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This study proposes an optimized economic scheduling strategy for multi-energy-integrated highway service centers (MEIHSCs) within a 24 h operational timeframe. With the imperative of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality, highway areas are increasingly incorporating renewable energy systems, such as photovoltaic arrays, to capitalize on abundant resources along highways. Considering the diverse load demands of new energy vehicles and the mismatch between energy supply and demand on the highway, MEIHSCs must adapt to these trends by establishing integrated networks for electricity, natural gas, and hydrogen refueling. However, there is a lack of coordination between equipment switching and the phases of low electricity prices and peak renewable energy periods. To address this challenge and improve economic efficiency, this study proposes an economic dispatch strategy that combines economic incentives based on carbon trading and critical peak pricing mechanisms. This strategy aims to maximize economic benefits while fully meeting the load demands of new energy vehicles. Case studies indicate that operating costs are reduced by 28.04% compared to strategies without new energy installations, and by 47.85% compared to strategies without optimization. The results demonstrate that this integrated and optimized strategy significantly reduces energy costs and enhances economic benefits in highway service centers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Integrated Intelligent Energy is the property of Editorial Department of Integrated Intelligent Energy and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In order to achieve peak carbon and carbon neutrality targets, a high number of distributed power sources have been connected to distribution networks. How to realize the planning of a distribution network containing integrated energy under the condition of carbon capture and complete the exceedance test of the distribution network under the condition of accessing a large number of distributed generators has become an urgent problem. To solve the above problem while promoting sustainable development, this work proposes an active distribution network risk-planning model based on multisource data from carbon capture and the Power Internet of Things. The model calculates the semi-invariants of each order of the node state vectors and branch circuit current vectors and then utilizes Gram–Charlier-level expansion to obtain the exceeding probability density function and the probability distribution functions of the node voltages and line powers in the distribution network. Combined with multisource data, an active distribution network with an integrated energy system designed for carbon capture was modeled. According to the risk scenario of the distribution network, the nonconvex constraints in the model were simplified by second-order cone relaxation, and the optimal planning scheme of the distribution network was solved by combining the Gurobi solver with the risk index as the first-level objective and the economic benefit as the second-level objective. The simulation results of a coupled network consisting of a 39-node distribution network and an 11-node transportation network verified the effectiveness of the proposed model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study proposes an optimized economic scheduling strategy for multi-energy-integrated highway service centers (MEIHSCs) within a 24 h operational timeframe. With the imperative of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality, highway areas are increasingly incorporating renewable energy systems, such as photovoltaic arrays, to capitalize on abundant resources along highways. Considering the diverse load demands of new energy vehicles and the mismatch between energy supply and demand on the highway, MEIHSCs must adapt to these trends by establishing integrated networks for electricity, natural gas, and hydrogen refueling. However, there is a lack of coordination between equipment switching and the phases of low electricity prices and peak renewable energy periods. To address this challenge and improve economic efficiency, this study proposes an economic dispatch strategy that combines economic incentives based on carbon trading and critical peak pricing mechanisms. This strategy aims to maximize economic benefits while fully meeting the load demands of new energy vehicles. Case studies indicate that operating costs are reduced by 28.04% compared to strategies without new energy installations, and by 47.85% compared to strategies without optimization. The results demonstrate that this integrated and optimized strategy significantly reduces energy costs and enhances economic benefits in highway service centers.

