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Integrated systems are efficient technologies used for diversifying production and promoting agricultural sustainability. The benefits of double intercropping are well-established in research. With advancements in sustainable food production technology, some studies have explored triple intercropping by adding legumes. However, triple intercropping methods must be comprehensively understood. This study aimed to evaluate the production of dry mass, fermentation profile, and nutritive values of silage from maize based intercropping. The experiment was conducted in the field, in Instituto Federal Goiano, Campus Rio Verde, State of Goiás, Brazil, where we assessed silage production and quality in monoculture and intercropping systems, in a randomized block complete design with three replications. We evaluated 8 treatments, consisting of silage from: maize monoculture; Tamani guinea grass monoculture; Quênia guinea grass monoculture; Zuri guinea grass monoculture; Pigeon pea monoculture; maize + Tamani guinea grass + Pigeon pea; maize + Quênia guinea grass + Pigeon pea and maize + Zuri guinea grass + Pigeon pea. The results showed that maize silage intercropped with cultivars of Panicum maximum (Tamani, Quênia and Zuri guinea grasses) and Pigeon pea increased silage mass production by 37.8% and the crude protein content at 25.1% compared with that of the monoculture maize silage. It also improved the fermentation characteristics of silage, reducing 5.1% of pH, 32.5% of buffering capacity, 28.9% of ammoniacal nitrogen in total nitrogen, 15.7% of effluent production, and 20.0% of dry matter losses, compared with those of grass and legume silage in monoculture. Thus, the silage produced by the triple intercropping proved to be an efficient technique for sustainable forage production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study hypothesized that urea fertilization could optimize animal performance in an agroforestry system. This study evaluated how increasing rates of N fertilization (0, 100, 200, and 400 kg N ha−1 year−1) using urea (CH4N2O) affected forage mass, nutritive value, and beef cattle (Bos indicus) performance in an agroforestry system with Massai grass (Megathyrsus maximus Jacq. cv. Massai) and legume tree (Mimosa caesalpiniifolia Benth.), in the humid tropic region of Brazil, over 2‐year period. The experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with four treatments (N fertilizer rates) and three replications. Forage mass was positive and linearly affected by N fertilization (p =.0236, R2 = 0.92), ranging from 1297 to 1583 kg DM ha−1 under 0 and 400 kg N ha−1 year−1, respectively. There was greater average forage mass during the rainy period (1826 kg ha−1) (p <.05). Crude protein in green forage mass increased linearly (p =.0041, R2 = 0.91) in function of the N applied. Cattle average daily gain showed a positive quadratic response to the rates of N applied (p =.0298, R2 = 0.97), ranging from 0.46 kg to 0.68 kg animal day−1; and the gain per area increased linearly from 1.84 to 2.68 kg LW ha−1 day−1 (p =.0640, R2 = 0.96). The findings indicate that applying 200 kg N ha−1 year−1, split‐applied during the rainy season, would yield acceptable outcomes in terms of forage mass, nutritive value, and animal performance for this type of agroforestry system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We evolved our past Portfolio Yield Reactive (PYR) model to provide a competitive system with infiltration of categorical information and fundamentals into advanced higher-order moments that support more objective portfolio selection aided by intelligent computing. The system of the PYR model searches for hidden corporate performance prototypes in big data from accounting and financial statements. The PYR model restricts malicious patterns, such as hoaxes, noise, and manipulation, incorporated into a novel optimal portfolio selection method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research article investigates the synergies between artificial intelligence (AI), digital transformation (DT), and financial reporting systems within the business context. The central theme explores how organizations enhance their decision-making processes by integrating AI technologies into digital transformation initiatives, particularly in financial reporting. The focal point is comprehending how the synergy of these integrated systems can unlock substantial business value, instigate strategic innovation, and elevate overall financial analytics through the adoption of intelligent, data-driven decision-making methodologies. By harnessing advanced analytics, automation, and adaptive decision support capabilities, organizations navigate the complexities of a rapidly evolving business environment, in which neural networks emerge as a valuable tool for calibrating outcomes in the financial accounting environment, demonstrating effectiveness in processing complex financial data, identifying patterns, and making predictions, ushering in a new era of transformative possibilities. The introduction of a game theory payoff matrix in this AI decision-making tool adds a strategic framework for analyzing interactions among decision-makers, considering strategic choices and outcomes in a dynamic and competitive context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The implementation of more sustainable soil management strategies, such as the use of cover crop for no-till system with crop rotation, can help increase nutrient use efficiency and consequently decrease the use of mineral fertilizers for agriculture. In this context, the objective was to evaluate the efficiency of desiccation, decomposition and release of nutrients in the biomass of forage plants of the genus Brachiaria after intercropping with sorghum in integrated systems for soybean productivity. The experiment was conducted in the field in two agricultural seasons in randomized block design with four repetitions. The treatments consisted of biomass obtained after sorghum intercropping with forage plants of the Brachiaria genus (Brachiaria ruziziensis, Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu, Brachiaria brizantha cv. Xaraés, Brachiaria brizantha cv. BRS Piatã, Brachiaria brizantha cv. BRS Paiaguás, Brachiaria cv. BRS Ipyporã), sorghum biomass in monoculture, which after cutting for grain production, remained fallow for one year and an additional soybean treatment without soil cover biomass. The results showed that Cropping systems on sorghum and forage biomass resulted in a 25.64% increase in soybean yields compared to soybeans grown without soil cover. The use of tropical forage as a cover crop in integrated systems proved to be an efficient technique for biomass production, in order to minimize the effect of water deficit during soybean development, and nutrient cycling, which resulted in the replacement of mineral potassium fertilization for the no-till soybean system, by making better use of soil nutrients and contributing to greater sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integrated systems are efficient technologies used for diversifying production and promoting agricultural sustainability. The benefits of double intercropping are well-established in research. With advancements in sustainable food production technology, some studies have explored triple intercropping by adding legumes. However, triple intercropping methods must be comprehensively understood. This study aimed to evaluate the production of dry mass, fermentation profile, and nutritive values of silage from maize based intercropping. The experiment was conducted in the field, in Instituto Federal Goiano, Campus Rio Verde, State of Goiás, Brazil, where we assessed silage production and quality in monoculture and intercropping systems, in a randomized block complete design with three replications. We evaluated 8 treatments, consisting of silage from: maize monoculture; Tamani guinea grass monoculture; Quênia guinea grass monoculture; Zuri guinea grass monoculture; Pigeon pea monoculture; maize + Tamani guinea grass + Pigeon pea; maize + Quênia guinea grass + Pigeon pea and maize + Zuri guinea grass + Pigeon pea. The results showed that maize silage intercropped with cultivars of Panicum maximum (Tamani, Quênia and Zuri guinea grasses) and Pigeon pea increased silage mass production by 37.8% and the crude protein content at 25.1% compared with that of the monoculture maize silage. It also improved the fermentation characteristics of silage, reducing 5.1% of pH, 32.5% of buffering capacity, 28.9% of ammoniacal nitrogen in total nitrogen, 15.7% of effluent production, and 20.0% of dry matter losses, compared with those of grass and legume silage in monoculture. Thus, the silage produced by the triple intercropping proved to be an efficient technique for sustainable forage production.

