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The article presents the results of studies of the content of fatty acids in the lipids of the muscle tissue of young rams, and the composition of fatty acid of the internal fat of young rams, obtained from purebred genotypes (Soviet merino) and crossbred sheep genotypes: Soviet merino x Dzhalginsky merino and Soviet merino x Stavropol variety. Sheep were raised by moderate fattening. For the purposes of research the control group of sheep was slaughtered at the age of 8 months. As a result of analyzing the composition of fatty acid in the samples of muscle tissue and internal fat of the considered animals, 13 and 11 fatty acids, respectively, were identified. The lipids of muscle tissue showed an increased share of saturated fatty acids (53.93–56.34%) in reference to the total composition of fatty acids. In all studied groups, the internal fat of young rams contained a large amount of saturated fatty acids: from 64.46 (purebred) to 67.71% (crossbred). The calculated atherogenicity indices of muscle tissue (IA = 0.99–1.18) and fat tissue (IA = 1.11–1.21) in all groups of animals were at a low level; thrombogenicity indices of muscle tissue (IT = 1.98–2.28) and fat tissue (IT = 2.97–3.71) proved to be higher.

The paper studies the meat productivity of lambs and kids fed under the same conditions, the chemical composition of their meat and the morphological parameters of their carcasses. The main differences in the chemical composition of the meat of lambs and kids were observed in terms of the amount of fat contained in it. Thus, it was found that the amount of fat in lamb meat exceeded its amount in kid meat by almost 2 times (P < 0.05). The amount of internal fat in lambs with a high coefficient of reliability (P<0.001) was also approximately 2 times higher than in kids. The slaughter yield in carcasses of lambs (51.67%) also turned out to be higher than that of lambs (42.79%). The weight of chilled carcasses of lambs exceeds by 18.4% the same weight of kid carcasses. However, when it came to boneless meat and bones, there was no significant difference between lambs and kids. The reason for this is that goat carcasses do not contain fat-tail fat, while lamb carcasses contain approximately 10% fat-tail fat. Thus, our experiments have shown that the meat productivity of lambs, the amount of fat in their meat and the morphological composition of their carcasses are relatively higher than these indicators in kids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of fats in nutrition is determined by their high-calorie content and participation in the construction of body tissues, together with proteins and carbohydrates. Enriched nutrition is of great importance in the complex of issues that determine its usefulness. Thus, the question of the effect of probiotics and sorbents in the diet on the animal organism has become very relevant. The purpose of the work was a comparative assessment of the composition and properties of adipose tissue of rams, consuming together and separately preparations with sorption and probiotic effect. The studies were carried out in two stages. In the first, during the scientific and economic experiment, 80 newborn rams grew and developed up to a year of age, followed by the slaughter of three animals from each group. In the second stage, samples of internal fat were examined according to some indicators. Sensory analysis revealed that all internal fat samples met the established requirements, while the color and consistency of the experimental samples improved. The dry matter content, including fat in the experimental samples of fat tissue, increased, and moisture decreased. The physical and technical parameters of internal fat also changed in the intergroup aspect. In the control sample, the iodine number decreased, and the saponification number, pour point, and melting point increased. Calculation of energy value indicates that in the first sample, the indicator increased by 0.08 MJ (0.23%); Group II - by 0.16 MJ (0.45%) and group III - by 0.25 MJ (0.70%). According to the sum of monounsaturated fatty acids, young group III was in the lead. The content of polyunsaturated fatty acids was the opposite. The biological effectiveness of fats is determined by the ratio that was better in the experimental samples. Thus, the inclusion of fodder additives in the diet of the rams of the Romanov breed helps to improve the quality of raw materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

