Search

Objectives: Prior research shows that perceived racism was associated with higher risks of suicidal ideation among US Asians. Nevertheless, the relationship between internalized racism and the suicidal risks of US Asians has not been adequately researched. In addition, as an important social institution, religion has been left out of the studies of racism and suicide for US Asians. This study is aimed at filling in these gaps and contributing to a better understanding of internalized racism, religion, and the mental health of US Asians. Design: This study surveyed 970 Asian or Asian American adults living in the United States. Survey participants were recruited using Qualtrics online panel samples between April and June 2024. Quotas were set for key demographic variables, such as sex and ethnicity, following the national census. Results: The main results suggest that even after controlling important mental health measures such as anxiety and loneliness, higher internalized racism was still tied to higher risks of suicidal ideation. The effect of internalized racism was not only robust but also stronger than other mental health measures as well as perceived external racism. Finally, the deleterious internalized racism effect on suicidal ideation was stronger among US Asians, who attend religious services more often. Conclusion: Internalized racism exerts a fairly strong and robust effect on suicidal ideation among US Asians. This deleterious effect is also interactive with the religious characteristics of US Asians. Healthcare providers, community workers, and religious leaders may want to take internalized racism into consideration in their future service to the US Asian community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Race is a consequential sociocultural cue in healthcare contexts. Racism is associated with health disparities by influencing patient-provider communication and utilization of healthcare services. Objective: This study aimed to investigate how Asian American subgroups differ in their perception of everyday racism, internalized racism, and perceived racism in healthcare settings and whether these perceptions predict their interactions with their health care providers and their utilization of healthcare services. Methods: An online survey study was conducted. ANOVA tests were employed to compare the differences in perceptions of everyday racism, internalized racism, and perceived racism in the healthcare system among Filipino (N = 310), Japanese (N = 242), Chinese (N = 287), Asian Indian (N = 304), Korean (N = 199) and Vietnamese (N = 151) participants. Multiple regression analyses assessed whether perceptions of everyday racism, internalized racism, and perceived racism in the healthcare system predicted healthcare service utilization and patient-provider communication among the Asian subgroups sampled. Results: There were significant group differences in perceived everyday racism (F = 8.56, p <.001), internalized racism (F = 3.46, p <.01), perceived racism in healthcare (F = 4.57, p <.001). Perceptions of racism and socioeconomic variables were found to predict patient-provider communication and utilization of healthcare services disparately across various Asian subgroups. For instance, the perception of everyday racism was a significant predictor of patient-provider communication for each of the subgroups, excluding the Vietnamese participants. Internalized racism was a significant predictor only for Filipino and Chinese participants. Surprisingly, perceived racism in healthcare was not a predictor for any of the subgroups. Conclusion: Findings highlight the complex interplay of sociodemographic factors and perceived racism in shaping patient-provider communication and healthcare service utilization within the Asian American community. Implications are suggested for addressing the unique challenges faced by different Asian American subgroups and for promoting equitable healthcare access and fostering positive patient-provider relationships among the Asian American subgroups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiracial people are a rapidly growing group who may still lack social support from similar others in their offline lives. This study aimed to understand the user experiences in online groups for multiracial individuals. In a cross‐sectional online survey, 300 multiracial emerging adults (79% women; mean age = 23; most common ethnic identity components: 86% White/European, 44% Chinese, 17% Japanese, 16% Southeast Asian, and 13% Filipino) answered open‐ended questions about their experiences in Facebook groups for multiracial people. Participants described aspects of the groups they liked and disliked most, as well as their identity‐related experiences in the groups. We used reflexive thematic analysis to generate four themes within participants responses: (1) online groups as a gateway into connections with other multiracial individuals, (2) deriving a sense of belonging and community, (3) an opportunity for exploration and validation of racial identity, and (4) negative intrusions such as negative content (e.g., trolling, repetitive posting) and racism. For racial and ethnic minorities such as multiracial individuals, Facebook groups provide a space for community‐building and identity‐related experiences. Although online groups can foster a strong sense of community, validation, and belonging, findings also highlight potential challenges and limitations (e.g., how to delineate group boundaries, difficulty forming close relationships). Online group users and researchers should explore novel ways of maximizing these positive experiences while addressing users' concerns and negative experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internalized racism is the internalization of beliefs about racism and colonization that contribute to the acceptance of negative messaging or stereotypical misrepresentations that inform perceptions about worth and ability. Internalized racism is associated with psychological distress in racially diverse people. Collective racial self-esteem is a potential protective factor that can serve as a moderator in reducing distress and facilitating psychological well-being. The sample for the present study consisted of 526 participants who self-identified as African American, Asian American/Pacific Islander, Latinx American, or American of Arab or Middle Eastern descent. The researchers used regression with the Process macro to investigate the potential moderating properties of collective racial self-esteem on the relationship between internalized racism and psychological distress in the sample. The findings indicated that specific domains of collective racial self-esteem moderated the internalized racism–psychological distress relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Although suicidal ideation (SI) is a serious concern in Canada, its prevalence and related factors among Black individuals are poorly documented. Using data from the Mental Health of Black Communities in Canada project (BeCoMHeal), this study aimed to assess the prevalence of SI in Black individuals aged 15–40 years old in Canada, the mediating role of traumatic life events in the association between depression and SI, and the moderating role of racial microaggressions and internalized racism. Methods: Eight hundred and sixty participants aged between 15 and 40 years (Mage =24.96, SD = 6.29) completed the online questionnaire assessing sociodemographic data, depression symptoms, traumatic life events, racial microaggressions, internalized racism, and SI. Results: Findings showed that 25.7% of the participants reported having experienced SI (26.5% women, 22.7% men, 훘2 = 1.08, p =.299). The moderated-mediation model revealed that traumatic life events fully mediated the association between depression and SI (B = 0.12, p =.004; 95% CI, [0.04, 0.20]) and that racial microaggressions (B = − 0.03, p =.042; 95% CI [-0.07, − 0.00]) and internalized racism (B = 0.06, p =.006; 95% CI [0.02, 0.10]) moderated this relationship. Conclusion: These findings underscore the importance of addressing racial microaggressions and internalized racism in therapy contexts among Black individuals to mitigate the potential negative impacts on their mental health. They also emphasize the need to develop effective, culturally sensitive, and racially adapted suicide prevention and intervention programs for Black communities in Canada. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Critical social media literacy—the ability to critically evaluate and interpret racist social media content (critical consumption) and to produce and disseminate antiracist social media content (critical prosumption)—may help counter the negative psychological consequences of online racism, including internalized racism. We examined whether critical social media literacy (critical consumption and prosumption) buffered the association between online racism and internalized racism. We conducted latent moderated structural equation modeling to analyze online convenience data from 338 racially minoritized emerging adults (Mage = 23.28; Asian, n = 96; Black, n = 108; Latine, n = 118). Greater exposure to online racism was associated with significantly higher levels of internalized racism; critical consumption weakened this association, while critical prosumption did not. Results suggested that critical social media literacy, particularly consumption—the intellectual basis and analytical skills to apprehend racist digital content—can be effective in mitigating the internalized racism linked to online racism among racially minoritized emerging adults. Implications include translating these findings into antiracist interventions to counter online racism and its deleterious behavioral health consequences. Public Significance Statement: Critical social media literacy can protect racially minoritized emerging adults from online racism, including by attenuating internalized racism—a correlate of numerous behavioral health outcomes. It is imperative to promote critical education that empowers racially minoritized individuals with the social media literacy needed to counteract the 21st-century cyberscape of racial hate and violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Women living with HIV face high social and structural inequities that place them at heightened risk for gender-based violence and mental health conditions, alongside health services access inequities, with almost no research done to better understand access to mental health services. This study therefore examined social and structural factors associated with barriers to counselling or therapy amongst women living with HIV who experienced lifetime physical and/or sexual violence in Metro Vancouver, Canada. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression using generalized estimating equations (GEE) were used and adjusted odds ratios (AOR) and 95% Confidence Intervals ([95%CIs] are reported). From Sept/15-Aug/21, 1695 observations were collected among 279 participants. In multivariable analysis, with all variables measured in the last six months, experiencing any barriers to counselling or therapy was significantly associated with having thoughts or attempts of suicide (AOR:1.64 [1.02–2.66]), lacking coverage for health care (AOR:1.60 [1.17–2.18]), and everyday discrimination (AOR:1.02 [1.00-1.04]) and anticipated (AOR:1.57 [1.04–2.36]), enacted (AOR:1.48 [1.02–2.16]) or internalized (AOR:1.53 [1.07–2.20]) HIV stigma. Access to interdisciplinary mental health care services should be improved. Social and structural interventions to reduce HIV stigma and discrimination are urgently needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

FOB (fresh-off-the-boat) is a term used to refer to unassimilated immigrants or sojourners, which has created a divide within the Asian community. In this study, we coined the term FOBism, a form of internalized racism (or appropriated racial oppression) that intersects with assimilation, and we developed a measure of FOBism. We created a 14-item, 3-factor FOBism Scale and evaluated its psychometric properties among a sample of 296 Asians in the United States. Exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) was utilized to select items and evaluate the factorial validity. Results yielded a strong factor structure, internal consistency reliability, and construct validity. Construct validity was demonstrated through FOBism scores’ positive correlations with measures of within-group discrimination and internalized racism, and negative associations with an Asian cultural orientation. The FOBism Scale is a promising measure that could be used as an assessment tool and to raise awareness of the phenomenon.

Objectives: Latinx and Asian people are experiencing an elevated rate of immigration status-related oppression—both systematically and individually—despite actual nationality, and this type of cultural stressor has seen a rampant increase recently in the United States. We aimed to assess the relation and effect of immigration status microaggressions on psychological stress and some mechanisms connected to these experiences. Method: Using a sample of Latinx and Asian college students (N = 776), we unpack the relationships between individual cultural stressors, such as immigration status microaggressions, and psychological stress, by exploring their mediating relation with internalized racism (Mediator 1), and fear of foreign objectification (Mediator 2), using Hayes's (2012) PROCESS Model 6—serial mediation. Furthermore, we expanded on this model, highlighting differences between Latinx and Asian participants (moderator) using a moderated mediation. Results: Findings suggest a full serial mediation. Specifically, the psychological stress associated with immigration status microaggressions was mediated by internalized racism and fear of foreign objectification. Results also highlighted that Latinx participants, compared to Asian ones, showed a significant positive association between immigration status microaggressions with internalized racism and fear of foreign objectification. Furthermore, a significant interaction for Latinx who experience more fear of foreign objectification was positively associated with psychological stress. Indirect effects for each group are discussed. Conclusion: Our study is one of the first to explore cultural stress in the form of immigration status microaggressions in connection with more general forms of psychological stress and internalizing processes for two groups historically persecuted around immigration in the United States. Public Significance Statement: Racial tension and xenophobia continue to rise in the United States, leaving many communities of color as targets of racist attacks, particularly around immigration statuses. We explore the level to which the cultural stress associated with immigration status microaggressions is internalized and linked to fear of foreign objectification. Our findings present evidence of the impact "brief, unintentional" microaggressions around immigration can have on Latinx and Asian people