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Recurrent spontaneous abortions (RSA) is the loss of pregnancy for two consecutive times at least before the arrival of the fetus for 24 weeks gestation. This study was conducted to investigate the role of IL-2 and human cytomegalovirus in recurrent spontaneous abortions women in Wasit province. to conduct immunological studies and viral by 90 women who suffer from abortion frequently (At least two abortions) and two sets of control (pregnant and healthy women), The average age of the groups ranged between (17-45) years, the results showed a high significant increase (P <0.001) at the level of IL-- 2 patients compared with pregnant women and healthy women, according to different age groups. And also it showed the results of a study of opposites immune IgM, IgG-virus human cytomegalovirus rise significantly (P <0.05) for patients when compared with pregnant women and healthy women In the cases of chronic and acute infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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A study was made to observe the association between the resistance to reinfection induced by irradiated metacercariae (MC) of Clonorchis sinensis and antigen specific Th1- and Th2-type cytokine productions in rats. Rats were infected with 20 MC of C. sinensis, previously exposed to a single dose of gamma irradiation, which varied from 0 to 100 Gy. All of them, single dose of 12 Gy showed higher IgG antibody titer with lowest worm recovery. Thus, 50 MC were used to challenge infection in rats previously infected with 20 MC irradiated at 12 Gy and the highest resistance to challenge infection was observed. The results of lymphocyte proliferation with specific antigen, ES Ag were shown no difference of proliferative responses as compared with primary and challenge infection at 12 Gy irradiation dose. In the case of cytokines production were observed that interferon (IFN-gamma) and interlukin (IL-2) were significantly enhanced, while IL-4 and IL-10 was almost unchanged to make comparison between primary and secondary infection at 12 Gy irradiation dose. In conclusion, the single dose of 12 Gy could be adopted for induction of the highest resistance to challenge infection. Up-regulation of Th1 type cytokines, IFN-gamma and IL-2 may be affected to develop vaccine by irradiated MC.

Background aims. A phase I trial examined the ability of immunotherapy to mobilize progenitor and activated T cells. Methods. Interleukin (IL)-2 was administered subcutaneously for 11 days, with granulocyte (G)-colony-stimulating factor (CSF) (5 mcg/kg/day) and granulocyte-macrophage (GM)-CSF (7.5 mcg/kg/day) added for the last 5 days. Leukapheresis was initiated on day 11. Thirteen patients were treated (myeloma n = 11, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma n = 2). Results. Toxicities were minimal. IL-2 was stopped in two patients because of capillary leak ( n = 1) and diarrhea ( n = 1). Each patient required 2.5 leukaphereses (median; range 1-3) to collect 3.2 × 106 CD34+ cells/kg (median; range 1.9-6.6 × 106/kg). Immune mobilization increased the number of CD3+ CD8+ T cells ( P = 0.002), CD56+ natural killer (NK) cells ( P = 0.0001), CD8+ CD56+ T cells ( P = 0.002) and CD4+ CD25+ cells ( P = 0.0001) compared with cancer patients mobilized with G-CSF alone. There was increased lysis of myeloma cells after 7 days ( P = 0.03) or 11 days ( P = 0.02). The maximum tolerated dose of IL-2 was 1 × 106 IU/m2/day. Conclusions. Immune mobilization is well tolerated with normal subsequent marrow engraftment. As cells within the graft influence lymphocyte recovery, an increased number of functional lymphocytes may result in more rapid immune reconstitution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Interlukin-2 (IL-2) is an important cytokine in the brain: IL-2 and its receptors are involved with inflammatory processes. Chronological changes in IL-2 level in serum, and IL-2 and its receptor (IL-2 receptor β, IL-2Rβ) immunoreactivities and levels were examined in the hippocampal CA1 region after transient forebrain ischemia in gerbils. IL-2 level in serum significantly decreased 12 h after ischemia/reperfusion. IL-2 immunoreactivity was detected in the somata of pyramidal cells in sham-operated group. At 15 min after ischemia, IL-2 immunoreactivity was shown in non-pyramidal cells as well as pyramidal cells. One day after ischemia, IL-2 immunoreactivity was lowest, and IL-2 immunoreactivity is shown in non-pyramidal cells from 2 days after ischemia. Four days after ischemia, IL-2 immunoreactivity was shown in dying pyramidal cells. IL-2Rβ immunoreactivity in the sham-operated and 15 min–3 min post-ischemic groups is detected in the cell membrane of pyramidal cells. From 3 h after ischemia, IL-2Rβ immunoreactivity is found in cytoplasm and nuclei, but not in cell membrane. IL-2Rβ immunoreactivity decreases from 6 h after ischemia and is shown mainly in non-pyramidal cells from 3 days after ischemia. The data of Western blot analyses for IL-2 and IL-2Rβ was similar to the immunohistochemical data. IL-2 infusion into cerebrospinal fluid did not protect hippocampal neurons from ischemic damage. These results suggest that IL-2 and IL-2Rβ show malfunction from 3 h after ischemia, and exogenous IL-2 does not protect ischemic neuronal damage. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Buchang-tang (BCT) has been known to suppress inflammatory and autoimmune responses. Accordingly, BCT has been clinically used in Korea as an immunomodulatory oriental medicine. Here, we report on the mechanism of action of BCT in activated MOLT-4 cells by determining the affected signaling pathways. BCT inhibits extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK)l/2 and p38 activation but does not interfere with phosphorylation of other mitogen-activated protein kinases, c-Jun NH2-terminal kinases 1/2 in MOLT-4 cells. The nuclear localization of nuclear factor of activated T cells 2 (NFATc) was blocked by BCT. Also, degradation of inhibitor κB-α and transactivation by nuclear factor-κ B (NF-κB)/Rel A were impaired. Furthermore, interlukin (IL)-2 mRNA and protein levels were significantly diminished by BCT treatment. Our data indicate that BCT inhibits ERK1/2, p38 activation, nuclear translocation of NFATc, and NF-κB, resulting in diminished secretion of IL-2. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In this cross-sectional study, we assessed the in vitro interleukin-2 (IL-2) producing capacity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and lymphocytes from patients with different forms of periodontitis. 45 patients (12 with localised early onset periodontitis (LEOP), 20 with generalised early onset periodontitis (GEOP), and 13 with adult periodontitis (AP), and 20 periodontally healthy subjects (HS), participated in this study. PBMC and lymphocytes were isolated from the subjects and their cells were stimulated with an anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody (anti-CD3 MoAb) and the secreted IL-2 levels in the culture were bioassayed. No significant differences could be found in IL-2 producing activity of PBMC between the patients and HS group. There was wide interindividual variation and high and low "IL-2 producers" were noted. We found a LEOP patient who was a high producer of IL-2 (>mean+8 SD) and 2 LEOP patients and a HS who were low producers of IL-2 (

