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Our recently published [Weike et al., J. Chem. Phys. 159, 244119 (2023)] spin–orbit coupled diabatic potential energy model for HI is used in a thorough analysis of bound and quasi-bound states as well as elastic and inelastic processes in H + I collisions. The potential energy model, designed explicitly for studying scattering, accurately describes the various couplings in the system, which lead to complex dynamics. Ro-vibronic bound and quasi-bound states related to the adiabatic electronic ground state and an excited electronic state are analyzed. Calculations using the full 104 × 104 diabatic matrix model or a single adiabatic state are compared in order to investigate approximations in the latter. Elastic and inelastic scattering cross sections as well as thermal rates between the ground and first excited fine structure levels of iodine are computed for collision energies up to 12 500 cm−1. Resonances related to the quasi-bound states are analyzed in terms of their energy, width, lifetime, and decay probabilities. The effect of different resonances on the thermal rates is discussed. Resonances between 30 000 and 40 000 cm−1 are also studied for selected values of the total angular momentum, in particular their decay probabilities into different final states of iodine and hence their potential effect on branching ratios in photodissociation of HI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mollusc and crustacean consumption in the first 1000 d may improve maternal and child health by providing essential nutrients. However, in some contexts, molluscs and crustaceans have been associated with allergies and environmental contamination, potentially leading to adverse health and development outcomes. It is unclear whether the health benefits of consuming molluscs and crustaceans, collectively classified as shellfish in nutrition, are outweighed by the potential risks to pregnant women and children. We conducted a scoping review (PROSPERO: CRD42022320454) in PubMed, Scopus and EBSCO Global Health of articles published between January 2000 and March 2022 that assessed shellfish consumption during pregnancy, lactation or childhood (0-2 years) in relation to maternal health, child health or child development. A total of forty-six articles were included in this review. Overall, shellfish consumption was associated with higher biomarkers of environmental contaminants, with mercury being the most studied and having the strongest evidence base. The limited research on nutritional biomarker status shows an association between shellfish consumption and iodine status. Preterm birth was not associated with shellfish consumption, but newborn anthropometry showed mixed results, with several studies reporting lower birth weight with higher shellfish consumption. The few studies that examined child development and maternal health outcomes reported no significant associations. This review revealed trade-off health risks and benefits with inclusion of molluscs and crustaceans in the dietary patterns of mothers and young children. More research is needed to understand how these aquatic animal-source foods may be safely consumed and leveraged for improving human nutrition.

INTRODUCTION: Micronutrient deficiencies are prevalent in West Africa, particularly among women of reproductive age (WRA) and young children. Bouillon is a promising food fortification vehicle due to its widespread consumption. This study aims to evaluate the impact of multiple micronutrient-fortified bouillon cubes, compared to control bouillon cubes (fortified with iodine only), on micronutrient status and hemoglobin concentrations among lactating and non-lactating WRA and young children in northern Ghana. METHODS: This randomized, controlled doubly-masked trial will be conducted in the Kumbungu and Tolon districts in the Northern Region of Ghana, where prior data indicate multiple micronutrient deficiencies are common. Participants will be: 1) non-pregnant non-lactating WRA (15-49 y), 2) children 2-5 y, and 3) non-pregnant lactating women 4-18 months postpartum. Eligible participants will be randomly assigned to receive household rations of one of two types of bouillon cubes: 1) a multiple micronutrient-fortified bouillon cube containing vitamin A, folic acid, vitamin B12, iron, zinc, and iodine, or 2) a control cube containing iodine only. Each participants household will receive a ration of bouillon cubes every 2 weeks, and households will be advised to prepare meals as usual, using the study-provided cubes. The trial duration will be 9 months for non-pregnant non-lactating WRA and children, and 3 months for lactating women. The primary outcomes will be changes in biomarkers of micronutrient status and hemoglobin among WRA and children and milk micronutrient concentrations among lactating women. Secondary outcomes will include change in prevalence of micronutrient deficiency and anemia; dietary intake of bouillon and micronutrients; inflammation, malaria, and morbidity symptoms; and child growth and development. DISCUSSION: Evidence from this study will inform discussions about bouillon fortification in Ghana and West Africa. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The trial was registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05178407) and the Pan-African Clinical Trial Registry (PACTR202206868437931). This manuscript reflects protocol version 4 (August 29, 2022).

