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BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide. It has been known for some considerable time that radiation is associated with excess risk of CVD. A recent systematic review of radiation and CVD highlighted substantial inter-study heterogeneity in effect, possibly a result of confounding or modifications of radiation effect by non-radiation factors, in particular by the major lifestyle/environmental/medical risk factors and latent period. METHODS: We assessed effects of confounding by lifestyle/environmental/medical risk factors on radiation-associated CVD and investigated evidence for modifying effects of these variables on CVD radiation dose-response, using data assembled for a recent systematic review. RESULTS: There are 43 epidemiologic studies which are informative on effects of adjustment for confounding or risk modifying factors on radiation-associated CVD. Of these 22 were studies of groups exposed to substantial doses of medical radiation for therapy or diagnosis. The remaining 21 studies were of groups exposed at much lower levels of dose and/or dose rate. Only four studies suggest substantial effects of adjustment for lifestyle/environmental/medical risk factors on radiation risk of CVD; however, there were also substantial uncertainties in the estimates in all of these studies. There are fewer suggestions of effects that modify the radiation dose response; only two studies, both at lower levels of dose, report the most serious level of modifying effect. CONCLUSIONS: There are still large uncertainties about confounding factors or lifestyle/environmental/medical variables that may influence radiation-associated CVD, although indications are that there are not many studies in which there are substantial confounding effects of these risk factors.

Ionising radiation (IR) is a form of energy that travels as electromagnetic waves or particles. While it is vital in medical and occupational health settings, IR can also damage DNA, leading to mutations, chromosomal aberrations, and transcriptional changes that disrupt the functions of certain cell regulators, genes, and transcription factors. These disruptions can alter functions critical for cancer development, progression, and treatment response. Additionally, IR can affect various cellular proteins and their regulators within different cell signalling pathways, resulting in physiological changes that may promote cancer development, progression, and resistance to treatment. Understanding these impacts is crucial for developing strategies to mitigate the harmful effects of IR exposure and improve cancer treatment outcomes. This review focuses on specific genes and protein biomarkers regulated in response to chronic IR exposure, and how their regulation impacts disease onset, progression, and treatment response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of ionising and ultraviolet radiation on stimulating melanin secretion in Tetrahymena pyriformis. Cell cultures were exposed to different doses of radiation for 48, 72 and 96 h. After incubation, melanin was extracted and analysed. Our results showed that melanin concentration increased with increasing irradiation dose and exposure duration. Melanin was insoluble in water and organic solvents but soluble in alkaline and acidic solutions. A linear correlation between the logarithm of melanin absorbance and wavelength ranging from 400 to 600 nm was observed. The HPLC chromatograms of melanin degradation products by the alkaline hydrogen peroxide oxidation method revealed the existence of four peaks. The natural melanin standard extracted from the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis was used as a reference compound of eumelanin markers. These markers were detected in control cells, irradiated cells and black human hair but with different intensities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Around 50% of all human cancers are treated with radiotherapy. The effectiveness of radiotherapy is driven through causing DNA damage within the cancer cells; however, the cells respond by activating repair mechanisms that can lead to resistance to treatment. A promising strategy is to target one of these defence mechanisms, called the cell cycle checkpoint, using specific drugs/inhibitors that can be used in combination with radiotherapy. Here, we review evidence of investigations into inhibitors of two important proteins (Chk1 and Wee1) and how these can be used to increase the effectiveness of radiotherapy in cancer treatment. Radiotherapy is one of the main cancer treatments being used for ~50% of all cancer patients. Conventional radiotherapy typically utilises X-rays (photons); however, there is increasing use of particle beam therapy (PBT), such as protons and carbon ions. This is because PBT elicits significant benefits through more precise dose delivery to the cancer than X-rays, but also due to the increases in linear energy transfer (LET) that lead to more enhanced biological effectiveness. Despite the radiotherapy type, the introduction of DNA damage ultimately drives the therapeutic response through stimulating cancer cell death. To combat this, cells harbour cell cycle checkpoints that enables time for efficient DNA damage repair. Interestingly, cancer cells frequently have mutations in key genes such as TP53 and ATM that drive the G1/S checkpoint, whereas the G2/M checkpoint driven through ATR, Chk1 and Wee1 remains intact. Therefore, targeting the G2/M checkpoint through specific inhibitors is considered an important strategy for enhancing the efficacy of radiotherapy. In this review, we focus on inhibitors of Chk1 and Wee1 kinases and present the current biological evidence supporting their utility as radiosensitisers with different radiotherapy modalities, as well as clinical trials that have and are investigating their potential for cancer patient benefit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CsPbBr3 quantum dots-embedded SiO2 glasses were synthesized by the spark plasma sintering method as novel scintillators for γ -ray detectors. Their optical and scintillation properties were investigated to examine the scintillation performance. The X-ray diffraction patterns observed a halo peak of the SiO2 glass phase and diffraction peaks of CsPbBr3. An emission peak due to CsPbBr3 quantum dots was detected at around 515 nm in both photoluminescence (PL) and scintillation spectra. The PL and scintillation decay time curves included a component of nanosecond order, resulting from CsPbBr3 quantum dots. Under γ -ray irradiation from 137Cs, the light yield (LY) of the 0.2% CsPbBr3-embedded SiO2 glass was 150 photons MeV−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vibrational spectroscopic techniques, such as Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) absorption and Raman spectroscopy (RS), offer unique and detailed biochemical fingerprints by detecting specific molecular vibrations within samples. These techniques provide profound insights into the molecular alterations induced by ionising radiation, which are both complex and multifaceted. This paper reviews the application of rapid and label-free vibrational spectroscopic methods for assessing biological radiation responses. These assessments span from early compartmentalised models such as DNA, lipid membranes, and vesicles to comprehensive evaluations in various living biological models, including tissues, cells, and organisms of diverse origins. The review also discusses future perspectives, highlighting how the field is overcoming methodological limitations. RS and FTIR have demonstrated significant potential in detecting radiation-induced biomolecular alternations, which may facilitate the identification of radiation exposure spectral biomarkers/profiles.

