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The availability of reliable and quantified information on the spatiotemporal distribution of irrigated land at the river basin scale is an essential step towards sustainable management of water resources. This research aims to assess the spatiotemporal extent of irrigated land in the Ouémé River basin using Landsat multi-temporal images and ground truth data. A methodology was built around the use of supervised classification and the application of an algorithm based on the logical expression and thresholding of a combination of surface temperature (Ts) and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). The findings of the supervised classification showed that agricultural areas were 16,003 km2, 19,732 km2, and 22,850 km2 for the years 2014, 2018, and 2022, respectively. The irrigated land areas were 755 km2, 1143 km2, and 1883 km2 for the same years, respectively. A significant increase in irrigated areas was recorded throughout the study period. The overall accuracy values of 79%, 82%, and 83% obtained during validation of the irrigated land maps indicate a good performance of the algorithm. The results suggest a promising application of the algorithm to obtain up-to-date information on the distribution of irrigated land in several regions of Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lake Urmia in the northwest of Iran is one of the largest vanishing lakes in the world. Several water-saving strategies have been implemented in the lake basin over the last decade, but they are not producing efficient results. This study employed a modified version of the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), an agrohydrological model, to investigate the basin-scale effectiveness of some water-saving plans implemented at the farm scale. Data collected from 301 monitoring sites in the Lake Urmia basin were applied to the modified SWAT model. The modified SWAT model was used to estimate water balance components and was coupled with the Water Accounting Plus framework (WA+). Six discharge stations, crop yields, evapotranspiration, and groundwater level tables were calibrated and validated from 1987 to 2015 within the Zarrineh Rud Basin (ZRB), the most crucial subbasin in the Lake Urmia basin. Next, four individual water-saving plans—changes in irrigation management and developments in irrigation systems, changes in fertilizer type and regime, changes in the type and method of cultivation, and farm size and shape adjustments—as well as seven combinations of the water-saving plans, were applied to the agrohydrological model. The results reveal that assessing restoration plans for Lake Urmia without considering both farm and basin scales provides no reliable results. With changes in management and the development of irrigation systems, considerable differences in water withdrawal were observed. Developing irrigation systems leads to enhanced water consumption and evapotranspiration, which is expected to improve water yield and crop productivity. However, individual plans such as developments in irrigation systems cannot increase the inflow to Urmia Lake, and combined water-saving strategies can help restore the lake only to a limited extent, because the changes in inflow are not substantial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The availability of reliable and quantified information on the spatiotemporal distribution of irrigated land at the river basin scale is an essential step towards sustainable management of water resources. This research aims to assess the spatiotemporal extent of irrigated land in the Ouémé River basin using Landsat multi-temporal images and ground truth data. A methodology was built around the use of supervised classification and the application of an algorithm based on the logical expression and thresholding of a combination of surface temperature (Ts) and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). The findings of the supervised classification showed that agricultural areas were 16,003 km2, 19,732 km2, and 22,850 km2 for the years 2014, 2018, and 2022, respectively. The irrigated land areas were 755 km2, 1143 km2, and 1883 km2 for the same years, respectively. A significant increase in irrigated areas was recorded throughout the study period. The overall accuracy values of 79%, 82%, and 83% obtained during validation of the irrigated land maps indicate a good performance of the algorithm. The results suggest a promising application of the algorithm to obtain up-to-date information on the distribution of irrigated land in several regions of Africa.