O objetivo neste estudo foi avaliar as partes não-integrantes da carcaça de tourinhos abatidos entre 14 e 16 meses de idade alimentados com diferentes níveis de concentrado na dieta. Os animais foram terminados em confinamento até atingirem em média 400 kg de peso vivo. Foram utilizados 16 tourinhos alimentados com 22, 40, 59 ou 79% de concentrado na dieta, distribuídos inteiramente ao acaso, com quatro repetições por tratamento. A idade e o peso médio inicial dos animais foram de 9,32 meses e 192,44 kg, respectivamente. O peso de corpo vazio (PCVZ) e o rendimento de carcaça expresso em valores ajustados para o PCVZ foram similares entre os níveis de concentrado na dieta. O aumento no nível de concentrado na dieta promoveu diminuição linear do peso absoluto de intestino e aumentos lineares dos pesos absolutos da gordura ruminal e do abomaso. Quando os componentes foram expressos em valores ajustados para PCVZ e peso de abate (PA), verificaram-se aumentos lineares para pesos de patas, coração, intestinos, gordura de toalete, gordura do rúmen, conteúdo do trato gastrintestinal e conteúdo de gordura interna e diminuição linear do peso de cabeça e omaso com o aumento do nível de concentrado na dieta. O peso de abomaso foi quadraticamente influenciado pelo nível de concentrado, com valores mínimos estimados para os níveis de 68,0; 66,7 e 69,2% de concentrado na dieta, em relação ao peso absoluto, ajustado para o PCVZ e PA, respectivamente. O aumento do nível de concentrado de 22 para 79% promoveu aumento nos pesos relativos do conteúdo do trato gastrintestinal e gordura interna e não influenciou o conjunto dos órgãos internos, o peso de corpo vazio e o rendimento de carcaça ajustado para o PCVZ de tourinhos abatidos aos 14-16 meses com 400 kg.The objective of this trial was to evaluate the non-integrant body components of the carcass from young bulls slaughtered at 14-16 months of age, fed different concentrate levels in the diet. The animals were feedlot finished until reaching 400 kg of body weight. Sixteen bulls were randomly distributed into four treatments: 22; 40; 59 or 79% concentrate in the diet. The initial average age and weight were 9.3 months and 192.4 kg, respectively. The empty body weight (EBW) and carcass dressing ajusted for empty body weight were similar among the different concentrate levels. The increase in the concentrate level in the diet promoted linear decrease for intestine absolute weight, and linear increase for ruminal and abomasum absolute fat weight. When the components were expressed as adjusted EBW values and slaughter weight (SW), linear increases were observed for weight of feet, heart, intestine, trim fat, ruminal fat, gastrintestinal tract content and internal fat, and linear decreases were observed for weight of head and omasum as the concentrate level increased. The response of the abomasum weight according to the concentrate level was quadratic, with the minimum values estimated for the concentrate levels of 68.0, 66.7 and 69.2%, in relation to the absolute weight, adjusted for EBW and SW, respectively. The increase in the concentrate level from 22 to 79% increased the ajusted weights of gastrintestinal tract content and internal fat; however, it did not affect the total internal organs, empty body weight and carcass dressing ajusted for empty body weight of bulls slaughtered at 14-16 months of age with 400 kg.

Foram avaliados os efeitos de heterose e grupo genético na distribuição das gorduras internas e de descarte e dos componentes externos do corpo de novilhos puros, Charolês (C) e Nelore (N), e mestiços de segunda (¾C × ¼N e ¾N × ¼C), terceira (5/8C × 3/8N e 5/8N × 3/8C) e quarta gerações (11/16C × 5/16N e 11/16N × 5/16C) de cruzamento terminados em confinamento. Em comparação à média dos puros, os novilhos de segunda geração apresentaram maior peso absoluto das gorduras renal, intestinal e total, resultando em heterose de 39,88; 43,96 e 31,80%, respectivamente. A gordura ruminal dos novilhos da quarta geração foi 41,48% maior que a média dos puros. Quando expressa em porcentagem do peso do corpo vazio (PCV), os animais da segunda geração foram superiores aos puros somente em relação à gordura intestinal, apresentando heterose de 28,06%. Os animais de quarta geração foram 21,67% inferiores aos puros quando a gordura de toalete foi expressa por 100 kg de PCV. Novilhos Charolês tiveram maior peso absoluto de gordura de descarte em relação aos novilhos Nelore (2,85 vs 1,30 kg). Nos novilhos ¾C × ¼N, a gordura intestinal foi maior que nos ¾N × ¼C, em pesos absoluto (10,15 vs 7,83 kg) e relativo (2,59 vs 2,02%). O peso de gordura ruminal nos animais 11/16N × 5/16C foi maior que nos 11/16C × 5/16N (6,93 vs 4,94 kg). A heterose para o peso relativo da cabeça foi significativa na terceira (-15,54%) e quarta (-13,12%) gerações de cruzamento, enquanto a heterose para o peso relativo das patas foi significativa apenas na terceira geração (-11,08%). O peso relativo das patas nos novilhos Charolês foi maior que nos Nelore (2,18 vs 1,88%). As gorduras não-integrantes da carcaça apresentam heterose significativa no cruzamento rotativo entre as raças Charolês e Nelore.The effect of heterosis and genetic group on the distribution of internal and trim fat and, external components of the body of purebred, Charolais (C) and Nellore (N), and crossbred steers from second (G2) (¾C ¼N and ¾N ¼C), third (G3) (5/8C 3/8N and 5/8N 3/8C) and fourth (G4) (11/16C 5/16N and 11/16N 5/16C) generations of feedlot finished rotational crossbreeding were evaluated. Steers