Purpose. The purpose of this research was to measure lens posterior cortex thickness and compare it between Chornobyl ex-clean-up workers and healthy individuals to determine whether Chornobyl ex-clean-up workers have a higher prevalence of posterior cortex cataract. Methods. The study was conducted on 32 eyes of healthy, non-exposed individuals, 32 eyes of individuals who worked only in Chornobyl City, and 16 eyes of individuals who worked on the roof of the reactor. All measurements were performed using a Heidelberg Anterion device. Statistical analyses were performed using Jamovi statistical software. Results. The results showed that those who had worked on the roof of the reactor had a significantly higher percentage of their lens occupied by the posterior cortex (median 17.3%, IQR 15.5–18.5%) compared to both the controls and city workers. Therefore, they also have a higher prevalence of posterior subcapsular cataracts (p

Abstract Introduction Radiological imaging has played an important role in diagnostic medicine for over a century, though it is known to contribute to dermatological conditions, cataracts, and cancer. The associated risk of harm has led to the introduction of protective regulations around the world. Present-day NHS clinicians are increasingly requesting and relying on diagnostic imaging. Knowledge surrounding the radiation doses of common radiological investigations and the associated risks is imperative, and on a global level has been found to be inadequate. Consequently, there is a need for the formal inclusion of teaching within training programmes. Aims/objectives This prospective audit aims to establish the knowledge of radiation doses and risks of common radiological investigations of both medical students and referrers within four NHS Health Boards based in the North of Scotland. It also seeks to establish prior teaching and the preference for further educational interventions. Audit standard Referrers should have adequate knowledge of radiation doses and the risks associated with common radiological investigations. Audit target The standard should be achieved by 90% of referrers. Methods A 19-question online survey was devised to include subjective and objective questions on ionising radiation awareness, education preference, and respondent demographics, based on RCR (Royal College of Radiologists) audit criteria and previous studies. Data collection was conducted between the 22/02/23 to the 22/03/2023 and the questionnaire was distributed to senior medical students and radiological referrers of different grades within NHS Grampian, NHS Highland, NHS Shetland, and NHS Orkney. A descriptive analysis of the data was undertaken using Microsoft Excel Version 16.71. Results Two hundred eight questionnaires were completed. 22.11% (n = 46) of the sample population had received no prior teaching on the topic of ionising radiation. Over half of the respondents (51.92%, n = 108) rated the importance of radiation risks as either important or extremely important, with 69.71% (n = 145) of participants rating their perceived knowledge as limited or average. Most correctly identified that a CT scan (n = 203), PET-CT scan (n = 199) and a chest x-ray (n = 196) exposed patients to ionising radiation. A small proportion of the participants incorrectly thought that an MRI scan (n = 21) and an ultrasound scan (n = 2) involved ionising radiation. The results obtained failed to meet the RCR audit target, which states that 90% of doctors should be aware of common radiological doses. It was observed that only 17.79% (n = 37) of survey respondents scored over 50% in the knowledge assessment, with the median knowledge score of the whole cohort being 2.5 out of 9 (27.78%). Respondents who had prior teaching on the topic performed better those who had no prior teaching, with average scores of 3.19 (35.44%) and 2.04 (22.67%) respectively. Senior clinicians performed better when compared to junior clinicians and medical students. Conclusion & future recommendations This audit found that the knowledge of radiation risks within the North of Scotland in the selected sample population was insufficient across all levels of the clinical team. Further, continuous education around the topic and future audit opportunities may help to optimise knowledge and training.

Abstract Background Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide. It has been known for some considerable time that radiation is associated with excess risk of CVD. A recent systematic review of radiation and CVD highlighted substantial inter-study heterogeneity in effect, possibly a result of confounding or modifications of radiation effect by non-radiation factors, in particular by the major lifestyle/environmental/medical risk factors and latent period. Methods We assessed effects of confounding by lifestyle/environmental/medical risk factors on radiation-associated CVD and investigated evidence for modifying effects of these variables on CVD radiation dose–response, using data assembled for a recent systematic review. Results There are 43 epidemiologic studies which are informative on effects of adjustment for confounding or risk modifying factors on radiation-associated CVD. Of these 22 were studies of groups exposed to substantial doses of medical radiation for therapy or diagnosis. The remaining 21 studies were of groups exposed at much lower levels of dose and/or dose rate. Only four studies suggest substantial effects of adjustment for lifestyle/environmental/medical risk factors on radiation risk of CVD; however, there were also substantial uncertainties in the estimates in all of these studies. There are fewer suggestions of effects that modify the radiation dose response; only two studies, both at lower levels of dose, report the most serious level of modifying effect. Conclusions There are still large uncertainties about confounding factors or lifestyle/environmental/medical variables that may influence radiation-associated CVD, although indications are that there are not many studies in which there are substantial confounding effects of these risk factors.

Introduction: Radiological imaging has played an important role in diagnostic medicine for over a century, though it is known to contribute to dermatological conditions, cataracts, and cancer. The associated risk of harm has led to the introduction of protective regulations around the world. Present-day NHS clinicians are increasingly requesting and relying on diagnostic imaging. Knowledge surrounding the radiation doses of common radiological investigations and the associated risks is imperative, and on a global level has been found to be inadequate. Consequently, there is a need for the formal inclusion of teaching within training programmes. Aims/objectives: This prospective audit aims to establish the knowledge of radiation doses and risks of common radiological investigations of both medical students and referrers within four NHS Health Boards based in the North of Scotland. It also seeks to establish prior teaching and the preference for further educational interventions. Audit standard: Referrers should have adequate knowledge of radiation doses and the risks associated with common radiological investigations. Audit target: The standard should be achieved by 90% of referrers. Methods: A 19-question online survey was devised to include subjective and objective questions on ionising radiation awareness, education preference, and respondent demographics, based on RCR (Royal College of Radiologists) audit criteria and previous studies. Data collection was conducted between the 22/02/23 to the 22/03/2023 and the questionnaire was distributed to senior medical students and radiological referrers of different grades within NHS Grampian, NHS Highland, NHS Shetland, and NHS Orkney. A descriptive analysis of the data was undertaken using Microsoft Excel Version 16.71. Results: Two hundred eight questionnaires were completed. 22.11% (n = 46) of the sample population had received no prior teaching on the topic of ionising radiation. Over half of the respondents (51.92%, n = 108) rated the importance of radiation risks as either important or extremely important, with 69.71% (n = 145) of participants rating their perceived knowledge as limited or average. Most correctly identified that a CT scan (n = 203), PET-CT scan (n = 199) and a chest x-ray (n = 196) exposed patients to ionising radiation. A small proportion of the participants incorrectly thought that an MRI scan (n = 21) and an ultrasound scan (n = 2) involved ionising radiation. The results obtained failed to meet the RCR audit target, which states that 90% of doctors should be aware of common radiological doses. It was observed that only 17.79% (n = 37) of survey respondents scored over 50% in the knowledge assessment, with the median knowledge score of the whole cohort being 2.5 out of 9 (27.78%). Respondents who had prior teaching on the topic performed better those who had no prior teaching, with average scores of 3.19 (35.44%) and 2.04 (22.67%) respectively. Senior clinicians performed better when compared to junior clinicians and medical students. Conclusion & future recommendations: This audit found that the knowledge of radiation risks within the North of Scotland in the selected sample population was insufficient across all levels of the clinical team. Further, continuous education around the topic and future audit opportunities may help to optimise knowledge and training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. The purpose of this research was to measure lens posterior cortex thickness and compare it between Chornobyl ex-clean-up workers and healthy individuals to determine whether Chornobyl ex-clean-up workers have a higher prevalence of posterior cortex cataract. Methods. The study was conducted on 32 eyes of healthy, non-exposed individuals, 32 eyes of individuals who worked only in Chornobyl City, and 16 eyes of individuals who worked on the roof of the reactor. All measurements were performed using a Heidelberg Anterion device. Statistical analyses were performed using Jamovi statistical software. Results. The results showed that those who had worked on the roof of the reactor had a significantly higher percentage of their lens occupied by the posterior cortex (median 17.3%, IQR 15.5--18.5%) compared to both the controls and city workers. Therefore, they also have a higher prevalence of posterior subcapsular cataracts (p<0.001). Conclusion. Exposure to increased radiation doses can cause alterations in various body structures, including the lens. Numerous studies have posited that heightened radiation exposure can induce substantial alterations in ocular structural integrity. Conversely, other studies have yielded results that exhibit higher degrees of uncertainty and ambiguity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ionising radiation (IR) is a form of energy that travels as electromagnetic waves or particles. While it is vital in medical and occupational health settings, IR can also damage DNA, leading to mutations, chromosomal aberrations, and transcriptional changes that disrupt the functions of certain cell regulators, genes, and transcription factors. These disruptions can alter functions critical for cancer development, progression, and treatment response. Additionally, IR can affect various cellular proteins and their regulators within different cell signalling pathways, resulting in physiological changes that may promote cancer development, progression, and resistance to treatment. Understanding these impacts is crucial for developing strategies to mitigate the harmful effects of IR exposure and improve cancer treatment outcomes. This review focuses on specific genes and protein biomarkers regulated in response to chronic IR exposure, and how their regulation impacts disease onset, progression, and treatment response.

