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В статье рассматриваются археологические артефакты, которые характеризуют металлургическое производство, кузнечное и ювелирное ремесло населения именьковской культуры в VI–VII вв. н.э. Они, по мнению автора статьи, являются маркерами такого рода деятельности на поселениях этой эпохи. Основанием для таких выводов стали материалы, полученные при раскопках Тетюшского II городища в Татарстане в 2007–2013 гг. Изученный на раскопе IX в 2013 г. производственный комплекс позволил по-новому атрибутировать ряд артефактов, связав их с этой деятельностью. Первыми в качестве свидетельств металлургии железа и кузнечного производства являются два вида находок. Это шлаки и фрагменты лепных глиняных сосудов, от большой температуры превратившиеся в пемзу. Они чаще всего встречаются вместе. Среди шлаков выделяются те, что имеют выпуклую нижнюю часть, на которой часто сохраняются кусочки древесного угля. Они связаны с процессом плавки руды в горне. Редкими находками являются детали устройств для дутья воздуха – специальных сопел, которые применялись в горнах и некоторых типах ям для плавки руды. Они отличаются по размерам и конструкции. Признаком ювелирного ремесла являются находки литейных форм и льячек. Важным свидетельством работы металлургов и ювелиров служат каменные плиты для измельчения руды. Чаще всего они плоские, с шершавой поверхностью и со следами интенсивной работы. Второй тип таких предметов – массивные объемные плиты, также со следами интенсивного использования. Таким образом, впервые были выделены признаки, которые вместе дают возможность определить наличие на поселении деятельности, связанной с обработкой черного и цветного металла., The article discusses archaeological artifacts that characterize metallurgical production, the blacksmith and jewelry craft of the Imenkovo culture in the 6th – 7th centuries AD. According to the author of the article, they are markers of this kind of activity in the settlements of this era. The basis for this conclusion was the materials obtained during the excavations of the II Tetyushi hillfort in Tatarstan in 2007–2013. The production complex, studied at excavation site IX in 2013, made it possible to re-attribute a number of artifacts, linking them with this activity. The first evidence of metallurgy of iron and blacksmithing are two types of finds. These are slags and fragments of molded clay vessels from high temperature, turned into pumice. They most often meet together. Among the slags, those that have a convex lower part, on which pieces of charcoal are often stored, stand out. They are associated with the process of smelting ore in the furnace. Rare finds are parts of devices for air blasting – special nozzles that were used in furnaces and some types of pits for smelting ore. They vary in size and design. A sign of jewelry craft is the finds of foundry molds and liaches. An important evidence of the work of metallurgists and jewelers is stone slabs for grinding ore. Most often they are flat with a rough surface and with traces of intense work. The second type of such objects is massive volumetric plates, also with traces of heavy use. Thus, for the first time, features were identified that together make it possible to determine the presence in the settlement of activities related to the processing of ferrous and non-ferrous metal.

Iron slag samples unearthed from archaeological sites lying on the Eastern limes sector of Roman Dacia (the Br&acirc, ncoveneşti and Călugăreni auxiliary forts and the Vătava watchtower) were studied in order to assess the probability of local iron working (smelting and smithing) during the 2nd&ndash, 3rd centuries CE. Structural-mineralogic aspects revealed by PXRD analysis and FTIR spectroscopy indicate different slag types corresponding to different iron production and processing stages allowing the supposition that refining of the bloom and processing of the refined iron took place on the sites. The FTIR absorption bands obtained in the spectral domain 2000&ndash, 400 cm&minus, 1 show that mineralogically the samples are constituted mainly of silicates associated with minor quantities of aluminates and carbonates. The fayalite, haematite, and magnetite phases appearing on both the X-ray diffractograms and the FTIR spectra agree with the redox conditions of the slag formation process which result from the Fe3+/Fe2+ ratio determined using the EPR-method. The bulk macro-elemental PXRF and ICP-MS spectroscopy data support the slag typization proposed on the basis of the probable working conditions, trace-elemental bulk composition suggests that the provenance of the raw materials may be different.