Under the constraint of the AC power flow architecture considering reactive power regulation, the examination of integrated energy distributed transactions among multiple subsystems can promote the research in the field of energy sharing. It is difficult to fully cover the consideration of AC power flow, demand response, integrated energy, and other factors in traditional related research. In response, a study is therefore conducted in this paper on integrated energy sharing in the distribution network. First, this paper introduces the system operation framework of the proposed distribution network model, and explains the interaction between all the players. Secondly, a distribution network power flow model and an integrated energy subsystem model are respectively. In particular, the subsystem model specifically considers new energy, demand response, integrated energy, and other factors. Then, a cooperative game model is constructed based on the cooperative relationship among subsystems in the distribution network system, followed by the analysis of the benefits brought by cooperation to the distribution network and the subsystems themselves. Finally, a distributed solution flow is established for the model based on the Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers (ADMM) algorithm. The results of the example analysis reveal the effectiveness of the model proposed in increasing the degree of energy utilization and further absorbing new energy in the distribution network system, each subsystem can generate up to 12% more absorption capacity than it would otherwise operate separately to accommodate more renewable energy in the distribution system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to accelerate the rapid and economic low-carbon transformation of the power-gas system, a multi-objective stochastic optimization programming model for the whole equipment of the power-gas system was established, which comprehensively considered the economic cost and carbon emissions. First, the mathematical model of the electric-gas network and related equipment was established, and the uncertainty characteristics of the electric and gas loads and photovoltaic output were analyzed by using the scenario method. Next, a mixed-integer quadratically constrained programming (MIQCP) model considering the economic cost and carbon emissions of the system was established. An overall planning was made for power feeders, gas network pipelines, substations, gas distribution stations, gas units, power-to-gas devices, photovoltaic, and energy storage devices. Finally, a numerical example was built to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the model. The results show that the model can fully consider the coupling relationship between power-gas network lines and a variety of comprehensive energy equipment under different weight choices of objective function, and obtain the overall optimal planning scheme.

The key to "dual carbon" lies in low-carbon energy systems. The energy internet can coordinate upstream and downstream "source network load storage" to break energy system barriers and promote carbon reduction in energy production and consumption processes. This article first introduces the basic concepts and key technologies of the energy internet from the current situation of energy supply and demand in China. Second, this paper proposes to create an energy internet with coordinated and complementary "source network load storage" and to construct a new type of power system with six new characteristics in this context. Finally, combined with an example of the energy internet demonstration project, this paper analyses and summarizes the value creation and business type innovation of the energy internet from three aspects: power market mechanisms, comprehensive energy services, and low-carbon energy diversification, and it looks ahead to the future direction of energy internet construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An integrated energy system (IES) can significantly enhance utilization efficiency and boost renewable energy consumption while also catering to various energy needs within the system. It is one of the essential models of future energy system development. With a focus on improving carbon market subjects and carbon transaction mechanisms, this paper proposes integrated energy optimization scheduling in high-speed railway stations considering demand response under the participation of the carbon market, considering both low-carbon and economic needs. In the context of participation in the carbon and energy markets, an integrated energy system in the high-speed railway station is constructed, comprising photovoltaic power generation, stored energy device, CCHP and gas boiler. Based on the simulations of each energy device, the demand response compensation price and carbon transaction revenue are taken into account, and the target is to economize the operating budget and optimize the arrangement for IES in a high-speed railway station under the carbon transaction market. Through simulation, the optimization performance of the proposed model is analyzed under the conditions of demand response and no carbon cap-and-trade market. The findings demonstrate that the best scheduling strategy for integrated energy at high-speed rail stations taking into account integrated demand response under the carbon market can successfully reduce carbon emissions from station operation while flattening the peak-to-valley load difference on the grid side, opening up ideas for the proposal of energy saving and emissions reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To address the problems of "difficult to consume" renewable energy and the randomness of power output, we propose the CHP unit joint-operation model with power to gas (P2G) and carbon capture system (CCS) technologies and analyze the operation cost, carbon emission, and "electric-heat coupling" characteristics of this model. A dispatch optimization model is constructed based on the information-gap decision theory under the strategy to further consider the interval uncertainty of renewable energy unit output and load forecast. The optimized-dispatching model effectively solves the fate of renewable unit output and electric-thermal load and provides dispatching strategies for decision-makers to balance risk and capital management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Shanghai Jiao Tong University (1006-2467) is the property of Journal of Shanghai Jiao Tong University Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In order to improve the accuracy of integrated energy microgrid cluster scheduling operation in existing technologies, a scheduling optimization measure based on an improved bat algorithm was proposed in integrated energy system in this study. Firstly, the integrated demand response (IDR) was used to enhance the load-side energy utilization link. Secondly, the front-end data fragments of the integrated energy system are optimized and integrated based on fuzzy clustering and Mahalanobis distance. Finally, the bat algorithm is improved and substituted by increasing the adaptive inertia weight coefficient. In the simulation stage, the operation simulation test of the system was realized by MATLAB. Experiments show that the optimized integration method based on fuzzy clustering and Mahalanobis distance can make the front-end data achieve reliable clustering, and reduce the redundancy by more than 80%. After improving the bat algorithm, not only the MAPE and RMSE error of scheduling prediction can be reduced to 1.52% and 17.45%, but also the total cost of system scheduling operation can be reduced by about 2.5%. This study can improve the accuracy, economy and prediction speed of scheduling prediction, and has a good application prospect in the field of integrated energy scheduling optimization.