from G2 showed higher absolute weight for renal, intestinal and total fat when compared to purebreds' average, resulting in heterosis of 39.88, 43.96 and 31.80%, respectively. Ruminal fat of G4 steers was 41.48% higher than purebreds' average. When expressed as percentage of empty body weight (EBW), G2 remained superior to purebreds only for intestinal fat, with heterosis 28.06%. Trim fat expressed per 100 kg of EBW in G4 was 21.67% lower than purebreds' average. Charolais steers had higher absolute trim fat weight when compared to Nellore (2.85 vs 1.30 kg). The ¾C ¼N steers had higher intestinal fat than ¾N ¼C steers, in absolute (10.15 vs 7.83 kg) and relative weight (2.59 vs 2.02%). The 11/16N 5/16C steers showed higher ruminal fat weight when compared to 11/16C 5/16N steers (6.93 vs 4.94 kg). Heterosis for relative head weight was negative and significant in G3 (-15.54%) and G4 (-13.12%), whereas the relative feet weight was only significant in G3 (-11.08%). Relative feet weight of Charolais steers was higher than for Nellore (2.18 vs 1.88%). The carcass non-integrant fats show significant heterosis in the rotational Charolais × Nellore crossbreeding.

Background: Infant body composition has been associated with later metabolic disease risk, but few studies have examined the association between maternal macronutrient intake and neonatal body composition. Furthermore, most of those studies have used proxy measures of body composition that may not reflect body fat distribution, particularly abdominal internal adiposity.Objective: We investigated the relation between maternal macronutrient intake and neonatal abdominal adiposity measured by using MRI in a multiethnic Asian mother-offspring cohort.Methods: The macronutrient intake of mothers was ascertained by using a 24-h dietary recall at 26-28 wk gestation. Neonatal abdominal adiposity was assessed by using MRI in week 2 of life. Mother-offspring dyads with complete macronutrient intake and adiposity information (n = 320) were included in the analysis. Associations were assessed by both substitution and addition models with the use of multivariable linear regressions.Results: Mothers (mean age: 30 y) consumed (mean ± SD) 15.5% ± 4.3% of their energy from protein, 32.4% ± 7.7% from fat, and 52.1% ± 9.0% from carbohydrate. A higher-protein, lower-carbohydrate or -fat diet during pregnancy was associated with lower abdominal internal adipose tissue (IAT) in the neonates [β (95% CI): -0.18 mL (-0.35, -0.001 mL) per 1% protein-to-carbohydrate substitution and -0.25 mL (-0.46, -0.04 mL) per 1% protein-to-fat substitution]. These associations were stronger in boys than in girls (P-interaction < 0.05). Higher maternal intake of animal protein, but not plant protein, was associated with lower offspring IAT. In contrast, maternal macronutrient intake was not associated consistently with infant anthropometric measurements, including abdominal circumference and subscapular skinfold thickness.Conclusions: Higher maternal protein intake at the expense of carbohydrate or fat intake at 26-28 wk gestation was associated with lower abdominal internal adiposity in neonates. Optimizing maternal dietary balance might be a new approach to improve offspring body composition. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01174875. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Five hundred and seventy-five Nellore steers were evaluated for residual feed intake and residual feed intake and gain and their relationships between carcass, non-carcass and meat quality traits. RFI was measured by the difference between observed and predicted dry matter intake and RIG was obtained by the sum of − 1*RFI and residual gain. Efficient and inefficient animals were classified adopting ± 0.5 standard deviations from RFI and RIG mean. A mixed model was used including RFI or RIG and contemporary group as fixed effects, initial age as covariate and sire and experimental period as random effects, testing the significance of the regression slope for each evaluated trait. RIG was positively related to longissimus muscle area. Efficient-RFI animals had lower liver and internal fat proportions compared to inefficient-RFI animals. Efficient-RFI and efficient-RIG animals had 11.8% and 11.2% lower extracted intramuscular fat, compared to inefficient-RFI and inefficient-RIG animals, respectively. Efficient-RFI animals had tougher meat compared to inefficient-RFI animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experiment was carried to evaluate the effects of gender and two dietary ionophores on growth performance and slaughter characteristics in Moghani sheep. A total of 30 Moghani lambs (15 males and 15 females) were distributed randomly into 30 individual cages. Each gender group consisted of 5 animals and fed with a basal diet with no supplement, the same basal diet plus 25 mg/kg monensin (MON) or 25 mg/kg lasalocid (LAS). The lambs were weighed and slaughtered after a feeding period of 134 days and carcass parameters were determined. Average