Five colored diamonds were investigated. According to the results of the study by FTIR, UV-Vis-NIR and Photoluminescence spectroscopy, they are natural type Ia diamonds. The depth distribution of the color intensity was carried out by measuring the intensity of the PL peak at 741 nm (GR1 center) upon excitation by a laser with a wavelength of 633 nm of Raman Confocal microscope. To minimise the perturbation due to geometrical effects, defect distribution profiles were normalised with respect to diamond Raman peak intensity (691 nm) point by point. For two diamonds, the intensity of the GR1 peak (741 nm) sharply decreased to a depth of 10 µm, and then became equal to the background level, which is typical for irradiation with alpha particles from natural sources like uranium. In other diamonds, the profiles vary slightly with depth, and the color intensity is close to uniform, which is for irradiation with accelerated electrons or neutrons. The source of radiation has not been determined. However, long duration radioactivity measurements of the diamonds suggested that neutrons were not used for colour centers production in the diamonds studied.

Both cutaneous radiation injury and radiation combined injury (RCI) could have serious skin traumas, which are collectively referred to as radiation‐associated skin injuries in this paper. These two types of skin injuries require special managements of wounds, and the therapeutic effects still need to be further improved. Cutaneous radiation injuries are common in both radiotherapy patients and victims of radioactive source accidents, which could lead to skin necrosis and ulcers in serious conditions. At present, there are still many challenges in management of cutaneous radiation injuries including early diagnosis, lesion assessment, and treatment prognosis. Radiation combined injuries are special and important issues in severe nuclear accidents, which often accompanied by serious skin traumas. Mass victims of RCI would be the focus of public health concern. Three‐dimensional (3D) bioprinting, as a versatile and favourable technique, offers effective approaches to fabricate biomimetic architectures with bioactivity, which provides potentials for resolve the challenges in treating radiation‐associated skin injuries. Combining with the cutting‐edge advances in 3D skin bioprinting, the authors analyse the damage characteristics of skin wounds in both cutaneous radiation injury and RCI and look forward to the potential value of 3D skin bioprinting for the treatments of radiation‐associated skin injuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medical imaging examinations that make use of ionising radiation provide valuable information towards patient management. Literature suggests that there is a significant rise in the number of patient referrals for such examinations. The concept " individual patient radiation dose tracking " (IPRDT) is introduced to optimise radiation monitoring. Many countries across the globe explored and implemented methods to enhance and promote the justification and optimisation principles essential for patient radiation safety. In South Africa (SA), however, attention to IPRDT is limited. A qualitative research design was employed. Radiographers in the Western Cape Province of SA were purposefully sampled for participation in one-on-one, semi-structured interviews. Thematic analysis was applied to the transcribed interview data. This paper presents a theme developed from the radiographer cohort of ten (10) participants. The theme: the need for creating awareness and implementing legislative support structures, was developed from the data, with the following supporting subthemes: 1) stakeholder awareness and 'buy-in' 2) continuous professional development and 3) mandated practice. This study provides findings that are of value for patient radiation safety in SA by giving a voice to local stakeholders. Other countries that are conducting similar research investigations toward the integration of an IPRDT model, method, or framework, may also benefit from these findings. The effective integration of IPRDT into the clinical environment requires unison amongst the relevant stakeholders and clarity on the various professionals' roles and responsibilities. The findings of this study furthermore suggest the involvement of regulatory organisations for the provision of a mandated form of practice at national and international levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Veterans of the British nuclear testing programme represent a population of ex-military personnel who had the potential to be exposed to ionising radiation through their participation at nuclear testing sites in the 1950s and 1960s. In the intervening years, members of this population have raised concerns about the status of their health and that of their descendants, as a consequence. Radiation dose estimates based on film badge measurements of external dose recorded at the time of the tests suggest any exposure to be limited for the majority of personnel, however, only ∼20% of personnel were monitored and no measurement for internalised exposure are on record. Here, to in-part address families concerns, we assay for chromosomal evidence of historical radiation exposure in a group of aged nuclear test (NT) veterans, using multiplex in situ hybridisation (M-FISH), for comparison with a matched group of veterans who were not present at NT sites. In total, we analysed 9379 and 7698 metaphase cells using M-FISH (24-colour karyotyping) from 48 NT and 38 control veteran samples, representing veteran servicemen from the army, Royal Airforce and Royal Navy. We observed stable and unstable simple- and complex-type chromosome aberrations in both NT and control veterans' samples, however find no significant difference in yield of any chromosome aberration type between the two cohorts. We do observe higher average frequencies of complex chromosome aberrations in a very small subset of veterans previously identified as having a higher potential for radiation exposure, which may be indicative of internalised contamination to long-lived radionuclides from radiation fallout. By utilising recently published whole genome sequence analysis data of a sub-set of the same family groups, we examined for but found no relationship between paternal chromosome aberration burden, germline mutation frequency and self-reported concerns of adverse health in family members, suggesting that the previously reported health issues by participants in this study are unlikely to be associated with historical radiation exposure. We did observe a small number of families, representing both control and NT cohorts, showing a relationship between paternal chromosome aberrations and germline mutation sub-types which should be explored in future studies. In conclusion, we find no cytogenetic evidence of historical radiation exposure in the cohort of nuclear veterans sampled here, offering reassurance that attendance at NTs sites by the veterans sampled here, was not associated with significant levels of exposure to radiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study was to assess the risk of primary central nervous system (CNS) tumour incidence in a cohort of 22,377 Mayak Production Association workers chronically exposed to ionising radiation. There were 96 primary CNS tumours, including 42 cases of glioma and 44 cases of meningioma, registered during the whole follow-up period (1948–2018). The study demonstrated that the risk of primary CNS tumour incidence was associated with sex, attained age, calendar period, tall body height, age at the beginning of exposure, and facility type. There was no association found between risk of CNS tumour incidence and body mass index, smoking (males) and alcohol consumption status. The study did not find an effect of the total external gamma radiation dose absorbed in the brain on risk of CNS tumour incidence irrespective of whether an adjustment for the total external neutron dose absorbed in the brain was included or not. Excess relative risk per 1 Gy of external gamma brain dose was 0.05 (95% confidence interval (CI) −0.30; 0.70) for all CNS tumours, −0.18 (95% CI –; 0.44) for gliomas, and 0.38 (95% CI −0.32; 2.08) for meningiomas without adjustment for total neutron brain dose. There was no effect modification by sex, attained age, age at hire or facility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: The number of females within the speciality of trauma and orthopaedics (T&O) is increasing. The aim of this study was to identify: 1) current attitudes and behaviours of UK female T&O surgeons towards pregnancy; 2) any barriers faced towards pregnancy with a career in T&O surgery; and 3) areas for improvement. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study using an anonymous 13-section web-based survey distributed to female-identifying T&O trainees, speciality and associate specialist surgeons (SASs) and locally employed doctors (LEDs), fellows, and consultants in the UK. Demographic data was collected as well as closed and open questions with adaptive answering relating to attitudes towards childbearing and experiences of fertility and complications associated with pregnancy. A descriptive data analysis was carried out. Results: A total of 226 UK female T&O surgeons completed the survey. All regions of the UK were represented. Overall, 99/226 (44%) of respondents had at least one child, while 21/226 (9.3%) did not want children. Median age at first child was 33 years (interquartile range 32 to 36). Two-thirds (149/226; 66%) of respondents delayed childbearing due to a career in T&O and 140/226 (69%) of respondents had experienced bias from colleagues directed at female T&O surgeons having children during training. Nearly 24/121 (20%) of respondents required fertility assistance, 35/121 (28.9%) had experienced a miscarriage, and 53/121 (43.8%) had experienced obstetric complications. Conclusion: A large proportion of female T&O surgeons have and want children. T&O surgeons in the UK delay childbearing, have experienced bias and have high rates of infertility and obstetric complications. The information from this study will support female T&O surgeons with decision making and assist employers with workforce planning. Further steps are necessary in order to support female T&O surgeons having families. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2023;4(12):970–979.