The High Plains aquifer (HPA) is the primary water source for agricultural irrigation in the US Great Plains. The water levels in many locations of the aquifer have declined steadily over the past several decades because the rate of water withdrawals exceeds recharge, which has been a serious concern to the water resources management in the region. We evaluated temporal trends and variations in agricultural water use and hydroclimatic variables including precipitation, air temperature, reference evapotranspiration, runoff, groundwater level, and terrestrial water storage across the HPA region for different periods from 1985 to 2020 at the grid, county, or region scale. The results showed that water withdrawals decreased from 21.3 km3/year in 1985 to 18.2 km3/year in 2015, while irrigated croplands increased from 71,928 km2 in 1985 to 78,464 km2 in 2015 in the entire HPA. The hydroclimatic time‐series showed wetting trends in most of the northern HPA, but drying and warming trends in the southern region from 1985 to 2020. The groundwater level time‐series indicated flat trends in the north, but significant declining in the central and southern HPA. Trends in irrigation water withdrawals and irrigation area across the HPA were controlled by the advancement of irrigation systems and technologies and the management of sustainable water use, but also were affected by dynamical changes in the hydroclimatic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To solve the global food problem and improve the efficiency of limited land resources for agricultural use in the future, the application of intensive roads, rather than extractive, as well as investing in the intensive use of agricultural land by landowners and tenants, the formation of a system that will create opportunities to maintain and increase the productivity of lands and to further the functions of lands in resource quality in general is also directly related to market relations and investments. Along with the acquisition of new lands for the purpose of subsistence and agricultural use by mankind, the deterioration of the land reclamation situation, erosion, drought, over shadowing of salinization and the impact of groundwater, the construction of industry and transport, the outflow of agricultural land from the turnkey as a result of the open assimilation of minerals are intensifying globally. It is known that in recent years, there have been cases of purposeful and effective non-use of agricultural land resources, inefficiency of their distribution within the network and within the network, the transfer of land for nonagricultural needs without economic and technological justification, and, most the decline in land productivity. The purpose of the study is to develop scientific-theoretical and methodological-practical proposals and recommendations for improving the regulation of the system of land use in Uzbekistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The regulation of land relations in conditions of limited land resources, meeting the needs of society and the economy for them, necessitates the constant distribution and redistribution of land resources between sectors of the economy and social spheres. Today, the distribution of the land fund does not fully correspond to the needs of society and the economy. Because the exact mechanisms of land fund Distribution have not been developed. In a situation where the population is increasing from year to year, there is no full-fledged land accounting. In particular, in the conditions of a market economy, there are issues of non-full use of available resources, the salinity of the share of reserve lands in the land fund, the demand of the population for land, land and the need for private property, increasing from year to year, and guaranteeing land rights and such cases make it relevant to develop scientific and practical proposals and recommendations as a result of research on the content of the distribution and redistribution of the land fund and the mechanism of its operation, the basics of land fund use, guarantees of land rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