slaughter weight (SW) was significantly influenced by gender (48.9 kg for females vs. 51.4 kg for males) (P<0.01) but not by diet type. Neither gender nor ionophore supplementations affect average daily gain (ADG) (P>0.05). Lambs fed MON had the lowest feed intake (FI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) which significantly differed from those of the lambs fed the other two diets. Females had a significantly higher average internal fat compared with their male counterparts (P<0.01). In regard to fat-tail weight, significant decreasing was observed in ionophore groups as compared to control group (P<0.05). Males exhibited higher growth performance with heavier offals and carcass cuts including valuable cuts than in females. Dietary MON could be used as a potent feed additive improving feed efficiency and reducing internal fat and offals proportions in Moghani lambs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to evaluate, using meta-analysis, average daily gain (ADG), carcass tissue composition (carcass muscle and carcass adipose tissue (CAT)), internal fat (kidney and mesenteric fats) and tail fat responses to metabolizable energy intake (MEI) for fat-tailed lambs. Data from 31 international publications representing 78 treatments were analyzed. Breeds were characterized according to their precocity (Early and Moderate-Early) and maturity stage (Young, Intermediate and Adult). The results showed that each MEI increase by 1 MJ/d/kg LW was accompanied by 12.02 g/d/kg LW ADG and 0.14 kg/kg LW carcass muscle. For fats, only tail fat varied with MEI. For an increase of 1.00 MJ/d/kg LW MEI, fat tail increased by 0.16 kg/kg LW and the response of tail fat to MEI was higher for Early than for Moderate-Early lambs and for adult lambs than for young ones. The variation of carcass tissue composition to ADG changes was also established. Carcass muscle increase by 0.01 kg/kg LW and CAT increase by 0.014 kg/kg LW for each 1.00 g/d/kg LW increment of ADG. According to ADG change, carcass muscle was higher for young lambs whereas CAT was higher for adult lambs. For fats, only tail fat increase with CAT and each 1.00 kg/kg LW increase of CAT was accompanied by 0.33 kg/kg LW tail fat. The slope was higher (P = 0.002) for adult lambs (0.83 kg/kg LW) than for young lambs (0.28 kg/kg LW). Tail fat seemed to be an indicator of precocity in sheep and its higher response to energy increment confirm his role as an energy reserve for fat tailed sheep reared in harsh conditions. It is also very interesting to note that for sheep up 62 % of adult weight, the MEI increment increased ADG, carcass muscle, tail fat, without affecting carcass fat. • ADG and fat response to energy intake in fat tailed sheep was quantified by metaanalysis • ADG and carcass muscle increase with energy intake for sheep up 62 % of adult weight. • Tail fat increases with energy intake, carcass and kidney fats were not modified. • Tail fat (kg/kg LW) was higher for early maturing and adult lambs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to assess and compare the non-carcass components, carcass measurements and meat cut production of Pantaneiro (P) sheep and their Texel (TP) and Santa Inês (SIP) crossbreds. Ninety-six lambs, of which 51 were male and 45 were female, with a mean weaning weight of 15.21 ± 1.25 kg and age of 78 ± 13 days were slaughtered at 32 kg of body weight. TP lambs had greater leg compactness and weight and percentage of pelt, whereas genotypes (G) P and SIP had higher carcass depth. P and SIP females had weights omental fat percentages that were superior to the other animals, whereas SIP females had higher mesenteric fat. TP males had higher production of white viscera. There was no effect of sex, G or interaction for production and percentage of all meat cuts. Pantaneiro lambs and their crosses with meat breeds could be useful in meat production systems under Savannah environmental conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to re-evaluate our previously published technique of estimating total physically separable internal fat (IFAT) in beef cattle using real-time ultrasound (RTU) and carcass measurements from live animals by including more breed types and genders under different management scenarios. We expanded the original database and performed additional analyses. The database was gathered from 4 studies and contained 110 animals (16 bulls, 16 heifers, and 78 steers), being Angus (n = 56), Angusx 5/8 Angus x 3/8 Nellore (n = 18), and Angus crossbreds (n = 36). Ultrasound measurements were obtained 7 d before slaughter, including the 12th to 13th rib fat thickness (uBF) and ultrasound kidney fat depth (uKFd). The uKFd was measured in a cross-sectional image collected between the first lumbar and 13th rib as previously published. Carcass data were collected 48 h post-mortem and consisted of backfat thickness (cBF), kidney fat depth (cKFd) and KPH weight, live BW, and HCW. Whole gastrointestinal tracts were removed and dissected to obtain IFAT