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Arms transfers result from economic and political motives, with the latter often dominating the former. While this is accepted knowledge for the post‐World War II period, it seems not to apply earlier. Much existing research argues that in the interwar years, weapons were traded as purely commercial goods because governments had neither the ability nor willingness to control and direct arms transfers. We reassess this idea and argue that, while formal control was largely absent, governments could steer weapons shipments nonetheless because arms producers depended on them as main customers, sales agents, and financiers of their export business. Anecdotal evidence suggests that governments actively used this influence. To test whether interwar arms transfers were the result of political or commercial interests, we use newly collected, historical data on the small arms trade and inferential network analysis methods. Our results suggest that although economic drivers existed throughout the interwar period, political considerations were especially influential when international relations were hostile at the start and end of the period. This research contributes to our understanding of international economic relations between the world wars and of the drivers of arms transfers across time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article offers a view of the as yet unexplored aspect of British-Czechoslovak relations in the interwar period. It focuses on the way in which the land reform was carried out on the estates of British subjects located in Czechoslovakia. Attention is paid both to the diplomatic aspect of the problem as well as the analysis of the way the reform was applied. The author poses the question to what degree did the reform impact the bilateral relations of both countries. Meanwhile, he builds on the fact that the United Kingdom, a key ally of Czechoslovakia in the Great War, had an adequately strong position in Prague in order to request an accommodating course of the reform for its citizens. The author answers the question whether this was actually the case. He finally comes to the conclusion that Czechoslovak authorities had an interest in carrying out the reform as amicably as possible; however, they were not willing to completely leave British subjects out of it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the establishment of banking supervision in Italy and its operation between 1926 and 1936, using a narrative approach based on previously classified documents from the Bank of Italy's Historical Archives. This case is particularly interesting from the international perspective, Italy having been the first European country to assign substantial supervision to its central bank, a few years before the 1929 crisis. Notwithstanding insufficient regulation and a light touch concerning the four major mixed banks, we document considerable enforcement of the law, which went beyond the initial provisions, thanks to the rather proactive supervisory approach adopted by the Bank of Italy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Pravnik is the property of Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of State & Law and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The category of psychopathy has a long history, and its meaning has undergone a notable evolution since its conception in the 19th century. The history of psychopathy has been concentrating mainly on English- and German-speaking psychopathology. This article investigates definitions of psychopathy, its classification, and social issues associated with this category in Polish psychiatry in the interwar period. Polish definitions of psychopathy were influenced predominantly by Ernst Kretschmer's constitutional theory as well as by Eugen Kahn's, William Stern's, and Kurt Schneider's ideas. The term was generally understood as a borderline category denoting states between health and mental illness. As those states could manifest differently, it was thought to be many psychopathies. Two Polish psychiatrists, Maurycy Bornsztajn and Jakub Frostig, presented comprehensive classifications of psychopathies. Social issues associated with the category of psychopathy concentrated on three topics: psychopathy in children as a problem of the prevention of mental disorders; psychopathy as a problem of the justice system, the penitentiary, and military systems; and psychopathy as an issue of eugenics and social usefulness. Polish psychiatrists highlighted the need for the development of national institutions for the care of psychopathic children. Issues of accountability and insanity of psychopaths from the point of view of forensic psychiatry were also discussed. In conclusion, psychopathy in interwar Polish psychiatry was not just one of the personality disorders—it denoted the whole spectrum of characterological disturbances; thus, it rather corresponds to the modern category of personality disorders than to the contemporary understanding of psychopathy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has still been too little detailed work on the protectionism that emerged in the wake of the Great Depression. In this paper we explore the experiences of two countries that have been largely neglected in the literature, the Netherlands and Netherlands East Indies (NEI). How did these traditionally free‐trading economies respond to the Depression? We construct a detailed product‐level database of tariff and non‐tariff barriers to trade on the basis of primary sources. While ad valorem tariff increases in the Netherlands were largely due to deflation, the country protected agriculture and textiles in a number of ways. Once quotas are taken into account, trade restrictiveness indices suggest that protection in the Netherlands and NEI was comparable to protection in the UK and India, respectively. The NEI quota system was largely geared to protecting Dutch exporters, and succeeded in doing so, but the reverse was not true. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The text explores the views of the Czech immigrant community in the US on the 1929 New York Stock Exchange crash through Czech newspapers from Chicago, Nebraska, and Texas, using a comparative approach to analyse the publications.

