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Copyright of Revista Gestão & Tecnologia is the property of Revista Gestao & Tecnologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Venture capital is one of the new methods of financing, the operating mechanism of which is done in the form of a “venture capital fund”. The subject of this method of financing is investing in assets based on innovative ideas and financing investable companies. The necessity of explaining the nature of this financial institution is important because understanding the rulings and their effects is influenced by knowing its nature. Meanwhile, looking at the systems ahead in this field can pave the way for the internal legal system. To this end, the present study, with an approach to the British legal system as one of the pioneers in this field, has investigated the nature of a venture capital fund. Recruiting an analytical-descriptive design, findings revealed that the nature of the financial institute is in the comparative dimension of the type of partnership- in contrast to other common organizations and business structures in that country- and among the types of partnerships, it also falls into the category of limited partnerships; however, from the domestic law perspective, it is one of the examples of non-commercial for-profit organizations and institutes.

Copyright of Journal of Economic Administrative & Legal Sciences is the property of Arab Journal of Sciences & Research Publishing (AJSRP) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The capital market development in a national economy has an important influence on its economic growth and development and how successfully it will follow the economic trends on a world level. Especially important segment for encouraging the capital market development is the emergence of the investment funds. In the developed market systems, the investment funds are dominant by their participation in the financial system due to the risk diversification, the working transparency, the liquidity and the possibility to invest smaller amount of funds. In the developing countries, as it is a case with Republic of North Macedonia, the investment funds have existed for several years and they are at the beginning of their development. The legal framework establishment and the possibility for forming these kinds of collective investors which will enrich the financial market, and which has already been a world practice, have not brought significant changes in the financial system. The insufficient maturity of the capital market, the weak economic base, the limited competition and the closed market towards other countries, as well the fear of investing in something unknown significantly made the conditions for progress difficult. This research aim is through method of analysis to determine the real situation and the limiting factors, and the possibilities and the necessity for the investment funds development in RN Macedonia towards the economic development advancement.

The purpose of the article/hypothesis: The main purpose of the article is to compare and evaluate the conditions of unit-linked life insurances offered by three selected insurance companies. The result of the analysis will allow to determine which of the compared insurance offers is the most beneficial for the policyholder. The following research hypothesis was formulated: the insurer specializing in the sale of unit-linked life insurance offers the potential policyholder the most beneficial terms in comparison to the majority of the analyzed insurance. Methodology: In the article the following methods were used: a review of unit-linked life insurance offers and a comparative analysis using indicators used to measure the risk level and efficiency of investment funds. Results of the research: Conducting a comparative analysis enabled to positively verify the research hypothesis. The Plan na Przyszłość+ insurance offered by Aegon Życie SA, the insurer whose majority of life insurance is unit-linked life insurance, is substantially the most beneficial. It is the most important advantages are the widest scope of insurance, the guarantee of the payment of a fixed sum insured, insignificant amount of fees, as well as a low level of risk and the highest efficiency of the investment fund associated with the insurance.