• Environmental impacts of AD, Py, ADCo-Py and ADCo-INC were compared. • High environmental burden from pretreatment was mitigated by co-processing. • The most significant environmental burdens in each system were AP, ETP and GWP. • Co-processing of AD with Py demonstrated the highest environmental benefit. • Poor waste source separation can be partially mitigated by co-processing systems. This research conducted an environmental life cycle assessment (LCA) to evaluate an anaerobic digestion-co-pyrolysis (ADCo-Py) system in which pyrolysis was added to traditional food waste (FW) anaerobic digestion (AD) systems to treat the solid fraction and impurities separated from FW. The solid fraction, including impurities such as wooden chopsticks, plastics, eggshells, and bones, is usually incinerated, while pyrolysis can be a viable alternative to optimize FW treatment. The environmental impact of ADCo-Py was compared with stand-alone AD, pyrolysis, and ADCo-INC (AD with incineration of separated solids). The results indicated that both ADCo-Py (−1.726 kg CO 2 -Eq/kg FW) and ADCo-INC (−1.535 kg CO 2 -Eq/kg FW) outperform stand-alone AD (−0.855 kg CO 2 -Eq/kg FW) and pyrolysis (−0.181 kg CO 2 -Eq/kg FW) in mitigating global warming potential (GWP). Additionally, pretreatments were found to have the most significant influence on GWP, ecotoxicity potential (ETP), and acidification potential (AP). The two-step pretreatment in ADCo-Py, including the separation of solids and drying, significantly improved the environmental sustainability of the system when compared with standalone pyrolysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increased availability of data and computing power has allowed organizations to apply machine learning techniques to various fleet monitoring activities. Additionally, our ability to acquire aircraft data has increased due to the miniaturization of small form factor computing machines. Aircraft data collection processes contain many data features in the form of multivariate time series (continuous, discrete, categorical, etc.), which can be used to train machine learning models. Yet, three major challenges still face many flight organizations: 1) integration and automation of data collection frameworks, 2) data cleanup and preparation, and 3) developing an embedded machine learning framework. Data cleanup and preparation have been a well-known challenge since database systems were first invented. While integration and automation of data collection efforts within many organizations is quite mature, there are special challenges for flight-based organizations (i.e., the automatic and efficient transmission of aircraft flight data to centralized analytical data processing systems). Furthermore, this creates additional constraints for the operationalization of embedded machine learning methods for classical tasks such as classification and prediction; and magnifying design challenges for the more novel prescriptive based architectures. Our research is focused on the application of a design pattern for a) the integration and automation of data collection and b) an organizationally embedded ensemble machine learning method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial lighting comprises nearly one-third of the total electrical load of buildings, resulting in significant carbon emissions. Reducing the carbon emissions caused by artificial lighting is one of the ways to achieve low-carbon buildings. To meet the demand for high-efficiency, energy-saving, and comfortable lighting, light pipes are increasingly used in buildings. This paper reviews the research and development of light pipes and integrated technology. Sky conditions as a dynamic factor always affect the performance of light pipes. The combination of light pipes and an artificial lighting system can effectively solve this problem. A light pipe can be integrated with a ventilation stack to achieve the ventilation and cooling or heating of a building. A lighting-heating coupled light guide can improve the energy efficiency and sustainability in buildings, such as where antimony tin oxide nanofluid is introduced to absorb additional heat and then provide domestic hot water. The application of a photocatalyst to light pipes can realize air purification and self-cleaning. The use of light pipes does not consume electricity and can reduce the time spent using artificial lighting, thus allowing for power savings. From a whole life cycle perspective, the use of light pipes can be a balance of cost and benefit. In conclusion, such information could be useful for engineers, researchers, and designers to assess the suitability of applying integrated light pipes in different building types and examine the potential of energy and cost savings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to evaluate growth characteristics of Mombaça grass in silvopastoral and monoculture systems under different canopy heights. Monoculture and silvopastoral systems were evaluated under different height management strategies which were: 70, 80, 90 and 100 cm, in two seasons of the year: rainy and rainy / dry transition seasons. The variables evaluated were LAR (Leaf area ratio), SLA (Specific Leaf Area), LWR (Leaf Weight Ratio), RGR (Relative Growth Rate), CGR (Crop Growth Rate), NAR (Net Assimilation Rate) and LAI (Leaf Area Index). The experimental design adopted was randomized blocks with five replications. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and F test, and the Duncan test was used to compare the systems. The effect of the cutting height was assessed through linear and quadratic regression equations (p> 0.05). The shade cast by the trees affects most of the growth characteristics of Mombaça grass, such as SLA and LWR, which increased to compensate for the lower light intensity reaching the understory. Growth characteristics linked to the efficiency of light assimilation tend to be greater in the silvopastoral system. Characteristics related to production such as CGR and LAI were superior in the monoculture system. The strategy of cutting the forage at a height of 70 cm with residue of 40 cm showed the best growth rates in comparison to the other cutting strategies in the silvopastoral system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this research was to determine the potential for hay production of Quenia guinea grass (Megathyrsus maximus cv. BRS Quenia), Congo grass (Urochloa ruziziensis), and Xaraes palisade grass (Urochloa brizantha cv. Xaraes) following soybean cultivation (Glycine max) in the Brazilian Cerrado. The experimental field was divided into 12 plots, with 4 replicates of each grass species. Chemical composition, forage mass (FM), and the potential for milk and carcass production were determined for the three grasses. Principal component analysis showed that the total digestible nutrients (TDN) had the most significant influence on milk and carcass potential. Quenia guinea grass reached maximum forage