regardless of actual nationality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emerging research and theory suggests that the internalization of racist ideas and attitudes, internalized racism, poses a significant threat to Black American adolescents' and increases their risk of externalizing symptomology. Prospective, empirical research linking internalized racism to externalizing symptoms among Black American adolescents and the mechanisms explaining this link is scarce. We hypothesize that internalized racism will forecast externalizing symptoms indirectly, via effects on poor self-regulation and depressive symptoms. We also examine potential sex differences in the pathways linking internalized racism to externalizing symptoms. A random sample of 445 Black American adolescents and their primary caregivers were recruited from 8 counties in rural Georgia. Participants provided survey data annually when adolescents were aged 13, 14, 15, and 16 years. Direct, indirect, and multigroup hypotheses were tested with structural equation modeling. Internalized racism assessed at ages 13 and 14 years forecast increased externalizing at age 16, both directly, and indirectly, via increases in poor self-regulation and depressive symptoms. Sex moderated the indirect pathways linking internalized racism and externalizing. Poor self-regulation significantly mediated the path between internalized racism and externalizing symptoms among Black American male youth. Depressive symptoms significantly mediated the pathway between internalized racism and externalizing symptoms among Black American female adolescents. Findings suggest behavioral treatment directions for male and female Black American adolescents experiencing depressive symptoms. Little is known about the influence of internalization of racist ideas and attitudes, often referred to as internalized racism, on Black youths' development of externalizing symptoms. In this study, the authors surveyed 445 Black youths annually at ages 13, 14, 15, and 16 years. Internalized racism at ages 13 and 14 predicted increased externalizing symptoms at age 16. Among boys, depressive symptoms mediated the path between internalized racism and externalizing symptoms. Among girls, struggles with self-regulation mediated the path between internalized racism and externalizing symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the relationship between the use of "fake" Service Dogs and the discrimination of Service Dog handlers using interview data from 25 adult Service Dog handlers in the United States. Most Service Dog handlers interviewed reported the use of "fake" or inadequately trained Service Dogs is the main cause for the discrimination they experience. This research finds many Service Dog handlers engage in boundary work, the ongoing process of creating and maintaining a division between those with a shared sense of identity as a "good" legitimate handler from "bad" or "fake" handlers to reduce discrimination. However, this boundary work ultimately supports internalized ableism with the main aim of keeping disability hidden. Changes in the current civil rights of people with disabilities to use a Service Dog should be based on the everyday lived experiences of Service Dog handlers. Points of interest: All Service Dog handlers interviewed participate in an online Service Dog Community as a means of creating a sense of community and collective identity surrounding their shared use of assistive technology. The majority, 84%, of Service Dog handlers believe the main reason for the discrimination they experience is due to the use of 'fake' or inadequately trained Service Dogs. Members of the Service Dog Community engage in boundary work, the ongoing process of creating and maintaining a division between those with a shared sense of identity as a legitimate Service Dog handler from 'fake' Service Dog handlers. The use of boundary work ultimately supports internalized ableism and the goal of keeping disability hidden by 'good' Service Dog Handlers. Individuals with disabilities fear having their current civil rights to use a Service Dog restricted or eliminated; changes in policy should be based on the everyday lived experiences of Service Dog handlers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

FOB (fresh-off-the-boat) is a term used to refer to unassimilated immigrants or sojourners, which has created a divide within the Asian community. In this study, we coined the term FOBism, a form of internalized racism (or appropriated racial oppression) that intersects with assimilation, and we developed a measure of FOBism. We created a 14-item, 3-factor FOBism Scale and evaluated its psychometric properties among a sample of 296 Asians in the United States. Exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) was utilized to select items and evaluate the factorial validity. Results yielded a strong factor structure, internal consistency reliability, and construct validity. Construct validity was demonstrated through FOBism scores' positive correlations with measures of within-group discrimination and internalized racism, and negative associations with an Asian cultural orientation. The FOBism Scale is a promising measure that could be used as an assessment tool and to raise awareness of the phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of AIDS & Behavior is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

While Asian American parents are key contributors in racially socializing their children, past research indicates that issues of race are not frequently discussed among Asian American families. Moreover, there is limited research on how Asian American parents' sociocultural factors predict the amount and ways they talk about race to their children. We conducted latent profile analyses among 150 Asian American parents' (Mage = 42.36, range = 26–65 years) racial discussions, and the profiles' association with parents' sociocultural factors (i.e., enculturation, acculturation, internalized racism, collectivism, and loss of face) were examined. Four distinct profiles were identified with distinct levels of awareness of discrimination, avoidance of outgroups, minimization of race, and promotion of equality messages. Findings underscore the importance of Asian American parents engaging in nuanced racial discussions with their children, highlighting the need for culturally responsive interventions, educational programs, and policy initiatives to support families in navigating complex racial landscapes and fostering positive youth outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Gender stereotypes refer to consensual or cultural shared beliefs about the attributes of men and women, influencing society behaviors, interpersonal relationships, education, and workplace. The literature has shown the existence of gender stereotypes on career choices, internalization of roles, and school and social experiences and demonstrates the impact of demographic factors on stereotypes. However, all the studies conducted in Italy available in scientific literature analyzed small sample sizes within specific schools of university settings, with a limited age range. Methods: To assess the current state of gender stereotypes in Italy, we conducted an online survey from October 2022 to January 2023 on the general population residing in Italy. The questionnaire comprised sociodemographic factors and questions about gender stereotypes, investigating six fields: games, jobs, personality traits, home and family activities, sports, and moral judgments. Results: The