The capital market development in a national economy has an important influence on its economic growth and development and how successfully it will follow the economic trends on a world level. Especially important segment for encouraging the capital market development is the emergence of the investment funds. In the developed market systems, the investment funds are dominant by their participation in the financial system due to the risk diversification, the working transparency, the liquidity and the possibility to invest smaller amount of funds. In the developing countries, as it is a case with Republic of North Macedonia, the investment funds have existed for several years and they are at the beginning of their development. The legal framework establishment and the possibility for forming these kinds of collective investors which will enrich the financial market, and which has already been a world practice, have not brought significant changes in the financial system. The insufficient maturity of the capital market, the weak economic base, the limited competition and the closed market towards other countries, as well the fear of investing in something unknown significantly made the conditions for progress difficult. This research aim is through method of analysis to determine the real situation and the limiting factors, and the possibilities and the necessity for the investment funds development in RN Macedonia towards the economic development advancement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores liquidity management practices in Czech open-ended bond and equity funds. I reconstruct cash flows stemming from investors and securities, and cash flows related to purchases and sales in portfolios and margin calls to study liquidity transformation and liquidity management in investment funds. I study how portfolio illiquidity and current market conditions influence the joint behavior between investor redemptions and funds' liquidity management. I point to a strong propensity to reduce the liquid buffers rather than sales of securities to meet redemptions in bond funds. The propensity increases with portfolio illiquidity. I show equity funds historically tended to dash for cash in response to investor redemptions during a severe market turmoil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the publication is to closer define the essence, role and peculiarities of investment funds and companies. The analysis of researches on the subject of the article identified the lack of clearness concerning the issues of essential differences between the investment fund and the company. The article considers the definition of the studied concepts according to dictionaries and practical examples of the operating investment companies and funds. The peculiarities of the latter and types of specialization of investment funds are specified. There is a fundamental difference between these economic entities, which is that the investment company is a commercial organization with minimal restrictions and maximum freedoms for the implementation of investment and related activities for profit. An investment fund is either a specialized part of such a company or is a public institution with the presence of restrictions that are stipulated by the policy of its founders. It is proved that an investment company can often be both a holding company with a wide range of related activities, harmoniously combined with investment: insurance, consulting, brokerage, banking, credit and depository activities, accounting, etc. In some countries, legal restrictions do not allow a successful combination of investment and other activities, for example, insurance. It is determined that the evolution of investment activities in the global stock market causes a gradual loss of competitiveness of mutual investment funds. Instead, ETF funds have long taken their place. In the global financial market there is a limited number of investment companies – founders of major ETF funds with a significant level of competitiveness, which makes problematic and (or) inappropriate entry into the market of new funds. In addition to accumulating temporarily free funds and professional management of investment resources, the important role of investment companies and funds is the formation of the infrastructure of complementary pension provision.

We develop several innovations to bring the best practices of traditional investment funds to the blockchain landscape. Specifically, we illustrate how: (1) fund prices can be updated regularly like mutual funds; (2) performance fees can be charged like hedge funds; (3) mutually hedged blockchain investment funds can operate with investor protection schemes, such as high water marks; and (4) measures to offset trading related slippage costs when redemptions happen. Using our concepts – and blockchain technology – traditional funds can calculate performance fees in a simplified manner and alleviate several operational issues. Blockchain can solve many problems for traditional finance, while tried and tested wealth management techniques can benefit decentralization, speeding its adoption. We provide detailed steps – including mathematical formulations and instructive pointers – to implement these ideas and discuss how our designs overcome several blockchain bottlenecks, making smart contracts smarter. We provide numerical illustrations of several scenarios related to our mechanisms. • Innovations to bring the best practices of traditional funds to blockchain. • Update fund prices, charge performance fees and incorporate investor protection. • Detailed steps to implement these ideas as blockchain smart contracts. • Highlight main issues with the operation of mutual funds and hedge funds. • Discussion of how blockchain technology can alleviate those concerns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Private equity (PE) stands out significantly in the world as one of the main development tools of the capital market in emerging economies and alternative sources of finance for companies. Particularly, the increase in fund value and continuous returns are objects of intense study in Brazil. The paper aims to find determinants to Brazilian private equity returns, regarding three relevant variables funds characteristics and GDP to a macroeconomic view. A sample of 1,112 PE funds registered at the Brazilian Securities and Exchange Commission (CVM) was used and analyzed by three main variables: period of establishment, equity size, and exclusivity as possible determinants of funds’ performance using multiple regression model and fourth variable GDP is applied as a descriptive variable. The results indicate that older funds had a return premium of 1.5% monthly over young funds, smaller funds had a return premium of 1.4% over larger funds, and exclusivity does not influence the funds’ performance. Thus, the paper provides a basis for the relevant factors that an investor should verify in Brazil’s private equity fund before allocating the resources.