accumulation at 134 days after soybean harvest, representing 4191.51 kg ha−1 of FM. Congo grass and Xaraes palisade grass produced 4033.51 kg ha−1 and 4437.22 kg ha−1, respectively, in cuts made at 154 and 138 days. Quenia guinea grass had 20.71% soluble protein in its composition when harvested at 115 days. Regarding milk production potential, Congo grass, on the other hand, showed a linear reduction in milk production as the number of days after soybean harvest increased. As for carcass production potential, Congo grass demonstrated the highest carcass production potential (110.65 kg Mg−1 FM) at 107 cutting days. Xaraes palisade grass had the highest FM production, while Quenia guinea grass stood out in soluble protein. Conversely, Congo grass showed greater potential for hay production when overseeding in soybeans, as it excelled in carcass production potential. Therefore, for this grass, the ideal point for haymaking should occur within up to 107 days after sowing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article compares the definitions of interoperability presented in international standards and documents. The transformation of this concept is shown and justified, starting with a technical definition and ending with a complex concept, which is an integral element of digital transformation processes. The main processes (business management, consumer management, communication channel management and service-oriented technology management) necessary for the implementation of the New European Interoperability Strategy are presented. The principles and levels (political, legislative, organizational, semantic and technical) of interoperability are presented. The experience of the United States of America, the countries of Europe and the Russian Federation on the regulatory consolidation of the interoperability of open information systems and the practice of its use in some areas of activity are analyzed. A model of interoperability is presented in accordance with the standards of the Russian Federation, including technical, semantic and organizational levels. On the basis of the analysis carried out, a more complete normative consolidation of this concept in the Republic of Belarus is proposed.

Purpose The experiment was performed to determine the effect a commercial potting mix partially replaced with dewatered aquaculture effluent had on tomato transplant growth. Methods The experiment was designed as a 2 9 3 factorial and evaluated two water sources (water-soluble, inorganic fertilizer or municipal water) and three soilless substrates with 0, 5 or 10 % dewatered aquaculture effluent (v/v) on substrate properties and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Mill. âBolsenoâ) transplant growth. The layout was a completely randomized design with twelve single-pot replications for each treatment. Results There was a substrate and water interaction affecting plant height, leaf dry matter (LDM), stem dry matter, root dry matter (RDM), and total dry matter (TDM). Tomato plants watered with inorganic fertilizer and grown in substrates replaced with 0 and 5 % dewatered aquaculture effluent had greater LDM, RDM, and TDM compared to plants watered with municipal water. However, tomato plant growth in substrate partially replaced with 10 % dewatered aquaculture effluent was similar irrespective of water source. Conclusion Substrates incorporated with 10 % aquaculture effluent provided optimal physical and chemical properties along with sufficient nutrients for tomato transplants without the need for commercial, inorganic fertilizer.

Aquaculture (freshwater and marine) has largely supplemented fisheries, but in theory could help reduce fishing pressure on wild stocks. Although not the sole factors, some potential benefits depend on aquaculture pressures on fished species, including collection of wild 'seed' material—earlier to later life stages—for rearing in captivity and the capacity of aquaculture to increase. Here we first classify 203 marine (saltwater and brackish) animal species as being produced by either open‐cycle capture‐based aquaculture (CBA) or closed‐cycle domesticated aquaculture (DA)—based on their likely reliance on wild seed—and assess the extent to which these forms of aquaculture could support seafood production and greater wild biomass. Using a data‐limited modelling approach, we find evidence that current aquaculture practices are not necessarily helping reduce fishing to sustainable levels for their wild counterparts—consistent with emerging scientific research. However, if some wild capture species (87 equivalent spp.) were instead produced through CBA, almost a million extra tonnes could theoretically be left in the wild, without reducing seafood production. Alternatively, if reliance on wild seed inputs is further reduced by shifting to DA production, then a little less than doubling of aquaculture of the overexploited species in our study could help fill the 'production gap' to support fishing at maximum sustainable levels. While other ecological (e.g. escapes), social and economic considerations (e.g. market substitution) are important, we focused on a critical biological linkage between wild fisheries and aquaculture that provides another aspect on how to improve management alignment of the sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, integrated crop–livestock production systems (ISG) were compared against intensive (RF) and semi-intensive feedlot systems (FS). A sustainability evaluation incorporating multidimensional indicators and a circularity assessment using biomass, energy, and nutrient indicators were performed. Complete integration of the crop and livestock components greatly increased the productivity of the ISG system, reducing the environmental impact and guaranteeing an adequate level of self-reliance; thus, sustainability was greatly improved when compared to RF. Circularity indicators of ISG and FS mostly showed no differences, but there was a general trend of ISG to improve energy, nutrient cycling, and vegetable biomass production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of spacing and population density of three tree species on the primary yield of an agroforestry system in the Cerrado. The experiment was conducted in the experimental area of the State University of Goiás, São Luís de Montes Belos, Brazil. The experiment was designed to assess the effects of tree species, density, and spacing in a factorial scheme of 3 × 2 × 3, totaling 18 treatments with two tree rows each. The tree species assessed were Corymbia citriodora (seedlings), Eucalyptus cloeziana (seedlings), and an Eucalyptus urophylla clone. The trees were planted in single and triple rows (Trees planted in single and triple rows, varying density). In the first year of the experiment, maize (Zea mays) and Crotalaria juncea were sown, maize and Marandu palisadegrass (Uroclhoa brizantha cv. Marandu) in the second year, and a monoculture of Marandu palisadegrass during the