This research aimed to analyse the evolution of the Eforie Sud resort, recognized as the first balneoclimatic resort in Romania, from its apex in the interwar period to its current state. It focused on how urban development initiatives and planning decisions have influenced the resort's profile and functionality, transforming it from a tourist landmark into an urban landscape marked by degradation and a lack of coherence in planning. The methodology applied included the analysis of historical, cartographic, and archival documents, alongside direct field observations to identify and evaluate the architectural, urbanistic, and landscape characteristics. The analysis accentuates that Eforie Sud saw its period of glory during the interwar years. However, it also highlights a significant loss of quality and coherence in the urban space due to recent planning efforts. The results emphasized the transformations undergone by Eforie Sud from multiple perspectives and how private initiatives and state interventions have physically and culturally shaped the resort. A tendency towards the loss of architectural and urbanistic identity was noted, exacerbated by recent uninspired planning decisions. Through this approach, the study contributes to the literature on planning balneary resorts and the broader debate on the conservation and regeneration of historical urban spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores how relations of both domination and resistance have been involved in the constitution of international hierarchies. Focusing on events arising from the Persian government's 1932 cancellation of the D'Arcy oil concession, it argues that while Western-dominated international hierarchies have proved resilient, some aspects of these hierarchical relationships have been altered by episodes of resistance such as the one under examination in this article. The case study has been chosen because of its ability to highlight the interwar years as an important period of transition to a new world order, as well as the significance of Persia as one of the few non-Western countries that remained uncolonised at that time. The article revisits detailed historical documents from the BP Archives and the National Archives to show how the events of the 1930s oil dispute contributed to the emergence of shifts in the material, legal, and social hierarchies of the interwar period, while nevertheless reinforcing the existence of hierarchies overall. It shows how multilateral diplomacy replaced overt military intimidation, the framework of international law broadened, and peripheral countries found strength in numbers. Finally, the article considers the longer-term resilience of the hierarchical international system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper further explores the development of psychotherapy in Polish psychiatry in the interwar period. Jaroszyński attempted to sketch out the idea of "emotional psychotherapy". Stryjeński organized a counseling clinic for the mentally ill, using psychotherapy as one of the means of treatment. Bilikiewicz developed oneiroanalysis - a psychotherapeutic method of dream analysis based on modifications of psychoanalysis. Gottliebowa advocated for the use of psychoanalytically influenced psychotherapy in the gynaecologist practice. Markuszewicz considered psychoanalysis the only psychotherapeutic modality aimed at unearthing the real causes of mental illnesses. Henryk Higier proposed to consider psychoanalysis practically as a method of psychotherapy and saw its heterogeneity as its advantage. Critical views on psychoanalysis as a psychotherapeutic method were delivered by Wirszubski and Mikulski. In general, psychotherapy in Polish psychiatry of the interwar period was highly influenced by psychoanalysis. Moreover, the understanding and practice of psychotherapy in public psychiatric facilities differed from that in private practice. In public psychiatric facilities, it was used mainly to deal with psychoses, so it urged clinicians to modify the classic psychoanalytic approach. In private practice, psychiatrists were dealing mainly with cases of neuroses and therefore could apply standard psychoanalytic procedures. Methods of suggestion, persuasion and hypnosis, characteristic of nineteenth-century psychotherapy, were still in use in Polish psychiatry of the interwar period. The main obstacles to the development of Polish psychotherapy in the interwar period were antisemitic attitudes contributing to hostility towards psychoanalysis, as well as the biological orientation of the majority of the Polish psychiatric society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper explores the development of psychotherapy in Polish psychiatry in the interwar period from the perspective of Kurt Danziger's historical psychology. Firstly, the organizational and social context of the development of Polish psychiatric care in the interwar period and its impact on the development of psychotherapy is outlined. Then, the most influential in Poland, European psychotherapeutic developments in the interwar period are reconstructed. Finally, the views of psychiatric personnel of three psychiatric facilities proposing psychotherapy as one of the main means of