Copyright of Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny (0035-9629) is the property of Adam Mickiewicz University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Basic Education College Magazine For Educational & Humanities Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of this work is to substantiate the principles of financial stability of investment funds, which are inverse (opposite) to the principles of creating financial pyramids. The elements of scientific novelty include the specification of the peculiarities of compliance with the principles of financial stability of investment funds in modern conditions in Ukraine. An investment fund is also a kind of financial pyramid, but it can be created on the basis of the principles of stability, which are the opposite of the rules of existence of fraudulent financial pyramids. The such principles are defined as: dominance of assets over liabilities and minimization of overhead costs (including advertising); income from assets must exceed the value of liabilities; use of financial leverage or formation of assets according to a certain rule, which cannot be achieved by an individual investor; transparency and controlThe economic reasons for the existence of investment funds are considered, and the reasons for the success of individual financial institutions, which are essentially the relevant funds: Vanguard S&P 500 ETF and Berkshire Hathaway, are analyzed. The structure of the balance sheet of the investment fund is determined, which allows to adhere to certain principles of financial stability and use financial leverage. It is specified that an individual investor (individual) cannot use financial leverage for investment activities in the stock market, as it cannot issue bonds. The use of borrowed funds (broker or bank loans) allows an individual investor to make only short-term speculations that are very risky. At best, the average individual investor will only succeed in reaching the level of the S&P 500 stock index, while the investment fund will be able to exceed this index through the use of financial leverage.

The purpose of this study is to define the content of the category “venture investment”, and to establish the relationship between the concepts of “venture investment” and “venture capital”, to analyze the state of venture investment in Ukraine and determine its role in innovative development of the economy, to systematize international experience consider the possibility of its adaptation in Ukraine. Object of research: venture capital in the system of financing innovation processes in the modern economy. The methodological basis of the study is a set of general scientific and special methods of cognition. Methods of analysis and synthesis, generalization and scientific abstraction were used in the formation of the conceptual and categorical apparatus. The analysis of approaches to understanding the essence of venture investment, its components was carried out using dialectical and systemic-structural methods. The application of the historical and logical method, induction and deduction made it possible to study the genesis of the theory of economics and enterprise management, the factors of the strategy of development of venture investment of business entities. Within the framework of the study of the current state of venture investment, calculation and analytical methods of observation, measurement, analysis and comparison are used. Conclusions. Based on the above study, we can assume that venture capital is a combination of financial, human and intellectual resources, which with a high level of risk is invested in the development and implementation of high-tech products of companies that are in their infancy and initial development and are not listed on the stock market and in case of success brings its owner a profit that is much higher than the industry average. Despite the riskiness of investments, venture investments have a number of attractive prospects and advantages. As world experience shows, venture-backed companies are better prepared to innovate, grow faster and create more jobs in the future.

The purpose of the article/hypothesis: The main purpose of the article is to compare and evaluate the conditions of unit-linked life insurances offered by three selected insurance companies. The result of the analysis will allow to determine which of the compared insurance offers is the most beneficial for the policyholder. The following research hypothesis was formulated: the insurer specializing in the sale of unit-linked life insurance offers the potential policyholder the most beneficial terms in comparison to the majority of the analyzed insurance. Methodology: In the article the following methods were used: a review of unit-linked life insurance offers and a comparative analysis using indicators used to measure the risk level and efficiency of investment funds. Results of the research: Conducting a comparative analysis enabled to positively verify the research hypothesis. The Plan na Przyszłość+ insurance offered by Aegon Życie SA, the insurer whose majority of life insurance is unit-linked life insurance, is substantially the most beneficial. It is the most important advantages are the widest scope of insurance, the guarantee of the payment of a fixed sum insured, insignificant amount of fees, as well as a low level of risk and the highest efficiency of the investment fund associated with the insurance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Contemporary Economy / Wspolczesna Gospodarka is the property of University of Gdansk, Seaborne Trade & Maritime Transport Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

