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Drawing upon the literatures in information privacy, developmental psychology, and family science, this research investigates how parental online privacy concerns can be passed on to adolescents and affect their self-disclosure on social networking sites. We propose that parental privacy concerns decrease adolescents' self-disclosure both directly (i.e., compliance) and indirectly through adolescents' privacy concerns (i.e., internalization) and that such effects are moderated by parent-child privacy dissonance, parental internet evaluative mediation, and adolescents' gender. To test the research model, we collected matched parent-child data from 726 families in China. The results show the indirect effect of parental privacy concerns on adolescents' self-disclosure via their influence on adolescents' privacy concerns. In addition, parent-child privacy dissonance weakens the effect of adolescents' privacy concerns on selfdisclosure. The extent to which parents employ internet evaluative mediation to guide adolescents' online activities reinforces the effect of parental privacy concerns on adolescents' privacy concerns. Statistical analyses further revealed that the mediating effect of adolescents' privacy concerns is weakened by parent-child privacy dissonance but strengthened by internet evaluative mediation. We also found that parental privacy concerns affect sons and daughters through different paths, especially when parents employ high internet evaluative mediation. Under high internet evaluative mediation, parental privacy concerns affect sons' self-disclosure primarily through an indirect path (via sons' privacy concerns), but influence daughters' self-disclosure both directly and indirectly via daughters' privacy concerns. We conclude by discussing theoretical contributions and practical implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Much literature in the US documents an intergenerational transmission of birthing person and perinatal morbidity in socioeconomically disadvantaged groups. A separate line of work indicates that family cash transfers may improve life chances of low-income families well into adulthood. By exploiting a quasi-random natural experiment of a large family cash transfer among a southeastern American Indian (AI) tribe in rural North Carolina, we examine whether a perturbation in socioeconomic status during childhood improves birthing person/perinatal outcomes when they become parents themselves. We acquired birth records on 6805 AI and non-AI infants born from 1995 to 2018. Regression methods to examine effect modification tested whether the birthing persons American Indian (AI) status and exposure to the family cash transfer during their childhood years corresponds with improvements in birthing person and perinatal outcomes. Findings show an increase in age at childbearing (coef: 0.15 years, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.05, 0.25) and a decrease in pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI; coef: -0.42, 95% CI: -0.76, -0.09) with increased duration of cash transfer exposure during childhood. The odds of large-for-gestational age at delivery, as well as mean infant birthweight, is also reduced among AI births whose birthing person had relatively longer duration of exposure to the cash transfer. We, however, observe no relation with other birthing person/perinatal outcomes (e.g., tobacco use during pregnancy, preterm birth). In this rural AI population, cash transfers in one generation correspond with improved birthing person and infant health in the next generation.

The role of gender stereotypes in students' academic performance attracts increasing attention among economists. In this paper, we explore how gender stereotypes among parents can affect students' maths performance. Using the data on junior high school students from the China Education Panel Survey, we find that when parents believe boys to be better than girls in maths, such a gender stereotype results in perceived difficulty in maths and poor maths performance among girls. Parental gender stereotyping does not change their allocation of educational resources, but rather shapes girls' gender stereotypes and thereby lowers their academic performance. In contrast, we do not find any significantly negative effects of parental gender role stereotypes among boys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maternal adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are robust predictors of mental health for both the exposed individual and the next generation; however, the pathway through which such intergenerational risk is conferred remains unknown. The current study evaluated the association between maternal ACEs and infant brain development, including an a priori focus on circuits implicated in emotional and sensory processing. The sample included 101 mother-infant dyads from a longitudinal study. Maternal ACEs were assessed with the Adverse Childhood Questionnaire dichotomized into low (0 or 1) and high (≥2) groups. White matter microstructure, as indexed by fractional anisotropy (FA), was assessed using structural magnetic resonance imaging in infants (41.6–46.0 weeks' postconceptional age) within a priori tracts (the cingulum, fornix, uncinate, inferior frontal occipital fasciculus, and inferior longitudinal fasciculus). Exploratory analyses were also conducted across the whole brain. High maternal ACEs (≥2) were associated with decreased infant left inferior longitudinal fasciculus (ILF) FA (F (1,94) = 7.78, p <.006) relative to infants of low ACE mothers. No group difference was observed within the right ILF following correction for multiple comparisons (F (1,95) = 4.29, p <.041). Follow-up analyses within the left ILF demonstrated associations between high maternal ACEs and increased left radial diffusivity (F (1,95) = 5.10, p <.006). Exploratory analyses demonstrated preliminary support for differences in visual processing networks (e.g., optic tract) as well as additional circuits less frequently examined in the context of early life adversity exposure (e.g., corticothalamic tract). Maternal ACEs predict neural circuit development of the inferior longitudinal fasciculus. Findings suggest that early developing sensory circuits within the infant brain are susceptible to maternal adverse childhood experiences and may have implications for the maturation of higher-order emotional and cognitive circuits. • We assessed maternal adverse childhood experiences on infant white matter development. • Among 101 infants we measured white matter microstructure using fractional anisotropy. • Maternal ACEs predicted lower inferior longitudinal fasciculus fractional anisotropy. • Sensory circuitry development within the infant brain is susceptible to maternal ACEs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How family background affects students' fields of study across different historical periods in China is not well studied. Post 1949, China explicitly prioritized specific industrial sectors when allocating resources, creating an especially strong reason to expect that the industrial sector in which a parent was employed might strongly influence a child's educational outcomes and career aspirations. Using data from the school registration records of 51,801 students who entered an elite regional university from 1952 through 2002, this study is the first to examine the role of parents' industrial sectors in predicting children's fields of study and the temporal patterns of this association. Applying multinomial logistic regression and the log-multiplicative layer effect model, we found that parents' industrial sectors predicted children's fields of study independent of parents' broad categories of occupation. The strength of the association was particularly strong during the Cultural Revolution and post-market transition periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: School engagement is a positive, malleable aspect of youth functioning that may be influenced by familial factors. Both risk and protective factors may affect youth's school engagement. Objective: Utilizing an intergenerational transmission of risk framework, the current study examined how maternal factors (i.e., maternal psychopathology, maternal trauma history, maternal education) and youth factors (i.e., social support) relate to school engagement. Methods: Participants were 117 youth of color aged 8–13 years (Mage = 9.96, SD = 1.40), 51% female, 89% Black or African American and their female primary caregivers; all families had experienced adversity. Using a single-group, cross-sectional design, hierarchical linear regression models examined direct and interactive effects. The first block included maternal psychopathology (i.e., anxiety or depression), maternal trauma history, maternal education, and child social support. The second block added the interaction between maternal psychopathology and child social support. Results: Results revealed a direct, positive relation between child social support and school engagement. Social support also moderated the association between maternal anxiety and school engagement; for individuals with extremely low social support, higher maternal anxiety was related to lower school engagement. Conclusions: Results illustrate the value of an intergenerational approach to exploring how maternal factors have implications for youth functioning. Findings also highlight the importance of social support among families of color exposed to adversity. Limitations include the cross-sectional design; thus, future research would benefit from longitudinal examination of maternal and child factors related to school engagement to assess temporal and directional effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context Both assisted reproductive technology (ART) and obesity are associated with adverse cardiometabolic alterations in offspring. However, the combined effects of paternal obesity and ART on offspring cardiometabolic health are still unclear. Objective To clarify cardiometabolic changes in offspring of obese fathers conceived using ART. This was a retrospective cohort study conducted between June 2014 and October 2019 at a center for reproductive medicine. A total of 2890 singleton visits aged 4-10 years were followed. Age-and sex-specific z-score of body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, insulin resistance, and lipid profile were examined. Results We observed a strong association between paternal BMI categories and offspring BMI, blood pressure, and insulin resistance. Compared with offspring of fathers with normal weight, multivariable-adjusted mean differences for BMI z-score were 0.53 (95% CI 0.37-0.68) for obese fathers, 0.17 (95% CI 0.05-0.30) for overweight fathers, and −0.55 (95% CI −0.95–0.15) for underweight fathers; corresponding values for systolic blood pressure z-score were 0.21(95% CI 0.07-0.35), 0.10 (95% CI −0.01-0.21), and −0.24 (95% CI −0.59-0.11), and corresponding