study involved 1854 participants, mostly women (70.1%) with an undergraduate or postgraduate degree (57.5%). The statistical and descriptive analyses revealed that gender stereotypes influenced respondents' beliefs, with statistically significant effects observed in most questions when stratifying by age, gender, and degree. Principal component analysis was performed to assess latent variables in different fields, revealing significant main stereotypes in each category. No statistically significant differences between men and women were found for the fields home and family activities, games, and moral judgments, confirming that stereotypes affect both men and women in the same way. Conclusions: Our results show the persistence of gender stereotypes in any fields investigated, although our cohort is predominantly composed of high educational level women living in the North of Italy. This demonstrates that the long-standing gender stereotypes are prevalent, pernicious, and, unfortunately, internalized at times even by successful women pushbacking and sabotaging them unconsciously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The "tough Black man" is expected to be physically strong, emotionally restrictive, resilient, and self-reliant. However, to date, limited research has examined the correlates of endorsing beliefs about the "tough Black man" among Black U.S. American men. To address this gap, this research examines the sociodemographic (i.e., age, sexual identity, income, education, and relationship status), race-related (i.e., racial identity, internalized racism, everyday discrimination, and race stigma consciousness), and psychological (i.e., self-esteem, locus of control, resilience, and depression symptoms) correlates of endorsing "tough Black man" beliefs in an internet-obtained sample of 329 Black U.S. American men (Mean age = 37.22). Multiple regression analysis showed that a more positive racial identity, greater internalized racism, and higher race stigma consciousness—but not everyday discrimination experiences—were associated with greater endorsement of "tough Black man" beliefs. Multivariate regression results showed that greater endorsement of "tough Black man" beliefs was associated with greater resilience, greater internal locus of control, and more depression symptoms, but not self-esteem. Last, exploratory findings showed that endorsing beliefs about the "tough Black man" did not vary by age, income, education, relationship status, or sexual identity. This study has implications for understanding Black masculinities, along with the psycho-social and psychological correlates of internalizing intersecting race and gender stereotypes among Black U.S. American men. Together, our research provides the opportunity to expand knowledge about how internalized stigma processes, beliefs about Black manhood, and the social-structural factors that might explain it, contribute to poor health among Black U.S. American men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundDespite suicide being the leading cause of death among emerging adult Asian American women (AAW), little is known about the risk factors.AimWe tested whether gendered racial microaggressions stress (GRMS) would be associated with AAW's suicidal ideation, and whether internalized racism (self-negativity, IRSN; weakness stereotypes, IRWS; and appearance bias, IRAB) would exacerbate this link based on self-devaluating implications of internalized racism.MethodUsing a sample of 309 AAW (Mage = 20.00, SD = 6.26), we conducted a moderated logistic regression with GRMS predicting suicidal ideation (endorsement or no endorsement) and the three internalized racism factors (IRSN, IRWS, and IRAB) as moderators.ResultsGRMS significantly predicted suicidal ideation with a threefold increase in the odds of suicidal ideation. Only IRSN significantly exacerbated this link at low to mean levels.ConclusionGendered racial microaggressions is likely a risk factor for suicidal ideation among AAW, particularly for those who internalize negative images of themselves as Asian individuals.

Rumination is an established transdiagnostic factor in mental illness, but there remains a significant gap in understanding the subjective experiences of those affected by it. This study explored the lived experiences of depressive rumination in early adulthood, a population notably susceptible to its effects. We interviewed 20 participants aged between 18 and 35 years using a semistructured approach and generated five distinct but interconnected themes using reflective thematic analysis. The first theme delved into recurrent narratives of past traumas and unresolved pain, with participants unable to move on from their past. The second theme illustrated how participants, due to real or perceived pressure, often equated their self-worth with their ability to meet expectations, leading to a distorted self-view and diminished self-esteem. The third theme captured the relentless pursuit of mental peace, with tranquility remaining ever elusive despite the frequent use of distraction. The fourth theme highlighted the profound isolation stemming from internalized mental health stigma, with participants grappling with fears of being perceived as burdensome and facing rejection from their close ones. Finally, the fifth theme underscored the far-reaching and interconnected repercussions of rumination on mental, emotional, and physical health and individuals' ability to achieve their life goals. These findings emphasize the intertwined nature of psychological, physiological, and social risk factors for the development and maintenance of rumination, advocating for a holistic treatment approach to rumination and paving the way for more timely, tailored care. Public Significance Statement: Our study highlights the complex sources and manifestations of harmful, repetitive negative thinking in early adults. We focus on the maladaptive processing of events, the impact of social expectations and stigma, problems with rest, and how these issues affect overall health. We propose a framework to identify and evaluate these issues early, focusing on prevention and care that is tailored to each person over circumscribed, reactive treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Sikh community may be more visible and vulnerable to racism than other religious groups, and previous research has documented the racism targeted at Sikh men and women in the United States. Relatively few studies have, however, addressed the racism experienced by Sikh communities in other countries, where racism may be less closely connected to the events of 9/11. The present study investigates the lived experience of racism in Sikh adults living in the United Kingdom. Six participants (5 male, 1 female) aged 19 to 30 years (M = 24.17, SD = 3.98) were recruited via advertisements placed on social media. Both Amritdhari Sikhs (n = 4) who had undertaken the Amrit Sanskar initiation ceremony or commitment and Sahajdhari Sikhs (n = 2) who had not undertaken the initiation participated. Semi-structured interviews were conducted (totaling 372 minutes of interview data), covering a range of subjects including personal experiences of racism and subsequent responses to the racist abuse. Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis of the interview transcripts identified five superordinate themes. These were (1) Appearance and Visibility; (2) Inevitability and Normalization; (3) Coping and Conformity (Religion as Support, Fitting In, Internalization); (4) Education and Understanding; and (5) Bystander Behavior (Experiences of Intervention, Religious Duty to Intervene, Consequences of Intervention). Findings highlight the extent to which racism occurs and the increased vulnerability of the Sikh community (e.g., appearance being the focus of racist abuse). Findings also highlight the importance of religion as a source of support and cultural pride and the significance of education and bystander behavior. Future research should further investigate these themes and introduce interventions to support the safety and well-being of members of the Sikh community experiencing racist abuse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A growing body of evidence points to persistent health inequities within racialized minority communities, and the effects of racial discrimination on health outcomes and health care experiences. While much work has considered how anti-Black racism operates at the interpersonal and institutional levels, limited attention has focused on internalized racism and its consequences for health care. This study explores patients' attitudes towards anti-Black racism in a Canadian health care system, with a particular focus on internalized racism in primary health care. This qualitative study employed purposive maximal variation and snowball sampling to recruit and interview self-identified Black persons aged 18 years and older who: (1) lived in Montréal during the COVID-19 pandemic, (2) could speak English or French, and (3) were registered with the Québec health insurance program. Adopting a phenomenological approach, in-depth interviews took place from October 2021 to July 2022. Following transcription, data were analyzed thematically. Thirty-two participants were interviewed spanning an age range from 22 years to 79 years (mean: 42 years). Fifty-nine percent of the sample identified as women, 38% identified as men, and 3% identified as non-binary. Diversity was also reflected in terms of immigration experience, financial situation, and educational attainment. We identified three major themes that describe mechanisms through which internalized racism may manifest in health care to impact experiences: (1) the internalization of anti-Black racism by Black providers and patients, (2) the expression of anti-Black prejudice and discrimination by non-Black racialized minority providers, and (3) an insensitivity towards racial discrimination. Our study suggests that multiple levels of racism, including internalized racism, must be addressed in efforts to promote health and health care equity among racialized minority groups, and particularly within Black communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on the theories of Kim's racial triangulation and Allport's intergroup contact, this study examined ideological and experiential predictors of Asian Americans' interracial attitudes and solidarity with Black Americans. In a community sample of 249 Asian Americans, hierarchical multiple regression analyses revealed that the ideological variables of internalized racism and model minority myth were associated with greater anti-Black attitudes. Internalized model minority myth of unrestricted mobility was also related to reduced intergroup solidarity. Conversely, the experiential variables of close and general contact with Black Americans were respectively related to greater pro-Black attitudes and intergroup solidarity. Additionally, higher quality of general contact buffered the negative association between internalized model minority myth and intergroup solidarity. The findings highlight the importance of deconstructing internalized racial beliefs rooted in White supremacy and cultivating quality intergroup contact between Black and Asian Americans. Implications for practice, community intervention, training, and research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Asian American women's racialized dating choices have drawn widespread attention both in academic and public spheres. However, little empirical research has examined racially relevant sociocultural factors that may affect this population's dating and physical attraction preferences. To further understand racialized desire among this underrepresented population, the present study examined the extent to which three sociocultural factors (i.e., internalized racism, resistance and empowerment against racism, and desire for status) were associated with two attraction outcome variables (i.e., dating preferences, physical attraction) across four racial categories of men: Asian men, Black men, Latino men, and White men. Cross-sectional data were collected from a sample of 207 Asian American women who completed an online survey. Path analyses showed that internalized racism was associated with stronger dating preference toward White men and weaker dating preference and physical attraction to Asian men. Resistance and empowerment were associated with stronger dating preference for Black and Latino men as well as stronger physical attraction toward Asian, Black, and Latino men. Desire for status was negatively associated with a preference for dating Black men. The results of our study emphasize the importance of considering racially relevant factors that may be associated with Asian American women's racialized dating and physical attraction preferences. Implications related to addressing internalized racism and emphasizing the strengths of Asian American women are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives Aging includes multidimensional and multidirectional changes in biology, psychology, and social roles. With aging, individuals experience physiological changes that affect ability, stamina, and reserve capacity. Given the natural occurrence of physical decline accompanying aging, it is essential to understand if fear and prejudice toward disability (ableism) intersect and influence fear and anxiety about aging (ageism). Research Design and Methods A cross-sectional survey study was conducted using ResearchMatch for study recruitment, 913 individuals responded to questions regarding 3 types of ageism, including affinity for older people, internalized ageism, and relational ageism, as well as internalized and relational ableism. Results Internalized ageism was significantly associated with relational ageism, fear of physical disability, fear of cognitive disability, and affinity for older people. Relational ageism was associated with internalized ageism, relational ableism, fear of physical disability, fear of sensory disability, fear of cognitive disability, and affinity for older people. Discussion and Implications Examining the intersection of ageism and ableism represents the next pivotal juncture to developing effective anti-ageism interventions that address the root anxieties influencing negative attitudes about aging and fears of growing older. Public policy initiatives to address community-level interventions and targeted training to inform discourse that addresses the intersection between ageism and ableism are critical to addressing these issues and promoting age and ability inclusivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a framework for how pediatric health systems can address structural, institutional, interpersonal, and internalized racism in the social care programs and policies of the National Academy of Science, Engineering, and Medicine. Topics include components of structural racism, a framework for addressing racism in social care programs and policies, and reason that health system leaders may resist adopting an antiracist approach to social care integration.