It is determined that in investment processes, each percentage of returns is important. The hypothesis was considered that active management of the stock portfolio through intensive trading is a potential way of significantly improving the level of efficiency of investments in the stock market. The purpose of the work was to study the feasibility of using trading to increase the profitability of the securities portfolio and, in particular, for institutional investors. Trading of shares (intensive purchase and sale) is considered as a factor in increasing the profitability of investments in shares. The shortcomings of the intensification of trading are specified, which consists in an increase in taxes, brokerage commissions and lost profits due to the expectation of a better date for entering the transaction. As a research method, modeling based on the data of a three-year period of dynamics of Microsoft shares and hypothetical companies was used. The corresponding modeling made it possible to draw the following conclusions: the increase in trading intensity does not guarantee an increase in the level of investment efficiency; the increase in trading intensity leads to an increase in the tax burden and risk level, which ultimately neutralizes efforts on intensive trading. Investment funds which are actively managed and use intensive trading in activities do not have a significant advantage over funds that have passive management. The basis of the efficiency of investment funds is the minimization of overhead costs, including by minimizing taxes due to the reduction of the level of trading intensity to zero. It is important to preenvisage promising shares for purchase, and keep them in their own portfolio for a long period of time with a minimum level of portfolio balancing intensity. Rebalancing the stock portfolio on the principle of profit fixing leads to an increase in tax payments and neutralizes capital growth opportunities due to the sale of shares with high growth potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Article is devoted to features of investment policy in the conditions o fstate-private partnership.

Copyright of Studies of Socio-Economics & Humanities / Socioekonomické a Humanitní Studie is the property of College of Banking, Banking Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article describes shares and securities with indices trade on the stock exchange in Frankfurt, the biggest and professional trade site of the regulated stock exchange in Europe. The author investigates key indicators and parameters on the leading electronic trade platform ETF, which provides more effective results from the point of view of setting standards of securities trade. Conventional criteria of effectiveness are higher liquidity, transparency, flexibility, independence on location, wide diversification, low costs on max low price. Apart from that the article showed types of investment strategies, which are used successfully on the Frankfurt stock exchange. The article has scientifically practical character from the point of view of stock exchange regulation and due to it the German stock exchange takes the leading position.

Copyright of Revista Mackenzie de Engenharia e Computação is the property of Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, Revista Mackenzie de Engenharia e Computacao and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This contribution deals with the implementation of Directive 2011/61/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 8 June 2011 on Alternative Investment Fund Managers and amending Directives 2003/41/EC and 2009/65/EC and Regulations (EC) No 1060/2009 and (EU) No 1095/2010 into Czech legal system. The main aim of the contribution is to confirm or disprove the hypothesis that entity in Section 15 of Act no. 240/2013 Coll, on Investment Companies and Investment Funds, as amended, is an alternative fund according to the Directive 2011/61/EU and that Directive 2011/61/EU was not transposed in Czech Republic properly. Author used to confirm or disprove above mentioned hypothesis scientific methods, especially comparison, induction and deduction. This contribution also looks at the Directive 2011/61/EU evaluation of its effectiveness and possible development of regulation in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper gives an overview of the recent developments in liquidity risk management for investment funds through the example of measures applicable to funds domiciled in Luxembourg. The paper first outlines the current context regarding risk management, with a focus on liquidity risk management. It then presents risk-management requirements to the undertakings for collective investment in transferable securities (UCITS) and alternative funds. Next, the paper discusses liquidity risk management with consideration of its legal definition and management practices and the need to address such risks at each stage of the life of the fund (design stage, postlaunch stage and stress testing through the funds' activity). This study is based on the frame set by EU (European Union) law provisions, such as the UCITS Directive or The Alternative Investment Fund Managers Directive, and national Luxembourg legislation, including Luxembourg's regulatory implementation of international standards such as The International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO) Recommendations on liquidity risk management. This paper further outlines the important role of the Luxembourg regulator, the Commission de Surveillance du Secteur Financier (the CSSF), which has been proactively developing at a very early stage a strong administrative practice to ensure that liquidity risk-management processes meet the required standards in order to promote a sound and prudent fund financial situation. Therefore, the authors recommend strongly that the risk-management system of each relevant market player be checked for compatibility with the IOSCO recommendations and, where appropriate, with the CSSF Circular 19/733. They also stress the importance of adequate stress testing on risks related to liquidity to prepare for volatile times such as the current situation with the global pandemic coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Issuing sukuk is an important step in developing Islamic capital market in Iran. Since the start of issuing sukuk, different types of sukuk including musharakah, ijarah, murabaha, parallel salaf, and istisna have been issued. A comparison of statistics and data related to issuing sukuk in Iran and other Islamic countries shows that the volume of sukuk in Iran is much smaller than that in other Islamic countries. We need, therefore, to identify the problems and challenges of sukuk market in Iran and present operational solutions to develop this market. The pathological study of the Islamic sukuk has shown that one of the serious challenges in its development is related to guarantee principle and return of issued sukuk. In this research, we present an initiative solution for guaranteeing Islamic sukuk which can help opening the door for small and medium entrepreneurships and corporations with different levels of credit risk to enter the Islamic sukuk market resulting in its expansion and persistence. Sukuk guarantee fund is a mechanism based on mutual participation of fund members who are originators of issuing sukuk. In this research, we try to identify and analyze important components in designing sukuk guarantee fund, so we discuss components like managerial and ownership structure, mobilization of resources, investment strategies, and default risk coverage through sukuk guarantee fund.