An apical component of the cell cycle checkpoint and DNA damage repair response is the ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) Ser/Thr protein kinase. A variant of ATM, Ser49Cys (rs1800054; minor allele frequency = 0.011), has been associated with an elevated risk of melanoma development; however, the functional consequence of this variant is not defined. ATM-dependent signalling in response to DNA damage has been assessed in a panel of patient-derived lymphoblastoid lines and primary human melanocytic cell strains heterozygous for the ATM Ser49Cys variant allele. The ATM Ser49Cys allele appears functional for acute p53-dependent signalling in response to DNA damage. Expression of the variant allele did reduce the efficacy of oncogene expression in inducing senescence. These findings demonstrate that the ATM 146C>G Ser49Cys allele has little discernible effect on the acute response to DNA damage but has reduced function observed in the chronic response to oncogene over-expression. Analysis of melanoma, naevus and skin colour genomics and GWAS analyses have demonstrated no association of this variant with any of these outcomes. The modest loss of function detected suggest that the variant may act as a modifier of other variants of ATM/p53-dependent signalling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of adaptation strategies for crops under ever-changing climate conditions is a critically important food security issue. Studies of barley responses to ionising radiation showed that this evolutionarily ancient stress factor can be successfully used to identify molecular pathways involved in adaptation to a range of abiotic stressors. In order to identify potential molecular contributors to abiotic stress resilience, we examined the transcriptomic profiles of barley seedlings after exposure to γ-rays, electrons, and protons. A total of 553 unique differentially expressed genes with increased expression and 124 with decreased expression were detected. Among all types of radiation, the highest number of differentially expressed genes was observed in electron-irradiated samples (428 upregulated and 56 downregulated genes). Significant upregulation after exposure to the three types of radiation was shown by a set of ROS-responsive genes, genes involved in DNA repair, cell wall metabolism, auxin biosynthesis and signalling, as well as photosynthesis-related genes. Most of these genes are known to be involved in plant ROS-mediated responses to other abiotic stressors, especially with genotoxic components, such as heavy metals and drought. Ultimately, the modulation of molecular pathways of plant responses to ionising radiation may be a prospective tool for stress tolerance programmes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides a historical overview of the use of radium in the treatment of localized cancers. It mentions the discovery of radium and its application in medicine in the early 20th century, with Alexander Graham Bell proposing its use in treating deep-seated cancers. The contributions of Marie and Pierre Curie in the study of radioactivity and the isolation of radium are also highlighted. The article notes that radium was mistakenly believed to have universal therapeutic properties and was added to various products. However, as the harmful effects of radiation became better understood, the use of radium in medicine declined, and it is now prohibited by law in France. [Extracted from the article]

Objective: Radiotherapy for head and neck can damage the salivary gland cells, which can easily result in xerostomia. No effective treatment for radiation-induced salivary gland dysfunction currently exists. Thus, we aimed to study the protective effect of Dicliptera chinensis polysaccharides (DCP) on the prevention of submandibular gland (SMG) cell damage caused by radiotherapy in Sprague-Dawley rats. Design: Mechanical enzyme digestion was used to extract primary rat SMG cells. A radiation injury model was established by treating these cells with a dose of 8 Gy, followed by intervention using different DCP concentrations. The cell counting kit 8 assay was used to determine the inhibition rate of SMG cells in each group. The rates of apoptosis and cell cycle progression were detected using flow cytometry. Expression of the Mre11/Rad50/Nbs1 complex (MRN) was detected using western blotting. Results: DCP increased the proliferation of SMG cells after irradiation, and cell growth activity positively correlated with polysaccharide concentration. Flow cytometry analysis of SMG cell apoptosis revealed that DCP markedly reduced the total apoptosis rate after irradiation, especially the early apoptosis rate. Cell cycle results suggested that DCP reduced the number of cells in the S and G2 phases after irradiation and alleviated the S and G2 blocks. Western blot results indicated that the expression of Mre11, Rad50, and Nbs1 decreased in the radiation-injured group, whereas their expression increased after DCP treatment. Conclusions: DCP can protect the rat SMG cells after radiation and be used as a protective agent against salivary gland cell damage caused by radiotherapy.