With the rapid development of renewable energy (RE) and the continuous progress of smart grid, the energy consumption characteristic design of modern power system is developing towards a more flexible and economical microgrid (MG). Meanwhile, the high participation of multi-agent integrated energy in MG brings challenges to the efficient and economic operation of the system. Aiming at the complex capacity configuration of MG with multi-functional interaction, a combined capacity optimization method for a typical independent MG including photovoltaic (PV), wind turbines (WT), diesel generators (DG) and battery energy storage system (BESS) is proposed. On the one hand, the models of PV, WT, DG, BESS and electric vechicle (EV) charging load are established. On the other hand, the EV charging load are considered, and the capacity configuration is optimized to minimize the cost, reduce greenhouse gas emissions and energy waste. The results show that the combination of PV-WT-BESS-DG is not only more reliable but also more economical. This study can provide support for the optimal allocation of MG capacity.

Copyright of Large Electric Machine & Hydraulic Turbine is the property of Large Electric Machine & Hydraulic Turbine Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The seismic evaluation of key components such as reactor vessel is important for the Seismic Probabilistic Risk Assessment (S-PRA) in a Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactor (SFR). Many components were fractured by integrated damage like fatigue damage during seismic ground motion. In this paper, failure probability evaluation method with integrated energy was developed by comparing the energy with vibration tests and fatigue tests. Vibration tests were performed to evaluate integrated vibration energy at failure by energy balance equation, and fatigue tests were performed to evaluate integrated vibration energy at failure based on experimental results. As results, it is shown that integrated energy at failure time by vibration tests were estimated and its values were in range the energy based on results of fatigue tests. • Failure probability evaluation method with integrated energy was developed. • Integrated vibration energy at failure in experiments was obtained by energy balance equation. • Integrated vibration energy at failure was estimated and its value was in range the energy based on results of fatigue tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Clean Coal Technology is the property of Clean Coal Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The bond graph methodology for modelling an integrated energy distillation column is applied in this paper. The distillation column is built by five trays for a binary mixture. However, due to its modular construction in a bond graph, the number of trays can be increased. In order to link the analysis tools of systems modeled in the bond graph to the mathematical model given to a distillation column, a junction structure of the proposed bond graph is presented. Hence, this junction structure is a way to obtain the state space representation of the modeled column in bond graphs. Likewise, it is well known that distillation columns determine a class of nonlinear systems, so throughout this paper, these systems in a bond graph approach can be analyzed. In order to learn the behavior of the distillation column in the physical domain, simulation results using 20-Sim software are shown. In addition, with the simulation of two case studies consisting of two mixtures with different relative volatilities, the versatility of the column model in a bond graph is presented. In both cases, the increase in the feed flow, the mole fraction of the light component in the feed or the distillate reflux that enriches the concentration of light in the column determine an increase in the mole fraction of light in the distillate and in the bottom reflow. Further, the control design for a distillation column in the physical domain can be extended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research is a design of a display cabinet cooling system with integrated energy from PLN electricity and solar power. This equipment is used for displaying marine fish and other fresh sea food in restaurants or cafes in support of Balinese culinary specialties, namely grilled fish and seafood which are very well known and can be a very extraordinary carrying capacity for Bali tourism. This cooling system is designed to be able to maintain the temperature of the cooling room (cabin) up to -5 oC. This is in accordance with the standards for storing fresh sea fish and sea food in a temperature range of -2oC to 2oC, where fish and sea food are still in a very fresh condition for an average of 1 week. Other standards to maintain product freshness also require room humidity between RH 90% – RH 95%. Furthermore, data collection on system performance is carried out using the commissioning test method to determine the initial performance achievement of the tool so that its shortcomings can be evaluated which will be developed and corrected in further research. From the research, it is found that the temperature achievement is very good, the solar and PLN integration system with the Automatic Transfer Switch (ATS) control system has also worked well where the switch occurs when the battery charging condition is below 30% or below 10V. However, something that has not been achieved is the humidity in this system, the average relative humidity (RH) is 50% so that the final condition of the product becomes dry on the surface of the fish. This relatively low humidity is due to the fact that it still relies on the humidity increase system by opening the cooler cabin door. In the next development, the right humidifier system will be designed for this display cabinet system.