values for homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance z-score were 0.31 (95% CI 0.16-0.46), 0.09 (95% CI −0.02-0.21), and −0.11 (95% CI −0.48-0.28), respectively. The mediation analyses suggested that 57.48% to 94.75% of the associations among paternal obesity and offspring cardiometabolic alterations might be mediated by offspring BMI. Conclusion Paternal obesity was associated with an unfavorable cardiometabolic profile in ART-conceived offspring. Mediation analyses indicated that offspring BMI was a possible mediator of the association between paternal obesity and the offspring impaired metabolic changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study investigated the intergenerational transmission of utilitarian and deontological inclinations, examining whether these pass from parents to adult children and exploring the potential moderating effects of parenting style and intergenerational involvement in this process. Background: Family factors, including religious norms and work values, influence moral development, but the intergenerational transmission of two moral inclinations—utilitarianism (emphasizing consequences, e.g., sacrificing one person to save five) and deontology (emphasizing intrinsic norms, e.g., refraining from intentionally harming the innocent)—remains underexplored. Method: We measured these inclinations in 171 parent–adult child pairs using a moral decision thought experiment and questionnaires on parenting style and intergenerational involvement. Results: Positive correlations emerged between parents and adult children for both inclinations. "Emotional warmth" in parenting style and intergenerational involvement showed significant negative moderating effects on the transmission of utilitarianism between generations. Conclusion: This study provides empirical evidence of intergenerational transmission of moral inclinations. Higher emotional warmth and increased intergenerational involvement inhibit the transmission of utilitarian inclinations, leading to reduced prioritization of better consequences. Implications: Enhanced emotional warmth and greater intergenerational involvement by parents can deter the transmission of utilitarian inclinations among adult children, prioritizing adherence to intrinsic norms over intentional harm for greater benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this reflective piece is to explore the under‐recognised contribution of shame to disorganising attachment–caregiving relationships. The first hypothesis is that ‘shame without solution’ is a part of a core and enduring emotional wound central to relational trauma in infancy and associated attachment disorganisation. The second is that dominance and submission hierarchies, order and control are potent defensive adaptations employed to stabilise ‘shame without solution’. Children exhibiting profoundly disturbed behaviours, stemming from intergenerational cycles of trauma and distress, are disproportionately represented in child protection, intensive family support and child mental health services. Despite being set up to support these children and their families, the most distressed mothers too often disengage, feeling blamed even by compassionate therapists who work hard not to alienate them. If the mothers disengage, the mothers and their children are left without professional support. Arising out of this theoretical work are recommendations that support constructive and effective working relationships with these families, originally articulated in Parallel Parent and Child Therapy (P‐PACT; Chambers et al., 2006). The first recommendation is to provide mothers with the support that we want the mother to give the child. This means meticulously avoiding reinforcing the negative self‐view typical of these mothers. The second recommendation is to prioritise empathy for the mother and the mother–child relationship early in treatment. For many practitioners, this second recommendation will conflict with their natural desire to prioritise empathy for the child, especially when the mother's capacity to do so is compromised. Experience and theory support the adoption of these recommendations to avoid perceived blame of the mother (and all members of the family), a critical shift to establishing engagement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to examine the transfer of informality from mothers to daughters in a group of women who get financial help from a community aid and social development foundation. By administering a questionnaire to a cohort of 1156 female microentrepreneurs in Chile throughout 2021, the findings reveal that having a mother who was employed in the informal sector is linked to a 27% higher likelihood of being engaged in informal economic activities, compared to individuals whose mothers were part of the formal economy. Furthermore, compelling data is presented regarding the significance of education and the adverse impact of parenthood on women. The outcomes yield significant contributions in terms of theory, practice, and particularly public policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over 50% of children with a parent with severe mental illness will develop mental illness by early adulthood. However, intergenerational transmission of risk for mental illness in one's children is insufficiently considered in clinical practice, nor is it sufficiently utilised into diagnostics and care for children of ill parents. This leads to delays in diagnosing young offspring and missed opportunities for protective actions and resilience strengthening. Prior twin, family, and adoption studies suggest that the aetiology of mental illness is governed by a complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors, potentially mediated by changes in epigenetic programming and brain development. However, how these factors ultimately materialise into mental disorders remains unclear. Here, we present the FAMILY consortium, an interdisciplinary, multimodal (e.g., (epi)genetics, neuroimaging, environment, behaviour), multilevel (e.g., individual-level, family-level), and multisite study funded by a European Union Horizon-Staying-Healthy-2021 grant. FAMILY focuses on understanding and prediction of intergenerational transmission of mental illness, using genetically informed causal inference, multimodal normative prediction, and animal modelling. Moreover, FAMILY applies methods from social sciences to map social and ethical consequences of risk prediction to prepare clinical practice for future implementation. FAMILY aims to deliver: (i) new discoveries clarifying the aetiology of mental illness and the process of resilience, thereby providing new targets for prevention and intervention studies; (ii) a risk prediction model within a normative modelling framework to predict who is at risk for developing mental illness; and (iii) insight into social and ethical issues related to risk prediction to inform clinical guidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pediatric irritability is a pervasive psychiatric symptom, yet its etiology remains elusive. While trauma exposure may contribute to the development of irritability, empirical research is limited. This study examined the prevalence of irritability among trauma‐exposed children, identified factors that differentiate trauma‐exposed children with and without irritability, and employed a network analysis to uncover associations between irritability and trauma exposure in the family unit. Methods: Sample included 676 children (56.3% male, mean age = 9.67 ± 3.7 years) and their parents referred by the Connecticut Department of Children and Families to Fathers for Change – a psychotherapy intervention designed to reduce intimate partner violence (IPV) and child maltreatment. Child's trauma exposure, post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, and irritability were assessed pre‐intervention using self‐ and caregiver‐report. Parents self‐reported their childhood and adulthood trauma exposures, PTSD symptoms, irritability, psychopathology, and IPV. Results: Across caregiver‐ and child‐reports, 16%–17% of children exhibited irritability. Irritable children experienced greater trauma exposure, interpersonal violence, emotional abuse, and PTSD severity. They had caregivers, particularly mothers, with greater trauma histories, IPV, and psychopathology. Network analysis revealed 10 nodes directly correlated to child's irritability including child's PTSD severity, parental IPV (specifically psychological violence), and parental psychopathology. Conclusions: Results provide initial empirical evidence that pediatric irritability is linked to trauma exposure, suggesting trauma histories be considered in the diagnosis and treatment of irritability. Interventions addressing caregiver trauma, IPV, and psychopathology may ameliorate pediatric irritability. Future studies could benefit from adopting network approaches with longitudinal or time series data to elucidate causality and points of intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Up to date, the systemic mechanisms that explain the intergenerational transmission of familial dysfunction remain theoretically and empirically unclear. Hence, this study examines the intergenerational transmission of relational and intrapersonal dysfunction and their collective effect on the psychological adjustment of third-generation children through the lens of Bowen family systems theory. Lithuanian parents (N = 348; M age = 40.66; range 26–59) of children aged six to ten years cross-sectionally reported on their differentiation of self (DoS), emotional and relational dynamics within their family-of-origin and nuclear family, and the psychological adjustment of their child of greatest concern. Structural equation modeling and mediation analyses findings offered empirical support to Bowen theory, highlighting that family-of-origin dysfunction is associated with nuclear family intrapersonal and relational dysfunction, and ultimately with third-generation's psychological maladjustment. Results demonstrated that a poor family-of-origin emotional system appears to contribute, via triangulation processes, to reduced DoS in adult children. The reduced DoS appears to perpetuate intergenerational triangulation, and to negatively impact couple relationship and co-parenting functioning within the nuclear family. In contrast to triangulation, couple dysfunction was found to predict poorer psychological adjustment in third-generation offspring. This study advances family systems theory by (i) examining the prominent role of triangulation and DoS within the intergenerational transmission process, (ii) highlighting the potential differential impact of a negative nuclear family emotional system on children through triangulation, and (iii) clarifying the potential role of spousal relationship satisfaction and co-parenting in mediating the relationship between parental DoS and offspring's psychological adjustment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT The aim of the present study was to infer phenotypic responses and genetic parameters of the F1 calf diseases diarrhoea (DIAR) and pneumonia (PNEU) in dependency of the prenatal maternal health status (PMHS) of the dam and of the herd‐calving year. The PMHS considered diagnoses for the cow disease mastitis (MAST) and claw disorders (CD) during gestation of F0 dams. Furthermore, 305‐d milk production traits of F1 offspring from either healthy or diseased dam groups were compared. The study comprised 20,045 female calves (F1 = generation 1) and their corresponding dams (F0 = parental generation 0), kept in 41 large‐scale herds. All F1 calves were from their dams' 2nd parity, implying that all dam (maternal) diseases were recorded during the first lactation and dry period of the dams. The F1 calves were phenotyped for DIAR up to 30 days post‐partum, and for PNEU up to 180 days of age. At least one entry for the respective disease implied a score = 1 = sick, otherwise, a score = 0 = healthy, was assigned. Production records of the 10,129 F1 cows comprised 305‐d records in first lactation for milk yield (MY), protein yield (PY) and fat yield (FY). Linear and generalised linear mixed models were applied to infer phenotypic responses of F1 traits in dependency of the PMHS for CD and MAST. A diagnosis for MAST or CD in F0 cows during gestation was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) associated with an increased prevalence for DIAR and PNEU, with pairwise differences of least‐squares‐means between calves from healthy and diseased cow groups up to 3.61%. The effects of PMHS on 305‐d production traits in offspring were non‐significant (p > 0.05). In bivariate genetic analyses, DIAR and PNEU were defined as different traits according to the PMHS, i.e., DIAR‐MASThealthy and DIAR‐MASTdiseased, DIAR‐CDhealthy and DIAR‐CDdiseased, PNEU‐MASThealthy and PNEU‐MASTdiseased, and PNEU‐CDhealthy and PNEU‐CDdiseased. The direct heritabilities for DIAR and PNEU were quite similar in the healthy and respective diseased dam group. Slightly larger direct heritabilities in the diseased dam groups were due to increased genetic variances. Maternal heritabilities were quite stable and smaller than the direct heritabilities. In random regression models, genetic parameters for DIAR and PNEU were estimated along the continuous herd‐calving‐year prevalence scale, considering a prevalence for MAST and CD (based on the 20,045 dam records plus 16,193 herd contemporary records) in the range from 0% to 30%. Direct heritabilities for PNEU were quite stable along the herd‐calving‐year gradient for MAST and CD. For DIAR, we observed stronger estimate fluctuations, especially increasing direct heritabilities in dependency of the herd‐calving‐year prevalence for MAST from 0.13 (at a MAST prevalence of 0%) to 0.30 (at a MAST prevalence of 30%). Consequently, obvious genotype x herd‐calving‐year PMHS interactions were observed for DIAR on the prenatal MAST scale, with a minimal correlation of 0.48 between direct genetic effects at 0% MAST prevalence and at 30% MAST prevalence. The correlations between direct genetic and maternal genetic effects were antagonistic at all herd‐calving‐year prevalence levels, displaying strongest fluctuations for “DIAR‐MAST.” The genotype x herd‐calving‐year PMHS interactions for DIAR suggest consideration of specific sires according to the herd health status for CD and for MAST. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies in low-fertility settings have consistently found positive relationships between parents’ and children’s fertility timing and family sizes, and these persist after accounting for socio-demographic factors. We explore intergenerational transmission of fertility in Great Britain, where socio-economic inequalities are larger and could play a greater role in explaining intergenerational continuities than in other settings. Using the 1970 British Cohort Study, a long-running longitudinal data set, we estimate parity-specific discrete-time event-history models to investigate the role of mother’s family size and age at first birth in birth transitions. We find stronger evidence for transmission of birth timing and family size in transitions to first and third births than second births. Family size transmission affects daughters more than sons. Accounting for socio-economic and demographic characteristics does not explain these associations. Except for first births, transmission of fertility is equally likely across the socio-economic hierarchy, highlighting the importance of socialization and cultural preferences for fertility transmission, even in the relatively unequal British context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transformation processes occurring in contemporary society give rise to novel forms of interaction with reality, prompting significant changes across various life spheres, including social organization, communication methods, and socialization processes. This article examines the mechanisms of intergenerational transmission in transitional societies, contrasting them with traditional societies. Generations have historically been a crucial structural element of society, and in today's rapidly evolving landscape, fostering intergenerational connections is essential for societal integration, stabilization, and development. Key theorists such as K. Mannheim, H. Ortega-i-Gasset, and Howe & Strauss have explored the concept of generation, emphasizing its socio-historical context and the psychological aspects of intergenerational relations. Modern research highlights the dynamics of intergenerational relationships, conflicts, and the impact of globalization and digital technologies on value systems. Findings indicate younger generations exhibit different value orientations, with increased educational attainment and shifts towards health consciousness, which influence their social and professional behaviors. The concept of "digital socialization" reflects the significant role of the internet in shaping social interactions, particularly within transitional societies characterized by internal contradictions and rapidly changing contexts. The article also discusses the functions of intergenerational transmission, including the regulatory, informative, unifying, educational, referential, and supportive roles it plays in maintaining cultural heritage and values. In this context, the challenges faced by intergenerational communication are examined, highlighting the necessity for new forms of engagement to bridge cultural gaps. The paper ultimately posits that while transitivity introduces complexities into intergenerational relations, it also opens avenues for evolving understanding and collaboration between generations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study delves deeply into the impact of parents' childhood experiences on their current parenting attitudes and behaviors from a life course perspective. The primary objective of the study is to understand how individuals' experiences during their own childhood shape their parenting approaches. In this context, a qualitative methodology was adopted, utilizing a semi-structured interview form as the data collection tool. The interviews aim to comprehensively reveal the participants' past experiences, their practices in parenting roles, and their attitudes toward their children. The research was conducted with the participation of 23 parents with various demographic characteristics. The study focuses on how the emotional and behavioral legacies inherited from the participants' childhoods shape their own parenting approaches and how these legacies are transmitted to their children. By evaluating both positive and negative childhood experiences, the research highlights how these experiences influence parenting styles. The findings suggest that positive childhood experiences help parents adopt supportive and reassuring attitudes towards their children, whereas negative experiences prompt parents to be more conscious and avoid restrictive behaviors. Specifically, the study reveals that parents who experienced pressure and restrictions during their own childhoods strive to provide a more liberating environment for their children. These results underscore the importance of considering parents' childhood experiences in parenting interventions and highlight the significance of these experiences in shaping parenting practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An individual's social adaptation is affected by their early maladaptive schemas. Previous studies have shown that early maladaptive schemas may be intergenerationally transmitted in families. It is important to explore the intergenerational effect of early maladaptive schemas on adolescents' social adaptation, as they are in a critical period of growth and development. In this study, a cross-sectional design and questionnaire survey were used to collect data to explore the intergenerational influence of early maladaptive schemas in families and their relationship with adolescents' social adaptation. The participants were 201 adolescents aged 12 to 16 years and their primary caregivers (father or mother), of whom 125 (62.2%) were boys and 76 (37.8%) were girls. There were 70 fathers (34.8%) and 131 mothers (65.2%). Chinese adolescents and their primary caregivers were surveyed using paired questionnaires, and the Young Schema Questionnaire (short form) and Adolescent Social Adaptation Scale were completed. The results show that adolescents' early maladaptive schema plays an intermediary role between parents' early maladaptive schema and adolescents' social adaptation. Parental mistrust/abuse and insufficient self-control schemas affected adolescents' social adaptation through the mediating effect of their corresponding schemas. Our results reveal the negative impact path of parents' early maladaptive schemas on adolescents' social adaptation and provide a new direction for the clinical practice of adolescent family therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Utilizing data from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS), this research focuses on the differences and mechanisms of intergenerational educational transmission between left-behind and non-left-behind children using structural equation modeling and multi-group path analysis. The findings indicate that significant intergenerational educational transmission effects exist in both groups, with parental educational attainment significantly impacting children's academic performance. Further mediation analysis demonstrates that parental educational attainment influences children's academic performance through the chain mediation effects of parental educational expectations and self-educational expectations. Multi-group path analysis reveals distinct mechanisms affecting academic performance: among non-left-behind children, parental educational attainment exerts a stronger direct influence on academic performance, while self-educational expectations are