The addition of 20% interleukin-2 (IL-2) significantly reduced the percentage of T lymphocytes dying m vitro after being isolated from the peripheral blood of acute infectious mononucleosis (IM ) patients Moreover. the immediate addition of 20% IL-2 to freshly isolated blood allowed IM T cell lines to be readily established from t he peripheral blood of acute IM patients. Characterization of seven of these IM T cell lines showed them tobeT3+.T11+, T4-,T9- and generally T10-. Over half of the lines characterize were Tg+. It will now be possible to re-evaluate IM T cell effector functions as previous assays of IM T cell functions may have been influenced by the presence of rapid and extensive T cell death in vitro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Imerleukin-2 [IL-2) production us well as the response of lymphocytes 1o exogenous IL-2 was measured in asymptomatic homosexuals, patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and homosexuals with prodromal symptoms IL-2 production following lectin stimulation was not significantly different in homosexuals compared to age matched heterosexual controls In contrast, the response of lymphocytes to exogenous IL-2 was significantly decreased in AIDS and homosexuals with prodromal symptoms compared to asymptomatic homosexuals and heterosexual controls These data, combined with the data of others, suggest that an underlying immune defect in AIDS is abnormal IL-2 receptor expression and resultant poor IL-2 response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IL-2 is a pleiotropic cytokine produced by T cell after antigen activation of T cell and it is so called T cell growth factor. A large number of documents suggest that Il-2 plays pivotal roles in the immune response and now Il-2 is an approved drug being used for various kinds of diseases such as cancer and dermatitis. (1) The aim of present exploration was to look at effect of IL-2 on structural, phenotypic and functional maturation of murine BMDCs. The structural and phenotypic maturation of BMDCs under influence of IL-2 were evaluated by light microscope and flow cytometry (FCM). The functional maturation of BMDCs was confirmed by cytochemistry assay, FITC-dextran, acid phosphatase (ACP) activity, bio-assay and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).We elucidated that IL-2 up-regulated the expression of key surface markers such as: CD80, CD83, CD86, CD40 and MHC II molecules on BMDCs, down-regulated phagocytosis activity, induced more production of IL-12 and TNF-α secreted by BMDCs. Therefore it can be concluded that IL-2 effectively enhance the maturation of BMDCs. Our results provide direct evidence to support IL-2 would be used as a potent adjuvant in preparation of DC-based vaccines, as well as an immune remedy for cancer situation.

Adoptive cell therapy provides an attractive treatment of cancer, and our expanding capacity to target tumor antigens is driven by genetically engineered human T lymphocytes that express genes encoding tumor-specific T cell receptors (TCRs). The intrinsic properties of cultured T cells used for therapy were reported to have tremendous influences on their persistence and antitumor efficacy in vivo. In this study, we isolated CD8(+) central memory T cells from peripheral blood lymphocytes of healthy donors, and then transferred with the gene encoding TCR specific for tumor antigen using recombinant adenovirus vector Ad5F35-TRAV-TRBV. We found effector T cells derived from central memory T cells improved cell viability, maintained certain level of CD62L expression, and reacquired the CD62L(+)CD44(high) phenotype of central memory T cells after effector T cells differentiation. We then compared the antitumor reactivity of central memory T cells and CD8(+)T cells after TCR gene transferred. The results indicated that tumor-specific TCR gene being transferred to central memory T cells effectively increased the specific killing of antigen positive tumor cells and the expression of cytolytic granule protein. Furthermore, TCR gene transferred central memory T cells were more effective than TCR gene transferred CD8(+)T cells in CTL activity and effector cytokine secretion. These results implicated that isolating central memory T cells rather than CD8(+)T cells for insertion of gene encoding tumor-specific TCR may provide a superior tumor-reactive T cell population for adoptive transfer., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.)