Previous efforts to measure atmospheric iodine have focused on marine and coastal regions. We report the first ground‐based tropospheric iodine monoxide (IO) radical observations over the central continental United States. Throughout April 2022, IO columns above Storm Peak Laboratory, Colorado (3,220 m.a.s.l.) ranged from 0.7 ± 0.5 to 3.6 ± 0.5 × 1012 (average: 1.9 × 1012 molec cm−2). IO was consistently elevated in air masses transported from over the Pacific Ocean. The observed IO columns were up to three times higher and the range was larger than predicted by a global model, which warrants further investigation into iodine sources, sinks, ozone loss, and particle formation. IO mixing ratios increased with altitude. At the observed levels, iodine may be competitive with bromine as an oxidant of elemental mercury at cold temperatures typical of the free troposphere. Iodine‐induced mercury oxidation is missing in atmospheric models, understudied, and helps explain model underestimation of oxidized mercury measurements. Plain Language Summary: Halogens such as chlorine, bromine, and iodine are highly reactive gases that participate in atmospheric chemistry, including ozone destruction, particle formation, modification of greenhouse gas lifetime (i.e., methane, dimethylsulfide), and the oxidation of elemental mercury. Iodine mainly enters the atmosphere from oceans; therefore, past measurements of atmospheric iodine have focused on marine and polar regions. This study describes the first lower atmospheric measurements of iodine monoxide (IO) radicals at a remote mountaintop site in the central continental United States. These measurements indicate that the concentration of IO radicals showed a large range over the course of 1 month and reached levels up to three times higher than predicted by a global atmospheric chemistry model. These observations suggest that our understanding of the iodine sources and sinks to the free troposphere may be incomplete. Moreover, we suggest that iodine's contribution to ozone destruction and mercury chemistry may be underestimated; in particular, iodine may be competitive with bromine in the oxidation of elemental mercury in the free troposphere. Key Points: Measurements of iodine monoxide radicals at Storm Peak Laboratory are up to three times higher than predicted by GEOS‐ChemIO tropospheric column variability is significant and highlights a need to better understand sources and sinks of tropospheric iodineIodine may rival bromine as a tropospheric mercury oxidant; iodine‐mercury chemistry is understudied and missing in atmospheric models [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of adsorbent materials for highly efficient iodine capture is in high demand from the perspective of ecological environment and human health. Herein, two covalent organic frameworks (COFs), JLNU-312 and JLNU-313, were successfully synthesized for iodine adsorption. The obtained JLNU-COFs possess high crystallinity and one-dimensional mesoporous channels. Iodine adsorption experiments demonstrated that both COF materials exhibit effective performance for iodine adsorption, with a maximum amount of up to 4.67 g g−1 for JLNU-312 and 2.47 g g−1 for JLNU-313. Moreover, both JLNU-COFs have good stability, reusability and iodine retention capacity. Theoretical calculations clearly show that the higher adsorption performance of JLNU-312 is also due to the strong interaction between the adsorbed iodine and the abundant triazine nitrogen-rich adsorption sites uniformly distributed in the pore. This work shows that effective iodine adsorbents can be achieved by introducing nitrogen-rich sites into the framework of COF materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Controlled oxidation of methyl‐ketones to aryl glyoxals using Selenium dioxide and iodine is one of the useful transformation. Regardless the availability of many oxidation reagents, Iodine/DMSO system is very efficient and flexible. This system efficiently allows in situ formation of α‐halo ketones and subsequently transforming them directly to useful products. The Iodine/DMSO system allows the selective CI and CO bond formation, substantially useful for converting them to other bond forming reactions and heterocycles useful in the synthetic and medicinal chemistry. Iodine/DMSO system could be an important alternative strategy due to sustainability, metal‐free conditions, allowing multiple/linear domino reactions. This review will focus on heterocyclic systems smartly developed/manipulated by Wu group from methyl‐ketones. The scope and limitations of this method and selected examples of applications for the synthesis of interesting molecules are discussed herein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aqueous zinc‐iodine (Zn─I2) battery is a promising energy storage system due to its inherent safety, high theoretical capacity, sustainability, and cost‐effectiveness. However, the shuttle effect of polyiodide severely affects the stable loading of active iodine and even accelerates the corrosion of the Zn anode, thus impeding its further advancement. Herein, a unique trimethylsulfonium cation (TMS+) with strong adsorption is proposed to stabilize both the iodine cathode and Zn anode. Benefiting from the robust interaction between TMS+ and polyiodide, the electrolyte can effectively immobilize large‐capacity iodine in the form of oily precipitate, thus avoiding the shuttle effect of polyiodide and the Zn corrosion. Additionally, TMS+ can be preferentially adsorbed on various Zn facets, inducing an electrostatic shielding effect to inhibit Zn dendrite growth. Consequently, Zn anode can be stably cycled over 3400 h at 5 mA cm−2/5 mAh cm−2, and a large areal capacity of 2.71 mAh cm−2 as well as long‐life stability over 6400 cycles is achieved for Zn─I2 battery. Furthermore, cation adsorption engineering is practically utilized in pouch cells, realizing superior fast‐charging stability over 790 cycles. This electrolyte modification with dual stabilizations is anticipated to be applied to other metal‐iodine batteries as a cost‐effective, facile, and safe strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report the utilisation of an iodine(III) reagent to access α,β-unsaturated carbonyls from the corresponding silyl enol ethers of ketones and aldehydes, and from enol phosphates of lactones and lactams. The transformation is rapid, scalable, and can be carried out in one pot, directly dehydrogenating saturated carbonyls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Hypothesis Animals Methods Results Conclusions Exogenous iodine interferes with the uptake of radioactive iodine (131I) by the thyroid gland. This has potential implications for the treatment of cats with hyperthyroidism that have recently undergone computed tomography (CT) with IV administration of iodinated contrast medium (ICM).To determine the time to normalize urinary iodine clearance after administration of ICM. We hypothesized that it would require 4 weeks for urinary iodine concentration (UIC) to decrease to baseline after IV administration of ICM.Ten