The current study shows how internalized racism, time spent watching television, and exposure to depictions of Blacks/African Americans viewed on television might influence self-reported depression. Internalized racism is the acceptance of a racial hierarchy in which whites are consistently ranked above people of color (Campón & Carter, 2015). Few studies have focused on how internalized racism, exposure to stereotypical, negative images of Blacks/African Americans, and total time spent watching television affect Black/African American viewers' mental health. This exploratory research aims to identify whether such a relationship exists. Qualtrics was employed to obtain and recruit an all-African American group of individuals who identified themselves as avid television users. Data from 627 African American adults reveal a significant link between internalized racism, exposure to images, and self-reported feelings of depression (p <.0000). Further exploration of these results and practical implications are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Black Canadians report experiencing various forms of racial discrimination disproportionately. This study aimed to: (a) examine the association between everyday racial discrimination and self-esteem; (b) test the mediating role of internalized racism and social support in the association between racial discrimination and self-esteem, and (c) test the moderating role of gender and age in this same relationship. Method: A total of 860 participants (76.60% female) aged 15–40 (Mage = 24.96, SD = 6.31) completed questionnaires assessing racial discrimination, self-esteem, internalized racism, and social support. Descriptive and moderated mediation analyses were performed. Results: A total of 65.33% of participants were categorized as endorsing low self-esteem, with no significant difference between males and females (66.67% and 62.20%, respectively; χ2 = 1.56, p =.47). Participants aged 25–40 exhibited a higher prevalence of low self-esteem compared to those aged 15–24 (89.91% and 58.54%, respectively, χ2 = 37.31, p <.001). The results showed a progressive increase in the prevalence of low self-esteem commensurate with increasing levels of reported racial discrimination. Internalized racism (β = −.09, SE =.01, p <.001) and social support (β =.10, SE =.01, p <.001) mediated the association between everyday racial discrimination and self-esteem; whereas gender moderated the latter association (β =.17, SE =.04, p <.001; being a woman). Conclusions: Results indicate a strong association between racial discrimination and low self-esteem. These findings provide a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the development of self-esteem problems among Black individuals in Canada. They also have important relevance for the development of educational and clinical programs for prevention and intervention. Public Significance Statement: The findings of this study reveal that in our sample two out of three Black Canadians experience low self-esteem. This study also shows that low self-esteem among Black Canadians is strongly related to everyday racial discrimination experiences. Results also indicate that internalized racism is a significant risk factor for low self-esteem, whereas social support is a protective factor. Being a woman amplifies the risk of experiencing low self-esteem among Black Canadians who have experienced racial discrimination. These findings are relevant to the development of prevention and intervention programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taking as our starting point the premise that all domination mechanisms are based partly on their naturalization and reproduction by the very persons that experience them, this study uses the notion of "internalized racism" to explore how Muslims living in Spain internalize some of the cultural and ideological myths that sustain the racism and Islamophobia they experience, especially in relation to institutional practices of control and discrimination. It contributes an innovative approach to the knowledge of racism in the Spanish context, showing how religious and racialized minorities in Spain understand, perceive, experience, and at times reproduce the discrimination they are subject to, and how Islamophobia is entwined with other forms of racism and exclusion as well as with Spain's specific historical relationship with Islam. The research is based on qualitative data obtained from eight discussion groups that met between 2019 and 2021 and comprised a total of 61 Muslims resident in various parts of Spain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research related to disordered eating among sexual minority Asian American men is scarce. Thus, the present study utilized an intersectional framework to examine how three different forms of racism (i.e. sexual racism, gendered racism, and internalized racism) are associated with disordered eating among sexual minority Asian American men, as well as the mediating role of emotional eating. A cross-sectional survey containing the study's measures of interest were administered to participants. The final sample consisted of 180 sexual minority Asian American men. Both sexual racism and internalized racism were positively associated with disordered eating whereas gendered racism was not associated with disordered eating Emotional eating mediated the association between internalized racism and disordered eating, though it did not mediate the association between sexual racism and disordered eating. Researchers and practitioners are encouraged to utilize an intersectional framework that takes into account multiple forms of racism, especially sexual racism and internalized racism, when considering this underrepresented population's disordered eating. Results also demonstrate the importance of addressing racism in eating disorder prevention efforts among sexual minority Asian American men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Policy PointsCultural racism—or the widespread values that privilege and protect Whiteness and White social and economic power—permeates all levels of society, uplifts other dimensions of racism, and contributes to health inequities.Overt forms of racism, such as racial hate crimes, represent only the "tip of the iceberg," whereas structural and institutional racism represent its base. This paper advances cultural racism as the "water surrounding the iceberg," allowing it to float while obscuring its base.Considering the fundamental role of cultural racism is needed to advance health equity. Context: Cultural racism is a pervasive social toxin that surrounds all other dimensions of racism to produce and maintain racial health inequities. Yet, cultural racism has received relatively little attention in the public health literature. The purpose of this paper is to 1) provide public health researchers and policymakers with a clearer understanding of what cultural racism is, 2) provide an understanding of how it operates in conjunction with the other dimensions of racism to produce health inequities, and 3) offer directions for future research and interventions on cultural racism. Methods: We conducted a nonsystematic, multidisciplinary review of theory and empirical evidence that conceptualizes, measures, and documents the consequences of cultural racism for social and health inequities. Findings: Cultural racism can be defined as a culture of White supremacy, which values, protects, and normalizes Whiteness and White social and economic power. This ideological system operates at the level of our shared social consciousness and is expressed in the language, symbols, and media representations of dominant society. Cultural racism surrounds and bolsters structural, institutional, personally mediated, and internalized racism, undermining health through material, cognitive/affective, biologic, and behavioral mechanisms across the life course. Conclusions: More time, research, and funding is needed to advance measurement, elucidate mechanisms, and develop evidence‐based policy interventions to reduce cultural racism and promote health equity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Perífrasis. Revista de Literatura, Teoría y Crítica is the property of Universidad de los Andes and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Although diversifying the criminal justice apparatus may yield more equitable outcomes, empirical tests of how prosecutors' race affects their decisions are limited. Informed by Internalized Racism Theory (IRT), we hypothesized that Black prosecutors would be most punitive toward Black defendants, followed by Latino/a defendants, and least toward White and Asian defendants. Employing hierarchical logistic modelling, we analyzed data from a large prosecutorial office to examine the extent to which prosecutors' race is associated with racial disparities in custodial plea offers and charge reductions. We found notable support for our hypotheses. In cases disposed of by Black prosecutors, Black and Latino/defendants are significantly more likely to receive custodial plea offers than are similarly-situated White and Asian defendants. Although the direction of the relationship with charge reductions was in line with our hypotheses, no significant effects were detected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research project's initial purpose was to explore how Black youth who had been assigned to youth detention centers described their experiences with school-based racism, and how those experiences informed their experiences with school discipline prior to being detained in a correctional facility. Guided by the following research questions, (1) How do correctional facility-detained Black youth describe their experiences with racism in public schooling? and (2) How do these experiences shape their understandings of racism, relative to themselves and others?, the researchers found that there was consistent contradiction in the ways that youth described their personal experiences and the ways that they interpreted their contexts and circumstances. As they narrativized experiences, they readily considered White Supremacy in individual school experiences, but when asked to explore systemic racism, they instead blamed themselves in what Ladson-Billings and Tate describe as 'self-condemnation.' [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Toward the Abolition of Biological Race in Medicine: Transforming Clinical Education, Research, and Practice, written by the Abolishing Biological Race in Medicine Working Group of the Freedom School for Intersectional Medicine and Health Justice, bridges existing research by critical theory scholar-activists and researchers to guide clinicians and student learners in medicine, public health, and beyond on why the use of biological race must be abolished in medicine and clinical research, education, and practice. We begin with how medicine is rooted in a violent history of racism and has scientifically codified race as a biological construct throughout history. From this foundation, this report draws on current examples of the use of biological race in medicine to highlight the urgent need to transform these outdated practices and center patient care. Throughout the paper, the authors intersperse quotes and anecdotes that have been shared with them by their medical student peers.