third and fourth years. Due to the larger tree-covered area, the arrangement in triple rows reduced maize yield by 36% in the first year, silage yield by 40% in the second year, and pasture yield by approximately 30%. Reducing tree density is crucial to ensure the functionality of the agroforestry system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Shading reduces forage mass and can reduce animal production and profitability per area in silvopastoral systems (SPSs) with tropical grasses. This reduction in profitability is the main obstacle to using such systems. Aims: This study evaluated the effects of shading by different tree arrangements on tropical grass characteristics and cattle performance in SPSs. Methods: Systematic searches were conducted in databases and directly in scientific journals, and 66 articles were selected. Data were grouped into SPS subgroups on the basis of tree type: with Eucalyptus with 1–14 m between rows; with Eucalyptus with 15–28 m between rows; with Eucalyptus with more than 28 m between rows; with leguminous trees; with palm trees; and with other types of tree. Data were analysed with random-effects model by using mean difference with 95% confidence interval (at P = 0.05). Results: A large reduction in forage mass significantly reduced animal weight gain per area and stocking rate of beef cattle reared in SPSs with row spacing of up to 28 m, compared with pasture monoculture. There was a small reduction in forage mass in SPSs with Eucalyptus with more than 28 m between rows, compared with pasture monoculture, but no reduction in stocking rate. This result allowed an increase in weight gain per area and indicated the need to use more than 28 m between Eucalyptus rows in systems the main objective of which is animal production. There was also a small reduction in forage mass in leguminous tree SPSs, but weight gain per area was similar to that in pasture monoculture; the animals also had a higher dry-matter intake, crude protein intake and milk production in these SPSs. The tropical grasses in palm tree SPSs had a higher crude protein and a lower forage mass than did those in pasture monoculture, and no reduction in weight gain per area compared with those in pasture monoculture, which indicated the possibility of productive animal production together with palm trees. The SPSs with other types of tree had a higher weight gain per area than did pasture monoculture. This result indicated that the use of SPSs with native trees can integrate animal production with environmental preservation. Conclusions: The SPSs with Eucalyptus with more than 28 m between the rows or with other types of tree had a higher weight gain per area than did pasture monoculture, whereas leguminous and palm tree SPSs had a weight gain per area similar to that of pasture monoculture, which indicated that there was no significant negative effect of shading on livestock production. Implications: Silvopastoral systems with higher weight gain per leaf area than, or similar to that of pasture monoculture can increase the total system production and profitability (considering wood and animal productions), which is beneficial and may be a factor in motivating producers to adopt these SPSs on commercial farms. Silvopastoral systems (SPSs) are recognised for good production and environmental indicators, but excessive shading and competition for water in the systems with a high tree density reduces forage mass and can reduce animal production and profitability. We performed a meta-analysis with studies in tropical climates and observed that in SPSs with Eucalyptus with more than 28 m between the rows, and with leguminous or with palm trees, the animal performance was similar to that of monoculture pasture. The results showed an increase in the total production of the system, which may encourage implementation of SPSs on commercial farms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent advances in soft sensors and flexible electronics offer various applications in detecting physical, electrical, and chemical signals. However, there are still technical barriers in current mechanical, electrical, and material properties for enhanced signal sensing. When measuring signals from the human skin, minimizing the skin‐sensor contact impedance is still challenging while maximizing sensitivity through optimized materials and soft electronics. Here, this review summarizes recent advances in materials, manufacturing, and integration technologies to develop ultrathin soft sensors for monitoring various human physiological signals. The enhancements in soft and compliant structures and mechanical properties are critical to making reliable wearable electronic systems. This article shares the details of soft sensors, integration processes, manufacturing methods, and their applications to target physical, electrical, and chemical signals. In addition, the limitations and current trends in developing multifunctional sensors, self‐powered devices, and integration with external stimuli systems are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knowledge about dairy cows raised in small-scale agroforestry systems in dryland areas is of paramount importance to inform policy and decision making in the dairy production sector in the current context of climate change. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of integrated farming systems on daily milk yield and demographic traits of dairy cows in drylands. A study conducted on 447 dairy cows was carried out to compare their milk yield and demographic parameters under different small-scale agroforestry systems in drylands of Benin: traditional silvopasture (TSS); Improved silvopasture (ISS); Small Integrated Agrosilvopasture (SIAS) and Large Integrated Agrosilvopasture (LIAS). The type of cattle farms had a significant effect (p < 0.05) on daily milk yield and demographic traits. Dairy cattle from ISS farms had the highest daily milk yield regardless of the type of dairy cow breed. Demographic traits of herds were significantly (p < 0.05) influenced by the type of dairy cattle farms. The proportion of lactating cows was higher (p < 0.05) in herds of ISS (48.4%) followed by those in TSS and LIAS (36.1 and 25.0% respectively) while SIAS was the lowest in (14.4%). The pre-weaning mortality rate was higher (p < 0.05) in TSS and LIAS farms (18.3 and 17.6 % respectively) compared to SIAS and ISS farms (5.20 and 4.60 % respectively). The fertility rate was higher (p < 0.05) in ISS and SIAS farms (92.3 and 89.6% respectively) compared to TSS and LIAS farms (68.3 and 74.2% respectively). The weaning productivity was higher (p < 0.05) in ISS and SIAS (88.6 and 85.8 % respectively) than in TSS and LIAS farms (66.1 and 67.6 % respectively). This study showed that ISS farms are characterized by higher milk yield and demographic parameters. ISS systems can then be promoted in smallholder cattle farming to improve milk production and reproductive performance of dairy cows in drylands.

