Search

Teoretická studie vychází z Fishermanova pojetí aktivního obsahu jako činitele kognitivní změny a Kvaszova teorému, že kognitivní změny na úrovni historické kulturní epistemologie a kognitivní změny na úrovni osobní epistemologie žáků lze vysvětlovat shodnou typologií. Studie hledá objasnění této shody prostřednictvím konstruktů „intencionalita“, „obsahová transformace“ a „instrumentalizace zkušenosti“. Edukační působnost aktivního obsahu mezi kulturní a osobní úrovní je vysvětlována s oporou v pojmu mem, který reprezentuje jak tvorbu aktivního obsahu v kulturní historii, tak distribuci aktivního obsahu ve společnosti a jeho vliv na jednotlivce. Nástrojem pro replikaci memů ve vzdělávacím prostředí jsou učební úlohy, jejichž vliv na kognitivní změny u žáků je podmíněný sémantickou a logickou strukturací kognitivních schémat. Na tomto explanačním základě je ve studii z transdidaktického hlediska interpretována Kvaszova typologie kognitivních změn vycházející z analýzy vědeckých revolucí v kulturní historii. This theoretical study builds on Fisherman‘s view of active content as an agent of cognitive change and on Kvasz’s theorem that cognitive changes on the level of historical cultural epistemology and cognitive changes on the level of student’s personal epistemology can be explain through the same typology. The paper looks for the clarification of this agreement through concepts like “intentionality”, “content transformation” and the “instrumentalization of experience”. The educational potential of active content between the cultural and the personal level is explained with reference to the concept of “meme”, which represents the creation of active content in cultural history as well as the distribution of active content within society and its influence upon an individual. The tools for meme replication in educational environment are learning tasks; they generate cognitive changes in students insomuch as they have sound semantic and logical structure of cognitive schemata. Upon this explanatory basis authors interpret Kvasz’s typology of cognitive changes that stems from the analysis of scientific revolutions in the cultural history.

The text deals with the somatic modes of attention from the point of view of practitioners of a spiritually sexual practice in contemporary Czech Republic. The author discusses the changes in the experience, action and intentionality through the culturally constituted bodily modes of attention involved in this practice. The topic is embedded in the research of sexuality in the social sciences, sexual discourses and mainly in the phenomenological perspective and methodology of somatic modes of attention of Thomas J. Csordas (1993). The various dimensions of this bodily practice, with additional attention paid to the changes in intentionality of practitioners, are studied using qualitative research performed as a combination of field research and in-depth, biographical interviews.

This work aims to pursue the roots and sources of intentionality. Intentional structure of consciousness is the very core of Edmund Husserl's phenomenology and plays the main role since his Logical investigations. The problem of intentionality is complicated and complex and resonates through the Husserl lifelong work Our starting point is Husserl's late work Erfahrung und Urteil. The reason why we choose this work is twofold. First, this work shows the thoughts which result from the life long investigation of problematics. And the second reason is, this work hasn't been the subject of examination as much as Husserl's earlier works so far. The key to our work is the perspective in which every phenomenon shows. That's the reason, why we follow intentionality in three perspectives, which gradually uncovers itselves. The first perspective is the descent from acts of judgment to the original layers of intentionality. This brings us to the second perspective, which is the instinctive intentionality. This is the subject of following part of our work. The exposing of instinctive intentionality underlines the role of embodiment. The importance of embodiment in regard to intentionality is the final perspective. We investigate this with help of Maurice Merleau-Ponty Phenomenology of perception. This will...

The main objective of this research is to look at the topic of everyday life from a dynamic perspective. The definition of everyday life that this thesis stands upon, i.e. the presence of a subject in the world with the other(s) outlines also two main sources of its dynamics: the world and the other. The essential aim of this thesis is to show that the different attitudes towards the world and the other in the works of Husserl and Lévinas consequently influence the understanding of the everyday life as such, as well as the requirements it imposes upon the subject. The chapter dedicated to Husserl presents his concept of the world as a horizon, the irreplaceable position of perception in our access to the world and the creation of the other within the subject itself. On the contrary, Lévinas stresses the separation of the subject and he understands the world and the other as inherently belonging to this never-ending process. The motive of dependence and responsibility of the subject for the other belongs to the most significant differences between the two philosophers. Whereas Husserl proposes us a subject in the world which he accesses via perception and in which he encounters the other, Lévinas shows us subject that is born to the pre-reflexive and intersubjective world from which he first has to...