healthy adult neutered male cats.All cats were sedated and received Iopamidol at a dose of 2 mL/kg (600 mg/kg). Urinary iodine and creatinine concentrations were measured before administration of Iopamidol and on days 1, 2, 3, 7, 10 and weeks 2 to 6 after administration. The urinary iodine‐to‐creatinine ratio (UICR) was calculated. Outcome variables were modeled using a linear mixed‐effects model.Urinary iodine concentration increased 37‐ to 884‐fold on Day 1 after ICM injection and returned to baseline during Week 2. Compared with baseline, UIC was significantly increased for Days 1 to 7 (all P < .001); UC was significantly lower for Days 1 to 10 (all P < .03); and UICR was significantly increased from Days 1 to 10 (all P < .001, except Day 10 P = .05).Urinary clearance of iodine after IV administration of ICM requires 10 days to return to baseline in healthy cats. A 2‐week interval between the iodinated contrast study and 131I treatment could be appropriate but needs to be confirmed in hyperthyroid cats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study investigated the correlation between thyroid function and urinary iodine/creatinine ratio (UI/Cr) in pregnant women during different trimesters and explored potential influencing factors. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, serum levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroxine (FT4), and UI/Cr were measured in 450 pregnant women. Correlations were analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient and multiple linear regression. Subgroup analyses were performed based on age, body mass index (BMI), parity, gestational age, education, occupation, and family history of thyroid disorders. Results: UI/Cr was positively correlated with FT4 levels in the first and second trimesters, particularly in women with older age, higher BMI, multiparity, higher education, and employment. No significant correlations were found between UI/Cr and TSH or FT3 levels. Conclusion: UI/Cr is positively correlated with FT4 levels in early pregnancy, especially in women with certain risk factors. Regular monitoring of iodine status and thyroid function is recommended for pregnant women to ensure optimal maternal and fetal health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A hypervalent iodine(III)-mediated C(sp3)–C(sp3) bond functionalization reaction for the formation of C–C, C–P, and C–H bonds in dihydroquinazolines has been developed. This one-pot method involves successive oxidation of dihydroquinazoline substrates, mesolytic cleavage of a tert-butyl substituent, and bond formation to a variety of nucleophiles in moderate to high yields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple, environmentally benign and metal free one pot strategy has been used for the synthesis of 4-iodo-3-phenylbenzo[b][1,6]naphthyridine from O-alkynylquinolinyl aldehydes with tert-butyl amine and iodine through imine formation in good to excellent yield at room temperature in aerobic and mild conditions. The beauty of this reaction is the imine formation and cyclization in the same reaction pot. Due to presence of iodine in product, it can be useful for further reaction and can be valuable synthon for new organic compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key points: PVP‐I is a widely used antiseptic but only recently proposed for intranasal use.The extent of iodine absorption from available PVP‐I nasal products is unknown.Iodine absorption from use of Nasodine (0.5% PVP‐I nasal spray) is not clinically significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water pollution by heavy metals or iodine is a serious environmental issue that poses a threat to human health and ecosystems. Therefore, there is a need for developing efficient and low-cost methods for removing heavy metals and iodine from water sources. Activated Opuntia ficus-indica (AOFI) has been used for various purposes such as food, medicine, cosmetics, biofuel, and soil stabilization. The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of using AOFI as an adsorbent for removing heavy metals; e.g. Cr(III), Pb(II), and Cu(II) and iodine from water. The leaves of AOFI that were collected from Al-Baha city, KSA, were carbonized and characterized using FTIR spectroscopy and TGA analysis. Then uptake experiments were performed to evaluate the effects of various parameters such as pH, contact time, initial concentration, and temperature on the removal uptake by AOFI. Also the thermodynamic and kinetic parameters of the adsorption process had been calculated. The adsorption capacity of AOFI and OFI against iodine, Cr(III), Pb(II), and Cu(II) had been calculated. The results showed that; AOFI has adsorption capacity 1.14, 1.14, and 1.16 times higher than OFI, for Cr(III), Pb(II), and Cu(II), respectively, and 1.05 times higher than OFI, for iodine uptake. The findings indicated that AOFI exhibited remarkable efficacy in the metal ions uptake, achieving uptake efficiency up to 70%. Additionally, AOFI demonstrated notable efficiency in iodine uptake, reaching up to 60%. These results underscore the high uptake efficiency of AOFI for both metal ions and iodine, emphasizing its potential as an effective adsorbent for water treatment applications. This study is novel because it is the first to report the adsorption of heavy metals; such as Cr(III), Pb(II), and Cu(II) and iodine by AOFI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pregnant women are more susceptible to iodine deficiency. However, there are limitations in existing indicators for the evaluation of iodine nutrition in pregnant women. The study aimed to explore whether thyroglobulin (Tg) can be used as a more sensitive biomarker for pregnant women with mild and moderate iodine deficiency. A repeated-measure study was conducted among 1332 pregnant women in Zhejiang Province, China. Serum and urine specimens were collected at a mean of 10, 17, and 32 weeks of pregnancy, respectively; thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), Tg, and urinary iodine concentrations were measured. Linear mixed effects models were used to determine the associations between interaction of iodine concentrations and increasing gestation week and TSH and Tg, where participants were divided by urinary iodine