treatment of mentally ill patients are introduced: Dziekanka Psychiatric Hospital, the Jewish Hospital in Warsaw and Psychiatry and Neuropathology Clinic of the Jagiellonian University in Krakow. Psychiatric personnel from Dziekanka Psychiatric Hospital, directed by Aleksander Piotrowski, understood psychotherapy broadly, as the influence of the environment on the patient's psyche. Psychiatrists of the Jewish Hospital in Warsaw, Adam Wizel, Gustaw Bychowski, Władysław Matecki, and Maurycy Bornsztajn developed psychoanalytically influenced psychotherapy of schizophrenia. Bychowski also advocated for the application of psychotherapy in such neglected groups of patients as children and the intellectually disabled. Jan Piltz and Eugeniusz Artwiński pursued psychotherapy in the treatment of war neuroses at the Psychiatry and Neuropathology Clinic of the Jagiellonian University. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article summarizes the contribution of national-democratic, conservative and nationalist thinkers to the restoration of Ukrainian statehood based on the analysis of ideological and worldview doctrines of representatives of Ukrainian political and legal thought of the interwar period. The forms and methods of struggle, which are the basis of the state concepts created by them, are summarized. It was established that the defeat in the national liberation struggle of the Ukrainian people at the beginning of the 20th century led to the transformation of the worldview of many Ukrainian scientists and politicians, who, despite ideological differences, had a common strategic goal - the need to restore and establish a sovereign, independent Ukrainian state. The study of the intellectual heritage of the leading representatives of Ukrainian political and legal thought gave reason to conclude that the failure of Ukrainians to form an independent state was largely connected with the weakness of the national consciousness of the people and the insufficient ideological and political maturity of its leaders. In view of this, Ukrainian political and legal thought was aimed at strengthening the national self-identification of Ukrainians and their awareness of their political interests. It is argued that the scientific approach to substantiating the idea of national-state independence of Ukraine was initiated by Stanislav Dnistryanskyi, one of the founders of Ukrainian political and legal thought of the national-democratic direction. It is characterized (according to Volodymyr Starosolskyi) that the struggle for one’s own (national) state is a historically political factor in the formation of a nation. It is emphasized that disappointment in the ineffectiveness of the republican-democratic methods of organizing power prompted V. Lipinsky and other representatives of conservative opinion to search for more adequate forms of state organization. It is shown that in the interwar period for the Ukrainians of Galicia, nationalist ideology was especially important, which had a powerful influence on the formation of the Ukrainian nation as a self-aware, social, cultural, legal and political community and was a prerequisite for the creation of its own sovereign and independent state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Henri Focillon and George Oprescu are both acknowledged as significant art historians and critics. Despite the importance and scope of their roles as museum curators and directors, research into their work, especially that of Oprescu, is still underdeveloped. Focillon served as the head of the Lyon Museums in France for eleven years (1913–1924), while Oprescu directed the Toma Stelian Art Museum in Bucharest for eighteen years (1931–1949). Rooted in their lesser-known personal and professional relationship, primarily discussed in Romanian historiography, this article undertakes a comparative analysis of their respective work in the sphere of museology. The focus is on highlighting Focillon's discernible influence on Oprescu's conception as a museum director and, by extension, on the art museum practice in Romania. The analysis is situated within the broader context of the cultural diplomacy and cooperation fostered by the League of Nations during the interwar period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on analysing the heights of 10,953 Korean men aged 20 to 40 years who were measured during the Joseon dynasty, the Japanese colonialisation period, and the contemporary period, the latter including both North and South Korea. This study thus provides rare long-term statistical evidence on how biological living standards have developed over several centuries, encompassing Confucianism, colonialism, capitalism, and communism. Using error bar analysis of heights for each historical sample period, this study confirms that heights rose as economic performance improved. For instance, economically poorer North Koreans were expectedly shorter, by about 6 cm, than their peers living in the developed South. Similarly, premodern inhabitants of present-day South Korea, who produced a gross domestic product (GDP) per capita below the world average, were about 4 cm shorter than contemporary South Koreans, who have a mean income above the world average. Along