more influential for left-behind children. Additionally, the path coefficients for the effects of parental educational expectations and self-educational expectations on academic performance are higher for left-behind children than for non-left-behind children. Consequently, educational interventions should focus on enabling parents of left-behind children to effectively convey educational expectations through indirect methods (e.g., phone or online communication) and on enhancing left-behind children's self-educational expectations through school and community support to facilitate academic achievement in the absence of direct family support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Findings have revealed a strong link between exposure to child maltreatment (CM) and later chronic pain. Concurrently, other findings have been grounded in the understanding that CM consequences may not end with the exposed individual, rather, they extend to their offspring. However, little is known regarding the possible intergenerational transmission of chronic pain following CM. This study examines whether chronic pain among parents and their young adult offspring may be associated with parental exposure to CM. Three hundred ninety‐three parent‐offspring dyads (parents' mean age = 58, SD = 5.91 years; offspring's mean age = 27, SD = 3.91 years) completed self‐report questionnaires, assessing CM (CTQ), posttraumatic stress (PTS) and disturbances in self‐organisation (DSO) symptoms (ITQ), and chronic pain. CM was associated with chronic pain mediated by DSO symptoms among parents (indirect effect = 0.77; p = 0.007) and PTS symptoms among offspring (indirect effect = 0.285; p = 0.005). Offspring chronic pain was significantly associated with parental CM through two intergenerational paths: the mediation of parents' DSO symptoms and chronic pain (indirect effect = 0.298; p = 0.011), and through parents' PTS symptoms and offspring's PTS symptoms (indirect effect = 0.077; p = 0.004). This study's findings support the relevance of the intergenerational transmission of chronic pain following parental exposure to CM. Furthermore, the findings reveal complex PTS symptoms as a possible underlying mechanism for the intergenerational associations of chronic pain following CM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evidence regarding the intergenerational effects of the Holocaust points to a heightened sensitivity to traumatic and stressful events, as well as to threats. These effects were found across at least three generations: the survivors themselves, their children, and their grandchildren. More specifically, this sensitivity is manifested in increased psychological reactions to adverse circumstances, especially when such situations trigger associations with the Holocaust. During 2023 Israel has experienced unprecedented civil unrest and protests following the government's plan to promote a judicial overhaul. Many expressed fears for Israeli democracy and the integrity of the social fabric in Israel. The current study examined how Holocaust descendants (i.e., children and grandchildren of Holocaust survivors) experienced this prolonged social unrest. A web‐based random sample of 706 Israeli Jews born after World War II completed questionnaires several months before the unrest began (Wave 1, 2022) and seven months into the unrest (Wave 2, 2023). Supporting most of our hypotheses, Holocaust descendants reported higher civil unrest salience (i.e., more preoccupation with the political and social upheaval) relative to comparison descendants (i.e., children and grandchildren of those not directly exposed to the Holocaust). Relative to comparison descendants, Holocaust descendants were also at a greater risk of reporting exacerbation in anxiety since the judicial overhaul was introduced, but not in depression or somatisation symptoms. Results remained significant after controlling Wave 1 distress level, background characteristics, level of engagement in civil unrest, and participants' viewpoint on the judicial overhaul. The findings further corroborate unique reactions to stress among Holocaust descendants, this time by highlighting increased preoccupation and increased exacerbation in anxiety during a period of prolonged political and social turmoil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By highlighting the motivation behind the intergenerational transmission of cultural capital (ITCC), this article extends the notion of the transmission of cultural capital. Utilising Bourdieusian theoretical resources, this article produces an analytical framework for the ITCC. Through empirical materials that were gathered based on semi-structured interviews conducted in China with adolescent golfers as well as separately with their mothers, this article reveals the multiple objectives of purposeful ITCC, and the reverse transmission/cultural feedback to mothers is also identified. The findings show that there are three objectives from social and biological sense:1) increasing the possibility of enrolling in a prestigious university; 2) promoting sportsmanship awareness and positioning social hierarchy; and 3) maintaining fitness and correcting vision. Unintentional cultural feedback/reverse transmission emerges as a result of increasingly frequent intergenerational communication between mother and child. Mothers start acquiring and deepening their habitus in golf-related fields with dominant or recessive guidance from youngsters. This article demonstrates the analytical capacity of Bourdieusian theoretical resources for intergenerational transmission analyses in the Chinese context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many studies demonstrate an intergenerational transmission of divorce with a focus primarily on more recent decades; however, the extent to which this relationship is deeply rooted or has changed over time remains unclear. Explanations, including sociodemographic and interpersonal factors, have been offered as links between parental divorce and the stability of offspring's marriage. We use individual-level longitudinal data from the Scanian Economic-Demographic Database to estimate the intergenerational transmission of divorce among first marriages in Sweden over the period 1920–2015. Our investigation focuses on the correlation between parental divorce and offspring's divorce during the transition from a low- to a high-divorce regime. Findings reveal surprising stability in the transmission despite fundamental societal change over the years. Notably, the risk of divorce is highest when either the wife or both spouses have experienced parental divorce. Moreover, the transmission of divorce across time appears to be stronger and more stable for women than for men. These results suggest the intergenerational transmission of divorce is part of the divorce transition and highlight the role of women's independence in this intricate but not yet fully understood process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early life adversity is a potent risk factor for poor mental health outcomes across the lifespan, including offspring vulnerability to psychopathology. Developmentally, the prenatal period is a sensitive window in which maternal early life experiences may influence offspring outcomes and demarcates a time when expectant mothers and offspring are more susceptible to stressful and salutary influences. This prenatal plasticity constituted the focus of the current study where we tested the association of maternal early life adversity with infant stress regulation through maternal prenatal internalizing symptoms and moderation by prenatal social support. Mother-infant dyads (n = 162) were followed prospectively and mothers completed assessments of social support and depressive and anxiety symptoms across pregnancy. Infants completed standardized stress paradigms at one month and six months. There were several key findings. First, maternal prenatal depressive symptoms significantly mediated predictions of infant cortisol reactivity to the heel stick at one month from maternal early life adversity: specifically, maternal early life adversity positively predicted depressive symptoms in pregnancy, which in turn predicted dampened infant cortisol reactivity. Second, prenatal social support did not significantly moderate predictions of depressive or anxiety symptoms in pregnancy from maternal early life adversity nor did it alter the associations of maternal depressive or anxiety symptoms with infant stress regulation. These results suggest that maternal prenatal mental health is a key mechanism by which maternal early life adverse experiences affect offspring risk for psychopathology. We discuss potential clinical and health implications of dysregulated infant cortisol reactivity with respect to lifespan development.

BackgroundSleep difficulties are common in pregnancy, yet poor prenatal sleep may be related to negative long-term outcomes for the offspring, including risk for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Existing studies are few and have not examined timing of exposure effects or offspring sex moderation. We thus aimed to test the hypotheses that poor sleep health in pregnancy is associated with increased risk for ADHD symptoms and offspring sleep problems at approximately 4 years of age.MethodsParticipants were 794 mother-child dyads enrolled in the NIH Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes Study (ECHO). Participants self-reported on sleep duration, quality, and disturbances during pregnancy and on children's ADHD symptoms and sleep problems on the Child Behaviour Checklist.FindingsPregnant participants were 32.30 ± 5.50 years and children were 46% female. 44 percent of pregnant participants identified as Hispanic or Latine; 49% identified as White. Second-trimester sleep duration was associated with offspring ADHD symptoms (b = -0.35 [95% CI = -0.57, -0.13], p = 0.026), such that shorter duration was associated with greater symptomatology. Poorer sleep quality in the second trimester was also associated with increased ADHD symptomatology (b = 0.66 [95% CI = 0.18, 1.14], p = 0.037). Greater sleep disturbances in the first trimester were associated with offspring ADHD (b = 1.03 [95% CI = 0.32, 1.03], p = 0.037) and in the second trimester with sleep problems (b = 1.53 [95% CI = 0.42, 2.92], p = 0.026). We did not document substantial offspring sex moderation.InterpretationPoor prenatal sleep health, particularly quality and duration in the second trimester, may be associated with offspring risk of neurodevelopmental disorders and sleep problems in early childhood. Further research is needed to understand mechanisms, yet our study suggests that prenatal maternal sleep may be a modifiable target for interventions aimed at optimizing early neurodevelopment.FundingNIH grants U2COD023375, U24OD023382, U24OD023319, UH3OD023320, UH3OD023305, UH3OD023349, UH3OD023313, UH3OD023272, UH3OD023328, UH3OD023290, K08MH117452 and NARSAD Young Investigator Award 28545.