The Function of Speech in Husserl and Merleau-Ponty The submitted doctoral thesis is an attempt to describe the development of the intentional function of speech in Husserl and Merleau-Ponty. The intentional function is defined as the change of expressed meaning that is engendered by the expression itself. We trace Husserl's position from the Logical Investigations and the first book of his Ideas pertaining to a pure phenomenology and to a phenomenological philosophy, where he describes speech as the non- productive mirroring of other kinds of intentionality, to the late text The Origin of Geometry, where he discerns two functions of speech: it provides thought its ideality, which is different from the ideality of species; and it provides thought its objectivity, i.e. the form of object that lasts in history as identical. In The Phenomenology of Perception, Merleau-Ponty adopts Husserl's late position with several profound modifications. The starting-point ceases to be the linguistic sign, and speech becomes a kind of gesture. As a consequence, the difference between linguistic and non-linguistic ideality disappears. Furthermore, Merleau-Ponty holds that the expression accomplishes the meaning of what it expresses. In this way, speech becomes creative and ceases to be just an empty intention of...

The submitted thesis deals with the relation of intuition to meaning in Edmund Husserl's early work. The structure of the thesis is given by Husserl's triadic structure of epistemic acts, which is formed by the realm of subjectivity, ideality and objectiveness. In this framework, we treat the meaning in its proper sense of meaning-intention, which is but also related to the objectiveness. This relation is made possible by meaning-fulfilment, which is intuitive. At the end, we also emphasize the role of intuition not only in the Logical Investigations, which are to our thesis the central work of Husserl, but also in the whole of Husserl's philosophy.

This research is dedicated to the connection between phenomenology of music and the temporal conception of Edmund Husserl who influenced new awareness of time in general and musical time in particular. The purpose of the research is foremost to expand horizons and options of musical-philosophical analysis through discovering the alternative understanding of musical perception in author's works especially in his «Vorlesungen zur Phänomenologie des inneren Zeitbewusstseins». The research consists of five main parts arranged by deductive principle: from the general key points of the subject - phenomenology of music (chapter 1), the role of musical art in studies and heritage of E. Husserl (chapter 2) and principles of phenomenological method as a base of temporality conception (chapter 3) the emphasis gradually shifts towards the research of Husserl's temporality conception which is directly connected to musical art which makes our subject notably actual. Besides that the research raises such questions as the role of the concept of time in music, comparison of Husserl's philosophy and A. Webern's music, importance of sense in composition and others. The fundamental and rare scientific studies of philosophy, musicology, sociology of music and other contiguous subjects in Czech and English languages were...

The present doctoral thesis addresses the insufficient exploration of the concept of play style in current video game player's research. To reach the goal, theoretical framework of style as an intentional model of player's believes and desires is used. The main proposition of this particular paper is based on the presumption that play style works as a tool for predicting opponent's behavior. The research consists of two parts. The first one proposes a categorization which might in greater accuracy explain existing forms of play. The second part researches the topic of intentionality further through the procedural model of style prediction in progaming area, which is exemplified by the video game League of Legends. The results are based on extensive analysis of players' texts, interviews with semiprofessional players, commentators and game journalists. The conclusion implies a significant number of play styles and procedural complexity of recursive theory of mind ("I think about what you think that I think") in the field of video games. Keywords: Play Style, Intentionality, Intentional Model, Metagame, Metacognition, Mindgame, Progaming, Theory of Mind, Player Typology, Video Game

(in English): The thesis "The Theory of Cognition in Thomas Aquinas" investigates the conception of cognition in the work of one of the most significant medieval thinkers, saint Thomas Aquinas. The first part of the thesis is devoted to the elements of Thomas's conception of cognition, i.e. sense perception, intellectual grasp of essences and Thomas's theory of intentional mediation of cognition (species sensibilis and species intelligibilis). In the following part of the thesis Thomas's theory of intentionality is considered in detail, with approaches of the so-called direct realism (held by D. Perler) and representationalism (held by R. Pasnau) taken in account. The thesis ends by its author's own evaluation of the controversy between representationalism and direct realism.