Copyright of Electric Power Engineering Technology is the property of Editorial Department of Electric Power Engineering Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To address the problems of “difficult to consume” renewable energy and the randomness of power output, we propose the CHP unit joint-operation model with power to gas (P2G) and carbon capture system (CCS) technologies and analyze the operation cost, carbon emission, and “electric-heat coupling” characteristics of this model. A dispatch optimization model is constructed based on the information-gap decision theory under the strategy to further consider the interval uncertainty of renewable energy unit output and load forecast. The optimized-dispatching model effectively solves the fate of renewable unit output and electric-thermal load and provides dispatching strategies for decision-makers to balance risk and capital management.

The conventional port distribution power system is being disrupted by increasing distributed generation (DG) levels based on integrated energy. Different new energy resources combine with conventional generation and energy storage to improve the reliability of the systems. Reliability assessment is one of the key indicators to measure the impact of the distributed generation units based on integrated energy. In this work, an analytical method to investigate the impacts of using solar, wind, energy storage system (ESS), combined cooling, heating and power (CCHP) system and commercial power on the reliability of the port distribution power system is improved, where the stochastic characteristics models of the major components of the new energy DG resources are based on Markov chain for assessment. The improved method is implemented on the IEEE 34 Node Test Feeder distribution power system to establish that new energy resources can be utilized to improve the reliability of the power system. The results obtained from the case studies have demonstrated efficient and robust performance. Moreover, the impacts of integrating DG units into the conventional port power system at proper locations and with appropriate capacities are analyzed in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Introduction] The paper proposes and implements an architecture scheme of regional integrated energy control and service management system to meet the actual demands of regional comprehensive energy management and service of various types such as electricity, heat, gas and water. [Method] Combined with new technologies and new concepts such as big data, cloud platform, internet of things, mobile internet and smart city, the regional integrated energy control and service management system was maily designed six functional applications. The applications included energy monitoring, energy analysis, energy management, operation and maintenance, transaction settlement, and value-added services. [Result] The application of practical cases illustrates that the system can meet the comprehensive energy management and service requirements for energy supply side and demand side of three typical application scenarios of enterprise level, park level and regional level. [Conclusion] This system can effectively support regional integrated energy control and service management. And it is expected to tap the potential of energy conservation, improve energy efficiency, enhance energy management level, and make the environment better.

[Introduction] The paper aims to improve the efficiency and accuracy of integrated energy system planning, this paper develops and studies the park integrated energy system analysis platform. [Method] Based on the construction of integrated energy system in parks including building parks and industrial parks, this paper made a theoretical study on the overall scheme design method of integrated energy system in parks, the influencing factors and analysis methods of comprehensive energy project benefited in parks, and the platform construction of integrated intelligent energy management platform, then put forward corresponding platforms based on the theoretical research results. The idea of tool development and platform tools was used to assist the planning and design of integrated energy system and the analysis of investment and operation benefits. [Result] The platform research results show that the integrated energy scheme can be automatically generated and the accuracy and efficiency can be improved. [Conclusion] The research results of the project are expected to provide some reference and guidance for the construction and operation of comprehensive energy projects in the following parks.

The electrical generation, hydraulic power and pneumatic power of an aircraft is supplied by the secondary power system or the power extracted from engines by the secondary power system. After the mode transition of TBCC, there is no energy from engines for extracting. Therefore, it is needed to solve the problem of long time and high energy output of the secondary power system for airspace hypersonic aircraft. The technical features, application and development of the secondary power system are concluded, as well as the development of hypersonic aircraft. The combination of ATS & RAT and superconducting generator of more electric engine technology and large energy storage devices are available technical routes for integrated energy of airspace hypersonic aircraft.

