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Presentatie gehouden door Peter van der Maas, lector Duurzame Watersystemen aan hogeschool Van Hall Larenstein, op het seminar over het 'aan de BAK' (Biologisch Actief Kool)-project over nieuwe sanitatie en waterhergebruik, georganiseerd door Bioclear Earth en Desah, op 13 december, Euroborg Groningen.

Presentatie gehouden door Peter van der Maas, lector Duurzame Watersystemen aan hogeschool Van Hall Larenstein, op het seminar over het 'aan de BAK' (Biologisch Actief Kool)-project over nieuwe sanitatie en waterhergebruik, georganiseerd door Bioclear Earth en Desah, op 13 december, Euroborg Groningen.

Sander Wennemers, student aan de RUG, heeft onderzoek gedaan bij het lectoraat 'Duurzaam Water in de Omgevingswet' van hogeschool Van Hall Larenstein, en het antwoord gezocht op de vraag: 'Welke historisch-landschappelijke ontwikkelingen hebben de watersystemen in het landschap tussen Uddel en Leuvenum doorgemaakt, welke historische en landschapskenmerken en landgebruiksystemen heeft dit gecreëerd en welke mogelijkheden biedt dit voor een toekomstbestendig waterbeheer van de Noordwest-Veluwe?'

"Tijd van alles fiksen met watermaatregelen is echt voorbij. Water moet integraal onderdeel uitmaken van alle ruimtelijke afwegingen en planuitwerkingen. Bouw klimaatbestendig en waterrobuust. Bij alle fysieke ingrepen in ons land moet rekening worden gehouden met waterveiligheid, zoetwatervoorziening en ruimtelijke adaptatie. Dit moet doorwerken in de omgevingsvisies van rijk provincies en gemeentes. De wateropgaven moeten meer sturend worden en randvoorwaarden aangeven voor de keuzes bij de ruimtelijke inrichting van Nederland", aldus Peter Glas, Deltacommissaris in Waterforum 10 november 2020.

Sander Wennemers, student aan de RUG, heeft onderzoek gedaan bij het lectoraat 'Duurzaam Water in de Omgevingswet' van hogeschool Van Hall Larenstein, en het antwoord gezocht op de vraag: 'Welke historisch-landschappelijke ontwikkelingen hebben de watersystemen in het landschap tussen Uddel en Leuvenum doorgemaakt, welke historische en landschapskenmerken en landgebruiksystemen heeft dit gecreëerd en welke mogelijkheden biedt dit voor een toekomstbestendig waterbeheer van de Noordwest-Veluwe?'

"Tijd van alles fiksen met watermaatregelen is echt voorbij. Water moet integraal onderdeel uitmaken van alle ruimtelijke afwegingen en planuitwerkingen. Bouw klimaatbestendig en waterrobuust. Bij alle fysieke ingrepen in ons land moet rekening worden gehouden met waterveiligheid, zoetwatervoorziening en ruimtelijke adaptatie. Dit moet doorwerken in de omgevingsvisies van rijk provincies en gemeentes. De wateropgaven moeten meer sturend worden en randvoorwaarden aangeven voor de keuzes bij de ruimtelijke inrichting van Nederland", aldus Peter Glas, Deltacommissaris in Waterforum 10 november 2020.

Voor een weloverwogen integrale afweging bij de keuze van het waterpeil is kwantitatieve informatie nodig over het bodem-watersysteem. Omdat die informatie zich over verschillende bodems, grond- en oppervlaktewater uitstrekt, zijn geïntegreerde rekeninstrumenten nodig. Alterra en het Hoogheemraad van Rijnland ontwikkelden het 'Framework Integraal Waterbeheer MultiSWAP (FIW MultiSWAP ). Dit integreert op een moderne wijze de water- en zouthuishouding van bodems en oppervlaktewater

Het programma Taskforce Duurzame Greenport Westland-Oostland heeft als doel het aanjagen van regionale duurzaamheidsprojecten in de Greenport Westland-Oostland. In het project Kennisoverdracht zijn zeven van dergelijke projecten als business case beschreven, die raakvlak hebben met de milieuthema’s energie of water.