Introduction: A low dose x-rays alias Lodox© statscan was originally developed in South Africa to detect smuggled diamonds in the mines. Later, hospital trauma units began to use it as a screening tool for gross pathology on trauma patients. This imaging system became popular because of its use of low radiation doses and its ability to perform anterior posterior (head to toe image) image in under 13 seconds. Anecdotal evidence confirms that patients were referred for additional regional images on conventional x-ray systems after Lodox imaging. Thus, patients were subjected to additional ionising radiation, long waiting times as well as additional charges for secondary radiological examinations. Objective: This research aimed at investigating the extent to which Lodox was used in trauma units (n=28) in South Africa. Method: In this descriptive cross-sectional research. researcher invited one radiographer from each of the 28 hospitals in South Africa that were using Lodox. Results: Out of twenty radiographers who responded, it was found that most hospitals were referring patients for additional conventional x-ray images (Figure 1); for example, for chest x-rays. This was done despite the patient having undergone radiological procedures and examinations by the Lodox imaging system that was similar to those performed by conventional x-ray systems. Conclusion: Lodox was used for a successful diagnosis Thus, researcher recommends an imaging protocol for Lodox to be developed for guiding the referral of patients after the Lodox scanning has been performed.

The role of metformin on the radiosensitising effect of cisplatin is not clear. Here we investigated the radiosensitising effect of metformin alone and combined with cisplatin in HeLa cells, as well as the implications of the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway on the radiosensitising effect. HeLa cells were treated with ionising radiation, metformin, cisplatin, A769662 (AMPK activator) and dorsomorphin (AMPK inhibitor) or in combination. A cell proliferation assay, Western blot and flow cytometry were carried out. Metformin potentiated cisplatin cytotoxicity when administered 4 h before ionising radiation. Although the radiosensitising effects of metformin and cisplatin alone were observed, which is more apparent at high ionising radiation doses, the metformin–cisplatin combination did not increase the radiosensitivity of cisplatin at any ionising radiation dose. Dorsomorphin alone significantly decreased cell proliferation and potentiated the radiosensitising effects of cisplatin with ionising radiation. Administration of A769662 24 h prior to cisplatin treatment resulted in an increased AMPK level that yielded resistance to cisplatin, but this effect was not observed in HeLa cells concomitantly treated with A769662 and cisplatin. Modulation of AMPK may have a role in cervical cancer treatment. Increased AMPK levels result in higher sensitivity to ionising radiation but causes resistance to cisplatin. Dorsomorphin is proven to be a potent radiosensitising agent. The use of metformin alone may be an option as a radiosensitiser during high-dose ionising radiation (e.g. intracavitary brachytherapy). • Increased AMPK levels result in higher sensitivity to ionising radiation, while causing resistance to cisplatin. • Dorsomorphin proves to be a potent radiosensitising agent. • Metformin alone may be an option as a radiosensitiser during high-dose ionising radiation (e.g. intracavitary brachytherapy). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: In recent years, there has been an increased awareness and understanding of the varying gender identities within our society. Consequently, there has also been a need for healthcare providers to be cognizant of the unique needs of a gender‐diverse population. Determining the pregnancy status of transgender, gender‐diverse and non‐binary patients in medical imaging settings has been poorly handled, and there is a lack of standardisation in the Australian and Aotearoa New Zealand setting. The potential risk of exposing a gender‐diverse pregnant patient to ionising radiation increases the need for guidance to ensure potentially pregnant persons are not missed during screening questionnaires. This review article explores various approaches to pregnancy status determination for gender‐diverse patients, recognising the complexities involved and emphasising the need for future work to establish a widely accepted solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A low dose x-rays alias Lodox© statscan was originally developed in South Africa to detect smuggled diamonds in the mines. Later, hospital trauma units began to use it as a screening tool for gross pathology on trauma patients. This imaging system became popular because of its use of low radiation doses and its ability to perform anterior posterior (head to toe image) image in under 13 seconds. Anecdotal evidence confirms that patients were referred for additional regional images on conventional x-ray systems after Lodox imaging. Thus, patients were subjected to additional ionising radiation, long waiting times as well as additional charges for secondary radiological examinations. This research aimed at investigating the extent to which Lodox was used in trauma units (n=28) in South Africa. In this descriptive cross-sectional research. researcher invited one radiographer from each of the 28 hospitals in South Africa that were using Lodox. Out of twenty radiographers who responded, it was found that most hospitals were referring patients for additional conventional x-ray images (Figure 1); for example, for chest x-rays. This was done despite the patient having undergone radiological procedures and examinations by the Lodox imaging system that was similar to those performed by conventional x-ray systems. Lodox was used for a successful diagnosis Thus, researcher recommends an imaging protocol for Lodox to be developed for guiding the referral of patients after the Lodox scanning has been performed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study estimates the radiological doses absorbed by organs around the head and neck regions during x-ray examinations in a radiological centre in Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria. The exposure parameters of 60 adult patients (30 male and 30 female) were used to estimate the doses. The results showed that the male head radiograph had an average ESD of 1.36 mGy, while the female head radiograph had an ESD of 1.07 mGy. The absorbed doses for the brain, oral mucosa, eye lens, bonecranium and mandible, skinhead, salivary gland, thyroid, esophagus, bonecervical, and skinneck were 0.416, 0.262, 0.472, 2.21x10-16, 0.303, 0.439, 0.296, 0.214, 1.1x10-16, and 0.303 mGy, respectively. The effective dose was 0.092 mSv for the head region and 0.021 mSv for the neck region. Comparing the ESD and effective doses with regulatory standards and existing literature, it was observed that the patients were not exposed to any significant radiation risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study estimates the radiological doses absorbed by organs around the head and neck regions during x-ray examinations in a radiological centre in Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria. The exposure parameters of 60 adult patients (30 male and 30 female) were used to estimate the doses. The results showed that the male head radiograph had an average ESD of 1.36 mGy, while the female head radiograph had an ESD of 1.07 mGy. The absorbed doses for the brain, oral mucosa, eye lens, bonecranium and mandible, skinhead, salivary gland, thyroid, esophagus, bonecervical, and skinneck were 0.416, 0.262, 0.472, 2.21x10-16, 0.303, 0.439, 0.296, 0.214, 1.1x10-16, and 0.303 mGy, respectively. The effective dose was 0.092 mSv for the head region and 0.021 mSv for the neck region. Comparing the ESD and effective doses with regulatory standards and existing literature, it was observed that the patients were not exposed to any significant radiation risk.