𝘐𝘯𝘵𝘳𝘰𝘥𝘶𝘤𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯: 𝘛𝘢𝘯𝘫𝘶𝘯𝘨 𝘑𝘢𝘣𝘶𝘯𝘨 𝘉𝘢𝘳𝘢𝘵 𝘙𝘦𝘨𝘦𝘯𝘤𝘺 𝘩𝘢𝘴 𝘵𝘺𝘱𝘰𝘭𝘰𝘨𝘪𝘤𝘢𝘭 𝘤𝘩𝘢𝘳𝘢𝘤𝘵𝘦𝘳𝘪𝘴𝘵𝘪𝘤𝘴 𝘰𝘧 𝘷𝘢𝘳𝘪𝘰𝘶𝘴 𝘱𝘢𝘥𝘥𝘺 𝘧𝘪𝘦𝘭𝘥𝘴 𝘪𝘯 𝘰𝘯𝘦 𝘢𝘳𝘦𝘢 𝘴𝘰 𝘵𝘩𝘢𝘵 𝘪𝘵 𝘩𝘢𝘴 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘱𝘰𝘵𝘦𝘯𝘵𝘪𝘢𝘭 𝘵𝘰 𝘤𝘰𝘯𝘵𝘪𝘯𝘶𝘦 𝘵𝘰 𝘱𝘳𝘰𝘥𝘶𝘤𝘦 𝘳𝘪𝘤𝘦 𝘵𝘩𝘳𝘰𝘶𝘨𝘩𝘰𝘶𝘵 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘺𝘦𝘢𝘳 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘪𝘯𝘤𝘳𝘦𝘢𝘴𝘦 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘪𝘯𝘤𝘰𝘮𝘦 𝘰𝘧 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘭𝘰𝘤𝘢𝘭 𝘤𝘰𝘮𝘮𝘶𝘯𝘪𝘵𝘺. 𝘛𝘩𝘦 𝘷𝘢𝘳𝘪𝘦𝘵𝘺 𝘰𝘧 𝘭𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘵𝘺𝘱𝘰𝘭𝘰𝘨𝘪𝘦𝘴 𝘤𝘢𝘶𝘴𝘦𝘴 𝘥𝘪𝘧𝘧𝘦𝘳𝘦𝘯𝘤𝘦𝘴 𝘪𝘯 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘱𝘢𝘵𝘵𝘦𝘳𝘯 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘤𝘶𝘭𝘵𝘪𝘷𝘢𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯 𝘰𝘧 𝘳𝘪𝘤𝘦. 𝘛𝘩𝘪𝘴 𝘴𝘵𝘶𝘥𝘺 𝘢𝘪𝘮𝘴 𝘵𝘰 𝘥𝘦𝘴𝘤𝘳𝘪𝘣𝘦 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘱𝘦𝘳𝘧𝘰𝘳𝘮𝘢𝘯𝘤𝘦 𝘰𝘧 𝘳𝘪𝘤𝘦 𝘧𝘢𝘳𝘮𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘪𝘯 𝘵𝘩𝘳𝘦𝘦 𝘵𝘺𝘱𝘰𝘭𝘰𝘨𝘪𝘦𝘴 𝘰𝘧 𝘱𝘢𝘥𝘥𝘺 𝘧𝘪𝘦𝘭𝘥𝘴 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘢𝘯𝘢𝘭𝘺𝘻𝘦 𝘧𝘢𝘳𝘮 𝘪𝘯𝘤𝘰𝘮𝘦 𝘪𝘯 𝘦𝘢𝘤𝘩 𝘭𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘵𝘺𝘱𝘰𝘭𝘰𝘨𝘺. 𝘔𝘦𝘵𝘩𝘰𝘥: 𝘛𝘩𝘦 𝘳𝘦𝘴𝘦𝘢𝘳𝘤𝘩 𝘸𝘢𝘴 𝘤𝘰𝘯𝘥𝘶𝘤𝘵𝘦𝘥 𝘪𝘯 𝘛𝘢𝘯𝘫𝘶𝘯𝘨 𝘑𝘢𝘣𝘶𝘯𝘨 𝘉𝘢𝘳𝘢𝘵 𝘙𝘦𝘨𝘦𝘯𝘤𝘺 𝘸𝘪𝘵𝘩 𝘢 𝘴𝘢𝘮𝘱𝘭𝘦 𝘰𝘧 90 𝘳𝘪𝘤𝘦 𝘧𝘢𝘳𝘮𝘦𝘳𝘴. 𝘛𝘩𝘦 𝘥𝘢𝘵𝘢 𝘶𝘴𝘦𝘥 𝘢𝘳𝘦 𝘱𝘳𝘪𝘮𝘢𝘳𝘺 𝘥𝘢𝘵𝘢. 𝘍𝘢𝘳𝘮𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘱𝘦𝘳𝘧𝘰𝘳𝘮𝘢𝘯𝘤𝘦 𝘸𝘢𝘴 𝘢𝘯𝘢𝘭𝘺𝘻𝘦𝘥 𝘣𝘺 𝘲𝘶𝘢𝘭𝘪𝘵𝘢𝘵𝘪𝘷𝘦 𝘥𝘦𝘴𝘤𝘳𝘪𝘱𝘵𝘪𝘷𝘦 𝘢𝘯𝘢𝘭𝘺𝘴𝘪𝘴 𝘸𝘩𝘪𝘭𝘦 𝘧𝘢𝘳𝘮 𝘪𝘯𝘤𝘰𝘮𝘦 𝘸𝘢𝘴 𝘢𝘯𝘢𝘭𝘺𝘻𝘦𝘥 𝘣𝘺 𝘢 𝘧𝘢𝘳𝘮𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘤𝘢𝘭𝘤𝘶𝘭𝘢𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯 𝘮𝘦𝘵𝘩𝘰𝘥. 𝘙𝘦𝘴𝘶𝘭𝘵𝘴: 𝘛𝘩𝘦 𝘳𝘦𝘴𝘶𝘭𝘵𝘴 𝘴𝘩𝘰𝘸𝘦𝘥 𝘵𝘩𝘢𝘵 𝘸𝘪𝘵𝘩 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘷𝘢𝘳𝘪𝘰𝘶𝘴 𝘱𝘦𝘳𝘧𝘰𝘳𝘮𝘢𝘯𝘤𝘦𝘴 𝘰𝘧 𝘳𝘪𝘤𝘦 𝘧𝘢𝘳𝘮𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘪𝘯 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘵𝘩𝘳𝘦𝘦 𝘭𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘵𝘺𝘱𝘰𝘭𝘰𝘨𝘪𝘦𝘴, 𝘳𝘪𝘤𝘦 𝘧𝘢𝘳𝘮𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘰𝘯 𝘪𝘳𝘳𝘪𝘨𝘢𝘵𝘦𝘥 𝘭𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘱𝘳𝘰𝘷𝘪𝘥𝘦𝘥 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘩𝘪𝘨𝘩𝘦𝘴𝘵 𝘱𝘳𝘰𝘧𝘪𝘵 𝘸𝘪𝘵𝘩 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘩𝘪𝘨𝘩𝘦𝘴𝘵 𝘳𝘦𝘷𝘦𝘯𝘶𝘦 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘱𝘳𝘰𝘥𝘶𝘤𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯 𝘳𝘦𝘴𝘶𝘭𝘵𝘴. 𝘍𝘰𝘭𝘭𝘰𝘸𝘦𝘥 𝘣𝘺 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘱𝘳𝘰𝘧𝘪𝘵𝘴 𝘰𝘧 𝘳𝘪𝘤𝘦 𝘧𝘢𝘳𝘮𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘰𝘯 𝘵𝘪𝘥𝘢𝘭 𝘭𝘢𝘯𝘥, 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘴𝘮𝘢𝘭𝘭𝘦𝘴𝘵 𝘱𝘳𝘰𝘧𝘪𝘵 𝘰𝘯 𝘓𝘦𝘣𝘢𝘬 𝘴𝘸𝘢𝘮𝘱 𝘭𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘧𝘢𝘳𝘮𝘪𝘯𝘨. 𝘉𝘢𝘴𝘦𝘥 𝘰𝘯 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘤𝘢𝘭𝘤𝘶𝘭𝘢𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯 𝘰𝘧 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘤𝘰𝘴𝘵 𝘴𝘵𝘳𝘶𝘤𝘵𝘶𝘳𝘦, 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘭𝘢𝘳𝘨𝘦𝘴𝘵 𝘴𝘩𝘢𝘳𝘦 𝘰𝘧 𝘤𝘰𝘴𝘵𝘴 𝘪𝘯𝘤𝘶𝘳𝘳𝘦𝘥 𝘣𝘺 𝘧𝘢𝘳𝘮𝘦𝘳𝘴 𝘪𝘴 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘸𝘢𝘨𝘦𝘴 𝘰𝘧 𝘸𝘰𝘳𝘬𝘦𝘳𝘴 𝘰𝘶𝘵𝘴𝘪𝘥𝘦 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘧𝘢𝘮𝘪𝘭𝘺. 𝘛𝘩𝘦 𝘙/𝘊 𝘳𝘢𝘵𝘪𝘰 𝘰𝘧 𝘧𝘢𝘳𝘮 𝘪𝘯𝘤𝘰𝘮𝘦 𝘪𝘯 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘵𝘩𝘳𝘦𝘦 𝘭𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘵𝘺𝘱𝘰𝘭𝘰𝘨𝘪𝘦𝘴 𝘪𝘴 >1. 𝘊𝘰𝘯𝘤𝘭𝘶𝘴𝘪𝘰𝘯: 𝘈𝘮𝘰𝘯𝘨 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘵𝘩𝘳𝘦𝘦 𝘵𝘺𝘱𝘰𝘭𝘰𝘨𝘪𝘦𝘴 𝘰𝘧 𝘱𝘢𝘥𝘥𝘺 𝘧𝘪𝘦𝘭𝘥𝘴, 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘩𝘪𝘨𝘩𝘦𝘴𝘵 𝘱𝘳𝘰𝘧𝘪𝘵 𝘧𝘰𝘳 𝘳𝘪𝘤𝘦 𝘧𝘢𝘳𝘮𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘪𝘴 𝘪𝘯 𝘪𝘳𝘳𝘪𝘨𝘢𝘵𝘦𝘥 𝘱𝘢𝘥𝘥𝘺 𝘧𝘪𝘦𝘭𝘥𝘴. 𝘗𝘢𝘥𝘥𝘺-𝘧𝘢𝘳𝘮 𝘮𝘢𝘯𝘢𝘨𝘦𝘮𝘦𝘯𝘵 𝘢𝘤𝘵𝘪𝘷𝘪𝘵𝘪𝘦𝘴 𝘪𝘯 𝘪𝘳𝘳𝘪𝘨𝘢𝘵𝘦𝘥, 𝘵𝘪𝘥𝘢𝘭, 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘴𝘸𝘢𝘮𝘱 𝘭𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘢𝘳𝘦 𝘦𝘧𝘧𝘪𝘤𝘪𝘦𝘯𝘵 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘱𝘳𝘰𝘧𝘪𝘵𝘢𝘣𝘭𝘦.