concentration (UIC). The median Tg concentration was 11.56, 11.45, and 12.43 μg/L in the first, second, and third trimesters, respectively. After controlling the covariates, the interaction effects between the iodine status and gestation week were significant for both TSH and Tg (p = 0.038 and p = 0.007, respectively). TSH increased with the week of gestation in both iodine concentration groups. Tg increased with advancing pregnancy in the iodine-deficient group whereas it did not in the iodine-sufficient group. There was no significant variation in TSH at each trimester, and Tg was higher in the iodine-deficient group than in the iodine-sufficient group. Tg may be a more sensitive iodine status biomarker than TSH for pregnant women with mild-to-moderate iodine insufficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: Women's knowledge of the nutritional guidelines during pregnancy can affect the health and nutritional status of both mother and child. Having good nutritional information related to maternal dietary intake and healthy lifestyles is therefore of great importance. However, there is limited published research that demonstrates pregnant women's knowledge of the nutritional guidelines during pregnancy in Lebanon. Objective: To assess the knowledge on food sources and energy recommendations as well as food safety practices and diet–health relationship among women during pregnancy in Lebanon. Design: A cross-sectional study. Methods: The study was conducted at prenatal care clinics in Lebanon, and all pregnant women present, regardless of nationality, were invited to complete the self-administered nutrition knowledge questionnaire. The study assessed five different nutrition knowledge domains (food sources of nutrients, dietary behaviors, food safety knowledge, micronutrients for fetal development, and energy requirements and weight gain) and the demographic characteristics of pregnant women who completed a multidimensional online survey based on validated and existing measures. Results: Four-hundred and ten responses were obtained. Approximately half of respondents (47%) held a university degree, for 42% of women this was their first pregnancy, and 71% had a planned pregnancy. Among the different nutrition knowledge domains, the highest levels of knowledge were for the behaviors that can minimize the effect of nausea/vomiting, heartburn, and constipation during pregnancy (63.9%) and the lowest levels of knowledge was for the importance of iodine and omega-3 fatty acids in pregnancy (28.4%). Most of females knew about food safety practices during pregnancy (72.9%) but less than half were knowledgeable about listeriosis contamination (45.9%), and the types of fish that are the safest to select during pregnancy (47.8%). Conclusion: Despite the fact that pregnant women had an adequate level of knowledge in different nutrition-related areas, there was inadequate level of awareness related to critical nutrients and behaviors that can have adverse effects on mother and/or baby. Therefore, there is a need to focus on specific maternal nutrition aspects such as iron-rich foods, listeriosis food contamination, and nutrients that aid in fetal brain and retina development. Plain Language Summary: Nutrition knowledge among pregnant women in Lebanon Women who adopt healthy dietary patterns during pregnancy are more likely to prevent adverse birth outcomes. Pregnant women from the Middle East have limited knowledge of the dietary guidelines for healthy eating during pregnancy. Yet there are no studies on nutritional knowledge of pregnant women residing in the Middle East. This study aimed to investigate the nutrition knowledge of pregnant women in Lebanon, which includes food sources of nutrients, diet–health relationships, food safety, and energy requirements during pregnancy. The highest levels of nutrition knowledge were for the behaviors that can reduce the effect of nausea and vomiting, heartburn, and constipation during pregnancy and the lowest levels of knowledge were for the importance of iodine and omega-3 fatty acids in pregnancy. The level of awareness related to critical nutrients and behaviors that can have adverse effects on mother and/or baby is inadequate. Lebanese women need to obtain their information from reliable sources such as their healthcare providers. Collaboration between healthcare providers and dietitians is essential to ensure that pregnant women receive comprehensive and accurate nutritional advice throughout their pregnancy journey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic frameworks face a trade‐off between the framework stability and the bond dynamics, which necessitates the development of innovative linkages that can generate stable frameworks without hindering efficient synthesis. Although iodine(I)‐based halogen‐bonded organic frameworks (XOFs) have been developed, constructing XOFs based on bromine(I) is desirable yet challenging due to the high sensitivity of bromine(I) species. In this work, we present the inaugural construction of stable bromine(I)‐bridged two‐dimensional (2D) halogen‐bonded organic frameworks, XOF(Br)−TPy−BF4/OTf, based on sensitive [N⋅⋅⋅Br⋅⋅⋅N]+ halogen bonds. The formation of XOF(Br)−TPy−BF4/OTf was monitored by 1H NMR, XPS, IR, SEM, TEM, HR‐TEM, SEAD. Their framework structures were established by the results from PXRD, theoretical simulations and SAXS. More importantly, XOF(Br) displayed excellent chemical and thermal stabilities. They exhibited stable two‐dimensional framework structures in various organic solvents and aqueous media, even over a wide pH range (pH 3–12), while the corresponding model compounds BrPy2BF4/OTf decomposed quickly even in the presence of minimal water. Furthermore, the influence of the counterions were investigated by replacing BF4 with OTf, which improved the stability of XOF(Br). This characteristic enabled XOF(Br) to serve as an efficient oxidizing reagent in aqueous environments, in contrast with the sensitivity of BrPy2BF4/OTf, which performed well only in organic media. This study not only deepens our fundamental understanding of organic frameworks but also opens new avenues for the development and application of multifunctional XOFs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The traditional metallurgical