Simple Summary: Epidemiological evidence supports an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) at doses and dose rates much lower than previously believed. However, the molecular mechanism involved in cardiac damage after chronic irradiation has not been fully elucidated. Here, we studied the proteome of mice hearts chronically irradiated with a very low dose (1 mGy/day) or with a low dose (20 mGy/day) for 300 days. Changes in the proteome were further validated by immunoblotting, enzyme activity assays, immunohistochemistry, and targeted transcriptomics. The data presented here demonstrate that chronic low-dose total body irradiation induces biological changes in mouse cardiac tissue that resemble the effects of premature cardiac ageing. A comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms of CVD following chronic low dose irradiation will enable the identification of target molecules or pathways which may be used in bioassays for measuring endpoints relevant to radiation risk assessment. Recent epidemiologic studies support an association between chronic low-dose radiation exposure and the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The molecular mechanisms underlying the adverse effect of chronic low dose exposure are not fully understood. To address this issue, we have investigated changes in the heart proteome of ApoE deficient (ApoE−/−) C57Bl/6 female mice chronically irradiated for 300 days at a very low dose rate (1 mGy/day) or at a low dose rate (20 mGy/day), resulting in cumulative whole-body doses of 0.3 Gy or 6.0 Gy, respectively. The heart proteomes were compared to those of age-matched sham-irradiated ApoE−/− mice using label-free quantitative proteomics. Radiation-induced proteome changes were further validated using immunoblotting, enzyme activity assays, immunohistochemistry or targeted transcriptomics. The analyses showed persistent alterations in the cardiac proteome at both dose rates; however, the effect was more pronounced following higher dose rates. The altered proteins were involved in cardiac energy metabolism, ECM remodelling, oxidative stress, and ageing signalling pathways. The changes in PPARα, SIRT, AMPK, and mTOR signalling pathways were found at both dose rates and in a dose-dependent manner, whereas more changes in glycolysis and ECM remodelling were detected at the lower dose rate. These data provide strong evidence for the possible risk of cardiac injury following chronic low dose irradiation and show that several affected pathways following chronic irradiation overlap with those of ageing-associated heart pathology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Patient factors, such as sex and body mass index (BMI), are known to influence patient radiation exposure. Body surface area (BSA) and its association with patient radiation exposure has not been well studied. Methods and Results: We analysed height, weight, BMI and BSA in consecutive patients undergoing cardiac catheterisation and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) at a high-volume Australian centre between September 2016 and April 2020 to assess their association with dose–area product (DAP, Gycm2). The mean age of the cohort was 64.5 ± 12.3 years with males comprising 68.8% (n = 8100, 5124 diagnostic cardiac catheterisation cases and 2976 PCI cases). Median male BMI was 28.4 kg/m2 [IQR 25.2–32.1] versus 28.8 kg/m2 [24.7–33.7] for females, p = 0.01. Males had higher BSA (2.0 ± 0.2 m2) than females (1.78 ± 0.2 m2), p = 0.001. Each 0.4 m2 increase in BSA conferred a 1.32x fold change in DAP (95% CI 1.29–1.36, p ≤ 0.001). Each 5 kg/m2 increase in BMI was linked to a 1.13x DAP fold change (1.12–1.14, p ≤ 0.001). Male sex conferred a 1.23x DAP fold change (1.20–1.26, p ≤ 0.001). Multivariable modelling with BMI or BSA explained 14% of DAP variance (R2 0.67 vs. 0.53 for both, p ≤ 0.001). Conclusions: BSA is an important anthropometric measure between the sexes and a key predictor of radiation dose and radiation exposure beyond sex, BMI, and weight.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), through their cargo, are important mediators of bystander responses in the irradiated bone marrow (BM). MiRNAs carried by EVs can potentially alter cellular pathways in EV-recipient cells by regulating their protein content. Using the CBA/Ca mouse model, we characterised the miRNA content of BM-derived EVs from mice irradiated with 0.1 Gy or 3 Gy using an nCounter analysis system. We also analysed proteomic changes in BM cells either directly irradiated or treated with EVs derived from the BM of irradiated mice. Our aim was to identify key cellular processes in the EV-acceptor cells regulated by miRNAs. The irradiation of BM cells with 0.1 Gy led to protein alterations involved in oxidative stress and immune and inflammatory processes. Oxidative stress-related pathways were also present in BM cells treated with EVs isolated from 0.1 Gy-irradiated mice, indicating the propagation of oxidative stress in a bystander manner. The irradiation of BM cells with 3 Gy led to protein pathway alterations involved in the DNA damage response, metabolism, cell death and immune and inflammatory processes. The majority of these pathways were also altered in BM cells treated with EVs from mice irradiated with 3 Gy. Certain pathways (cell cycle, acute and chronic myeloid leukaemia) regulated by miRNAs differentially expressed in EVs isolated from mice irradiated with 3 Gy overlapped with protein pathway alterations in BM cells treated with 3 Gy EVs. Six miRNAs were involved in these common pathways interacting with 11 proteins, suggesting the involvement of miRNAs in the EV-mediated bystander processes. In conclusion, we characterised proteomic changes in directly irradiated and EV-treated BM cells, identified processes transmitted in a bystander manner and suggested miRNA and protein candidates potentially involved in the regulation of these bystander processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radiotherapy (ionising radiation; IR) is utilised in the treatment of ~50% of all human cancers, and where the therapeutic effect is largely achieved through DNA damage induction. In particular, complex DNA damage (CDD) containing two or more lesions within one to two helical turns of the DNA is a signature of IR and contributes significantly to the cell killing effects due to the difficult nature of its repair by the cellular DNA repair machinery. The levels and complexity of CDD increase with increasing ionisation density (linear energy transfer, LET) of the IR, such that photon (X-ray) radiotherapy is deemed low-LET whereas some particle ions (such as carbon ions) are high-LET radiotherapy. Despite this knowledge, there are challenges in the detection and quantitative measurement of IR-induced CDD in cells and tissues. Furthermore, there are biological uncertainties with the specific DNA repair proteins and pathways, including components of DNA single and double strand break mechanisms, that are engaged in CDD repair, which very much depends on the radiation type and associated LET. However, there are promising signs that advancements are being made in these areas and which will enhance our understanding of the cellular response to CDD induced by IR. There is also evidence that targeting CDD repair, particularly through inhibitors against selected DNA repair enzymes, can exacerbate the impact of higher LET, which could be explored further in a translational context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cyclic GMP–AMP synthase–stimulator of interferon genes (cGAS–STING) pathway is an essential component of the innate immune system and is central to the identification of abnormal DNA leakage caused by ionising radiation (IR) damage. Cell‐intrinsic cGAS–STING initiation has been revealed to have tremendous potential for facilitating interferon synthesis and T‐cell priming. Targeting the cGAS–STING axis has been proposed as a strategy to improve radiosensitivity or enhance immunosurveillance. However, due to the complex biology of the irradiated tumour microenvironment and the extensive involvement of the cGAS–STING pathway in various physiological and pathological processes, many defects in this strategy limit the therapeutic effect. Here, we outline the molecular mechanisms by which IR activates the cGAS–STING pathway and analyse the dichotomous roles of the cGAS–STING pathway in modulating cancer immunity after radiotherapy (RT). Then, based on the crosstalk between the cGAS–STING pathway and other signalling events induced by IR, such as necroptosis, autophagy and other cellular effects, we discuss the immunomodulatory actions of the broad cGAS–STING signalling network in RT and their potential therapeutic applications. Finally, recent advances in combination therapeutic strategies targeting cGAS–STING in RT are explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As sessile organisms, plants have to deal with unfavourable conditions by acclimating or adapting in order to survive. Regulation of flower induction is one such mechanism to ensure reproduction and species survival. Flowering is a tightly regulated process under the control of a network of genes, which can be affected by environmental cues and stress. The effects of ionising radiation (IR) on flowering, however, have been poorly studied. Understanding the effects of ionising radiation on flowering, including the timing, gene pathways, and epigenetics involved, is crucial in the continuing effort of environmental radiation protection. The review shows that plants alter their flowering pattern in response to IR, with various flowering related genes (eg. FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC), FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT), CONSTANS (CO), GIGANTEA (GI), APETALA1 (AP1), LEAFY (LFY)) and epigenetic processes (DNA methylation, and miRNA expression eg. miRNA169, miR156, miR172) being affected. Thereby, showing a hypothetical IR-induced flowering mechanism. Further research on the interaction between IR and flowering in plants is, however, needed to elucidate the mechanisms behind the stress-induced flowering response. • Ionising radiation (IR) potentially influences flower induction. • Various flowering genes are shown to be affected by IR exposure. • Flowering time might be epigenetically regulated in response to IR exposure. • Expression of miRNAs and genome DNA methylation changes are induced by IR. • Understanding IR-induced changes in flowering is crucial for radiation protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An apical component of the cell cycle checkpoint and DNA damage repair response is the ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) Ser/Thr protein kinase. A variant of ATM, Ser49Cys (rs1800054; minor allele frequency = 0.011), has been associated with an elevated risk of melanoma development; however, the functional consequence of this variant is not defined. ATM-dependent signalling in response to DNA damage has been assessed in a panel of patient-derived lymphoblastoid lines and primary human melanocytic cell strains heterozygous for the ATM Ser49Cys variant allele. The ATM Ser49Cys allele appears functional for acute p53-dependent signalling in response to DNA damage. Expression of the variant allele did reduce the efficacy of oncogene expression in inducing senescence. These findings demonstrate that the ATM 146C>G Ser49Cys allele has little discernible effect on the acute response to DNA damage but has reduced function observed in the chronic response to oncogene over-expression. Analysis of melanoma, naevus and skin colour genomics and GWAS analyses have demonstrated no association of this variant with any of these outcomes. The modest loss of function detected suggest that the variant may act as a modifier of other variants of ATM/p53-dependent signalling.