This study was an initial qualitative exploration to (a) capture varied experiences of racial microaggressions directed at Chinese immigrant women before and during Covid and (b) investigate different forms and levels of microaggressions based on socioeconomic status, age, and other characteristics. Racial microaggressions were examined by interviewing 12 foreign‐born, Chinese immigrant women aged 23 to 80 years old, with most of the participants identified as middle class or above. Building upon previous scholarship on racial and gendered microaggressions, an analytical framework was developed using 12 major themes to identify and interpret discriminatory behaviors. Our main findings suggest that the research sample encountered more blatant hate incidents and expressed heightened concern over their physical safety in the post‐Covid period. Young women, compared to their older counterparts, were more inclined to report microaggression episodes and distinguish more subtle forms of discrimination. These findings could serve as preliminary evidence for future research.

Introduction: Trainees underrepresented in medicine (URiM) face additional challenges seeking community in predominantly white academic spaces, as they juggle the effects of institutional, interpersonal, and internalized racism while undergoing medical training. To offer support and a space to share these unique experiences, mentorship for URiM trainees is essential. However, URiM trainees have limited access to mentorship from URiM faculty. To address this gap, we developed a national virtual mentoring program that paired URiM trainees interested in emergency medicine (EM) with experienced mentors. Methods: We describe the implementation of a virtual Diversity Mentoring Initiative (DMI) geared toward supporting URiM trainees interested in EM. The program development involved 1) partnering of national EM organizations to obtain funding; (2) identifying a comprehensive platform to facilitate participant communication, artificial intelligence-enabled matching, and ongoing data collection; 3) focusing on targeted recruitment of URiM trainees; and (4) fostering regular leadership meeting cadence to customize the platform and optimize the mentorship experience. Conclusion: We found that by using a virtual platform, the DMI enhanced the efficiency of mentormentee pairing, tailored matches based on participants' interests and the bandwidth of mentors, and successfully established cross-institutional connections to support the mentorship needs of URiM trainees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Belief in an American Indian/Alaska Native (AIAN) specific biological vulnerability (BV) to alcohol problems is associated with worse alcohol outcomes among AIANs. Despite a notable lack of evidence that biogenetic factors play a greater role in the development of alcohol problems among AIANs than other groups, many people still believe this myth. Consistent with theory and evidence that greater experiences with discrimination leads to the internalization of stereotypes and oppression, we hypothesized that greater perceived racial discrimination (racism) would be associated with greater BV belief, but that having a stronger ethnic identity would weaken this association. We also examined whether previous substance use treatment as well as participation in Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) or Narcotics Anonymous (NA) was associated with BV belief. Method: Participants were 198 reservation-dwelling AI adults with a substance use problem who completed a survey as part of a larger community-based participatory study. Results: A multiple regression analysis revealed that greater systemic racism was associated with greater belief in a BV; this association was not moderated by ethnic identity. Greater interpersonal racism was also associated with greater BV belief—but only among those low in ethnic identity. A regression analysis revealed that previous treatment, AA, and NA participation were not associated with BV belief. Conclusions: Greater systemic and interpersonal racism were associated with belief in a BV, and greater ethnic identity buffered the association between interpersonal racism and BV belief. This suggests that both combatting racism and fostering positive ethnic identity may help to lessen BV belief. Public Significance Statement: People who report experiencing more racial discrimination are more likely to accept stereotypes and negative societal beliefs about their own group (i.e., to internalize racism). In this study with American Indian/Alaska Natives (AIAN), systemic and interpersonal racism were associated with greater belief in the unfounded and harmful stereotype that AIAN people have a unique biological vulnerability (BV) to alcohol problems. However, a stronger ethnic identity was protective against the effects of interpersonal racism on belief in a BV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Black sexual minority women have an increased risk for excessive alcohol use, which has been attributed to their use of alcohol to cope with oppression. Internalized stigma is suggested to be one of the most insidious byproducts of systemic oppression whereby people internalize ideologies of self-hatred. Still, research has yet to examine the association between internalized stigma and alcohol use among sexual minorities of color. This survey-based study investigated the associations between internalized homonegativity and internalized racism with coping motivated alcohol use among 330 Black sexual minority women. Additionally, we explored the role of emotional suppression within these associations. Internalized homonegativity was significantly positively associated with coping motivated alcohol use. The significant positive association between internalized racism and coping motivated alcohol use was strongest at higher levels of emotional suppression. Given the majority of our sample identified as having a masculine gender expression, we recommend research exploring whether the identity-based experiences of masculine Black sexual minority women impact their substance use behaviors. Implications for culturally sensitive and emotion-centered practice with Black sexual minority women are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Informed by objectification theory's tenet that sexual objectification and racism are powerful sociocultural forces that perniciously impact women of