This thesis deals with the notion of conceptual thought as developed by the Czech philosopher, Ladislav Hejdánek, within the referential framework of Husserl's phenomenology. The aim of the thesis is to thoroughly reconstruct the points of departure and basic motifs of Hejdánek's concept, since the reflection of conceptual thought is one of the milestones of Hejdánek's critical thinking, which has not yet been systematically worked out by Hejdánek or anyone else. Hejdánek is interpreted here mainly in the context of Husserl's noematic theory of meaning, enabling us to view Hejdánek through the predicates of a philosophical mainstream as well as to explore some of the problematic points of Husserl's thought processes that are not usually noticed and which have been approached creatively by Hejdánek from an unexpected perspective. The first two chapters present a preliminary overview of Husserl's philosophy (from his Göttingen period in particular), drawing on in-depth research into Husserl's manuscripts carried out by Petr Urban. This overview is followed by four chapters that interpret Hejdánek's concept and finish with a summary, applying the concept of conceptual thought to the world of knowledge and placing the notion of conceptuality within Hejdánek's thought. The individual chapters discuss...

The aim of the thesis is to examine both Husserl's and Kant's transcendentalism in a way that would avoid the tendency to put the main accent on Husserl, which is an approach common to almost all literature dealing with this topic so far. Since it is for the most part Husserl's own critique of Kant that inspires such ongoing underestimation of Kant in comparison to Husserl, this work focuss on the question of the legitimacy of this critique. The core of the thesis is an original interpretation of Kant's transcendental philosophy which, instead of taking for granted the phenomenological point of view, attempts to describe Kant's philosophical enterprise from its own perspective and in its own right. In its second part, the thesis provides a brief description of how Husserl, starting initially from the position of descriptive psychology, arrives at a transcendental dimension. When so put side by side, it becomes evident that the two transcendental positions are in fact very different. Husserl's critique of Kant then appears as unjustified, even though quite understandable as an attempt to draw back from certain immature motives of his own philosophy.

The study concentrates on possible connection between phenomenological thought of Edmund Husserl and Jean-Paul Sartre by focusing on the way by which each of them frames pre-reflexive self-awareness of consciousness and its role in the process of constitution of the identity of the "Ego" as a subjective pole. Essential motivation derives from the effort of highlighting those moments of Husserl's thinking, which might have been or actually were a source of inspiration for Sartre and the formulation of these concepts in the early stages of his career. Subsequently, the quest is to clarify the scale of this inspiration and to shed some light on the question whether Sartre did not push his constructions over the boundaries of the scientific field set by Husserl. The study also incorporates several of Husserl's works which are in their conclusions tending to go against those presented as a possible source of Sartre's inspiration. That is done in order not to simplify the ambivalence of Husserl's work over the acceptable limit as well as to emphasize the nature of the investigations preferred by Sartre. These investigations lead in his work to the conceptualization of human existence as necessarily free, which is the conclusion of the presented study. Key words: Husserl, Sartre, consciousness,...

The thesis deals with the problem of the existence of consciousness in the physical world. It denies the approach that is prevailing in the contemporary philosophy of mind that treats the phenomenal consciousness and intentionality separately. The position held in this thesis is to claim that the phenomenal character of consciousness and intentionality are inseparable and that it is impossible to understand the former without understanding the latter, and vice versa. The problem of the existence of consciousness in the physical world is viewed as the problem of the existence of (conscious) intentionality in the physical world. With the aim to achieve an analysis of intentionality that would keep its phenomenal character and the first person point of view, and, at the same time, shed light on its realization in the physical world, thoughts of Peter Strawson, G. E. M. Anscombe, Tim Crane, Colin McGinn and John Searle are discussed. The result is an outline of intentionality that allows to explain the fundamental level of intentionality as a physical process and the higher levels of intentionality as a development of the fundamental level. Two principles are crucial for this approach: the development of intentionality from the fundamental level to the higher level is comprehensible only if we keep the...