The development of adaptation strategies for crops under ever-changing climate conditions is a critically important food security issue. Studies of barley responses to ionising radiation showed that this evolutionarily ancient stress factor can be successfully used to identify molecular pathways involved in adaptation to a range of abiotic stressors. In order to identify potential molecular contributors to abiotic stress resilience, we examined the transcriptomic profiles of barley seedlings after exposure to γ-rays, electrons, and protons. A total of 553 unique differentially expressed genes with increased expression and 124 with decreased expression were detected. Among all types of radiation, the highest number of differentially expressed genes was observed in electron-irradiated samples (428 upregulated and 56 downregulated genes). Significant upregulation after exposure to the three types of radiation was shown by a set of ROS-responsive genes, genes involved in DNA repair, cell wall metabolism, auxin biosynthesis and signalling, as well as photosynthesis-related genes. Most of these genes are known to be involved in plant ROS-mediated responses to other abiotic stressors, especially with genotoxic components, such as heavy metals and drought. Ultimately, the modulation of molecular pathways of plant responses to ionising radiation may be a prospective tool for stress tolerance programmes.

[Display omitted] Comparative analysis of the alkaline phosphatase post-inactivation dynamics in natural and tritiated water (H 2 O and HTO, respectively) after ultrasonic or γ-irradiations was performed. It has been established that in HTO, unlike in H 2 O, the enzyme retains its activity up to 15 days. It is hypothesised that different hydrogen bond structure of tritiated water results in a lower effect of ultrasound or gamma-irradiation reactive species onto enzyme globules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ionising radiation (IR) is a cause of lipid peroxidation, and epidemiological data have revealed a correlation between exposure to IR and the development of eye lens cataracts. Cataracts remain the leading cause of blindness around the world. The plasma membranes of lens fibre cells are one of the most cholesterolrich membranes in the human body, forming lipid rafts and contributing to the biophysical properties of lens fibre plasma membrane. Liquid chromatography followed by mass spectrometry was used to analyse bovine eye lens lipid membrane fractions after exposure to 5 and 50 Gy and eye lenses taken from wholebody 2 Gy-irradiated mice. Although cholesterol levels do not change significantly, IR dose-dependant formation of the oxysterols 7β-hydroxycholesterol, 7-ketocholesterol and 5, 6-epoxycholesterol in bovine lens nucleus membrane extracts was observed. Whole-body X-ray exposure (2 Gy) of 12-week old mice resulted in an increase in 7β-hydroxycholesterol and 7-ketocholesterol in their eye lenses. Their increase regressed over 24 h in the living lens cortex after IR exposure. This study also demonstrated that the IR-induced fold increase in oxysterols was greater in the mouse lens cortex than the nucleus. Further work is required to elucidate the mechanistic link(s) between oxysterols and IR-induced cataract, but these data evidence for the first time that IR exposure of mice results in oxysterol formation in their eye lenses.