This contribution aims to assess the effectiveness of collective access to land in order to improve women land rights in the context of irrigated agriculture in the Senegal River delta. We draw from the experience of a village-irrigated system developed for women' groups, members of the Union of Women Producers of Ross Béthio. Results reveal the existence of a women's associative movement capable of carrying women's demands; they also highlight the capacities of influence of women leaders. However, they also show the ambiguity of women's collective action and the intersection of gender inequalities and intersectional favoring the monopolization of collective resources by a minority, thus accentuating the vulnerability of the most marginalized women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lack of up-to-date cartographic data leads to insufficient tracking of land turnover and information on its real state and use, thereby causing destruction and degradation of not only individual components of the agricultural landscape, but also of entire natural systems. The agricultural landscape is a complex ecological system, which, under harsh conditions of exploitation, loses its ability to self-repair and self-regulate for a very long time. Therefore, each of its components needs to be accounted for, monitored, and protected. Irrigated lands represent a special component in this system, the state of which determines agricultural production independent of the amount of precipitation. The purpose of the current work is to carry out remote monitoring of irrigated and rainfed lands using GIS technologies for their structuring and creating a local geoinformation system for accounting for irrigated areas. The data obtained using geoinformation technologies reveals a discrepancy in the area of the Novonadezhdinsk rural municipality of Gorodishchensk raion of Volgograd oblast of 200 ha, or 3.3%; the area of agricultural lands has increased by 157.8 ha or 3.8% (in comparison with the data of 2010). Using remote-sensing methods, 159 arable land boundaries with an area of 4134.6 ha are evaluated and their configuration, size (from 0.37 ha to 129.2 ha), average slope steepness (0.92°), and altitude difference over the entire study area (53 m), are determined. More than 18% of the territory has a slope steepness of more than 3°, which under irrigation can strengthen degradation processes. The field studies conducted within the boundaries of 19 land plots allow us to clarify the nature and mode of use of each plot (irrigated or rainfed) and determine the type of crops and permitted use, as well as the presence of shelterbelt forests as one of the components of the agricultural landscape. The lack of information on the quantity, distribution, and dynamics of irrigated lands is an urgent problem in other regions as well. The methods of such studies of agricultural lands are especially important for taking account of land resources, tracking their legal use, and evaluating the tax base of regions. The novelty of the research lies in the use of a local geoinformation system for taking account of irrigated lands and structuring of information about their spatial distribution and use, as well as about the formation of the mechanism of socioeconomic and ecological regulation of land resources on the example of a single region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global economy in recent decades has experienced frequent shocks. Many regions must improve their competitiveness and value-added to deal with this. One of them is in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), where a rise in agricultural value-added (AVA) can produce more jobs than in other sectors. It is necessary to consider increasing AVA in the MENA region. Hence, the aim of this study is identifying the determinant factors of AVA in the MENA region. We employed 13 countries in the MENA region as samples in this study. The study's data spans 45 years, from 1975 to 2019. Static panel data regression analysis was employed in this study. AVA can growth by increasing the irrigated land, credit, and human capital. Meanwhile, growing inflation and economic globalization will reduce AVA. Therefore, we recommend that countries in the MENA region have to increase irrigation infrastructure, expand agricultural credit availability, encourage farmers to get a good education, improve research and development, control inflation, and find the best way to implement economic globalization.

Appropriate crop type mapping to monitor and control land management is very important in developing countries. It can be very useful where digital cadaster maps are not available or usage of Remote Sensing (RS) data is not utilized in the process of monitoring and inventory. The main goal of the present research is to compare and assess the importance of optical RS data in crop type classification using medium and high spatial resolution RS imagery in 2018. With this goal, Landsat 8 (L8) and Sentinel-2 (S2) data were acquired over the Tashkent Province between the crop growth period of May and October. In addition, this period is the only possible time for having cloud-free satellite images. The following four indices "Normalized Difference Vegetation Index" (NDVI), "Enhanced Vegetation Index" (EVI), and "Normalized Difference Water Index" (NDWI1 and NDWI2) were calculated using blue, red, near-infrared, shortwave infrared 1, and shortwave infrared 2 bands. Support-Vector-Machine (SVM) and Random Forest (RF) classification methods were used to generate the main crop type maps. As a result, the Overall Accuracy (OA) of all indices was above 84% and the highest OA of 92% was achieved together with EVI-NDVI and the RF method of L8 sensor data. The highest Kappa Accuracy (KA) was found with the RF method of L8 data when EVI (KA of 88%) and EVI-NDVI (KA of 87%) indices were used. A comparison of the classified crop type area with Official State Statistics (OSS) data about sown crops area demonstrated that the smallest absolute weighted average (WA) value difference (0.2 thousand ha) was obtained using EVI-NDVI with RF method and NDVI with SVM method of L8 sensor data. For S2-sensor data, the smallest absolute value difference result (0.1 thousand ha) was obtained using EVI with RF method and 0.4 thousand ha using NDVI with SVM method. Therefore, it can be concluded that the results demonstrate new opportunities in the joint use of Landsat and Sentinel data in the future to capture high temporal resolution during the vegetation growth period for crop type mapping. We believe that the joint use of S2 and L8 data enables the separation of crop types and increases the classification accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The definitions of “alkaline” and “alkaline-solonetzic soils” are given in the paper. The data on the alkaline soils distribution in the national Soil Fund and in Russian agricultural areas are represented based on the summary of materials from late XX and early XXI centuries. It is shown that the data provided in the State reports of 2016 and 2019, in the monograph “Global climate and soil cover of Russia” (2019) and in other reviewed sources do not always coincide and do not allow us to get a clear idea about the alkaline soils distribution throughout the territory of the country and within the agricultural lands. However, the most important issue is to become acquainted and evaluate methodological approaches, currently used to obtain information about the distribution and changes of alkaline and alkaline-solonetzic soils on the territory of certain regions of the country and Russia as a whole. The materials presented in the paper indicate that the data on the areas of alkaline and alkaline-solonetzic soils need to be clarified on the basis of state-of-the-art remote sensing methods and ground-based soil mapping. At the same time, it is necessary to develop and approve unified methodological approaches for consideration of alkaline and alkaline-solonetzic soils on the territory of the Russian Federation. It is noted that the areas of irrigated lands need to be independently monitored and separated from the total Soil Fund of agricultural land, as well as a separate calculation of fallow, alkaline and solonetzic soils on irrigated land.

