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In Georgia, the issue of education has always been a priority for the government of all times, with a focus on further development. In 2005, when Georgia joined the Bologna Process, significant reforms were made in the higher education system. Higher education programs are described in the European Credit Transfer System. Accordingly, the diploma supplement is approved following the rules developed in Europe. The paper examines the compatibility of the country's education system with the law, according to which the existing higher education institutions must comply with both internal and external quality assurance mechanisms. The external quality assurance system of Georgia consists of authorization and program accreditation, and external quality assurance is provided by LEPL National Center for Education Quality Development. The paper presents the ways and means of Georgia’s firm establishment in the European educational space and the contribution of the National Center for Quality Development in Education so that the quality of education received in Georgia fully meets national and international requirements.

Purpose: The aim of the current study is to determine the rate of job burnout and its effective factors amongst librarians of Ardabil public libraries. Methodology: The Maslach and Jackson burnout inventory were used to investigate the job burnout rate and its effective factors amongst all 51 public library employees (librarians and managers) from 5 public libraries in Ardabil. Descriptive and inferential statistical methods were used to analyze the data. Findings: Analysis of the data indicated that the rate of job burnout amongst the librarians of Ardabil public libraries for the two scales of frequency and intensity is at a low level. The rate of job burnout in terms of frequency and intensity in the aspects of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and Personal Accomplishment is at a low level too, but the rate of job burnout in the area of involvement is medium on the frequency scale and high on the intensity scale. Originality/Value: This is one of the first research studies that endeavor to review effective factors of job burnout amongst Librarians.

This paper has a main goal (a) to propose a scale for measuring hope and (b) to test the scale in a nomological literature context. A survey research was made looking for analyzing the scale proposed. A non-probabilistic and convenience sample was used, corresponding to a total of 226 business student who fulfilled the questionnaires. The adjustments of the structural equation modeling was not good, however a four factor structure was found, which is in agreement with the theory, rejecting the unidimensional feature. Thus, desire, hope, possibility and importance are the dimensions of the latent variable. The second conclusion is that, testing rival models, the best one was structure B, which has four dimensions.

El artículo tiene como objetivo realizar un acercamiento científico pedagógico a la problemática de la participación protagónica estudiantil en el contexto escolar, cuestión intrínseca a la pedagogía en las condiciones del socialismo y muy poco tratada en la literatura pedagógica cubana y extranjera. Se aborda la importancia de la actividad de estas organizaciones y de la participación de sus dirigentes en el proceso de dirección escolar, como elemento esencial de la formación sociopolítica de los escolares cubanos. Se argumenta la relación dialéctica existente entre la participación y el protagonismo a través de la sistematización teórica de ambos términos. Estos elementos se relacionan con un grupo de experiencias pedagógicas que sirven como antecedentes y referencia, enfatizando en la teoría y práctica pedagógica de A. S. Makarenko en la extinta Unión Soviética. ABSTRACT The paper presents a pedagogic and scientific approach to the problem of student’s participation in school management, a tenet of Marxist Pedagogic, which has been given little attention in domestic and foreign literature. It focuses on the significance of student’s organizations and its leaders, as an essential element of the political and social education. It refers to the dialectic link between participation and student leadership in the educational context. The experience of A. S. Makarenko, in the USSR was taken a reference point.

This study examines the effect that environmental complexity has on the level and equality of involvement by organizational members across a variety of industries. Chief executives and senior managers were surveyed to determine their perceptions of organizational member involvement in the holistic strategic process and strategy implementation. Arguments that firms match their strategic process with level of complexity, and that an alignment with the environment enhances performance were tested and supported. The sample of firms used for this study was from a variety of industries including food service. Specific implications of these findings are discussed for food service and hospitality firms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The strategic importance of human resources and their contribution to the effectiveness of business firms are receiving increasing recognition worldwide. In this study, I examine different approaches to human resource management (HRM) practices for business firms in different performance categories. Findings obtained from a study of 315 firms in Taiwan demonstrate that organizational performance is significantly related to the management of such human resource functions as planning, staffing, appraisal, compensation, and training and development. The results also indicate that successful firms are often those that adopt a highly effective approach to the management of their human resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper draws on the personal experiences of part of a research project where the original methodology was flawed and needed to change to properly encompass the lives and experiences of the people who the research was for, namely users of mental health services living in supported housing. The change in methodology involved a recognition that the research could not be termed 'value-free'; that researchers are not objective. It is argued that it was important to demonstrate that the information obtained in the research was 'valid', and that despite the subjective nature of the research, there are steps that can be taken to convince others that the information received is 'real'. It is further argued that the traditional approach to research of separating theory (or knowledge) from practice was not only inappropriate in this sort of research, but is a false notion in any sort of action research that aims to promote change. The importance of the influence and power of service providers in action research is recognised, as well as the constraints placed on short-term funded projects. It was important for the methodology to be non-oppressive so that researchers adopted an open and honest approach and for researchers to become involved with the research participants. The implications of this 'involvement' are discussed. There is a concluding discussion about whether non-users of mental health services can be considered as allies in research. It is argued that all oppressed groups need their allies and if the research is led by basic human values, then working alongside people who depend on services can lead emancipatory outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the development of the concept of psychological presence at work. It focuses on what it means to be fully present as a person occupying a particular organizational role so that one's thoughts, feelings, and beliefs are accessible within the context of role performances. It defines and illustrates four dimensions of psychological presence: people feel and are attentive, connected, integrated, and focused in their role performances. These dimensions collectively define what it means for people to be alive there in the fullest sense, accessible in the given work role. The result is a personal accessibility to work--in terms of contributing ideas and effort; others--in terms of being open and empathetic; and one's self--in terms of growth and learning. Such presence is manifested as personally engaged behaviors. Personally engaging behaviors involve the channeling of personal energies into physical, cognitive, and emotional labors. Psychological presence has been defined here as the experiential state that accompanies such personally engaging behaviors. It is from the stance of being fully present that organization members are able to place themselves so fully into their task performances.