PURPOSE: Despite growing recognition that unfortunately common maternal stress exposures in childhood and pregnancy may have intergenerational impacts on childrens psychiatric health, studies rarely take a life course approach. With child psychopathology on the rise, the identification of modifiable risk factors is needed to promote maternal and child well-being. In this study, we examined associations of maternal exposure to childhood traumatic events (CTE) and pregnancy stressful life events (PSLE) with child mental health problems in a large, sociodemographically diverse sample. METHODS: Participants were mother-child dyads in the ECHO-PATHWAYS consortiums harmonized data across three U.S. pregnancy cohorts. Women completed questionnaires regarding their own exposure to CTE and PSLE, and their 4-6-year-old childs mental health problems using the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). Regression analyses estimated associations between stressors and child total behavior problems, adjusting for confounders. RESULTS: Among 1948 dyads (child age M = 5.13 (SD = 1.02) years; 38% Black, 44% White; 8.5% Hispanic), maternal history of CTE and PSLE were independently associated with childrens psychopathology: higher CTE and PSLE counts were related to higher total problems ([ßCTE = 0.11, 95% CI [.06, .16]; ßSLE = 0.21, 95% CI [.14, 0.27]) and greater odds of clinical levels of problems (ORCTE = 1.41; 95% CI [1.12, 1.78]; ORPSLE = 1.36; 95% CI [1.23, 1.51]). Tests of interaction showed PSLEs were more strongly associated with child problems for each additional CTE experienced. CONCLUSION: Findings confirm that maternal exposure to CTE and PSLE are independently associated with child mental health, and history of CTE exacerbates the risk associated with PSLE, highlighting intergenerational risk pathways for early psychopathology. Given the prevalence of these exposures, prevention and intervention programs that reduce childhood trauma and stress during pregnancy will likely positively impact womens and their childrens health.

Abstract Background Parental psychological distress is a well-known risk factor for developmental psychopathology, with longer term parental distress associated with worse youth mental health. Neurotoxicant exposure during pregnancy is a risk factor for both poor maternal and youth mental health. The impact of one class of pollutant, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), on long-term trajectories of maternal distress and youth self-reported mental health symptoms in adolescence has been understudied. Methods PAH exposure was measured by DNA adducts in maternal blood sampled during the third trimester of pregnancy. Maternal distress, operationalized as maternal demoralization, was measured at 11 timepoints (prenatal to child age 16). Adolescent mental health symptoms were measured at age 13–15. Follow up analyses examined a subset of measures available at age 15–20 years. Structural equation modeling examined associations between PAH exposure during pregnancy and latent growth metrics of maternal distress, and between maternal distress (intercept and slope) and youth mental health symptoms in a prospective longitudinal birth cohort (N = 564 dyads). Results Higher prenatal PAH exposure was associated with higher concurrent maternal distress. Prenatal maternal distress was associated with adolescent’s self-reported anxiety, depression, and externalizing problems. On average, maternal distress declined over time; a slower decline in mother’s distress across the course of the child’s life was associated with greater self-reported anxiety and externalizing problems in youth. Conclusions Our findings are consistent with an intergenerational framework of environmental effects on mental health: PAH exposure during pregnancy affects maternal mental health, which in turn influences mental health outcomes for youth well into adolescence. Future research is necessary to elucidate the possible social and biological mechanisms (e.g., parenting, epigenetics) underlying the intergenerational transmission of the negative effects of pollution on mental health in caregiver-child dyads.

Objective·To investigate the changes of adipose tissues in mice after high-fat diet before and during pregnancy and the potential effects on adipose tissues in their offspring.Methods·C57BL/6J female mice were randomly assigned to the normal diet (CON group, n=12) or the high-fat diet (HFD group, n=12) for 5 weeks. The two groups were further subdivided according to pregnancy: a normal diet non-pregnancy group (CON-UN group), a normal diet pregnancy group (CON-P group), a high-fat diet non-pregnancy group (HFD-UN group), and a high-fat diet pregnancy group (HFD-P group). The original diet was maintained during pregnancy and lactation. White adipose tissues (WAT) and brown adipose tissues (BAT) were collected from visceral and scapula of mice after 5 weeks of feeding or E18.5d. Offspring from both dietary groups were placed on a normal diet after weaning, and their adipose tissues were collected at the 11th week. H-E staining was used to observe the changes of adipocytes. Flow cytometry was employed to detect the proportions of CD4+T cells, CD8+T cells, total T cells, CD4+T/CD8+T and NK cells in WAT. RT-PCR was used to assess the expression of IL-6 and IL-1β mRNA in WAT.Results·After 5 weeks on a high-fat diet, the body weight of female mice in the HFD group was higher than that in the CON group (P

Abstract Background Studies indicate that the children of mothers who have eating disorders are at an increased risk of developing eating disorders themselves. The aim of this qualitative study was to broaden and extend current understandings of the experiences of mothers with eating disorders. The present report focuses on maternal perspectives, experiences, and support needs in relation to the intergenerational transmission of eating disorders. Method Semi-structured online interviews were conducted with parents living in the UK, USA, and Australia. Participants were eighteen mothers with a self-reported lifetime diagnosis of one or more eating disorders, who had experienced symptoms since becoming a parent, and who had at least one child aged 2 years or older. Data were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. Results Four major themes relating to the impacts of having an eating disorder on children and intergenerational transmission were identified. These were: impacts (maternal perspectives on the ways having an eating disorder impacted their children, and their reflections around having been impacted by their own parents); breaking the cycle (strategies employed by mothers in efforts to prevent their children developing eating disorders of their own); communicating about the eating disorder (maternal experiences around disclosing or not disclosing having an eating disorder to their children); and support needs (maternal and perceived familial support needs in relation to breaking cycles of intergenerational transmission). Conclusions For mothers with eating disorders, concerns about the potential impacts on their children and fears about intergenerational transmission are salient, and these may vary for children at different ages. The mothers who participated in our study described engaging in a number of conscious strategies in efforts to manage the risks of eating disorder development in their children, but implementing these strategies was not without challenges. Implications for preventative programs to reduce the intergenerational transmission of eating disorders are discussed.

The aim of this study was to determine the process, technical and content characteristics of the model of counseling for the prevention of transmission of parental psychological annoyance. The qualitative study was conducted with the Grounded theory approach and through purposive and theoretical sampling. The study population was selected from parents aged 35 to 50 years with adolescent children living in Tehran who participated in the interview voluntarily. Using in-depth and semi-structured interviews, data were collected and after the attainment of theoretical saturation in the eighteenth interview, Glaserian method was used to analyze the data. The results of data analysis were categorized into four components: annoyance due to communication space, annoyance due to interactions, annoyance due to educational method and annoyance due to living situation along with its perception factors. Then, based on the obtained data, the model of counseling to prevent the transmission of parental psychological annoyance to children, was designed in the form of six processes, including empathetic and trustworthy Relationship; Assessment and evaluation; Facing resistance; informing; Introducing a new ontology with an emphasis on the principle of conscious choice and responsibility; The action based on a new perspective and reinforcement. According to the findings, in the obtained model, client is expected to be able to review the range of his lived experiences from a developmental perspective and based on a different ontology and create a healthier parenting based on the modification of the cycle of transmission of annoyance from the original family while relieving the experienced annoyances.