The article analyses the sustainability of irrigated land exploitation in a commune located in the steppe of Rechaïga, in Algeria, where, after a phase of strong expansion, the dynamics of irrigated agriculture seem to have slowed down for several years. The expansion phase, which lasted two decades, involved both local farmers and itinerant farmers coming from other regions of the country. The article examines the evolution of land tenure and production dynamics, in relation to the overexploitation of groundwater. Particular attention is paid to the functioning of the land rental market and its inclusiveness. Two key results emerge from the analysis. The drawdown of the water tables highlights the unsustainability of intensive irrigated market gardening in the steppe, or at least in parts of the steppe with same water conditions as the study area. The expansion phase of market gardening has been inclusive and benefited both to local and itinerant farmers, while the decline phase seems difficult for those who do not have the resources to adapt, particularly local farmers; the itinerants respond to the deterioration of local production conditions by looking for new production sites. Many of these farmers give up agriculture because they lack accessible alternative technical options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Irrigated land is scarce and, being more productive that rainfed land, it is crucial for food security in many developing countries for which extending irrigation is of strategic importance. In Algeria, and more generally in the Maghreb, this choice has long resulted in the building of large irrigated schemes. In these schemes, water availability is not sufficient to cover the demands and water is managed by a rationing system based on water turns, which reduces the quantities allocated to each farm to levels that limit their productive choices. In the irrigated scheme of Guelma, however, a third of the area is devoted, each year, to the cultivation of high-value crops, particularly tomatoes for industrial processing. To understand the mechanisms by which scarce water, theoretically accessible to all, and sold at a low administered price, is allocated to capital and water intensive crops, we conducted 30 semi-structured interviews with key informants, a directive survey with 30 tenants and 52 landowners in the irrigated scheme, and a spatial analysis of satellite images. Our results show that the development of intensive crops is largely linked to a dynamic market in which water and land transactions are connected. Through this market, the available water is reallocated between individuals and left, each year, to the highest bidders, namely the tenants specialized in tomatoes for industrial processing, who generate high added value. Tenants redistribute part of this value, via the land rent but also the residual fertility, to all wheat growers, whether landowners or tenants, dissuading them from claiming the water right linked to these plots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the latter half of the twentieth century, Spanish agriculture witnessed sustained production growth, aligning with Western European levels after a period of lag in both production and productivity. This growth predominantly occurred in the warm, sunny provinces of southern and eastern Spain, which specialized in high-value crops such as fruits, vegetables, and olive oil. Various factors have been identified in the scientific literature as contributors to this transformation, including technological innovations, the internationalization of Spanish agriculture, domestic development, and advancements in irrigation. This paper aims to examine the impact of irrigation on Spanish agricultural production, focusing on the creation of regional and productive disparities since the mid-twentieth century. These diverse effects have been crucial in shaping the regional and product-specific specialization patterns that characterize the historical dynamism of Spanish agriculture. To that aim, we have compiled a comprehensive database containing detailed information on agricultural production values, irrigated and rainfed area and yields. The level of disaggregation of data, both in terms of production and regional breakdowns, enables us to identify specific regional and crop patterns. Additionally, this study highlights the significant and regionally varied transformations within the Spanish agricultural sector over the long term, which have had profound effects on rural areas. • Spain is leading producer of high valued crops: olive oil, fresh vegetables and fruits. • Production moved mostly to warm and sunny provinces in the south and east of Spain. • Intensification improved considerably in the irrigated fields, rising crop yields. • The slowdown in expanding irrigated agriculture reversed in the last decade. • Andalusia highly explains the growth, doubling the irrigation effect from 2009 to 2020. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In This Article We Will Talk About The Current Issues Of Land Use, Guarantees Of Land Rights, Issues Of Diversification Of Land Use In The Development Of Territories On The Basis Of The General Scheme Of Diversification Of Land Use In The Regions Of The District, Which Is Becoming More Relevant Today. Research Methods -- Statistical, Monographic, Economic-Mathematical, Analysis And Synthesis, Comparative And Logical Concomitant And Other Methods Are Widely Used In Carrying Out The Research. In The Preparation Of A Scientific Article, Theoretical Research Is Considered A Priority. The Land Fund Is The Total Land Resources Area Of The Country. The Regions And Districts Of The Republic Of Uzbekistan Have Different Regions, Climatic, Relief And Soil Conditions According To Their Location. In This Case, The Determination Of The Correct, Scientifically Based Position Of Economic Sectors In These Regions And Districts, The Correct Planning Of The Prospects For The Yield Of The Main Crops, And On This Basis, The Further Development Of Agriculture Is Based On Unconditional Land Data. The General Scheme For The Management Of Diversification Of The Use Of The District Land Fund Is Drawn Up For A Long Period Of Time. The General Scheme Includes The Solution Of The Largest Socio-Economic, Scientific And Technical Tasks For The Organization Of Rational And Effective Use And Protection Of Land Resources Of Zones, Borders, Regions And Districts. Forecast Indicators Of Diversification Of The Use Of The District Land Fund Should Be Indicated In The "General Scheme Of Diversification Of The District Land Fund". One Of The Main Tasks Of The Main Scheme Is The Forecasting Of The Desired Areas In The Prospect Of Socio-Economic Sectors. It Is Necessary To Plan Any Activities Carried Out For The Purpose Of Regulating The Diversification From The Land Fund On The Scale Of The District (City) On The Lower Tier And Take Into Account The Peculiarity Of The District Territory As The Main Factor. The Main Goal Of Diversification Of The District's Land Fund Is The Development Of The District, Increasing The Attractiveness Of Innovation, Ensuring Employment Of The Population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Soil infiltration rate is the major soil hydraulic property which can be affected by the soil physical characteristics and management practices. The use of land can affect various soil properties such as physical and hydraulic properties. Differences of the hydraulic soil characteristics such as infiltration rate in various land uses can affect their potential to runoff production as well as soil loss in the catchment. The knowledge of the physical and hydraulic characteristics of various land uses can help to better management of soil and water in the catchment. It is very essential in the semi-arid catchments where vegetation cover is generally poor, the soils are often instable against erosive factors especially when the rainfalls are consecutive and intensive. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the soil physical and hydraulic characteristics in the TahamChai catchment, in a semi-arid region, NW Zanjan. Various land uses consist of pastures, rainfed and irrigated lands can be observed in the catchment, which cover about 62%, 33%, and 5% of the catchment area, respectively. The pastures have been covered with poor vegetation and are intensively exhausted by over-grazing. Rainfed lands are mostly under winter wheat cultivation. Soil erosion and sedimentation were the major environmental problem in this catchment. Materials and Methods The maps of land use and slope gradient were provided for study area. A total of 20 sites were selected based on the surface area of each land use in the catchment located between 34 46-36 53 N latitudes and 48 17-48 37 E longitudes. The study area consisted of ten sites in the pasture, seven sites in the rainfed and three sites in the irrigated lands. The geographical positions of study sites were determined by a global positing system (GPS). Soil infiltration rates were measured by double rings method at three replications in each site. Variation of soil infiltration rate was determined for each land use. Soil samples were collected at three replications from each site to determine other physicochemical soil properties. Particle size distribution, bulk density, saturation percentage, aggregate mean weight diameter, organic matter, and equivalent calcium carbonate were determined using standard methods in the lab. Mean comparisons of infiltration rate along with other physicochemical soil properties among the land uses were done using the Duncan's parametric method. The Pearson’s correlation coefficients were used to determine the relationships between soil properties and soil infiltration rate. Results and Discussion Based on the results, no significant difference was observed between the land uses in particle size distribution. Soil infiltration rate showed different patterns among the land uses, so that significant difference was observed among them (p< 0.01). Pastures showed the lowest infiltration rate among the land uses (about 86 and 66 times lower than that of the rainfed and the irrigated lands, respectively). This result was associated with increasing soil compaction through the over-grazing in the pastures. Positive correlation was found between soil infiltration rate and aggregate mean weight diameter(r= 0.54, p< 0.05) while its correlation with bulk density was negative (r= -0.74, p< 0.01). Pastures showed the lowest organic matter content (1.35%) as well as aggregate mean weight diameter (1.12 mm) as compared with other land uses. Since the pastures are located on the steeper slopes, they have the highest intrinsic potential to runoff production and soil erosion as compared to other land uses. As a consequence, the over-grazing is the major factor of soil structure breakdown, soil compaction, and in consequence declining soil infiltration rate in the pasture lands. Conclusion: Pastures with poor vegetation cover appeared the lowest soil infiltration capacity as compared to other land uses in the catchment. Decreasing soil infiltration rate was associated with increasing bulk density in the area. It seems that overgrazing in the pastures increases soil bulk density and leads to decline the soil organic matter content as well as soil aggregation and aggregate stability. According to the results, pastures have the highest potential to runoff production and soil erosion rather than the other land uses (rainfed lands and irrigated lands). Therefore, maintaining vegetation cover and preventing over-grazing in the catchment is recommended to increase soil organic matter content and decrease soil compaction. These practices improve the hydraulic soil characteristics especially infiltration rate and in consequence decrease the catchment potential to runoff production and soil erosion.

Aim: the substantiation of necessity of land reclamation as the key element affecting the increase in agricultural production and sustainable development of the agroindustrial complex of the Russian Federation. Materials and Methods: the works of scientists in the field of land reclamation, statistical data, etc. are used. Results: the data of changes in reclaimed areas, including irrigated lands in Russia and in the world are presented. The impact of adverse weather factors on agricultural production is described. The increase in the average yield of grain crops on the basis of creating an optimal water regime by irrigation is studied. It was found that it is 33 % higher than the increase in the average yield of non-irrigated crops. The natural-agricultural zoning, assessment of biological productivity of land resources, water availability of territories and the influence of these factors on the fluctuations of irrigated and rainfed crop yields is presented. The analysis of the impact of adverse weather conditions in the form of drought on a sharp fall in crop yields. The studies conducted in Krasnodar territory, Rostov and Astrakhan regions show that in rainfed agriculture under adverse weather conditions wheat yield fluctuations are 20.5; 32.5 and 50.2 %, respectively, which leads to unstable operation of the agro-industrial complex of these regions, and it can be concluded on the basis of induction judgments that this is true to the agro-industrial complex of the whole country. Conclusions: to obtain a high level of productivity it is necessary to develop the reclamation complex further and increase the areas of reclaimed land; the decrease in the growth of irrigated land leads to a decrease in sustainable agricultural production and, in general, to a decrease in the stable development of agro-industrial complex of the country.

The article outlines the main provisions of the methodological approach to the assessment of the condition of irrigated lands in the south of the European part of Russia based on satellite imagery from Landsat-8 satellite and ground-based observations. The visual and automated methods based on it were used to decipher irrigated lands from satellite images, and their possible determination with the use of the following indicators necessary for the monitoring the state of irrigated lands was considered: (1) the area of irrigated massifs, (2) the area of a long-term fallow in irrigated massifs, (3) the area of irrigated fields under different crops, (4) the genesis of the spotting of irrigated fields due to the state of cultivated crops and soil properties. The performed work is the first step towards the establishment of the monitoring of irrigated lands based on remote sensing. The article used the optimal type and dates of surveying satellite images, developed decryption features to assess the condition of crops and the properties of irrigated soils, and developed a technology for the automated decoding of satellite images to identify the spotting of irrigated fields based on the algorithm of decision trees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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A greenhouse experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of salt stress and ozone on yield and yield components of cucumber. The treatments were defined by a two-factorial design of three irrigation water salinity levels (2, 4 and 6 dS/m) and three ozone concentrations (0, 0.5 and 1 ppm). After germination, cucumber seeds were grown in pots containing soil, coco peat and perlite and fed with Hoagland's solution and were imposed with salt and ozone treatments. The results showed that salinity of irrigation water significantly reduced fruit yield of cucumber owing to a decrease both in fruit number and fruit weight. Also, statistical testing showed significant reductions in vitamin C, fresh and dry weight of shoot and root with increasing water salinity. Ozonated water improved fruit yield by increasing fruit number, but had no significant effect on fruit weight. Application of ozone caused significant increases in fresh and dry weight of shoot and leaf area but caused a significant decrease in the vitamin C. Generally, using ozonated water irrigation can induce positive effect on cucumber under salt stress. In conclusion, the saline water in combination with ozone could be recommended in strategic management to grow cucumber (without impaired effects on crop quantity).