The bond graph methodology for modelling an integrated energy distillation column is applied in this paper. The distillation column is built by five trays for a binary mixture. However, due to its modular construction in a bond graph, the number of trays can be increased. In order to link the analysis tools of systems modeled in the bond graph to the mathematical model given to a distillation column, a junction structure of the proposed bond graph is presented. Hence, this junction structure is a way to obtain the state space representation of the modeled column in bond graphs. Likewise, it is well known that distillation columns determine a class of nonlinear systems, so throughout this paper, these systems in a bond graph approach can be analyzed. In order to learn the behavior of the distillation column in the physical domain, simulation results using 20-Sim software are shown. In addition, with the simulation of two case studies consisting of two mixtures with different relative volatilities, the versatility of the column model in a bond graph is presented. In both cases, the increase in the feed flow, the mole fraction of the light component in the feed or the distillate reflux that enriches the concentration of light in the column determine an increase in the mole fraction of light in the distillate and in the bottom reflow. Further, the control design for a distillation column in the physical domain can be extended.

In order to realize fast and accurate short-term prediction of multivariate load, this paper proposes a comprehensive energy load forecasting method based on wavelet optimized multi-task learning. By adopting the multi-task learning neural network method and setting the soft sharing mechanism of parameters, this method can not only improve the generalization ability of the model, but also improve the robustness of the integrated energy system load forecasting method. In addition, by setting a special hidden layer activation function, this paper not only guarantees the uniqueness of the network solution and prevents the local minimum point, but also improves the convergence speed to ensure the prediction error of the electric, gas and heat load of the integrated energy system. The simulation results show the effectiveness and feasibility of multi-task learning and wavelet optimization. This study concludes that the wavelet optimization can prevent local minimum point and improve the prediction speed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study an intelligent energy supply system is developed. Energy is obtained by wind or solar radiation and stored to cover the electricity and heat demand of a detached house in Germany. For this a heat pump and a storage tank is used. The simulation shows strategies to integrate renewable energies in different regions of Germany while diminishing the need to turn off a wind turbine or feed energy to the grid. For this, the energy consumption in a single house is modelled. Different wind turbines and PV systems are introduced as an energy source. The profitability of these systems is calculated and compared to conventional systems with gas or oil. The analysis shows that at the moment small wind turbines are a feasible option for cover the energy demand under the given conditions. On the other hand, currently PV plants are not suitable for the heat demand coverage as the specific costs outgo the ones for conventional systems. Further research is necessary to look at different case scenarios, taking into account future climate developments. • Small wind turbines are feasible option to cover energy demand of detached houses. • At the moment PV systems are not suitable compared to conventional sources. • Critical component in economics is heat pump - > cost reduction is necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the face of global warming and a scarcity of resources, future energy systems are urged to undergo a major and radical transformation. The recognition of the need to embrace renewable energy technologies and to move toward decarbonization has led to significant changes in the German energy generation, consumption and infrastructure. Ambitious German national plans to decrease carbon dioxide emissions on one side, and the unpredictable and volatile nature of renewable energy sources on the other side have elevated the importance of integrated energies in recent years. The deployment of integrated technologies as a solution to interlink various infrastructures creates opportunities for increasing the reliability of energy systems, minimizing environmental impacts and maximizing the share of renewable resources. This paper discusses the role of integrated energy systems in supporting of sustainable solutions for future energy transitions. Moreover, the reinforcement of this movement with the help of different technologies will be discussed and the development of integrated energy systems in Germany will be reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regional integrated energy site layout optimization involves multi-energy coupling, multi-data processing and multi-objective decision making, among other things. It is essentially a kind of non-convex multi-objective nonlinear programming problem, which is very difficult to solve by traditional methods. This paper proposes a decentralized optimization and comprehensive decision-making planning strategy and preprocesses the data information, so as to reduce the difficulty of solving the problem and improve operational efficiency. Three objective functions, namely the number of energy stations to be built, the coverage rate and the transmission load capacity of pipeline network, are constructed, normalized by linear weighting method, and solved by the improved p-median model to obtain the optimal value of comprehensive benefits. The artificial immune algorithm was improved from the three aspects of the initial population screening mechanism, population updating and bidirectional crossover-mutation, and its performance was preliminarily verified by test function. Finally, an improved artificial immune algorithm is used to solve and optimize the regional integrated energy site layout model. The results show that the strategies, models and methods presented in this paper are feasible and can meet the interest needs and planning objectives of different decision-makers.