routes for producing lead and zinc from primary sources have a significant environmental footprint. Thus, using less pollutant solvents, such as deep eutectic solvents (DESs), would offer a greener solution in metal extraction. This study explores the use of three DESs based on choline chloride (ChCl) (1:2 ChCl–urea, 1:2 ChCl–ethylene glycol, and 1:2 ChCl–glycerol) for recovering Zn and Pb from a sphalerite–galena concentrate of the mining region in Ecuador. Leaching tests of the concentrate (untreated and roasted at 600 °C) in each DES were conducted (30 °C—24 h). The effect of adding iodine as an oxidizing agent was also evaluated. Recoveries of 2% (Zn) and 14% (Pb) were reported when leaching the untreated concentrate with DES. These recovery values increased to 11% (Zn) and 99% (Pb) after adding iodine during the leaching of the untreated concentrate. Roasting had a similar effect on leaching, increasing the recovery values of Zn (75%) and Pb (90%). Combining roasting as a pretreatment and iodine as an oxidizing agent produced higher Zn recoveries (99%) and Pb (99%). These results were compared to recoveries in acid leaching (H2SO4 and HNO3), revealing the potential of DESs as an alternative for metal recovery from primary sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metronomic chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide (Cpp) has shown promising results in cancer protocols. These lower and prolonged doses have antiangiogenic, pro-cytotoxic, and moderate secondary effects. Molecular iodine (I2) reduces the viability of cancer cells and, with chemotherapeutic agents, activates the antitumoral immune response and diminishes side effects. The present work evaluates the adjuvant of oral I2 with Cpp using a murine model of mammary cancer. Female Sprague Dawley rats with 7,12-dimethylbenzantracene-induced tumors received Cpp intraperitoneal (50 and 70 mg/kg two times/week, iCpp50 and iCpp70) and oral (0.03%; 50 mg/Kg; oCpp50) doses. I2 (0.05%, 50 mg/100 mL) and oCpp50 were offered in drinking water for three weeks. iCpp70 was the most efficient antitumoral dose but generated severe body weight loss and hemorrhagic cystitis (HC). I2 prevented body weight loss, exhibited adjuvant actions with Cpp, decreasing tumor growth, and canceled HC mechanisms, including decreases in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and Survivin expression. oCpp50 + I2 diminished angiogenic signals (CD34, vessel-length, and VEGF content) and proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin-10 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha) and increased cytotoxic (lymphocytic infiltration, CD8+ cells, Tbet, and interferon-gamma) and antioxidant markers (nuclear erythroid factor-2 and glutathione peroxidase). I2 enhances the effectiveness of oCpp, making it a compelling candidate for a clinical protocol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chiral 1D tin iodides EBASnI3 were synthesized while incorporating enantiomerically pure and racemic ethylbenzylammonium (EBA) cations between the 1D shared inorganic corners. The dimensionality was reduced to 0D when replacing iodine with bromine. In all the cases, the presence of hydrogen bonds was observed between the organic part and the inorganic part, while transfer of chirality was evidenced for the EBASnI3 enantiomerically pure compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intercalation chemistry is pivotal in discovering the dimension-dependent properties of 2D materials and expanding their applications. Layered bismuth oxide with composition Bi 0.775 Ln 0.225 O 1.5 (Ln = La, Pr, Nd, Sm, and Eu) has been demonstrated to intercalate both aliphatic and aromatic amines, resulting in the unit cell expansion along the c -axis. Aliphatic amines were present in a vertical orientation, whereas aromatic amines preferred a horizontal orientation. The intercalated amine concentrations ranged from 0.15 to 0.54 mole per mole of the host. Among the chosen amines, ethylenediamine intercalation enhanced the c -axis of Bi 0.775 Pr 0.225 O 1.5 by 20 Å, justified by the high amounts of intercalant and intermolecular hydrogen bonding between them, resulting in a bilayer arrangement. The lamellar-plate-like morphology filled with intercalants and twinning collapse was noticed in the FESEM and SAED patterns after the intercalation process. The ethylenediamine intercalated Bi 0.775 Pr 0.225 O 1.5 was further evaluated for iodine adsorption from non-aqueous solutions through chemisorption following pseudo-second-order kinetics. The X-ray diffraction peaks after adsorption suggested bilayer to monolayer transformation aided by chemical alterations within the host's van der Waals gaps. The N–I vibration mode, observed in the FTIR spectrum of the iodine-adsorbed sample, further augmented the interaction between the two during adsorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Edible algae are a natural source of nutrients, including iodine, and can also contain nitrogen in the form of nitrate (NO3−) and nitrite (NO2−) as they can fix nitrogen from seawater. This study aimed to analyse the NO3−, NO2−, and iodine concentrations in eighteen macroalgae and five microalgae species commercially available in the United Kingdom. NO3− and NO2− concentrations were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and iodine was determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). NO3− and iodine concentrations in macroalgae (NO3−: 4050.13 ± 1925.01 mg/kg; iodine: 1925.01 ± 1455.80 mg/kg) were significantly higher than in microalgae species (NO3−: 55.73 ± 93.69 mg/kg; iodine: 17.61 ± 34.87 mg/kg; p < 0.001 for both). In the macroalgae group, nori had the highest NO3− (17,191.33 ± 980.89 mg/kg) and NO2− (3.64 ± 2.38 mg/kg) content, as well as the highest iodine content. Among microalgae, Dunaliella salina had the highest concentration of NO3− (223.00 ± 21.93 mg/kg) and iodine (79.97 ± 0.76 mg/kg), while Spirulina had the highest concentration of NO2− (7.02 ± 0.13 mg/kg). These results indicate that commercially available edible algae, particularly macroalgae species, could be a relevant dietary source of NO3− and iodine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiovascular diseases, which are the leading cause of death