color's mental health, the present study examined the longitudinal links of sexual objectification and three forms of internalized racism (i.e. self-negativity, weakness stereotype, appearance bias) with body shame among Asian American college women (N = 146). Ethnic identity strength, a theorized protective factor in body image literature, was examined as a moderator for the hypothesized longitudinal links. Results indicated that sexual objectification and self-negativity measured at Time 1 had significant and positive bivariate associations with body shame measured at Time 2. However, these variables no longer predicted body shame when body mass index (BMI) was included as a covariate. A significant interaction between appearance bias and ethnic identity strength emerged in predicting body shame. Specifically, high ethnic identity strength exacerbated the detrimental effect of appearance bias on Asian American women's body shame, whereas low ethnic identity strength buffered this effect. This finding contradicts theoretical views of ethnic identity strength as a protective factor in women of color's body image development. Practice implications and future research directions are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I denne artikel undersøges og afklares, hvad minoritetsstress er, og hvordan begrebet kan anvendes til at forstå etnisk og racialiserede minoriteters hverdagslige udfordringer med mikroaggressioner, stigmatisering og diskrimination. Der mangler i udpræget grad forskning om minoritetsstress i en dansk/nordisk sammenhæng, hvor det traditionelle fokus på stress i høj grad repræsenterer et individualistisk fokus på den enkeltes evne til at håndtere belastninger, og hvor fokus på diskrimination og andetgørelse sjældent omfatter en opmærksomhed på de negative psykologiske konsekvenser det kan have. Minoritetsstress repræsenterer i denne forbindelse et fokus på de strukturelle og sociale forhold, som er knyttet til bestemte samfundsmæssige normer og forståelser, som skaber nogle grupper og personer som ”forkerte, ”mindre velkomne” og dermed som andetgjorte. Oplevelsen af at blive udskammet eller set som anderledes er forbundet med en konstant form for stress, som skal forstås i dens egen ret, hvilket fører til udviklingen af begrebet om minoritetsstress. I artiklen sammenholdes forskning om minoritetsstress med teorier om bl.a. stigmatisering, affektiv belastning, internaliseret racisme og ”passing”. Der peges i den forbindelse på, hvordan minoritetsstress kan føre til mere udvidede forståelser af både stress og resiliens som kollektivt forankrede processer, der tager højde for social ulighed, diskrimination og racisme.

The main aim of this work is to understand the experiences of racism among the Haitian migrant community in Chile, from an intersectional perspective. We focus on their oppressive experiences, as well as their resistance to these experiences. We carried out a qualitative study with 16 Haitian people (10 men and 6 women), between 21 and 44 years old, living in Santiago de Chile, with whom we conducted a total of 29 semi-structured in-depth interviews. We carried out a thematic content analysis from an intersectional perspective. Our results show that our participants have experienced structural racism, overt prejudice and internalized racism. Skin colour appears as the most important racial marker, and is articulated with their nationalities, migrant status and/or sex-gender. Also, we account for the phenomenon of sexualized racialization towards Haitian men. Finally, we describe resistances, some of which show a knowledge about the positive socio-historical positions of Haitian individuals. Thus, we investigate resistant and incipient social identities configured around skin colour and Haitian nationality. As suggestions for future research, we believe it is relevant to extend the study of racism in Chile from the field of international migration, taking into account the racialized structures within which racism is exercised towards migrants, as well as towards indigenous people, Afro-Chileans or dark-skinned mestizo Chileans. With this work, we seek to highlight the presence and consequences of racism in Chile and promote the integral integration of the Haitian community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the potential effects of the lack of diversity in children's books on young readers, with an emphasis on the Latine/o/a/x community. Utilizing personal experience, market statistics, case studies, and educational research, this paper provides a holistic understanding of the sociological and psychological damage that can be caused when children do not see themselves positively represented in the media they consume. Whether through a complete lack of representation, negative stereotypes, or issues of authenticity, this paper explores why and how these issues directly impact a child's self-esteem. In an effort to combat this issue and create substantive change, potential solutions are suggested and encouraged to readers from all walks of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internalized racism (IR) is sometimes conceptualized as a form of racism, a psychological response to experiencing racism, and/or an external sociocultural process. However, while a growing body of work shows that IR is associated with adverse health among racial minorities, this work is limited in explaining this association. I present an integrated framework using the Stigma‐induced Identity Threat Model and the Minority Stress Theory Model to help better understand the mechanisms through which IR gets both "under the skin" and "into the mind" to impact health. With this integrated framework, I suggest IR is both a source of race‐ and racism‐related stress and a consequence of experiencing racism that increases risk of adverse health directly, and indirectly via psychological, biophysiological, and behavioral stress responses. Primarily, I argue IR is a racism‐induced identity threat response that triggers stress‐related psychological (e.g., hopelessness) and biophysiological (e.g., autonomic nervous system activation) responses, and increases engagement in maladaptive coping behaviors (e.g., drug use). These stress responses then operate as mechanisms through which IR is associated with adverse health. I discuss limitations of this initial framework and IR scholarship, along with directions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]