With the gradual liberalization of the energy market, the future integrated energy system will be composed of multiple agents. Therefore, this paper proposes an optimization dispatch method considering energy hub technology and multi-agent interest balance in an integrated energy system. Firstly, an integrated energy system, including equipment for cogeneration, renewable energy, and electric vehicles, is established. Secondly, energy hub technologies, such as demand response, electricity storage, and thermal storage, are comprehensively considered, and the integrated energy system is divided into three agents: Integrated energy service providers, renewable energy owners, and users, respectively. Then, with the goal of balancing the interests of each agent, the model is solved by the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-III (NSGA-III) to obtain the Pareto frontier. Since the Pareto frontier is a series of values, the optimal solution of each agent in the Pareto frontier is found by the technical for order preference with a similar to ideal solution (TOPSIS). Ultimately, taking an integrated energy demonstration park in China as a case study, the function of energy hub technology is analyzed by simulation, and the proposed method is verified to be effective and practicable.

Development of thermal building load profiles for heating system design and the simulation of district heating systems. In the light of the German Energiewende, various types of heat generators are installed in buildings and urban districts as an alternative to the classic condensing gas boiler. In order to conduct an efficient design of these systems during the planning stage, it is beneficial if the building heating demand can be described in small time steps. For this purpose, thermal load profiles can be applied in form of a dataset which can be implemented in software models for calculating the operation of the system. Within this paper, thermal load profiles (15 minutes time step), which consider building specific features, are developed by applying the method of dynamic building simulation. First, the methodology for developing building specific net energy demand profiles for heating and domestic hot water is presented. Second, these profiles are connected to different heat generator models while the installed capacity, the storage volume and the operating mode of these systems are varied. Likewise, the heat generator's demand for fuel or electricity depending on the system design can be illustrated based on small time steps. In addition to that, the heating demand of a district can be modelled efficiently just by combining the generated thermal load profiles. In this context, the implementation of these profiles in a solar district heating model is demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China’s strategy for synergetic development of the Jing-Jin-Ji urban agglomeration is providing a great opportunity for this region. The development of urban agglomeration has promoted energy transmission and transference within the urban system. Therefore, identifying the mechanisms of energy flow processes within the agglomeration is important for integrated and sustainable regional development. Using the concept of “urban metabolism”, we constructed an 18-sector network model that represented sectors and energy flow as nodes and pathways, respectively. Next, based on the multi-regional input-output table of China in 2010, we converted monetary values into physical units. Then, by combining these physical units with ecological network analysis, we detailed energy flow processes and calculated energy consumption on sectoral and regional scales. The results showed that the greatest amount of energy was consumed by industry. Beijing was the dominant integrated energy consumer, and most of this energy was consumed by the other services sector. Furthermore, the wholesale and retail sector, and the other services sector in Beijing, and the industry sectors in Tianjin and Hebei, were core sectors in the agglomeration. Tianjin and Hebei were net energy exporters, while Beijing acted as a net importer. This research provides a scientific basis for industrial structure adjustment and optimized energy utilization in the future synergetic development of the agglomeration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Considering the demand response, a smart community energy management framework is established. • A new indicator of environmental factors is proposed. • Based on the requirements of urban development, four research goals on the community integrated energy system are proposed. • An S-shaped utility function that takes human factors into account is used. • The improved CSO based on Lévy flight is used to solve the model. A community integrated energy system can play a key role in alleviating urban energy shortages and environmental degradation, but the presence of multiple participants and links makes the operation of such a system more complicated. How to choose the optimal energy use strategy among different decision makers is a problem that urgently needs to be solved today. Therefore, first, this paper proposes a comprehensive energy multi-objective scheduling model based on the established smart community energy management framework, which considers the utility of decision makers. From the perspective of risk, the model divides decision makers into adventurous, intermediate and conservative types in order to study the impacts