada morbimortalidade perinatal. Purpose: to evaluate the intrauterine treatment of anemic fetuses that underwent intrauterine transfusions due to rhesus isoimmunization. Methods: the authors studied sixty-one fetuses undergoing intrauterine transfusions by the intravascular, intraperitoneal or both routes. The hydropic fetuses (19.7%) received only intravascular intrauterine transfusions. There was an overall number of 163 intrauterine transfusions with a mean of 2.7 procedures for each case. The indications for intrauterine transfusions were high values of bilirubin in amniotic fluid analyses by the Liley method or a hemoglobin concentration of cord blood below 10.0 g/mL. Results: the overall perinatal survival rate was 46% for hydropic fetuses and 84% for the nonhydropic ones. There were no maternal side effects related to the procedures. Half of the intrauterine transfusions were performed by the intravascular route. The mean gestational age at the delivery was 34.8 weeks. Conclusions: despite better perinatal results with intrauterine transfusions guided by ultrasound, especially using intravascular procedures, rhesus isoimmunization remains as an important cause of high rates of perinatal morbidity and mortality.

Objetivo: analisar 54 transfusões intravasculares intra-uterinas (TIVs), ressaltando complicações do procedimento e morbimortalidade perinatal. Material e Métodos: fetos submetidos a TIVs na Clínica Materno-Fetal e Maternidade Carmela Dutra (Florianópolis, SC), entre janeiro de 1992 e agosto de 1997, foram incluídos no estudo. As características das gestantes, dados relativos ao procedimento e ao recém-nascido foram tabulados para análise e apresentados de forma descritiva, utilizando-se percentagem, média, desvio padrão, mediana, variação e risco relativo (RR) com intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC) conforme apropriado. Resultados: foram realizadas 50 TIVs e quatro ex-sangüíneo transfusões em 21 fetos. Houve quatro óbitos (20%), três dos quais (75%) ocorridos em fetos hidrópicos. A idade gestacional média quando da primeira transfusão foi de 29,1 semanas. A concentração média de hemoglobina foi de 5,69 mg/dl. A taxa de mortalidade decorrente do procedimento foi de 7,4%. A idade gestacional média ao nascimento foi 33,9 semanas e o peso médio foi 2.437 gramas. Sessenta e cinco por cento dos recém-nascidos receberam ex-sangüíneo transfusão complementar. Conclusão: a taxa de mortalidade por procedimento (7,4%) foi semelhante à relatada na literatura mundial. A taxa de mortalidade perinatal (20%) foi mais elevada do que a relatada na literatura estrangeira, mas inferior à relatada em estudo conduzido no Brasil, no qual a prevalência de fetos hidrópicos foi semelhante. Objective: to report 54 intrauterine intravascular transfusions (IITs), describing procedure related complications and associated perinatal morbidity and mortality. Methods: fetuses undergoing IITs at Clínica Materno-Fetal and Maternidade Carmela Dutra, Florianópolis, SC, between January 1992 and August 1997 were included in the study. Patients demographics, procedure and newborn related data were tabulated for analysis and presented in descriptive form, using percentage, mean, standard deviation, median, range and relative risk (RR) with 95% confidence interval as appropriate. Results: fifty IITs and four exchange transfusions were performed in twenty-one fetuses. There were four deaths (20%), three of which occurred (75%) in hydropic fetuses. Mean gestational age at the time of the first IIT was 29.1 weeks, the mean hemoglobin concentration was 7.1 mg/dl and the mean rise in hemoglobin level per procedure was 5.69 mg/dl. Procedure related mortality rate was 7.4%. Mean gestational age at birth was 33.9 weeks and mean birth weight was 2,437 grams. Sixty-five percent of the newborns received complementary exchange transfusions. Conclusion: the procedure related mortality rate was 7.4%, similar to the mortality rate reported in the world literature. The perinatal mortality rate (20%) was higher than that reported in other countries but lower than the perinatal mortality rate reported in a study conducted in Brazil, with a similar prevalence of hydropic fetuses.