similar lines, North Koreans, who have a GDP per capita akin to that of the premodern Joseon dynasty, have not improved much in height. On the contrary, mean heights of North Koreans were even slightly below (by about 2.4 cm) heights of Joseon dynasty Koreans. All in all, the heights follow a U-shaped pattern across time, wherein heights were lowest during the colonial era. Heights bounced back to Joseon dynasty levels during the interwar period, a time period where South Korea benefitted from international aid, only to rise again and surpass even premodern levels under South Korea's flourishing market economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the role and significance of Czechoslovak investments in Yugoslavia during the interwar period. Drawing upon published literature and archival sources, the study analyzes the extent of Czechoslovak capital involvement in various sectors of the Yugoslav economy, including banking, industry, and tourism. It investigates Czechoslovak investments’ motivations, geographical distribution, and socio-economic implications for Yugoslavia. The findings reveal that Czechoslovak investments constituted a substantial portion of foreign capital in Yugoslavia, contributing to industrial development, job creation, and modernization. However, they also highlight the complex dynamics of economic integration and foreign influence in interwar Yugoslavia, shedding light on the nuanced relationship between Czechoslovak investors and the Yugoslav economy.

This paper presents both statistical and qualitative analyses examining the micro-level repercussions of state intervention, specifically the implementation of rent control systems and requisitioning in the housing rental markets of Southeast- and East-Central European regions in the aftermath of the First World War. The numerical assessment relies on the calculation of the residual postwar purchasing power parity of prewar rents, while the qualitative analysis endeavors to reconstruct the daily dynamics of coexistence among conflicting parties, encompassing instances of extreme intimidation and violence.

The publication of Louis-Ferdinand Céline's debut novel Voyage au bout de la nuit in October 1932 caused a shock, both in France and abroad. Journalists and critics were confronted with a book that broke with literary and linguistic conventions, and provoked the bourgeois order through a fundamental and uneasy nihilism. This article explores the reception of Céline's first novel in the French and Dutch press between October 1932 and the end of 1934 on the basis of four themes that dominated the reception: the literary genre to which the book was assigned; the vision of life and the social criticism expressed in the novel; the style; and the worldview of the book and its author. Additionally, the reception in both countries is literary-historically contextualized. What characterized the climate in which this novel appeared? Which aspects of the two literary fields can be made visible through research on the reception of this controversial novel? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Lituanistica is the property of Lithuanian Academy of Sciences Publishers and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article examines how the political elites of the Estonian authoritarian regime, established in 1934, imagined and reframed the state-nation relationship, and what the origins of their thinking were. It will also consider how these ideas were instrumentalized to legitimize the new authoritarian order. The argument is that the new regime was essentially statist and 'nationalizing' in character. The relationship between the state, the nation, and the individual remained, however, under discussion among the political elites. Not entirely uniform in their attitudes toward authoritarianism, they sought to define a new illiberal form of democracy, where individual autonomy would be in principle respected but, if necessary, restricted for the national interests [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article restores the significance of social research in interwar Poland. The author presents four different studies linked primarily by the dynamics of transformation in the face of political instability. The text positions memoir writing methods among other types of qualitative research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Announcements were one of the key elements of memoir writing competitions organized in the interwar period. The text analyzes response for the peasant memoir competition (Konkurs na pamiętnik chłopa) organized by the Institute of Social Economy in 1933. Since the article presents the memoir writing competition as a communication situation, it examines the announcement primarily as a tool for shape this situation. However, the announcement focuses only on the party initiating the interaction in question. Therefore, the article explores such issues as the structure of the sender and recipient, the nature and limitations of the designed communication situation, the understanding of the communication framework, and possible misunderstandings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jewish youth memoirs given to the Yiddish Scientific