Large rainfed, dryland areas were transformed into irrigated land in northeast Spain, where rivers from the Pyrenees Range ensure the availability of abundant water resources. The transformation of the Riegos del Alto Aragón area (RAA), mainly during the second half of the 20th century, was subject to major problems during the 1960s and 1970s, including monoculture of poorly productive winter cereals, water wastage, and soil degradation. Since the 1990s the RAA has been affected by modernization involving: (i) a change in the mode of irrigation, from gravity to sprinkler systems; (ii) the concentration of plots to enlarge the size of irrigated fields; and (iii) the introduction of more productive and highly water-consuming crops (corn, lucerne, vegetables). These changes coincided with enlargement of the irrigated area, increasing water demand at a time of increasing water scarcity because of restriction on the construction of new large reservoirs and declining water resources, because of climate and land use changes. Addressing this major problem has required new strategies, specifically the construction of small reservoirs and water ponds within the irrigated area. The ponds increase water reserves and facilitate sprinkling irrigation by adding pressure to the system. However, this has involved a huge rise in electricity consumption, which has increased the cost of production.

The article considers the possibility of using the surface of various reservoirs characteristic of regions when allocating land for lowpower solar power plants in Uzbekistan. When implementing low-power solar power plants in Uzbekistan, a certain amount of land resources is required (for installing solar panels). From the point of view of respect for natural capital (saving land resources), the method of installing solar panels directly above the surface of water basins based on the corresponding maps of water basins is technically and economically effective. The methodological basis of the research is the results of researchers work on the problems of land relations and land management. In the research, a systematic approach to the analysis of land use has been chosen, in which a variety of tools were used to determine the essence of the analyzed phenomena, processes and patterns. In recent years, industry has been rapidly developing in rural areas of the Yangiyul district of Tashkent Province of Uzbekistan. In this regard, the problems of effective use of land resources, especially targeted use of irrigated land, has become urgent. This means that in the future there will be problems when allocating land for the installation of low-power solar power plants.

Soil surface cover (crop residue and fall-seeded cover crops) during the nongrowing season is an important tenet of sustainable agriculture, reducing wind and water erosion risk and enhancing soil water conservation. Expansion of irrigated row crop production, namely, potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), and sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.), in southern Alberta in the late 1990s prompted a 12-year (2000 to 2011) study to evaluate rotations and soil management systems for improved soil quality. The study compared conservation (CONS) and conventional (CONV) management systems in three- to six-year rotations. Conservation management included cover crops; reduced tillage; feedlot manure compost addition; and solid-seeded, narrow-row dry bean production. Beginning in the third year of the study (2002), surface residue cover was estimated each spring prior to tillage or seeding. Averaged over 10 years (2002 to 2011), residue cover was significantly higher on CONS (15.6%) versus CONV (7.1%) management. Cover was significantly higher where wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was the previous crop (33.7%) compared to narrow-row dry bean (9.7%), which was significantly higher than potato and sugar beet (6.5% to 6.7%), which were in turn significantly higher than wide-row bean (3.6%). Inclusion of a fall rye (Secale cereale L.) cover crop after potato or dry bean increased residue cover close to or more than 30%, the threshold required to reduce wind erosion risk. Long-term replacement of cereals with lower residue-producing crops (e.g., potato, dry bean, and sugar beet) on irrigated rotations in southern Alberta should be considered judiciously in light of potential negative effects on surface residue cover. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing globalization intensifies land redistribution via global supply chains. Interregional trade not only transfers embodied land but also displaces the negative environmental impact of land degradation from one region to another. This study sheds light on land degradation transfer by focusing on salinization directly whereas previous studies have extensively assessed the land resource embodied in trade. To analyze the relationships among economies under interwoven embodied flows, this study integrates complex network analysis and input-output method to observe the endogenous structure of the transfer system. By focusing on irrigated land with higher crop yields than dryland farming, we make policy recommendations on food safety and proper irrigation. The results of the quantitative analysis show that the total amount of saline and sodic irrigated land embodied in global final demand are 260978.23 and 424291.05 square kilometers respectively. Salt-affected area of irrigated land is imported by not only developed countries but also large developing countries such as Mainland China and India. Exports of embodied salt-affected land in Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Turkmenistan are pressing issues, accounting for nearly 60% of total exports from net exporters worldwide. It is also demonstrated that embodied transfer network has a basic community structure of three groups due to regional preference in agricultural products trade. • Transfer network of land degradation within global supply chains is tracked directly. • Salinization on irrigated land is investigated from saline and sodic two aspects. • Three main communities are detected to understand the regionalization of embodied salinization. • Large developing countries also transfer pressure of land degradation to others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Eastern Mancha Aquifer is located in the south-east of the Iberian Peninsula and is included in the hydrogeological unit of the same name. This aquifer is the main source of water for urban, industrial and agricultural supply within its area of influence. Over the past 30years, the transformation of dry crop lands in the area of this Unit into irrigated crop lands, through groundwater capture, has caused precise declines in piezometric levels of the aquifer, as extraction volumes have exceeded recharge water volumes. This work illustrates the results obtained by using Bayesian networks in the sustainable planning of the Eastern Mancha aquifer. The actions through which this goal can be met are the partial substitution of groundwater with surface water, the improvement of irrigation efficiency and the adequate control of water use. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