Intergenerational transmission is a crucial indicator for measuring the equality of opportunities in society. Higher levels of intergenerational transmission can suppress individual efforts and have severe negative impacts on various aspects such as distribution, growth, and innovation. This paper synthesises theoretical and empirical work on intergenerational human capital transmission from an extended family perspective in China. The majority of existent literature on intergenerational transmission only explores the correlation of parents and their own offspring in aspects of income or social status, and may lead to underestimation of the level of intergenerational transmission in society since it negelcts the potential impacts from clan networks. Building on the theoretical analysis, the study is designed to build up an extended family framework and provide insights into the overall intergenerational transmission of human capital in China, where historical tradition is deeprooted and clan networks are closely linked, using (CHIP) Chinese Household Income Project Survey, a longitudinal household-level dataset. We compile data from extended families including parents and grandparents, as well as parents' siblings, and estimate the intergenerational transmission of human capital with two different measures, the schooling years and an index of occupational status. Our main findings show that the traditional parent–child intergenerational transmission model represents the lower bound of the intergenerational transmission coefficient, and parental siblings have a significant and positive effect on offspring's human capital attainment, and the results remain solid after a bunch of robustness tests. We find significant heterogeneity in the intergenerational transmission of human capital by gender, birth cohorts or rural–urban residency. The multigenerational effects of grandparents on descendants are not significant after controlling for the human capital levels of parents and their siblings. Using a sample of non-biological offspring as a comparison group, we find that the acquired family environment plays a more significant role than innate genes. Fundamentally, this study helps establish policies to enhance intergenerational mobility and social opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Parental psychological distress is a well-known risk factor for developmental psychopathology, with longer term parental distress associated with worse youth mental health. Neurotoxicant exposure during pregnancy is a risk factor for both poor maternal and youth mental health. The impact of one class of pollutant, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), on long-term trajectories of maternal distress and youth self-reported mental health symptoms in adolescence has been understudied. Methods: PAH exposure was measured by DNA adducts in maternal blood sampled during the third trimester of pregnancy. Maternal distress, operationalized as maternal demoralization, was measured at 11 timepoints (prenatal to child age 16). Adolescent mental health symptoms were measured at age 13–15. Follow up analyses examined a subset of measures available at age 15–20 years. Structural equation modeling examined associations between PAH exposure during pregnancy and latent growth metrics of maternal distress, and between maternal distress (intercept and slope) and youth mental health symptoms in a prospective longitudinal birth cohort (N = 564 dyads). Results: Higher prenatal PAH exposure was associated with higher concurrent maternal distress. Prenatal maternal distress was associated with adolescent's self-reported anxiety, depression, and externalizing problems. On average, maternal distress declined over time; a slower decline in mother's distress across the course of the child's life was associated with greater self-reported anxiety and externalizing problems in youth. Conclusions: Our findings are consistent with an intergenerational framework of environmental effects on mental health: PAH exposure during pregnancy affects maternal mental health, which in turn influences mental health outcomes for youth well into adolescence. Future research is necessary to elucidate the possible social and biological mechanisms (e.g., parenting, epigenetics) underlying the intergenerational transmission of the negative effects of pollution on mental health in caregiver-child dyads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Family narratives are a medium for the intergenerational transmission of life wisdom, which may influence recipient's beliefs system and behaviors. Despite a growing body of knowledge on wisdom, emerging adults remain insufficiently researched as to what wisdom from their perspective was conveyed to them through stories. The aim was to identify what wisdom emerging adults perceive in the narratives told them by their parents about themselves. The study was conducted in Poland. Convenience sampling was used. 42 emerging adults (33 female, 8 male, 1 non-binary) ranging from 19 to 22 years participated in the study. Participants were asked to write stories about their parents, separately, about mother and father when they were young. These were supposed to be stories both containing wisdom and told them by their parents. Then they were asked to describe what wisdom was contained in the recalled story and what they learned from it. Data was analyzed using thematic analysis. Twelve participants were not able to recall a story about one of their parents. They completed one part of the written task and explained the reasons for not knowing the story about the other. These responses were included in the analysis. The thematic analysis identifies the following main themes: transmission of life lessons, transmission of values, family myths, forms of wisdom transmitting. The wisdom read by emerging adults from the recalled stories took the form of advice, encouragement, warning and reprimand. They were usually expressed indirectly. It required effort to read the hidden message and give it meaning. The study showed the importance of family stories in the upbringing process and preparation for adulthood. In the face of the following changes in lifestyles and family communication, the results may be used to support and educate families in deepening intra-family relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Children are more likely to develop depressive symptoms in families where parents have depressive symptoms. By conceptualizing the individual depressive symptom network of each family member as a whole, this study proposes a family symptom network model, and explored the mechanisms of transmission of depression within nuclear families at the symptom level. This study used four waves (2012, 2016, 2018, 2020) of data from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS), which in wave one contained a representative sample of 1963 children (1038 boys; age = 12.60), 4763 mothers and 4614 fathers from China. Children with their parents completed the Center for Epidemiology Studies Depression Scale at each wave. Individual depressive symptom networks among children, fathers, and mothers were highly similar and stable across time. When considering depressive symptoms of all family members as a whole, there was a wide range of associations between child, father, and mother depressive symptom networks. The results of the cross-lagged network model suggest the bidirectional relationships between couples and parent–child depression. The current study provides preliminary validation of the family symptom network model. The model represents a further integration and extension of network theory of mental disorders and family systems theory, and points out the limitations of studying the intergenerational transmission of depression from a latent variable perspective. Thus, the family symptom network model proposed in this study could provide valuable new insights into understanding the intergenerational transmission of depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic has left an enduring mark on human history. This study investigates the intergenerational transmission of COVID-19 memories through a unique approach involving 49 participants aged 18-30. Specifically, participants were prompted to share a COVID-19 memory they would choose to transmit to their future children. Furthermore, participants provided reasons for selecting that particular memory, utilising a memory functions scale and open-ended responses. Applying Transition Theory, we examined the transitional impact, event importance, previous rehearsal, and valence of reported memories. Results revealed that 88% of memories revolve around distinctive events inducing psychological and material changes. Perceived as significant, negative, and transitional, these memories are predominantly public in nature. Predictors of event importance include previous rehearsal and psychological change. Participants share memories primarily for directive purposes, intending to inform future generations. The results imply that transitions not only organise personal memories but may also direct and shape memories for public events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given prior literature focused on the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease framework, there is strong rationale to hypothesize that reducing depression in the prenatal period will cause improvements in offspring cardiometabolic health. The current review outlines evidence that prenatal depression is associated with offspring cardiometabolic risk and health behaviors. We review evidence of these associations in humans and in nonhuman animals at multiple developmental periods, from the prenatal period (maternal preeclampsia, gestational diabetes), neonatal period (preterm birth, small size at birth), infancy (rapid weight gain), childhood and adolescence (high blood pressure, impaired glucose–insulin homeostasis, unfavorable lipid profiles, abdominal obesity), and into adulthood (diabetes, cardiovascular disease). In addition to these cardiometabolic outcomes, we focus on health behaviors associated with cardiometabolic risk, such as child eating behaviors, diet, physical activity, and sleep health. Our review focuses on child behaviors (e.g., emotional eating, preference for highly palatable foods, short sleep duration) and parenting behaviors (e.g., pressuring child to eat, modeling of health behaviors). These changes in health behaviors may be detected before changes to cardiometabolic outcomes, which may allow for early identification of and prevention for children at risk for poor adult cardiometabolic outcomes. We also discuss the methods of the ongoing Care Project, which is a randomized clinical trial to test whether reducing prenatal maternal depression improves offspring's cardiometabolic health and health behaviors in preschool. The goal of this review and the Care Project are to inform future research, interventions, and policies that support prenatal mental health and offspring cardiometabolic health. Public Significance Statement: Prenatal depression is pervasive and is associated with poorer offspring development and health. The current review synthesizes evidence of biological