Institute in Vilnius in 1932, 1934, and 1939 both build on the competition ideas initiated in 1921 by the Polish Institute of Sociology and maintain their distinctive characteristics associated primarily with the multilingual nature of the documents, the fluidity of the authors’ national selfidentification, and generational cohesion among the writers. Based on a collection of documents kept at the YIVO Institute for Jewish Research in New York, the article presents the notion of migration as one of the central themes addressed in these records. The analysis demonstrates the key social, political, and personal factors that influenced thoughts about emigration. By outlining similarities and differences among selected memoirs, the author provides a synthetic discussion of migration issues depicted in young people’s writings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article overviews reading and writing practices presented in the peasant memoirs submitted to competitions of the Institute of Social Economy. The text traces the meaning of these practices while reconstructing the biographies and social engagements of some of the memoirists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Film Quarterly / Kwartalnik Filmowy is the property of Kwartalnik Filmowy and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article discusses the interwar collaboration in the Nordic advertising industry in relation to the literature on 'Americanisation' in advertising and business history. We argue that the focus on Americanisation has caused research to overlook other important arenas for sharing knowledge in the development of advertising and commercial practices in twentieth-century Europe. We show the importance of the systematic collaboration between advertising communities in the Nordic countries through which Anglo-Saxon ideas, as well as domestic experiences, were shared. The collaboration was a crucial platform for the advertising industry to achieve increased societal clout. We also find that the Nordic advertising industry, as a collective, clearly distanced themselves from continental Europe based on a perception that Anglo-Saxon and Nordic advertising shared the same foundations. The results raise questions concerning assumptions about Americanisation and the role of alternative sources of inspiration and transnational collaboration in advertising history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article deals with the history of the international workers’ games ("International Workers’ Olympiads" and "Spartakiads"), set up during the Interwar period by the Socialist Workers’ Sport International and the Red Sport International in order to counter the growing hegemony of the Olympic Games. These workers’ sporting events were an undeniable success, despite the hostility of the authorities and the reluctance of the main newspapers (specialized in sport or not) to inform their readers about them. The international workers’ sport federations firstly used these games to promote an alternative sport culture, focused on mass practice and international fraternity. Then, these workers’ organizations became defenders of an Olympic ideal since they considered that it had gone astray. Both evolutions in the Olympic Games criticism and in the workers’ events celebration in the socialist and communist press is linked to this shift.

In the collection of the Museum of the History of Polish Jews POLIN is an album that contains various paper documents, such as programmes, leaflets on several pre-war films, as well as photographs of the films and their sets. There are also cards with commemorative writings (stammbuch) sewn into the initial section. These are mainly materials from the production of the Warsaw-based Leo-Film studio, headed since 1926 by Maria Hirszbein, one of the most important institutions of its kind in pre-war Poland. The author of this article describes this unusual artefact, trying to show its multi-layered nature. Matuszelański’s album, originally intended as a reflection of his own professional way and an album of memorabilia, and evolving over the years into an archive showing the activities of the Leo-Film studio — in its present form it is an album in memory of Maria Hirszbein, who was perished in the Holocaust.

Bolesław Miciński was born in 1911 in Podolia. The writer lived and worked in Poland, and from 1939 he was in emigration in France, where he died of tuberculosis in 1943. The author of the article describes the connections of Miciński’s works with Greco-Roman antiquity and the Bible. The poetic volume Chleb z Gietsemane [Bread from Gietsemane] (1932), the essay Odpowiedź na list Francesca, obywatela rzymskiego [Reply to the Letter of Francesco, a RomanCitizen] (1940) and the lecture Portret Juliana Apostaty [Portrait of Julian the Apostate] (1942) are analysed in detail. Miciński was well known in ancient culture and consciously drew on its deposits for erudite, aesthetic and rhetorical purposes. It is also worth emphasising that antiquity was a reservoir of motifs, themes and sentences, which were updated in the works of the Polish writer in the process of renarration and reinterpretation, showing the universal value of the ancient tradition.