The question about correlation between organic and functional changes in persons, exposed to radiation is still insufficiently studied. Dynamics of morbidity for different forms and classes of non-tumour diseases periodisation, proposed by epidemiologists, suggests the identification of three main periods: «early» (the first 6 post-Chornobyl accident years); «distant» (12-21 years) and «late» (22-30 years). However, the correspondence this periodisation to the results of epidemiological data, without taking into account the clinical features of the diseases, may contribute to the impression, that in the first period after a radiation disaster functional disorders (or autonomic regulation disorders, etc.) prevail in all cases. Meanwhile, the data from ophthalmological and neurological studies, which we aim to demonstrate in this paper, rather indicate the presence of a significant morphological basis for the development of functional disorders in early period after a radiation disaster. The objective of this work is analyse modern experimental, epidemiological and clinical data on the correlation between organic and functional changes, characteristic of radiation cerebro-ophthalmological effects -- radiation cataracts, age-related macular degeneration, cerebral small vessel disease, and neurocognitive deficits. Materials and methods. The criteria for inclusion in the analytical review were peer-reviewed publications in PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, and manually selected papers; the results of our own research were also used. An additional analysis of the results of examinations conducted in 1991-2004 was performed, which included a total of 11 123 persons irradiated as the result of catastrophy at the Chornobyl NPP. Results. In the first period of radiation cataract development, which is a specific consequence of radiation exposure, morphological changes (lens opacities) are observed, which lead to a decrease in visual function only later. Analysing the correlation between organic and functional changes in the development of diseases, for which ionising radiation exposure is a significant risk factor, we observe a similar picture. For example, CSVD associated with arterial hypertension may be a manifestation of accelerated aging associated with exposure to ionising radiation. Similarly, the initial signs of age-related macular degeneration in radiation-exposed individuals are usually manifested by changes in the morphology of the retina, choroid, and pigment epithelium in the macular area, while functional disorders in the form of decreased central vision and metamorphopsia, etc., occur later. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A new 2Day.QA® 2D ionising radiation dosimeter was developed. • It serves for daily QA tests of external and internal radiation sources. • It serves for QA tests of accelerator light and radiation field coincidence. • It serves for brachytherapy QA tests. A new commercial 2D ionising radiation dosimeter (2Day.QA®) was developed. This work aims to introduce the basic functions of 2Day.QA®. The dosimeter is made mainly of a linear polysaccharide consisting of β(1 → 4) linked d -glucose units and radiation active substances, which make it environmentally friendly. For 2Day.QA® irradiation, radiotherapy ionising radiation sources were used. The analysis of 2Day.QA® was performed using three scanners: Vidar® Red LED Dosimetry Pro Advantage™, Vidar® VXR 12-plus™ and HP Scanjet G3010 flatbed scanner. The stability of 2Day.QA® was tested. Exemplary applications of 2DayQA® for QA studies of accelerator light and radiation field coincidence and brachytherapy source position were carried out. The dosimeter responded to the lowest applied dose of 0.95 Gy and saturated at over 94.9 Gy. The quasi-linear dose response is below 20 Gy. Vidar® Red LED Dosimetry Pro Advantage™ has proven to be superior to other scanners at determining dose effects in 2Day.QA®. The stability of the non-irradiated 2Day.QA® is at least 18 months. After 18 months of storage, the dosimeter reacted to irradiation. In the case of the irradiated samples, a slight color drift related to the absorbed dose was observed. Tests of the use of 2Day.QA® to control the quality of the accelerator light and radiation field coincidence and brachytherapy source position have shown that it can be used for such applications. The study reveals the potential of 2Day.QA® for 2D radiation dosimetry and concludes with recommendations for the use of the dosimeter for radiotherapy QA tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Medical applications of ionising radiation and associated radiation protection research often encounter long delays and inconsistent implementation when translated into clinical practice. A coordinated effort is needed to analyse the research needs for innovation transfer in radiation-based high-quality healthcare across Europe which can inform the development of an innovation transfer framework tailored for equitable implementation of radiation research at scale. Methods Between March and September 2021 a Delphi methodology was employed to gain consensus on key translational challenges from a range of professional stakeholders. A total of three Delphi rounds were conducted using a series of electronic surveys comprised of open-ended and closed-type questions. The surveys were disseminated via the EURAMED Rocc-n-Roll consortium network and prominent medical societies in the field. Approximately 350 professionals were invited to participate. Participants’ level of agreement with each generated statement was captured using a 6-point Likert scale. Consensus was defined as median ≥ 4 with ≥ 60% of responses in the upper tertile of the scale. Additionally, the stability of responses across rounds was assessed. Results In the first Delphi round a multidisciplinary panel of 20 generated 127 unique statements. The second and third Delphi rounds recruited a broader sample of 130 individuals to rate the extent to which they agreed with each statement as a key translational challenge. A total of 60 consensus statements resulted from the iterative Delphi process of which 55 demonstrated good stability. Ten statements were identified as high priority challenges with ≥ 80% of statement ratings either ‘Agree’ or ‘Strongly Agree’. Conclusion A lack of interoperability between systems, insufficient resources, unsatisfactory education and training, and the need for greater public awareness surrounding the benefits, risks, and applications of ionising radiation were identified as principal translational challenges. These findings will help to inform a tailored innovation transfer framework for medical radiation research.

Despite decades of research to understand the biological effects of ionising radiation, there is still much uncertainty over the role of dose rate. Motivated by a virtual workshop on the "Effects of spatial and temporal variation in dose delivery" organised in November 2020 by the Multidisciplinary Low Dose Initiative (MELODI), here, we review studies to date exploring dose rate effects, highlighting significant findings, recent advances and to provide perspective and recommendations for requirements and direction of future work. A comprehensive range of studies is considered, including molecular, cellular, animal, and human studies, with a focus on low linear-energy-transfer radiation exposure. Limits and advantages of each type of study are discussed, and a focus is made on future research needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To facilitate the use of Geant4-DNA for radiation transport simulations in micro- and nanodosimeters, which are physically operated with tissue-equivalent gases such as nitrogen (and propane), this work aims to extend the cross section data available in Geant4-DNA to include those of nitrogen for electron energies ranging from 1 MeV down to the ionisation threshold. To achieve this, interaction cross section data for nitrogen that have been used with the in-house PTB PTra track structure code have been implemented in the current state-of-the-art Geant4-DNA simulation toolkit. An intercomparison has been performed between the two codes to validate this implementation. To quantify the agreement between the cross section models for nitrogen adopted in PTra and those implemented in Geant4-DNA, the simulation results of both codes were analysed using three physical parameters describing the ionisation cluster size distribution (ICSD): mean ionisation cluster size, variance of the cluster size and the probability to obtain a single ionisation within the target. Statistical analysis of the results indicates that the interaction cross section models for nitrogen used in PTra (elastic scattering, impact ionisations and electronic excitations) have been successfully implemented in Geant4-DNA. In addition, simulated ICSDs were compared to those measured with the Jet Counter nanodosimeter for energies between 100 and 2000 eV. For greater energies, the ICRP data for LET and particle range were used as a reference. The modified Geant4-DNA code and data successfully passed all these benchmarks fulfilling the requirement for their public release in the next version of the Geant4 toolkit. • Implementation of electron cross-sections in nitrogen down to ionisation threshold in Geant4-DNA. • Consistency check of Geant4-DNA and PTra Monte Carlo track-structure codes. • Good agreement between results of simulations performed using both codes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]