Abstract Recent advances in soft sensors and flexible electronics offer various applications in detecting physical, electrical, and chemical signals. However, there are still technical barriers in current mechanical, electrical, and material properties for enhanced signal sensing. When measuring signals from the human skin, minimizing the skin‐sensor contact impedance is still challenging while maximizing sensitivity through optimized materials and soft electronics. Here, this review summarizes recent advances in materials, manufacturing, and integration technologies to develop ultrathin soft sensors for monitoring various human physiological signals. The enhancements in soft and compliant structures and mechanical properties are critical to making reliable wearable electronic systems. This article shares the details of soft sensors, integration processes, manufacturing methods, and their applications to target physical, electrical, and chemical signals. In addition, the limitations and current trends in developing multifunctional sensors, self‐powered devices, and integration with external stimuli systems are discussed.

This study aimed to evaluate the forage mass and nutritional value (NV) of Guinea Massai grass (Megathyrsus maximus × Megathyrsus infestum) in an open pasture (OP) or the silvopastoral system (SPS) at different stages of development (SDs). The experimental design was completely randomized, with five replications. The treatments were distributed in a factorial scheme 2 × 4, corresponding to types of systems (OP and SPS) and four SD (vegetative stage—S1, pre-flowering—S2, full flowering—S3 and maturity after flowering—S4). There was no interaction of the system × stage of plant development in any of the variables evaluated. The production of forage mass and Guinea Massai grass morphological components did not differ (p > 0.05) between SPS and OP. However, they differed between the SDs (p ≤ 0.05), with an increasing linear effect for forage mass, percentage of the stem, and dead material, and decreasing for leaf percentage and leaf: stem ratio. Only protein content differed (p < 0.05) among the chemical composition variables between culture systems. The shading caused by the SPS did not decrease the forage mass, NV, and in vitro dry matter digestibility of Guinea Massai grass compared to the system in OP. The advance of the SD of Guinea Massai grass increases the forage mass, with higher proportions of morphological components of low NV, such as stem and dead material. Silvopastoral system of Guinea Massai grass and eucalyptus is effective to prolongate the grazing season, with a greater amount of green leaves in the sward and better NV, without compromising herbage mass production in the forage growing season. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy harvesting triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) to scavenge unused mechanical energy have received significant attention in this decade. Herein, the development of reduced graphene oxide (rGO):polypyrrole (PPy) hybrid‐modified polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) as TENG for various device applications is reported. The bulk of PDMS is altered by different fillers such as rGO, PPy, and the binary hybrids of rGO and PPy with varying weight ratios. Among various PDMS composites, 1 wt% of 1:8 rGO:PPy–PDMS composite exhibits higher TENG responses than other PDMS composite. The superior TENG performances of 1 wt% 1:8 rGO:PPy–PDMS composite are attributed to the formation of intensified negative charges inside the PDMS matrix. This charge intensification in the composite is due to various mechanisms, including the charge trapping ability of rGO:PPy filler, microcapacitor formation by introducing hybrid filler in the system with proper conducting networks, and the electron‐donating nature of PPy conducting polymer. A 3D stacked device proposed using 1 wt% 1:8 rGO:PPy–PDMS composite delivered a short‐circuit current of 16 μA and an open‐circuit potential of 60 V by simple palm pressing. Also, the ability of the stacked device for charging/powering portable devices and light‐emitting diodes is demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The adoption of sustainable agricultural systems in the Brazilian Cerrado and Amazon is globally relevant, on the one hand due to the amount of commodities produced in these regions, and on the other by the critically important ecosystem services provided by these biomes. We assessed the economic performance of an integrated crop-livestock and an integrated crop-livestock-forest system at farm level comparing their results with the most representative agricultural production systems used in the Cerrado and Amazon, as follows: (i) continuous large-scale crop rotation (soybean–corn), (ii) extensive livestock. Also, we analyzed economic and environmental impacts of integrated systems widespread adoption estimating the results for production volume, gross production value, balance of trade, land-sparing effect and CO2eq sequestration using scenario analysis. The results highlighted the great influence of commodity prices on large-scale crop system and on extensive livestock economic results, particularly, gross profit. In contrast, the integrated systems showed better economic long-term results (i.e. similar payback, even with major investment, and higher profitability index). Also, integrated systems showed lower sensitiveness from commodity prices fluctuation, illustrating their capacity for market risk reduction, and their remarkable potential to increase economy results at regional level. Environmental results demonstrated the integrated systems huge potential for reduce deforestation as well as mitigate CO2eq emissions from agricultural sector, crucial issues for meeting climate commitments and global sustainable development goals. These results are useful for policy-makers and decision-takers to compare alternative farming systems performance in a global hotspot for agricultural commodities production and pressure on natural forest, and can contribute to increase adoption of sustainable agricultural systems in the Brazilian agriculture-forest frontier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For beyond-5G and 6G communications, the satellite-terrestrial integrated network (STIN) is expected to provide diverse services with global coverage. The first step in implementing a successful STIN is to make the satellite network capable of functioning seamlessly with its terrestrial counterpart. However, as satellites rotate around Earth at very high speeds and are connected over very long wireless links, it is almost impossible to use terrestrial schemes without modification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective was to evaluate the protein and carbohydrate fractionation of forage plants of the Urochloa spp. and Megathyrsus maximus after intercropping with soybean in crop-livestock integration, in the off-season. The experimental design used was entirely randomised, with four repetitions, in a 4 × 5 factorial scheme. The treatments consisted of four forages: Xaraes palisadegrass (Urochloa brizantha cv. Xaraés), Ruziziensis grass (Urochloa ruziziensis), Mombaça guinea grass (Megathyrsus maximus cv. Mombaça), Tamani guinea grass (Megathyrsus maximus cv. BRS Tamani) and five grazing cycles (each grazing cycle was carried out every 28 days). Forage samples and protein and carbohydrate fractionation were obtained using destructive methods. The results showed that Tamani guinea grass and Xaraes palisadegrass presented higher fractions A of protein and carbohydrates and lower fraction C, being more suitable for integrated systems during the offseason. For all forages, there was a reduction in the protein and carbohydrate A fractions and an increase in the C fraction as grazing cycles advanced. Tamani guinea grass and Xaraes palisadegrass showed the best potential to be used for grazing in the off-season, by being planted as a replacement for soybean, and can be an alternative of quality food to be fed during the dry season. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Supercapacitors can harvest electrical energy from intermittent sources and transfer it quickly, but their specific energy must be raised if they are applied to efficiently power wearable and flexible electronics, as well as larger equipment. However, the remaining big gap between the lab research and practical applications seriously hinders the further progress of advanced supercapacitors, especially for electrode materials. Consequently, from a commercial/usable perspective, a clear guideline from lab research to commercialization is highly desired for bringing advanced supercapacitors from basic research into reality. This review focuses on the key factors of advanced supercapacitors from lab research to commercialization and summarizes recent progress in the field of supercapacitors as well as outlines key perspectives for future research. First, the several energy storage mechanisms are illustrated for building better supercapacitors. Then, the up‐to‐date key achievements and progresses of smart methods toward high‐energy supercapacitors and effective strategies for commercial‐level mass‐loading as well as high packing density electrodes are summarized and commented upon. Also, integrated systems of supercapacitors and application fields of commercial supercapacitors are also highlighted. Subsequently, future research directions are presented here to guide research toward the commercialization of advanced supercapacitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the widespread penetration of renewable energy sources and energy storage systems, the problem of energy management has received increasing attention. One of the systems that network owners consider today is the power-to-gas (P2G) system. This system causes surplus electricity generated from renewable energy resources or batteries in the network to be converted into gas and sold to the gas network. Two reasons for the existence of gas distributed generation resources and P2G systems cause the two power and gas networks to interact. Energy management and profit making considering these two networks, as a co-optimization of integrated energy systems, is a topic that has been discussed in this study to achieve the best optimal answer. Since the production of renewable energy resources and the purchase price of energy are uncertain, a scenario-based method has been chosen for modelling. Demand-side management is also one of the important problems in optimal operation of the electricity network, which can have a significant impact on reducing peak load and increasing profits. In this paper, a mixed-integer quadratic programming model for co-optimization of electric distribution and gas networks in the presence of distributed generation resources, P2G systems, storage facilities, electric vehicles and demand-side management is presented. The 33-bus distribution network is intended to analyse the proposed model. The results of different scenarios show the efficiency of the proposed model. Several key points are deduced from the obtained results: (i) demand-side management is able to reduce the peak load of the network, (ii) the presence of renewable resources and batteries can cause the network to convert excess electricity into gas and sell it to the gas network in the market and (iii) distributed generation can reduce the purchase of energy from the upstream network and cause a 36% reduction in the cost function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The water crisis is currently affecting billions of people. To mitigate the issue, unconventional water sources should be taken into account. Among them, atmosphere is a promising possibility, but it is still considered a novel source, and more studies, based on real results concerning the behaviour of the Atmospheric/Air-to Water Generator (AWG) systems, also known as Atmospheric Water Harvesting (AWH) systems, are needed to prove the water extraction sustainability. The current research work describes the real application of an integrated AWG system, based on a thermodynamic reverse cycle, designed to extract water from air and take advantage of the other useful effects of the cycle at the same time. The integrated machine was placed in Dubai, in a worker village, and tested. The machine is able to provide, at the same time, with the same energy consumption, water, heating and cooling energy. On the basis of onsite measurements, calculations about the efficiencies, using the Water Energy Transformation (WET), plastic savings, due to bottled water avoidance, and economic sustainability were carried out. The work answers to research questions concerning the potentiality of integrated systems in Heating Ventilation Air Conditioning (HVAC) plants revamping, the economic sustainability of water extraction from air and the lack of tests on real AWG machines of thousand-litre production capability (large size). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial lighting comprises nearly one-third of the total electrical load of buildings, resulting in significant carbon emissions. Reducing the carbon emissions caused by artificial lighting is one of the ways to achieve low-carbon buildings. To meet the demand for high-efficiency, energy-saving, and comfortable lighting, light pipes are increasingly used in buildings. This paper reviews the research and development of light pipes and integrated technology. Sky conditions as a dynamic factor always affect the performance of light pipes. The combination of light pipes and an artificial lighting system can effectively solve this problem. A light pipe can be integrated with a ventilation stack to achieve the ventilation and cooling or heating of a building. A lighting-heating coupled light guide can improve the energy efficiency and sustainability in buildings, such as where antimony tin oxide nanofluid is introduced to absorb additional heat and then provide domestic hot water. The application of a photocatalyst to light pipes can realize air purification and self-cleaning. The use of light pipes does not consume electricity and can reduce the time spent using artificial lighting, thus allowing for power savings. From a whole life cycle perspective, the use of light pipes can be a balance of cost and benefit. In conclusion, such information could be useful for engineers, researchers, and designers to assess the suitability of applying integrated light pipes in different building types and examine the potential of energy and cost savings.