and behavioral pathways by which prenatal depression may influence offspring cardiometabolic health. We outline an ongoing study that tests whether reducing prenatal maternal depression improves offspring cardiometabolic health and health behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Children with a parent who suffers from depression are more likely to develop internalizing problems themselves. Moreover, poverty is an additional risk factor for child internalizing problems. According to models of intergenerational transmission of depression, various environmental mechanisms may account for this transmission. However, very few studies have included multiple mediators, as well as both parents in low-income samples. In this study of low-income families, we measured parental depressive symptoms, child internalizing problems, and examined three potential mediators: parent-child interaction quality, spouse's depressive symptoms, and coparenting conflict. Results indicated that the transmission of paternal depressive symptoms to child internalizing problems was entirely accounted for by these three mediators. The transmission of maternal depressive symptoms to child internalizing problems was mediated partially by coparenting conflict, but this link remained largely direct. These results underscore the need to consider both parents and coparenting conflict in clinical interventions targeting internalizing problems among preschoolers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Studies indicate that the children of mothers who have eating disorders are at an increased risk of developing eating disorders themselves. The aim of this qualitative study was to broaden and extend current understandings of the experiences of mothers with eating disorders. The present report focuses on maternal perspectives, experiences, and support needs in relation to the intergenerational transmission of eating disorders. Method: Semi-structured online interviews were conducted with parents living in the UK, USA, and Australia. Participants were eighteen mothers with a self-reported lifetime diagnosis of one or more eating disorders, who had experienced symptoms since becoming a parent, and who had at least one child aged 2 years or older. Data were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. Results: Four major themes relating to the impacts of having an eating disorder on children and intergenerational transmission were identified. These were: impacts (maternal perspectives on the ways having an eating disorder impacted their children, and their reflections around having been impacted by their own parents); breaking the cycle (strategies employed by mothers in efforts to prevent their children developing eating disorders of their own); communicating about the eating disorder (maternal experiences around disclosing or not disclosing having an eating disorder to their children); and support needs (maternal and perceived familial support needs in relation to breaking cycles of intergenerational transmission). Conclusions: For mothers with eating disorders, concerns about the potential impacts on their children and fears about intergenerational transmission are salient, and these may vary for children at different ages. The mothers who participated in our study described engaging in a number of conscious strategies in efforts to manage the risks of eating disorder development in their children, but implementing these strategies was not without challenges. Implications for preventative programs to reduce the intergenerational transmission of eating disorders are discussed. Plain English Summary: Previous research indicates that the children of parents who have eating disorders may be at greater risk of developing eating disorders themselves. Eighteen mothers who had been diagnosed with an eating disorder at some point in their life, and had experienced symptoms since becoming a parent, were interviewed. Interview data were analysed and themes were identified to describe maternal perspectives on the impacts of having an eating disorder on children. The themes identified were 'impacts', 'breaking the cycle', 'communicating about the eating disorder', and 'support needs'. The findings suggest that mothers with eating disorders are concerned about a range of potential impacts of having an eating disorder on their children. A particular concern is that they may 'pass on' their eating disorder, and these concerns may vary for children at different ages. Mothers with eating disorders described engaging in a number of food and body image-related strategies to try to protect their children from developing eating disorders, but this is not without challenges. The support needs identified by mothers in this regard could usefully be incorporated in preventative programs, with potential benefits for both children and parents in families affected by a parental eating disorder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Parental psychosis (bipolar disorder and schizophrenia) are major risk factors for mental health problems in offspring. Although interventions that focus on parenting and the family environment have shown effectiveness in mitigating this risk, no systematic review has examined the impact of simply treating adult bipolar disorder or schizophrenia on their dependent children’s outcomes. Aims: To systematically review the effects (in randomized controlled trials) of adult-based interventions for bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, on offspring mental health and wellbeing. Method: Eligibility criteria included randomized controlled trials that examined the treatment of adults with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia that also included child mental health and wellbeing outcomes. PubMed, Scopus, PsycINFO, and Psych Articles databases were searched. Results: 168,317 studies were reviewed; however, zero studies that met the inclusion criteria could be found. Conclusions: The existing research aimed at treating adult bipolar disorder and schizophrenia has so far overlooked the potential advantages that these treatments could provide for their offspring. This is a missed opportunity to understand the mechanisms of intergenerational transmission. Researchers examining treatments for adults with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia should, where appropriate, consider including both adult and child mental health outcomes in their trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Overview provides insight into the effect of childhood adversity on psychological health outcomes in individuals later in life. It discusses various negative experiences encountered during childhood, like exposure to abuse, neglect, and violence, highlighting their lasting effects on wellbeing. While socioeconomic factors are identified as significant contributors to the prevalence of childhood trauma, disparities in access to services increase the risks of crisis for marginalized communities. The overview highlights the important role of childhood adversity and its consequences for developing effective interventions and programs to support affected children and families. Additionally, it examines the intergenerational transmission of adversity, emphasizing parental modeling of unhealthy behaviors and cultural influences on coping strategies. The overview concludes by advocating for further research to advance under-standing and policies that discourse the extrinsic factors of health to prevent childhood adversities and enhance developmental out-comes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Child maltreatment can negatively impact not only survivors but also survivors' children. However, research on the intergenerational effect of maternal childhood maltreatment on child externalizing behaviour has yielded contradictory results and has not yet been systematically synthesised. The current three-level meta-analysis and systematic review aimed to provide a quantitative estimate of the strength of the association between maternal childhood maltreatment and child externalizing behaviour and to summarise research on potential mediating factors of this association. PsycINFO, PubMed, and Embase were searched and 39 studies with 82 effects sizes were included in the meta-analysis. Results revealed a small significant association between maternal childhood maltreatment and child externalizing behaviour (r = 0.16; 95% CI 0.12–0.19; publication bias-adjusted effect size: r = 0.12, 95% CI 0.08–0.16). Maternal mental health, particularly depressive symptoms, maternal parenting and children's maltreatment exposure were the most frequently examined mediators of this association, with relatively robust mediating effects for children's maltreatment exposure and maternal depressive symptoms, but mixed evidence for the mediating role of maternal parenting. This meta-analysis provides evidence for a small but significant association between maternal childhood maltreatment and children's externalizing behaviour, emphasizing the need to develop effective preventive and intervention strategies to minimise the effects of childhood maltreatment on the next generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Associations were examined between six psychiatric diagnoses in parents and a broad range of psychiatric and nonpsychiatric outcomes in their offspring. Methods: All individuals born in Sweden between 1970 and 2000 were linked to their biological parents (N=3,286,293) through Swedish national registers. A matched cohort design, with stratified Cox regression and conditional logistic regression analyses, was used examine associations between six psychiatric diagnoses in the parents and 32 outcomes in their offspring. All children, including those exposed and those not exposed to parents with psychiatric diagnoses, were followed from their date of birth to the date of emigration from Sweden, death, or December 31, 2013, when the offspring were 14–44 years old. Results: In terms of absolute risk, most children who had parents with psychiatric diagnoses were not diagnosed in specialist care themselves, and the proportion of offspring having any of the 16 types of psychiatric conditions ranged from 22.17% (of offspring exposed to parental depression) to 25.05% (of offspring exposed to parental drug-related disorder) at the end of follow-up. Nevertheless, in terms of relative risk, exposure to any of the six parental psychiatric diagnoses increased probabilities of the 32 outcomes among the offspring, with hazard ratios that ranged from 1.03 to 8.46 for time-to-event outcomes and odds ratios that ranged from 1.29 to 3.36 for binary outcomes. Some specificities were observed for parental diagnoses of psychosis and substance-related disorders, which more strongly predicted psychotic-like and externalizing-related outcomes, respectively, in the offspring. Conclusions: The intergenerational transmission of parental psychiatric conditions appeared largely transdiagnostic and extended to nonpsychiatric outcomes in offspring. Given the broad spectrum of associations with the outcomes, service providers (e.g., psychiatrists, teachers, and social workers) should consider clients' broader psychiatric family history when