Analytical considerations on iron artefacts from ancient bloomery iron production are generally directed to analysis of main and trace elements content in raw materials and wastes. Elemental signature of artefacts usually refers to the carefully selected sample of final iron-making products, as well as to randomly collected samples of slag and pit deposit materials on excavation site. Archaeometric studies reveal the compositional relations between ore, smelting slags and bloom iron products, which is the utmost information for the provenance. Reconstructions of ancient iron making process have confirmed that different types of slag material are formed during smelting and smiting process such as tap slags, bloom slags and ceramic-rich slags.[1, 2] However, a significant chemical variability derived from furnace, fuel and fluxes in iron making process cause the provenancing attempts rather ambiguous. Another severe problem arises from representativeness and proper recognition of samples from iron making sites when they were collected from large clusters or dissipated piles of slag. A multi-sample and/or multi-method analytical approach has showed to be capable for collection of enough compositional data, which are adequate for characterization of iron-making sites.[3] Chemometric methods with univariate and multivariate statistical treatment of large set of spectrometric data are often used in experimental design and analytical method optimisation. In archaeometric studies, a multivariate statistics using principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical clustering (HC) are the most often applied modes of exploratory data analysis. It allows that the distinctions among objects with quite similar characteristics at macroscopically scale became visible. In this research study, the chemical composition of archaeological samples from bloomery iron-making site of NW Croatia was determined using multi-method approach.[4] Determination of elements content by XRF, ICP- AES and ICP-MS methods, as well as morphology study by SEM-EDS method is presented. The discrimination and classification of large group of archaeometallurgical objects was successfully achieved by exploiting of chemical signature as a ground level in PCA and cluster analysis. The main goal of this work was the confirmation of applicability and efficiency of combined multi- analytical and statistical tools in proper recognition of inhomogeneous bloom slags and mutually similar artefacts.

Iron slags present in the bedload of three rivers of the northern Ardenne region (Belgium) allowed effective stream competency to be estimated. Elements of slag which had been rejected from former iron furnaces have been subject to mobilisation by floods for centuries. As a result, they may be considered as representative markers of the effective competency of the river over a long period of time and a great distance. In this way, a comparison of the size of slag elements upstream and downstream of a karstic sector (several kilometres long) was used to show that, despite entering a limestone area, there had not been a significant decrease in river competency. A relationship between the size of slag elements sampled and the unit stream power of the sector from which samples had been taken was also established. This relationship shows that the maximal unit stream power of the Ardenne rivers occurs in streams that have a catchment area close to 150 km2. Finally, slags found in the Ourthe River, 10 km downstream of the closest production site, have been used to evaluate the transit time of the "sedimentary wave". In fact, slags are subject to the same hydrological and trapping conditions as natural elements of the bedload. After having dated the start of production at the site to 1450, we calculated that elements of slag travelled at a speed of between 1.8 and 2.3 km/ 100 yr., Résumé Les compétences effectives de trois rivières du nord de l'Ardenne (Belgique) ont pu être estimées grâce à la présence de nombreuses macroscories dans leur charge de fond. En effet, ces scories, rejetées par les anciens fondeurs dans les rivières, ont été soumises, pendant plusieurs siècles, à de nombreuses crues mobilisatrices. Par conséquent, elles peuvent être considérées comme un marqueur représentatif de la compétence effective des rivières sur une très longue période et sur une grande distance. Ainsi, en comparant la taille des scories en amont et en aval d'un secteur de pertes karstiques (plusieurs kilomètres), nous avons montré que ces pertes n'entraînent pas de baisse sensible de la compétence de la rivière. Une relation entre la taille des scories prélevées et les puissances spécifiques développées dans les secteurs de prélèvement a également été établie. Cette relation montre que le maximum de puissance spécifique des rivières ardennaises se produit dans les rivières dont le bassin versant est voisin de 150 km2. Finalement, des scories retrouvées dans rOurthe, environ 10 km en aval du site de production le plus proche, ont été utilisées pour évaluer la vitesse de progression de la "vague sédimentaire". En effet, ces scories sont soumises aux mêmes conditions hydrologiques et de piégeage que les éléments naturels de la charge de fond. Après avoir daté le début du fonctionnement du site de production le plus proche (1450), nous avons calculé la vitesse de progression des scories qui est comprise entre 1,8 et 2,3 km par siècle., Houbrechts Geoffrey, Petit François. Utilisation des scories métallurgiques en dynamique fluviale : détermination de la compétence effective des rivières et estimation des vitesses de progression de leur charge de fond / Utilisation of métallurgie slags for the study of fluvial dynamics: determination of the effective competency of rivers and estimation of the transit time of sedimentary waves. In: Géomorphologie : relief, processus, environnement, Janvier-mars, vol. 9, n°1. pp. 3-12.