The objective of this research was to determine the potential for hay production of Quenia guinea grass (Megathyrsus maximus cv. BRS Quenia), Congo grass (Urochloa ruziziensis), and Xaraes palisade grass (Urochloa brizantha cv. Xaraes) following soybean cultivation (Glycine max) in the Brazilian Cerrado. The experimental field was divided into 12 plots, with 4 replicates of each grass species. Chemical composition, forage mass (FM), and the potential for milk and carcass production were determined for the three grasses. Principal component analysis showed that the total digestible nutrients (TDN) had the most significant influence on milk and carcass potential. Quenia guinea grass reached maximum forage accumulation at 134 days after soybean harvest, representing 4191.51 kg ha−1 of FM. Congo grass and Xaraes palisade grass produced 4033.51 kg ha−1 and 4437.22 kg ha−1, respectively, in cuts made at 154 and 138 days. Quenia guinea grass had 20.71% soluble protein in its composition when harvested at 115 days. Regarding milk production potential, Congo grass, on the other hand, showed a linear reduction in milk production as the number of days after soybean harvest increased. As for carcass production potential, Congo grass demonstrated the highest carcass production potential (110.65 kg Mg−1 FM) at 107 cutting days. Xaraes palisade grass had the highest FM production, while Quenia guinea grass stood out in soluble protein. Conversely, Congo grass showed greater potential for hay production when overseeding in soybeans, as it excelled in carcass production potential. Therefore, for this grass, the ideal point for haymaking should occur within up to 107 days after sowing.

The Fellini Museum is an exhibition hall dedicated to the Rimini film director Federico Fellini, included by the Ministry of Culture of Italy among the great national cultural projects. It was inaugurated on 19 August 2021, and it is the first worldwide exhibition hall dedicated to the famous film director. The museum, intended as a widespread museum center, is divided into three separate places in the historic center of Rimini: Sismondo Castle (built at the behest of Sigismondo Malatesta, at that time Lord of Rimini and Fano, starting from 1437 AD), Fulgor Palace and Malatesta square. The goal of the present paper is double. In the first part, as a case study, the innovative integrated system and installations planned for the optimal functioning and management of the Fellini Museum of Rimini in Italy is illustrated, showing its related complexity, due to its extension and articulation through different environments and due to the respect for architectural/historical heritage. In the second part, as dedicated and linked research, a proper Genetic Algorithms-based method, studied and applied for the optimization of the design of the wired network of the integrated system, the electrical power network and the air conditioning network is illustrated. It guarantees a decrease of realization costs, considering also the typical vincula and restrictions of already existing historical buildings, such as the considered one.

ABSTRACT Soil quality can be understood as its capacity to provide several essential services within the ecosystem and has been used to understand the impact of different managements, providing information that proves the benefits and your maintenance of the agroecosystem. To understand the impact of different managements, this study aimed to compare the chemical, physical, and biological soil properties in pasture areas managed with different recovery times in an integrated crop-livestock system about perennial pastures and secondary forest. The following management systems were evaluated: Secondary Forest (SF), Perennial Pasture (PP), pasture recovered to five years through the intercropping corn + Brachiaria brizantha (Palisade grass) (ICL5), and pasture recovered to eight years through the intercropping corn + Brachiaria brizantha (Palisade grass) (ICL8). Different soil properties were evaluated, namely: Chemical: pH, H+Al, Al 3+ , P, K + , Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , TOC, SB, CEC, V, and m; Physical: soil bulk density (Bd), total porosity (Tp), macroporosity (Ma), microporosity (Mi), soil resistance to penetration (Pr), and gravimetric soil water content (GWc); and biological: soil microbial biomass carbon (SMB-C), basal soil respiration (BSR), metabolic quotient (qCO 2 ), and microbial quotient (qMic). Perennial pasture and ICL8 areas were the ones that most contributed to the increase in nutrients (Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , and K + ), TOC and sorption complex. The ICL8 area showed the best results in soil physical variables Ma, Tp, Pr, and GWc were the best results for the ICL8 area. Secondary forest and ICL8 areas presented the best results from SMB-C and qMic. Between periods of pasture recovery through the integration of crops and livestock, the longer the recovery time, the greater its beneficial effects on the different chemical, physical and biological soil properties, overcoming secondary forest and perennial pasture.

ABSTRACT Agroforestry systems have the potential to increase soil organic matter, with effects on soil carbon and nitrogen contents, but information on the application of these systems in semi-arid regions is still scarce. This study aimed to analyze soil carbon and nitrogen stocks in the conversion of native forest from the Caatinga Biome into integrated agriculture systems in the Brazilian semi-arid region. We evaluated the following management systems in the Haplic Inceptisol (Cambissolo Háplico eutrófico): (1) Intercropping area, cultivated with corn and Massai grass; (2) Caatinga (natural vegetation); (3) AFS10: agroforestry system with native woody forest rows occupying 33 % and agriculture occupying 66 % of the total area; and (4) AFS20: agroforestry system presenting inverse proportions of AFS10. The agroforestry systems were intercropped with sorghum or millet, pigeon pea and Massai grass. We collected disturbed and undisturbed soil samples at the layers of 0.00-0.10; 0.10-0.20; 0.20-0.40, 0.40-0.60 and 0.60-1.00 m for analysis of carbon (SOC), nitrogen (N), soil bulk density, and calculation of SOC and N stocks and C/N ratio, two years after the conversion of natural vegetation to the agricultural area (intercropping) and agroforestry system (AFS10 and AFS20). We applied principal component and cluster analysis to explore the data, and confidence interval to compare the means of accumulated SOC and N stocks up to 1 m soil depth. No differences exist for the properties analysed in superficial layers (0.00-0.10 and 0.10-0.20 m), regardless of land-use systems. AFS20 increase the SOC content and, consequently, SOC stock, in subsurface layers; on the other hand, intercropping increases N content and N stock. AFS20 presented higher accumulated SOC stocks up to 1.00 m (114.97 Mg ha-1). Agroforestry systems management is an alternative for increasing carbon sequestration under the conversion from Caatinga to agricultural areas.