predicting prognosis and planning interventions or treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the changes of adipose tissues in mice after high-fat diet before and during pregnancy and the potential effects on adipose tissues in their offspring. Methods • C57BL/6J female mice were randomly assigned to the normal diet (CON group, "=12) or the high-fat diet (HFD group, "=12) for 5 weeks. The two groups were further subdivided according to pregnancy: a normal diet non-pregnancy group (CON-UN group), a normal diet pregnancy group (CON-P group), a high-fat diet non-pregnancy group (HFD-UN group), and a high-fat diet pregnancy group (HFD-P group). The original diet was maintained during pregnancy and lactation. White adipose tissues (WAT) and brown adipose tissues (BAT) were collected from visceral and scapula of mice after 5 weeks of feeding or E18.5d. Offspring from both dietary groups were placed on a normal diet after weaning, and their adipose tissues were collected at the 11th week. H-E staining was used to observe the changes of adipocytes. Flow cytometry was employed to detect the proportions of CD4+T cells, CD8+T cells, total T cells, CD4+T/CD8+T and NK cells in WAT. RT-PCR was used to assess the expression of IL-6 and IL-邛 mRNA in WAT. Results • After 5 weeks on a high-fat diet, the body weight of female mice in the HFD group was higher than that in the CON group (P<0.05). Both WAT and BAT weights were markedly increased in the HFD groups before and during pregnancy (both P<0.05). In the WAT from HFD-UN and HFD-P groups, the number of cells within the same visual field decreased, the size of adipose cells varied, the proportion of fat droplets increased and the cell volume expanded. The proportion of lipid drop area to total visual field in the HFD-UN group and HFD-P group was compared with the CON-UN group and CON-P group, respectively, and the difference was statistically significant (all P<0.05). BAT in the HFD-UN and HFD-P groups showed a relatively chaotic arrangement and varying adipocyte sizes, although cell volume remained unchanged. The proportions of CD8+T cells and total T cells in adipose tissues were elevated in the HFD-UN and HFD-P groups, accompanied by increased mRNA levels of IL-6 and IL-邛, respectively, compared with the CON-UN and CON-P groups, and the differences were statistically significant (all P<0.05). NK cells proportions decreased at reproductive age (HFD-UN group) but increased significantly during pregnancy (HFD-P group), showing a divergent trend. Despite a return to a normal diet after weaning, offspring from the high-fat diet group had significantly higher weight of body, WAT and BAT, compared to those of normal diet (all F<0.05), and the volume of WAT was significantly enlarged. Conclusion* A high-fat diet can induce the changes of adipocyte structure and immune cell ratio, and elevate inflammation levels in adipose tissues before and during pregnancy, which also impacts the adipose structure in offspring. Adipose tissue may be a new vector mediating the intergenerational transmission of obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research note examines historical trends in lifespan inequality and the intergenerational transmission of lifespan and longevity in the United States over the eighteenth, nineteenth, and twentieth centuries. We contribute to the literature by expanding the estimates of the familial component beyond parent–child associations to include multigenerational and horizontal classes of relatives of different sexes. We also examine how lifespan inequality and the role of the family in lifespan and longevity changed over time. We address the challenge of studying extended family networks in historical times by leveraging recent online crowdsourced genealogical data. Results confirm the presence of a familial component for all classes of relatives considered and highlight a stronger association for horizontal than for vertical relationships. Despite decreasing lifespan inequality, we find no evidence of decreased familial lifespan stratification throughout history. If anything, the results suggest a strengthening of the parent–child association. Finally, the results contribute to the debate on the representativeness and usability of crowdsourced genealogical data by emphasizing the importance of sample selection based on the quality of the information collected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses the driving factors behind the formation of individual work values in European welfare states. By comparing relative preferences for extrinsic and intrinsic work values, we shed light on the discussion of the effects of intergenerational transmission and the structuring effects of labour market policies and regional opportunity structures on the formation of work values. Therefore, a multilevel analysis is applied using the innovative CUPESSE data set, which provides data on young adults and their parents in 65 NUTS‐1‐regions from 11 European countries. The results show that individual work values of young Europeans are most substantively shaped by the respective values of their parents. Furthermore, we demonstrate that individual characteristics such as sex, education and personal unemployment experiences determine preferences for work values. Finally, the paper shows that the local labour market context and welfare state arrangements also play a decisive role in the formation of individual work values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Individual differences in spatial thinking are predictive of children's math and science achievement and later entry into Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) disciplines. Little is known about whether parent characteristics predict individual differences in children's spatial thinking. This study aims to understand whether, and to what extent, mother's intrinsic (i.e., mental rotation) and extrinsic (i.e., spatial scaling) spatial ability directly and indirectly, via the variation in home spatial environment, predicts children's intrinsic and extrinsic spatial ability. A total of 165 mothers and their 4–6‐year‐old children were recruited to participate in a remote video session with an experimenter. Mothers were administered a forced‐choice Intrinsic Spatial Toy Preference Task gauging their preference for highly spatial versus less spatial toys and asked questions with the Home Intrinsic Spatial Environmental Questionnaire about the frequency with which they engage their child in spatial activities at home. Mothers completed a Mental Rotations Test and a Spatial Scaling Task adapted for adults. Children were administered the Picture Rotation Task, the Spatial Scaling Task, and the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test. Structural equation modeling was used to examine direct and indirect, via home spatial environment and toy choices, influences of mother spatial ability on child spatial ability. Contrary to our predictions, we did not find direct, nor indirect, relations between mother and child spatial ability. These findings suggest that researchers should consider alternative conceptualizations of the early home spatial environment beyond the frequency of spatial play in the home. Research Highlights: The identification of factors that predict individual differences in children's spatial ability is important in order to maximize STEM learning outcomes.Data collection was conducted remotely rather than in traditional preschool or laboratory settings.Contrary to our pre‐registered hypotheses, no significant relations between mother spatial ability, the early home spatial environment, and children's development of spatial skills were found.Future research should consider examining the amount of spatial language used in the home or the quality of parent–child interactions during spatial play as potential explanations for individual differences in children's spatial ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Children often show cognitive and affective traits that are similar to their parents. Although this indicates a transmission of phenotypes from parents to children, little is known about the neural underpinnings of that transmission. Here, we provide a general overview of neuroimaging studies that explore the similarity between parents and children in terms of brain structure and function. We notably discuss the aims, designs, and methods of these so-called intergenerational neuroimaging studies, focusing on two main designs: the parent-child design and the multigenerational design. For each design, we also summarize the major findings, identify the sources of variability between studies, and highlight some limitations and future directions. We argue that the lack of consensus in defining the parent-child transmission of brain structure and function leads to measurement heterogeneity, which is a challenge for future studies. Additionally, multigenerational studies often use measures of family resemblance to estimate the proportion of variance attributed to genetic versus environmental factors, though this estimate is likely inflated given the frequent lack of control for shared environment. Nonetheless, intergenerational neuroimaging studies may still have both clinical and theoretical relevance, not because they currently inform about the etiology of neuromarkers, but rather because they may help identify neuromarkers and test hypotheses about neuromarkers coming from more standard neuroimaging designs. Highlights: We review neuroimaging studies investigating neural markers of traits transmission. Studies have used both parent-child and multigenerational designs. Studies provide insights but suffer from lack of methodological standardization. Multigenerational studies should also account for shared environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OECD's PISA 2018 large-scale assessment also covered global competence among students and their parents. This study aimed to study intergenerational competence of three themes of global competence from parents to their children. Using PISA 2018 data, 34,088 parent–child pairs in seven different OECD countries were analyzed using structural equation modeling. The results showed that parents' competence on a particular theme of global competence significantly predicted their children's level of global competence on that theme. The findings could be utilized to enhance the cooperation between schools, teachers, and parents while enhancing students' global competence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

NEET trajectories are generally analyzed in relation to macro elements such as labor market characteristics and, less often, micro-level dimensions such as the characteristics of a person's family of origin. Employing EU-SILC 2019 data, we analyzed the relation between micro-level dimensions, with an emphasis on the level of education of parents, and NEET status in four EU countries: Italy, Ireland, Lithuania, and Romania. The results show that NEET status in all four countries is the combined result of factors related to socio-familial, economic, and cultural origin, where the level of education of the parents plays a central role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]