The archeological excavations we have been conducting these last few years in the amphitheatre of Cartagena (Murcia, Spain) have supplied a vast quantity of iron slags, probably furnace bottom from a non-slag tapping bowl furnace. Some of them belong to the abandonment levels of a habitat dated between the end of the III. c.B.C and the beginning of the II. c.B.C, even though the larger part was found in filler levels dating from the end of the third century B.C. to about the middle of the first century AD. The metallographic and electronic microscope analyses carried on about 12 slag samples and on one iron object (an arrow's head) have given a high percentage of iron (nearly 70%) and a small percentage of silicon, calcium and aluminium. The macroscopic aspect, together with the high percentage of iron, places our slags close to similar items from a Punic environment (Byrsa and na Guardis) with a similar chronology and in no way similar to Roman metallurgical products (Les Martys, La Roche-en-Breuil) . For want of a more thorough analysis, we suggest that those slag flans could be used as raw material of a future iron and steel process., Résumé. Les fouilles archéologiques que nous avons entreprises depuis quelques années dans l'amphithéâtre de Carthagène (Murcie, Espagne) ont fourni une grande quantité de scories de fer, probablement des culots de réduction sans écoulement de scorie. Certaines d'entre elles appartiennent aux niveaux d'abandon d'un habitat occupé entre la fin du Ille siècle et le début du Ile siècle avant J.-C, même si la plus grande partie a été trouvée dans des remblais dont la date se situe entre la fin du Ille siècle avant J.-C. et le milieu du 1er siècle après J.-C. L'analyse métallographique au microscope électronique sur 12 échantillons de culots et sur un objet en fer (pointe de flèche) a donné un pourcentage très élevé de fer (près de 70 %) et un faible pourcentage de silice, de calcium et d'aluminium. L'aspect macroscopique, joint à ce pourcentage de fer très élevé, rapproche nos culots de matériaux similaires en provenance d'un milieu punique (Byrsa et na Guardis) et de chronologie similaire, et non de produits métallurgiques romains (Les Martys, La Roche-en-Breuil) . En l'absence d'une analyse complète, nous avançons la possibilité que ces culots aient été réutilisés comme matière première en vue d'une opération sidérurgique postérieure., Pérez Ballester José, Fernandez-Trejo Alvaro Rodriguez. Siderurgia republicana en Carthago Nova. Primeras evidencias. In: Pallas, 50/1999. Mélanges C. Domergue 2. pp. 195-210.

In order to locate the geographical iron ore sources exploited for producing the early iron artefacts and slags found at Tell Afis (north-western Syria), the iron ore outcrops of Syrian Kurdistan, located at Kerry and Alamdar, have been sampled. The iron ores have been subjected to micro-chemical characterisation and to smelting processes carried out adopting experimental conditions similar, as soon as possible, to those used in an antique furnace. Attention as been focused on the micro-chemical aspects involved during the smelting process and on the chemical composition of the slags that result from the process. this micro-chemical information has been compared with those obtained from the study of the early iron smelting slags and artefacts and a relationship between the iron ores of Kerry and the early iron metallurgy products has been found.