of different decision makers on energy use strategies. Second, to prevent the phenomenon of the solution of the intelligent algorithm falling into the local optimum, this paper innovatively uses the Lévy flight to optimize the learning step length of the chicken swarm algorithm to quickly solve the proposed mixed integer nonlinear programming model. Finally, the model is tested through multi-scenario simulation. The results show that decision makers have an important influence on energy use strategies, and different decision makers have different energy use strategies when utility is maximized. In addition, compared with the chicken swarm algorithm, the improved algorithm increases the utility of adventurous, intermediate and conservative decision makers in type-I cases by 0.54 %, 1.2 %, and 1.5 %, respectively; and in type-II cases by 4.5 %, 4.8 %, and 3.6 %, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regional integrated energy site layout optimization involves multi-energy coupling, multi-data processing and multi-objective decision making, among other things. It is essentially a kind of non-convex multi-objective nonlinear programming problem, which is very difficult to solve by traditional methods. This paper proposes a decentralized optimization and comprehensive decision-making planning strategy and preprocesses the data information, so as to reduce the difficulty of solving the problem and improve operational efficiency. Three objective functions, namely the number of energy stations to be built, the coverage rate and the transmission load capacity of pipeline network, are constructed, normalized by linear weighting method, and solved by the improved p-median model to obtain the optimal value of comprehensive benefits. The artificial immune algorithm was improved from the three aspects of the initial population screening mechanism, population updating and bidirectional crossover-mutation, and its performance was preliminarily verified by test function. Finally, an improved artificial immune algorithm is used to solve and optimize the regional integrated energy site layout model. The results show that the strategies, models and methods presented in this paper are feasible and can meet the interest needs and planning objectives of different decision-makers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current "Internet+" era, the integration of energy and the Internet is creating crucial opportunities as well as challenges for China. This study aims to provide an overview of "Energy + Internet" in China, by clarifying its advantages and disadvantages, sorting out its practical business modes, and pointing out the future directions of its management changes. It is found that (1) the traditional energy system dominated by fossil energy has been unable to meet the sustainable development needs of China's economy. The integration of energy and the Internet has become an important opportunity for the upgrading of China's energy industry. (2) Compared with traditional single-energy, integrated-energy supply chain management requires more changes. During this process, full coverage of the micro-grid could help realize the coordinated development of integrated-energy supply and demand. (3) In recent years, smart park demonstration pilot projects have gradually been implemented in China, which is driving by policy support and technological innovations. The structure of integrated-energy service plays a key role in the sustainable operation of these smart parks. China's practices show that the construction of the pilot projects promotes the exploration of energy development paths in areas with different resource endowments. Based on the conclusions, corresponding policy recommendations are provided at the end of the paper. • The environments of "Energy + Internet" development are analyzed through PEST-SWOT. • Social-economic changes brought by "Energy + Internet" have been discussed. • Suggestions for the development of "Energy + Internet" are provided. • "Energy + Internet" is expected to help China obtain clean and efficient energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the gradual liberalization of the energy market, the future integrated energy system will be composed of multiple agents. Therefore, this paper proposes an optimization dispatch method considering energy hub technology and multi-agent interest balance in an integrated energy system. Firstly, an integrated energy system, including equipment for cogeneration, renewable energy, and electric vehicles, is established. Secondly, energy hub technologies, such as demand response, electricity storage, and thermal storage, are comprehensively considered, and the integrated energy system is divided into three agents: Integrated energy service providers, renewable energy owners, and users, respectively. Then, with the goal of balancing the interests of each agent, the model is solved by the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-III (NSGA-III) to obtain the Pareto frontier. Since the Pareto frontier is a series of values, the optimal solution of each agent in the Pareto frontier is found by the technical for order preference with a similar to ideal solution (TOPSIS). Ultimately, taking an integrated energy demonstration park in China as a case study, the function of energy hub technology is analyzed by simulation, and the proposed method is verified to be effective and practicable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]