An inhabitant in the farmhouse of Mondujar, called Mahomad Abencaxon, in 1440, donated half a night of water to the land of the mosque in Acequias, a small site in the Valley of Lecrin. The church got these habices goods after the conquest of Muslim territories and several years afterward lawsuits about these rights ensued. In one of them, some water was stolen by several inhabitants of Acequias from Juan Maldonado Hafiz, who had rented the land. He reported the theft to authorities of the Valley of Lecrin. The case was brought to the justice of Granada where the inhabitants of Acequias were condemned. Evidence presented by witnesses allows us to collect relevant information on the Muslim past of this region in the kingdom of Granada. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Abstract: Earlywood ring-width chronologies derived primarily from Douglas-fir trees were used to reconstruct winter–spring (November–May) precipitation and fall–spring (September–June) streamflow volumes for the period 1765–1993 in the forested upper Nazas watershed in Durango, Mexico. The tree-ring data were obtained from mixed conifer stands within or adjacent to the upper Nazas watershed. Precipitation data were derived from one of the longest regional records. The streamflow data were obtained from a guage located in the upper Nazas watershed. The Principal Component 1 (PC1) of nine residual earlywood chronologies accounted for 73% of the variance in November–May precipitation 1967–1993, and 64% for the total period with available data 1941–1993. The mean of three residual earlywood chronologies from Douglas-fir explained 51% of the normalized streamflow at Sardinas from 1971–1992. The 20th century was characterized by severe droughts, especially between 1950 and 1963 that also affected other regions of Mexico and the southwestern United States. Additional droughts of similar or greater magnitude occurred in the 1790s, 1810s, 1860–1870s and 1890–1910s. Similar periods of low flow occur in the September–June streamflow reconstruction between 1765 and 1993. These results indicate that tree-ring chronologies from this region document a high percentage of the precipitation and streamflow variance. Spectral analysis detected significant high periodicities in both records at peaks of 4 and 7 years that could be related to the ENSO frequency bands (approximately 4.0 and 6.25 years). Analysis of the reconstructed records show strong influence of ENSO on precipitation and streamflow amounts on an interannual basis. These results can provide significant inputs to decisions regarding management of water resources that are used to irrigate land in the Comarca Lagunera: specifically they indicate that water budgeting should be managed over longer time periods to account for this ENSO-related variability rather than on the year-to-year basis that is presently used. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Included into the objectives of the EU Water Framework Directive (Directive 2000/60/EC) there are the correct management of the water resources and the involvement of the stakeholders in the decision process. Bayesian Networks, mathematical models based on the probability theory, have been used recently to solve environmental problems. This methodology meets the relevant requirements to the effect that it is fully comprehensive and integrated, as it deals with the water resource as a whole and encourages the participation of all those people and groups who are somehow involved in its use or management. A Bayesian Network was developed by means of stakeholders participation which is intended to be useful in the decision-making process related to water resource management in the Hydrogeological Unit “Eastern Mancha”. The main problem in the region is the risk of overexploitation of the local aquifer, brought about by a considerable increase, over the last 25 years, in the surface area of irrigated arable land. The results offered by the tool show that the current situation is non-sustainable concerning the aquifer exploitation. There are several ways to solve this situation. The first one could be decreasing the current volume of ground water for irrigation, but this solution would not be welcome by the farmers due to losses of income. The second one is replacing groundwater for irrigation by surface water, where the main problem would be the considerable expenses in infrastructures. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

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Understanding the groundwater chemical regime on irrigated lands is relevant for assessing hydrogeological and reclamation processes. Water chemistry, natural and climatic conditions, and drainage characteristics define the complex hydrochemical connections which are formed between irrigation waters, soil, and water of the unsaturated zone and groundwater. This research paper presents the results of studies of seasonal changes in the chemical composition of groundwater in the Karatal irrigated massif. A detailed analysis of the salt regime and chemical composition of groundwater have been performed based on a large number of samples for 2019. Besides, data related to the Karatal River and drainage waters quality inside the basin have also been analyzed. Results demonstrate that the salinization processes in the massif are determined by hydrogeological conditions and drainage availability. In the north-eastern part of the massif, a high risk of soil salinization has been observed as a consequence of all the salinization processes which are determined by its hydrogeological conditions and drainage availability. Data analysis over soil samples and irrigation and drainage waters show that the hydrochemical regime of groundwater on Karatal irrigation massif is influenced by the presence of saline soil-forming rocks, the groundwater depth, the volume, and the quality of irrigation waters, the characteristics of the natural drainage, and evaporation processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Drought is a complex natural hazard with social and environmental implications. • The integration of local and scientific knowledge is lacking in drought monitoring and early warning systems. • We assessed the degree of convergence between satellite-sensed information and farmers' perception of drought. • Satellite information matched farmers' perception of drought at a regional scale, with partial matches at local scales. • There is a need for knowledge integration for the development of drought monitoring and early warning systems at finer scales. Drought is a complex natural hazard with social and environmental implications. Satellite information is increasingly used to support decision-makers in preventing or coping with the negative impacts of drought. The integration of local and scientific knowledge to support drought monitoring is still far from being the main procedure in the development of drought monitoring and early warning systems. This study aimed at assessing the degree of convergence between satellite information on the effect of droughts on rangeland vegetation, from time series analysis, and farmers' perception of drought in North-West Patagonia, Argentina. We characterised the scientific evidence of drought in terms of duration, spatial distribution, most severe years and recovery for the period 2000–2018 by identifying inter-annual NDVI changes. Farmers' perceptions and experiences of drought were studied with open-ending interviews, with respect to occurrence, duration and recovery for that period. Satellite information matched farmers' perception of drought at a regional scale, emphasising the value of remote sensing tools in supporting regional policy decision-making. However, farmers' perceptions and recall of past drought impacts were more diverse than satellite information at a local level, highlighting the need for knowledge integration at finer scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]