This paper will present the presence of Soviet music on the musical scene of the Kingdom of SCS/Yugoslavia. Analysis of newspaper articles and critiques, texts from music magazines, and other writings about Soviet music will demonstrate that it was present on concert stages, even though the Kingdom of Yugoslavia refrained from establishing relations with the Soviet Union until June 1940.

The study deals with the subject of the establishment and activity of the three musical institutions (Conservatory) in the interwar period in Chișinău. The idea of opening a musical institution belonged to the Romanian composer and conductor George Enescu, after his first visit to Chișinău. The capital of Bessarabia was assessed by the inspectors in Bucharest as having a high musical potential. The teaching start of these musical education institutions was made up of representatives of national minorities, which meant a special approach to their knowledge of the Romanian language. The conservatories faced material difficulties, logistical difficulties and difficulties in gaining recognition from the institutional state, which is why they did not have a large-scale effervescence. The institutions of musical education were a platform for the launch into the artistic world of established personalities. It was created departments of singing, piano, violin, cello, fanfare theory, dramatic art, orchestral classes, ensembles, choir, accompanist and chamber, opera. Symphonic and opera concerts from the repertoire of classical composers were presented in the institutions, but Romanian compositions had priority. The educational and cultural institutions responded to the identity imperative of the time, launching established names of Romanian music

This article aims to highlight shifting diplomatic positions in Turkey and Romania and their stances towards the League of Nations collective security network during the interwar period. It takes a comparative approach to demonstrate the diplomatic activity and strategic decision-making mechanism employed by two strategically important Balkan and Black Sea countries vis-à-vis the fragile international system from the 1920s onwards. The rising threat of revisionism and declining belief in the League's sanctioning power gradually led these countries to set their differences in foreign policy aside and strengthened the idea of joint regional action in the 1930s. Supported by primary sources from different archives, this comparative study proposes a new outlook, by demonstrating the contribution made by the notions of external threat and common aggressor to changing foreign policy perspectives in both countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The musical analogy that underpins Walter Ruttmann's Weimar-era city film Berlin. Die Sinfonie der Großstadt has generally been understood as a cipher for his uncritical, quietist political perspective—the idea being that Ruttmann aestheticizes rather than analyzes the formal harmonies of the modern capitalist metropolis. I argue here that the musical analogy has precisely the opposite function. The symphonic form has a longstanding tradition as the emblem of bourgeois humanist societal ideals: the symphonic "sounding together" of multiple, heterogeneous voices, together with the temporal development from harmony, through dissonance, back to higher-level harmony, combine to represent a particularly nineteenth century, geschichtsphilosophical understanding of humanity's inherent tendency to harmoniously commune. As both a classical musician and an educated member of the German bourgeoisie, Ruttmann would have been intimately familiar with this musico-political tradition, which makes the question of what he does to it inherently political as well—and what he does is subject it to the most deflationary of parodic inversions. The result is a radical critique of modernity that differs profoundly from the critiques of Ruttmann's Marxist contemporaries, and which may be all the more contemporarily relevant for this difference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of the concept of dreams in interwar Polish psychiatry and psychology was influenced by Western European concepts as well as by sociocultural factors of the newly independent state. Few Polish psychiatrists addressed the subject of dreams. They were influenced mainly by Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic concept of dreams, but also by Alferd Adler's, Carl Gustav Jung's, and Wilhelm Stekel's ideas. Nevertheless, they approached psychoanalysis critically. The most comprehensive concept of dreams in Polish psychiatry was oneiroanalysis by Tadeusz Bilikiewicz. Oneironalysis was a method of dream analysis based on psychoanalysis but it rejected the psychoanalytic method of free associations and challenged psychoanalytic approaches to the interpretation of dream symbols. Polish psychologists were even less interested in dreams than psychiatrists. Problems with dreams, the most elaborate psychological work by Stefan Szuman consisted of an outline of epistemological problems with general theories of dreams and a harsh critique of psychoanalysis. The neglect