in Croatia, are linked to the high prevalence of hypertension. Both are associated with high salt intake, which was determined almost two decades ago when Croatian Action on Salt and Health (CRASH) was launched. The main objective of the present study was to evaluate salt, potassium, and iodine intake using a single 24 h urine sample in a random sample of the adult Croatian population and to analyse trends in salt consumption after the CRASH was intensively started. Methods: In this study, we analysed data on 1067 adult participants (mean age 57.12 (SD 13.9), men 35%). Results: Mean salt and potassium intakes were 8.6 g/day (IQR 6.2–11.2) and 2.8 g/day (IQR 2.1–3.5), respectively, with a sodium-to-potassium ratio of 2.6 (IQR 1.8–3.3). We detected a decrease of 17.6% (2 g/day less) in salt consumption compared with our previous salt-mapping study. However, only 13.7% and 8.9% met the WHO salt and potassium recommended targets of 5 g/day and 3.5 g/day, respectively. Salt intake was higher, and potassium ingestion was lower, in rural vs. urban regions and in continental vs. Mediterranean parts of Croatia. Moderate to severe iodine insufficiency was determined in only 3% of the adult participants. Conclusion: In the last fifteen years, salt consumption has been significantly reduced in the Croatian adult population because of the intensive and broad CRASH program. However, salt intake is still too high, and potassium ingestion is too low. Salt reduction programs are the most cost-effective methods of cardiovascular disease prevention and merit greater consideration by the government and health policy makers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long‐term operational stability remains a big challenge for perovskite solar cells (PSCs), especially under ISOS protocol with high temperature. One key reason lies in the iodine loss issue during PSCs aging. Motived by the reversible iodine‐alkenes reaction, 3‐butenylamine (BEA) based 2D perovskite (BEA)2[PbBr4] is used to construct a functionalized 2D/3D heterojunction in PSCs. (BEA)2[PbBr4] can chemically adsorb photo‐generated iodine species during perovskite degradation through a typical reaction between neutral iodine and terminal alkenes, thus inhibiting iodine loss or diffusion in PSCs. Besides, owing to the reversible reaction nature, these adsorbed iodine species can be partially released slowly under heat conditions, further reacting with and eliminating potential metallic Pb0 defects. The resulting PSCs exhibit a high efficiency of 24.5% with good operational stability even without encapsulation, retaining ≈94% of initial efficiency after MPP tracking for 2000 h at 65 °C with ISOS‐L‐2 protocol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Preoperative iodine therapy in toxic nodular goiter (TNG) is discouraged as iodine may cause aggravation of hyperthyroidism. We aimed to examine if a short course of iodine treatment is safe to administer in TNG. Methods: Patients with TNG (n=20) and subclinical to mild hyperthyroidism (free (f)T4 <30 pmol/L) without complicating illnesses were included in this pre-postintervention study at Karolinska University Hospital. All participants received Lugol's solution 5%, three oral drops thrice daily for 10 days. Heart rate, TSH, fT4, fT3 concentrations were collected before (day 0) and after treatment (day 10). Thyroid hormone concentrations were also measured at two time points during treatment to discover aggravations of hyperthyroidism. ThyPRO39se, a quality-of-life questionnaire, was filled out day 0 and day 10. Differences in heart rate, thyroid hormone concentrations, and quality-of-life before and after treatment were compared. Adverse reactions were reported. Results: The median age was 63.5 years. Female to male ratio 19:1. FT4 and fT3 concentrations decreased (both p<0.001), and TSH concentration increased (p<0.001) after 10 days of treatment. There was no difference in heart rate. No aggravations of thyrotoxicosis were noticed in any of the participants. ThyPRO39se scores improved on three scales, including hyperthyroid symptoms, while the remaining scale scores were unchanged. Mild and transient symptoms related to or possibly related to treatment were observed in six participants. Conclusion: A short course of Lugol's solution improved thyroid hormone concentrations, reduced patient-reported hyperthyroid symptoms and was safe in TNG. Lugol's solution might be an option for preoperative treatment in TNG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We herein describe a method in the synthesis of aryl ether derivatives from a cross‐coupling reaction of vinylidenecyclopropane‐diesters (VDCP‐diesters) with commercially available phenolic compounds for the formation of C−O bond under palladium catalysis and assisted by Sc(OTf)3/Cs2CO3. This developed transformation proceeds through a nucleophilic addition at the 2‐position of allenic moiety at 50 °C for 4.0 h and is compatible with substituents such as bromine, iodine and borate on the phenolic substrates via a zwitterionic π‐propargyl palladium species, affording the desired products in 29% to 95% isolated yields. A plausible reaction mechanism has been also proposed on the basis of control, deuterium labeling experiments and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current memory system is facing obstacles to improvement, and ReRAM is considered a powerful alternative. All‐inorganic α‐CsPbI3 perovskite‐based ReRAM working by electrochemical mechanism is reported, but the electrochemically active electrode raised difficulty in long‐term stable operation, and bulk α‐CsPbI3 device can not show resistive switching behavior with an inert metal top electrode. Herein, by making the α‐CsPbI3 into QDs and applying it to the device with inert Au as the top electrode, the devices working by valence change mechanism are successfully fabricated. The large surface‐to‐volume ratio made an abundant amount of iodine vacancies and facile migration of vacancies allowed the device to work by valence change mechanism. The devices show reliable electrical characteristics, 800 cycles endurance and retention for over 4 × 104 s, and air stability for 1 month. This work demonstrates that applying the QDs can improve the stability and enable a new type of