The paper is based on the proceedings of the International Conference ‘Business and Management 2006’. The problems of investment fund portfolio selection are discussed further and deeper, though the problem solved differs by covered period, selected stocks, and the principles of stock selection. The research scheme is supplemented with a new step, now the stocks are selected not accidentally as in previous study, but are classified and categorized according to certain variables. Asset management is of the strategic importance for investment funds industry. By allocating savings to productive investment the asset management industry is the key for the overall functioning and development of the Lithuanian economy. Financial innovations, changes in investors’ needs and preferences, and industry restructuring are transforming financial markets. In the investment funds industry the main driver of change is product engineering. The paper presents investment fund portfolio selection strategy and the results of its application, seeking for maximal gain in the Lithuanian capital market according to the scheme of weekly portfolio rebalancing. The strategy has been applied to stocks of Vilnius Stock Exchange.

Copyright of Studia z Zakresu Nauk Prawnoustrojowych. Miscellanea is the property of Kujawy & Pomorze University in Bydgoszcz and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zeszyty Studenckie Wydzialu Ekonomicznego Uniwersytetu Gdanskiego "Nasze Studia" is the property of Fundacja Rozwoju Uniwersytetu Gdanskiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Our work is, in practice, a case study, in which we want to create a model of how the best stratigraphic measures (strategic alternatives) must be chosen and finally, the best one used, that is, to base the strategic choice, for apply it to a more demanding corporation, through its field of activity and through its objectives, regarding investments. After all, without any reservation, an investment fund is a strategic institution that has the ability, through the effects of its activity, to change destinies, to develop investments, to make a substantial contribution to the development of national wealth and the prosperity of many entities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Collective investment is practiced widely in the world, since considerable funds may be accumulated in this way, the risks being born by all the investors. In Russia, there are certain problems that do not make it possible to properly use the collective investment’s potential. The problems are described in detail and on basis of this analysis it is shown how current difficulties in the finance sphere could be overcome. Solution of performance problems faced by collective investment institutions in Russia depends both on the ways venture companies develop themselves and the rate market environment regulation mechanism is updated by the state.

Motivation: Securitisation investment funds are considered as the most suitable vehicle for the process of securitisation. The paper refers to the issue of establishing, functioning and development of securitisation investment funds in Poland, which are special type of closed-end investment funds managed by investment fund companies (IFC).Aim: The aim of the paper is an appraisal of the securitisation investment funds market in Poland with a special attention paid to its evolution and prospects of development. In the paper a securitisation investment fund was presented as a one of the type of investment funds in Poland based on the Polish legislation. We enclose the results of the survey conducted in Poland amongst the mentioned funds and present the appraisal of major stimulants and barriers of development of securitisation and securitisation investment funds market.Results: Upon the research we find that despite low level of using of securitisation in the past its perspectives of development are appraised positively by IFCs. Majority of questioned IFCs indicate existence of particular barriers for development of securitisation in Poland. According to IFCs with and without securitisation investment funds, the most problematic areas are: lack of proper regulations and high complexity of the securitisation itself. From the point of view of investment funds industry securitisation is evaluated as of average interest despite funds are leading in development of the considered financial technique in Poland.