of the subject of dreams in Polish psychiatric society can be seen as connected with the social and professional reception of psychoanalysis in Poland. Psychoanalysis was met with opposition from conservative scholars and publicists presenting nationalistic and anti‐Semitic attitudes. It was also criticized by the biologically oriented majority of psychiatrists of the Polish Psychiatric Association. In the case of psychology, the most influential Polish psychological school, Lvov‐Warsaw School, promoted Brentanian intentionalism, introspection, and psychology of consciousness, therefore, leading to psychologists' reluctance to explore unconscious states like dreams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Revue de Synthèse is the property of Brill Academic Publishers and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

During the early 1900s, educational institutions in the United States and Europe underwent a significant transformation. They evolved into environments that fostered democracy, critical thinking, and community life. The establishment of school communities is being pursued, although there exists a discrepancy among educators regarding the definition of this institution. Greece is proactively advancing school communities by facilitating the translation of works by foreign educators, providing teacher training programs at foreign institutions - primarily in Germany -, and conducting teacher training at Normal Schools. This paper focuses on the efforts made by schools during the interwar period to introduce the institution. Specifically, it highlights the significant contributions of "invisible" teachers in Greek Primary and Secondary Education who played a pivotal role in spreading the institution's influence. Their efforts were instrumental in shaping the educational landscape during this period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This investigation explores the enduring interest in metaphysical poetry, focusing on the critical reception of John Donne's works during the interwar period, marked by significant shifts in collective psyche post-World War I. The intentional selection of this timeframe allows for a nuanced exploration of how metaphysical poetry resonated with a society undergoing profound societal and intellectual changes, echoing Donne's challenges in his era. Using a historical and literary analysis approach, the study probes into critical landscapes, unveiling a consensus among scholars that Donne's poetry epitomized modern thought. His skepticism towards emerging scientific and philosophical paradigms, coupled with his adept synthesis of disparate elements, positioned him as a representative of contemporary intellectual currents. This acknowledgment significantly impacted critical theory, establishing Donne's poetry as a prototype for modern poetic expressions and inspiring subsequent poets. Despite this prevailing perspective, the essay acknowledges the emergence of historically-oriented critics in the 1940s. This group approached Donne's work with irony, seeking to contextualize him within his intellectual milieu. Their aim was to expose the divergence between Donne's thought and the prevailing ideas of his era, adding complexity to the understanding of his work. Recounting this dynamic intellectual landscape sheds light on the ongoing discourse surrounding metaphysical poetry. It underscores Donne's lasting influence as a focal critical point of discussion, contributing to the broader understanding of the poet and the literary landscape of the interwar period. The legacy of this interwar critical engagement continues to shape contemporary perspectives on Donne and his ongoing impact on poetry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Czech immigrants in America played an important role in the establishment of independent Czechoslovakia after World War I, and even today more than one million Americans claim Czech ancestry. Czech Americans understandably kept a close eye on the young democracy in the centre of Europe during the interwar period. Their reflections are recorded primarily within regional periodicals, which, although being available at least to some extent, are still not sufficiently reflected in the academic literature. Generally, the most researched period is the “peak” of the Czechoslovak immigrant community’s activity in the US around World War I, but there are large gaps elsewhere, especially in the interwar period. The paper attempts to compare the views of Czech immigrants in America on the stock market crash in New York in the autumn of 1929. It focuses specifically on Czech periodicals published in three locations — Chicago, Nebraska, and Texas. The comparison of these three perspectives provides the opportunity to explore the perspective of Czech Americans in urban and rural areas in three different states across the United States. It also focuses on periodicals from a period that researchers have so far shown little interest in. Additionally, comparing these three locations allows for an examination of social, religious, demographic, and other differences, as the Czech immigrant community in the US has never