One of the most exciting new developments in energy storage technology is Zn‐ion hybrid supercapacitors (ZHSCs). ZHSCs combine Zn‐ion batteries with supercapacitors (SCs) to address the energy and power needs of portable devices and electric automobiles. Low energy density and the development of cathode material are significant issues for ZHSCs. This review provides an in‐depth investigation of charge storage mechanisms from SCs to ZHSCs. The advantages/disadvantages of ZHSCs, the recent development of cathode materials, and the new design for device fabrications are critically summarized. New cathode materials should be developed to achieve high energy density while preserving the inherent power capability and stability. People increasingly engage with smart electronic and hybrid gadgets, demanding flexible, resilient, and highly safe energy storage devices. ZHSC has emerged as a complete alternative to risky sodium‐ion/lithium‐ion technologies. An overview of all reported carbon‐based, biomass‐derived carbons, metal oxides, MOFs, COFs, MXenes, graphene, and composite materials employed for ZHSCs is comprehensively provided. Furthermore, cathode materials for flexible, micro, wire‐shaped, printed, and photo‐rechargeable ZHSCs are also examined with their practical challenges. This review is anticipated to offer valuable recommendations for designing and manipulating cathode materials for high‐performance ZHSCs to achieve real‐world applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The performance analysis of a multigeneration (MG) energy system integrated into a conventional coal-fired power plant was evaluated and discussed according to the data measured in the existing steam power plant. The multigeneration energy system in the present work consists of four subsystems, namely Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC), Vapor Compression Refrigeration (VCR) System, Thermal Vapor Compression Desalination Plant (TVCDP) and Greenhouse Heating (GH) System. The thermodynamic analysis was performed through energy and exergy analyses associated with the efficiencies of the subsystem as well as the multigeneration plant. In addition, environmental impact analysis was carried out to calculate CO2 emission of the overall system to evaluate the effect of emissions caused by the energy systems. The results revealed that when the conventional steam power plant became multigeneration, the exergy efficiency increased from 39.1% to 39.84% and energy efficiency increased from 41.5% to 42.29%. Four subsystems were integrated into the existing steam power plant to reduce CO2 emissions from 230 kg/MWh to 225 kg/MWh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Constructed wetland (CW) has gained popularity as an eco‐friendly technology for ease of operation and maintenance. This article critically reviews and summarizes the research carried out to date on several approaches for integration of CW with other methods of treatment, exploring several novel modes of operation and factors, to improve the remediation capacity of the CW system. The study shows that the use of different modes of aeration, recirculation of the effluent, hydraulic retention time, and organic loading rate not only improves the removal efficiency of the treatment system but also helps in reducing the surface area required for the system in the treatment of emerging contaminants. The integrated approach analysis gives an insight into the different technologies, which can be coupled with CW for fast, sustainable, and eco‐efficient treatment systems for different types of wastewater. Anaerobic technologies and microbial fuel cell (MFC) have the added advantage of energy generation apart from wastewater treatment, which helps in reducing carbon footprints. Optimization of pollutant treatment in wastewater and electricity generation by CW‐MFC has emerged to be an upcoming area of research. The study disseminates knowledge about the latest developments in the field of intensified CW technology with a focus on modifications and integrated systems, which help in identifying the potential areas of research worth addressing in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Power electronic converters are used for integrating renewable energy sources such as wind and photovoltaic into the grid. This integration gives rise to many challenges in power systems, especially regarding power quality. Indeed, integrated systems generate a non-linear current full of harmonics, which degrades power quality. Active power filters are usually used to compensate for these harmonics at the point of common coupling. In the control of active power filters, harmonics need to be extracted from the non-linear current. In this paper, the matrix pencil method―a model-based technique for estimating parameters of exponentially damped or undamped sinusoids in noise―is proposed to extract the reference signal in shunt active power filter applications. The performance of the proposed matrix pencil method is studied for current harmonic compensation and power factor correction under different modulation schemes and two DC links: an external DC voltage source and a capacitor. Using a capacitor for the DC link requires not only including a proportional-plus-integral controller to maintain a constant capacitor voltage, but also accounting for the loss current in the formulation of the matrix pencil method. Compared with the instantaneous reactive power theory and synchronous reference frame, results obtained from simulated data using MATLAB/Simulink under different loading conditions show that the proposed method corrects the power factor and affords a lower source current total harmonic distortion and fast response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unproven economic returns at the farm level are a major barrier to large-scale adoption of cover crops. The objective of this study was to evaluate the short-run private net returns to producers implementing a cereal rye (Secale cereale L.) cover crop preceding the no-till corn (Zea mays L.) phase of a US Midwest corn-soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) rotation in an integrated crop and cow-calf operation. We used experimental agronomic data from six location-years in Iowa to estimate private net returns to cereal rye across alternative scenarios in a partial budget framework. Net returns in the absence of grazing averaged -$123.74 ha-1 and were negative for 82.2% of the treatments, while net returns under partial grazing averaged -$15.24 ha-1 and were negative for 54.8% of the treatments. Early-broadcast cereal rye produced higher biomass and larger net cost savings in the livestock enterprise than latedrilled cereal rye, but it also resulted in higher corn yield penalties. In the no-grazing scenario, net losses for early-broadcast cereal rye were $165.97 ha-1 larger, on average, than for latedrilled cereal rye. Our findings should raise awareness about the low probability of obtaining positive annual private net returns to cereal rye in Iowa in the absence of sizable targeted financial incentives, and inform the policy discussion on the cost-effectiveness of government-sponsored conservation programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]