weights. Weight of IFAT was highly correlated with KPH weight (0.88) and cKFd (0.81) and moderately correlated with uKFd (0.71). Prediction equations were developed for estimating IFAT, KPH weight, and cKFd with the PROC REG of SAS using the stepwise statement. The best predictors of IFAT were KPH weight or cKFd and cBF (r2 = 0.84 and 0.83 and root mean square errors (RMSE) of 4.23 and 4.33 kg, respectively). Ultrasound measurements of uKFd and uBF had an r2 of 0.65 and RMSE of 6.07 kg when both were used to predict IFAT. The results of cross-validation analyses indicated that equations developed either with KPH weight or cKFd weight and cBF had greater precision than the equation developed with uKFd and uBF. Most of the errors associated with the mean square error of prediction were due to random, uncontrolled variation. These results were consistent with previously published evaluation of this technique. These findings confirm that this RTU technique allows the measurement of IFAT in a non-invasive way that may improve our ability to estimate IFAT in beef cattle, be used to more accurately formulate rations, and be applied in sorting cattle at feedyard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective was to evaluate effects of feeding level of milk replacer on body growth, plasma metabolite and insulin concentrations, and allometric growth of visceral organs in suckling calves. Holstein bull calves ( n = 8; 3–4 days of age) were fed either a low amount (average 0.63 kgDM/day, LM) or high amount (average 1.15 kgDM/day, HM) of high protein milk replacer until they were slaughtered at 6 weeks of age. Body weight (BW) at 4, 5, and 6 weeks of age, feed intake, average daily gain, and feed efficiency were higher in the HM than LM calves. The HM group had higher plasma glucose at 3 and 4 weeks of age and insulin levels after the age of 4 weeks compared with LM calves whereas no effect was detected on plasma nonesterified fatty acid or urea nitrogen concentrations. The HM calves had greater empty body weight (EBW), viscera-free BW and most of the organs dissected than LM calves. Relative weights (% of EBW) of liver, spleen, kidneys, and internal fat were higher, whereas head and large intestine was lower in HM than LM calves. The results suggest that increased milk feeding levels would accelerate the growth of the body and specific organs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objectives of this study were to describe a system to assess KPH fat by using real-time ultrasound (RTU) and to develop equations to predict total physical separable internal fat (IFAT) based on ultrasound measurements. Data for this study were obtained from 24 Angus steers fed either hay- or corn-based diets during the backgrounding phase. Steers were serially slaughtered in 3 groups: at weaning (baseline), then at 4 and 8 mo after weaning. A fourth group was composed of 4 steers from the hay-fed group that were slaughtered at approximately 10 mo after weaning. The RTU measurements were collected every 2 mo, with a preslaughter scan approximately 7 d before the slaughter time. The RTU measurements consisted of 12th- to 13th-rib backfat thickness, 12th to 13th ribeye area, percentage of intramuscular fat, and kidney fat depth, which was measured in a cross-sectional image collected between the first lumbar vertebra and the 13th rib. For kidney fat, the ultrasound probe was placed on the flank region approximately 15 cm from the midline of the animal. Images were stored in the ultrasound console, and measurements were taken between the ventral part of the iliocostalis muscle and the end of the KPH fat at the chute side. The relationship between carcass and ultrasound measurements in the depths of kidney fat (cKFd and uKFd, respectively) had an r² of 0.93, with a root mean square error (RMSE) of 1.14 cm. An allometric regression between carcass KPH weight (cKPHwt) and cKFd was identified, and the untransformed regression had an r² of 0.96. The linear regression between total IFAT and cKPHwt had an r² of 0.97, with an RMSE of 2.67 kg. Therefore, a system was developed to predict IFAT from uKFd measurements by combining these equations. Additionally, a single linear regression between IFAT and uKFd measurements was developed (r² = 0.89, RMSE = 5.32 kg). Even though the system of equations had a lower RMSE of prediction and greater r² compared with the~ single linear regression (4.80 vs. 5.10 kg and 0.91 vs. 0.89, respectively), there was no difference between these methods in predicting IFAT (P = 0.4936) by using a pairwise mean square error of prediction analysis. Our results indicated that uKFd measurements can accurately and precisely predict the cKFd of steers consuming either high concentrate or forage rations. The results also showed that cKFd is highly correlated with cKPHwt, which can be used to estimate total IFAT. More research is needed to further evaluate this technique with different feeding strategies, breeds, and sexes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]