been homogeneous, although it is often presented as such. The paper thus aims to provide a fresh perspective on one of the key moments of interwar history through the eyes of the Czech immigrant community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After the First World War, Hungary was defeated and lost approximately two-thirds of its territory. Of the occupied territories, one region, the Spiš (Szepes) region, which is now Slovakia, had a special situation. In both economic and social terms, Spiš was one of the most complex regions of historical Hungary. After the territorial settlements, a significant proportion of people from the other side of the border moved to post-Trianon Hungary. The people from Spiš were trying to preserve some sense of community, as evidenced by the Spiš Directory (Szepesi Címtár) published by the Spiš Association (Szepesi Szövetség) in 1931. This study examines and analyzes this source. Out of all the data in the Spiš Directory, the authors processed the gender, residence, social status and occupation of 3,745 people (87.1%) using the international standard classification (HISCO/HISCLASS). The study has led to conclusions about the residence distribution of the Spiš refugees in Hungary, the correlations between denominational and spatial distribution, and urban and rural networks. The results show that the influence of the diaspora on the people of Felvidék (present-day Slovakia) was strong in general but especially among landowner refugees. In terms of religiosity, the country's traditional religion became dominant, attracting settlements that were not otherwise part of the country's more developed cities. The Spiš community presents a stronger, network-like pattern in its distribution within the capital, Budapest, typically concentrated in elite and workingclass districts, even in this period. In examining the Spiš refugees, it is also important to emphasize that their arrival provided the country with considerable human capital benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article contains reflections on the biography of Józef Czechowicz. These are based on two - in a sense fundamental - sources: the poem autoportret (self-portrait) from the volume w błyskawicy (in the lightning) (1934) and the poet's unpublished Fakty (Facts) - his notes, in which he presented basic information about his family and childhood. The author of the article characterises the specific strategy of Czechowicz, who constructed the story of his biography by overlapping various perspectives - combining official factual data with descriptions of personal, often very intimate experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the London Declaration of 3 February 1935 and the Berlin negotiations which took place between 25-26 March 1935 are discussed within the framework of British foreign policy in the interwar period. The London Declaration, which emerged as a result of the negotiations between the representatives of England and France in London, and the negotiations between the British Foreign Minister John Simon and Hitler in Berlin; are the two interconnected steps of Britain's policy of returning Germany to Concert of Europe following its withdrawal from the League of Nations. Focusing on the reasons behind this policy, it was concluded that, in addition to the economic and political reasons, the change in the perception of security due to the progress in air weapon technology and the anxiety felt against the German air power were an important factor. Another result of the study is, after the failure of the London Declaration and the Berlin negotiations, the first sign of the appeasement policy came in sight. The study is mainly based on primary sources and benefited from Turkish Diplomatic Archive, British National Archive and German archive documents published in English. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article historicizes social and state practices that Jasbir Puar dubbed "homonationalism." It argues against simplistic applications of the term to the relations between "western" and "eastern" European countries. Instead, it appeals for a more profound contextualisation of every national case. Using 20th-century Poland as a case study, it demonstrates that both homophobia and homonationalism had antecedents and that both can be used as political strategies by nationalist actors that have not previously deployed them. It also seeks to decentre the narrative about homonationalism by averting attention from the state and focusing it on lived queer experiences in Poland. The term grassroots homonationalism is an attempt to bring such analytical attention to the agency of queer subjects and their communities. It aims to conceptualise their attitudes toward nationalist discourses and state practices (both homophobic and homonationalist) and expose ways in which non-normative sexualities and their history have been politically instrumentalised. It helps to analyse attitudes that some queers in Poland have adopted when facing the issue that Puar described as a "collusion of nationalism and queer subjects". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]