working mechanism in ReRAM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1H NMR titration of 18-crown-6 with diphenyliodonium triflate and dibenziodolium triflate indicated that the acyclic iodine(III)-containing species has a higher binding constant value compared with the cyclic analogue. Formation of triple associates diphenyliodonium⋯18-crown-6⋯diphenyliodonium was observed in CD3CN. DFT calculations and QTAIM analysis indicated that the acyclic iodonium salt forms a higher number of interactions with the crown ether compared with the cyclic cation, which results in the formation of triple associates. The formation of dibenziodolium⋯18-crown-6⋯dibenziodolium triple associates turned out to be energetically unfavorable, which agrees with the experimentally obtained data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aqueous Zn–I2 batteries have considerable potential owing to their environmental friendliness and high safety. However, the slow iodine conversion kinetics and shuttle effect prevent their practical applicability. In this study, a series of Zn‐MOF‐74 rods with controllable diameters of 40–500 nm are facilely prepared, denoted as P1–P5. A size confinement strategy effect of Zn‐MOF‐74 derived porous carbon as iodine hosts is proposed to suppress the formation of undesirable iodine species, such as I3− and I5−. Moreover, the graphitization degree of porous carbon samples, including P2‐900, P2‐1000, and P2‐1100, play a critical effect on the iodine conversion kinetics. The P2‐1000 sample possesses a high conductive skeleton and abundant mesopores, which improve the adsorption ability toward iodine species. The electrochemical tests and the in situ technology reveal the size confinement strategy effect and the conversion mechanism of iodine. As a result, the I2@P2‐1000 cathode exhibits a superior discharge capacity of 179.9 mA h g−1 at 100 mA g−1 and exceptional long‐term cycle ability after 5000 cycles. Furthermore, the soft batteries and the flexible quasi‐solid‐state batteries are capable of powering devices, promising to exhibit tremendous adaptability and realize flexible electronic devices in various scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iron selenide (FeSe2), cobalt selenide (Co3Se4), and iron cobalt selenide (FeCo2Se4) have been synthesized via a two-step hydrothermal process. The formation of FeSe2, Co3Se4, and FeCo2Se4 has been proven by sample characterization to support their catalytic activity as the counter electrodes for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVdF-HFP)/propylene carbonate (PC)/1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME)/1-methyl-3-propyl imidazolium iodide (MPII)/sodium iodide (NaI)/iodine (I2) gel electrolytes were assembled into DSSCs with FeCo2Se4, FeSe2, Co3Se4, or platinum (Pt) as the counter electrode. The DSSC with FeCo2Se4 counter electrode shows an efficiency of 8.55%, whereas Pt counter electrode shows an efficiency of 7.06%. The highest performance of DSSC achieved with FeCo2Se4 can be attributed to its highest surface area and pore volume. Hence, FeCo2Se4 can be used as a Pt-free counter electrode for high-performance DSSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: With dairy products and fish being major sources of iodine in Switzerland, the growing popularity of plant-based alternatives may impact iodine nutrition. This study aimed to assess the iodine content in plant-based dairy and fish alternatives available in the Swiss market and compare them with conventional products. Methods: In 2022, a market survey was conducted in Zurich, Switzerland, to identify the plant-based dairy and fish alternatives available and assess their iodine content. To evaluate the impact of plant-based alternatives on iodine consumption in Switzerland, we modeled dietary scenarios by substituting the intake of dairy and fish items with plant-based alternatives. In addition, we investigated fortification with calcium, vitamins B2, B12, and D. Results: Out of 477 identified products, only four milk-alternative products were iodine fortified (median iodine concentration: 22.5 μg/100 ml). The median iodine concentration in unfortified plant-based alternatives was negligible compared to conventional dairy and fish products (milk: 0.21 vs 9.5 μg/100 ml; yogurt 0.36 vs 6.1 μg/100 g; cheese: 0.10 vs 20 μg/100 g; fish 0.50 vs 44 μg/100 g). Three portions of dairy per day as recommended by the Swiss Food Pyramid provide 25% of the RDA for iodine (150 μg/day), whereas substituting those with unfortified alternatives provides only 0.7% of the RDA. Conclusion: Only four out of 477 plant-based alternative products are iodine fortified in the Swiss market. Thus, the risk for consumers to miss out on the ca. 25% of the RDA for iodine by consuming plant-based alternatives is high, placing them at a risk for inadequate iodine intake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Fluoroscopic hysterosalpingography (HSG) with Lipiodol® is safe and has a therapeutic effect on fertility: transient in endometriosis‐related infertility and sustained in unexplained infertility. Ultrasound is replacing fluoroscopy as the preferred imaging modality for HSG due to comfort and radiation safety (no ionising radiation). The safety of ultrasound‐guided Lipiodol® HSG is uncertain. Aims: Prospectively observe pregnancy and complication rates after ultrasound‐guided Lipiodol® HSG. Materials and Methods: A single‐centre prospective study of women with unexplained infertility undergoing ultrasound‐guided Lipiodol® uterine bathing and tubal flushing after tubal patency confirmed with ExEm® Foam HyFoSy (hysterosalpingo‐foam‐sonography). Pregnancy outcomes at six months and serum and urinary thyroid function at one, three and eight weeks were recorded. Pain scores were recorded during and immediately after HSG. Descriptive statistics are reported. Results: Fifty‐two participants were enrolled between July 2019 and April 2021, median age 33 years (range 21–45). Only 45 (87%, 45/52) completed the Lipiodol® HSG; 5/7 experienced intravasation during initial HyFoSy. Of 30 women at follow‐up, 57% had biochemical (17/30, 95% CI 37%–75%), 53% clinical (16/30 95% CI 34%–72%) and 35% ongoing pregnancies (11/30, 95% CI 20%–56%). The rate of subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) at two months was 41% (7/17). One intravasation event occurred during Lipiodol® HSG (2%, 1/45). Median pain score was 5/10 (range 0–9, interquartile range 2.5–7). No anaphylaxis, infection or oil embolism was observed. Conclusion: Outpatient ultrasound‐guided Lipiodol® HSG was safe, with pregnancy rates comparable to previous studies of fluoroscopic guidance. Rates of intravasation and SCH were also similar, confirming the need to monitor thyroid function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, we report a regioselective cycloaddition strategy of N -aminopyridinium ylides with electron-deficient alkenes, in the presence of a hypervalent iodine reagent, PhI(OAc)2. A variety of multifunctionalized pyrazolo[1,5- a ]pyridine architectures were smoothly afforded by the reactions of pyridine-, quinoline-, and isoquinoline-based N -ylides with diverse alkenes with or without a halogen atom adjacent to the electron-withdrawing group (EWG) under facile conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seventeen new highly fluorinated phosphoramidates containing alkylamino moieties of the type (RFO)2P(O)NHR (R = CH2CH2CH3, (CH2)3CH3, (CH2)4-CH3, CH(CH3)2, C6H11, CH2CH2-C6H5, CH2-C6H5 or C6H5; RF = CH2CF3, CH2C2F5 or CH2CH2C6F13) were synthesized. These compounds were obtained through the reaction of primary amines with bis(polyfluoroalkyl)phosphites as phosphorylating agents, using molecular iodine as a mild catalyst and in the presence of H2O2.This method was chosen out of various literature common methods, which were thoroughly investigated using 31P NMR spectroscopy. In addition, the variation in reaction rates among different phosphites was studied and compared with previous research findings. The title phosphoramidates were fully characterized using multinuclear (1H,13C,31P, and 19F) NMR, IR, and HRMS techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Graves' disease (GD) is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism. Antithyroid drugs (ATDs) are the first-line treatment, but when discontinued, >50% of patients experience relapses. Conventional definitive treatment options include surgery and radioiodine therapy (RAI), each with its own disadvantages. Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) achieved promising short-term remission rates in a previous pilot study. The current study reports our experience of using RFA to treat relapsed GD in the largest cohort of patients with a longer follow-up period. Methods: This single-arm prospective study recruited consecutive patients aged ≥18 with persistent/relapsed GD requiring ATD from two tertiary endocrine surgery centers. Those with compressive goiter, suspected thyroid malignancy, moderate-to-severe Graves' ophthalmopathy, preference for surgery/RAI, or pregnancy were excluded. Eligible patients received ultrasound-guided RFA to the entire bulk of the thyroid gland. ATDs were discontinued afterward, and thyroid function tests were monitored bimonthly. The primary outcome was the disease remission rate at 24 months follow-up after single-session RFA, defined as being biochemically euthyroid or hypothyroid without ATD. Secondary outcomes were complication rates. Results: Of the 100 patients considered, 30 (30.0%) patients were eligible and received RFA. Most were female patients (93.3%). The median total thyroid volume was 23 mL (15.9–34.5). All completed 24 months follow-up. After single-session RFA, disease remission rates were 60.0% at 12 months and 56.7% at 24 months. Among the 13 patients with relapse after RFA, 9 (69%) required a lower ATD dose than before RFA; 2 received surgery without complications. Total thyroid volume was the only significant factor associated with relapse after RFA (odds ratio 1.054, confidence interval 1.012–1.099, p = 0.012). At 24 months, RFA led to disease remission in 100% of the 9 patients with a total thyroid volume <20 mL and 35% of patients with a total thyroid volume ≥20 mL (p = 0.007). There was no vocal cord palsy, skin burn, hematoma, or thyroid storm after RFA. Conclusions: In a highly selected group of patients with relapsed GD and predominantly small thyroid glands, single-session RFA may achieve disease remission. Smaller total thyroid volume may be a favorable factor associated with disease remission after RFA. The results of this study need to be confirmed with a long-term clinical trial. Clinical Trial Registration: This study is registered at www.clinicaltrial.gov with identifier NCT06418919. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractBoth insufficient and excessive iodine intake can lead to thyroid-related disorders. Although China has made progress in eliminating iodine deficiency over the past few decades, the incidence of thyroid cancer is increasing. Currently, there is a lack of relevant research on the tradeoff between the benefits and risks of salt iodization in China. In this study, we developed a method that combines the total probability algorithm and disease burden to evaluate the appropriate amount of salt iodization. Following the principle of minimizing the comprehensive disease burden and using the metabolic model of human iodine nutrition. Based on the average national iodine level in water, the optimal iodine content in Chinese salt is determined to be 17 mg/kg. However, iodine content in water is not evenly distributed in China. Approximately 3.23% of administrative villages have water iodine concentrations exceeding 80 ug/L, eliminating the need for iodine fortification in salt. Approximately 83.51% of administrative villages need to continue implementing the salt iodization policy, with the optimal iodine content in salt ranging from 15 to 18 mg/kg. In 13.16% of administrative villages, the iodine content in salt is determined based on the local water iodine concentration, ranging from 0 to 15 mg/kg. Our study cracks open a window of insight suggesting that the optimal iodine content for salt is lower than the existing benchmark dictated by the prevailing policy in China. Hence, there is an urgent need to refine and advance the iodine supplementation strategy in salt to pave the way for precision medicine and health-centric iodine supplementation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]