Het programma Taskforce Duurzame Greenport Westland-Oostland heeft als doel het aanjagen van regionale duurzaamheidsprojecten in de Greenport Westland-Oostland. In het project Kennisoverdracht zijn zeven van dergelijke projecten als business case beschreven, die raakvlak hebben met de milieuthema’s energie of water.

Richtlijnen voor meer duurzaamheid in de stedelijke planning met als praktijkvoorbeeld een integraal waterhuishoudingsplan voor Delft. Tot slot een discussie over de bruikbaarheid van het concept en de richtlijnen

De uitgangspunten voor het ontwerpen, inrichten en beheren van duurzame oppervlaktewatersystemen in stedelijk gebied. Ecologische waarde, belevingswaarde en gebruikswaarde staan daarbij centraal. Een bespreking van het project 'Leve(n)de stadswateren' en het daaruit voortvloeiende praktijkboek

In het kader van het Nationaal Modellen- en Datacentrum (NMDC) is in 2011 het NMDC innovatieproject 'Integraal waterbeheer - van kritische zone tot kritische onzekerheden' gestart (www.nmdc.eu). Dit project heeft tot doel om de modellen voor bodem, water, vegetatie en klimaat(verandering) door samenwerking beter op elkaar aan te laten sluiten, daarbij beter geschikt te maken om effecten van klimaatverandering te berekenen en om de verschillende typen onzekerheden bij dit soort studies in beeld te brengen. Het project is uitgevoerd door Alterra, Deltares, KNMI, PBL en TNO. In twee cases (Baakse Beek en Walcheren) hebben zij hun state-of-the-art modellen voor meteo, gewasgroei, vegetatie-ontwikkeling, hydrologie en geologie ingezet en aan elkaar gekoppeld. Dit rapport behandelt integraal de resultaten van het innovatieproject. De resultaten van de case voor de Baakse Beek zijn specifiek opgenomen in een NMDC deelrapport (Van Ek et al., 2012). Voor de case Walcheren wordt verwezen naar een artikel in voorbereiding (Kroes, J. et al., 2013). De resultaten bieden nieuwe inzichten in de vocht- en zouthuishouding van de bodem, potenties voor grondwaterafhankelijke natuur en groei van landbouwgewassen in het huidige klimaat en projecties voor klimaatverandering rond 2050. In het project zijn verschillende methoden toegepast om inzicht te krijgen in verschillende onzekerheden, hetgeen voor dergelijke integrale (model)studies praktische aanknopingspunten biedt voor de analyse van onzekerheden en effectieve samenwerking tussen de instituten.

This thesis is the result of assessments on the extent of existing resource use and management practices using a Participatory Integrated Watershed Management (PIWM) as a viable approach to promote best soil water conservation (SWC) measures towards more sustainable land use. The study was conducted in two contrasting agro-ecological zones of the north-western highlands of Rwanda, namely; Gataraga and Rwerere in the framework of “Agasozi ndatwa” referred to as PIWM. "Agasozi ndatwa" program is implemented at watershed scale and involves investments from the government in establishing soil and water conservation structures as well as other development related activities. A stratification sampling approach was used in selecting the study area. The first strata consisted of a watershed and the second-level of strata consisted of villages. Two villages with boundaries that nearly coincided with that of the micro-watershed were selected.The studywas started by assessing the ecological and economic sustainability of smallholder farms using the level of nitrogen recycling between farm activities and farm income as indicators. Soil fertility management components including farm inputs and improved farming systems combined with the knowledge on how to adapt these practices to local conditions at field, farm and watershed levels were evaluated. Following a proper participatory assessment of soil and water conservation, a field experiment was conducted to explore the efficiency of 20+ year old slow forming terraces in farmer’s fields. Finally, the impact of PIWM activities on Natural Resource Management (NRM), crops and livestock productivity on farmers’ livelihoodwas assessed and the integration of several policies that are operating simultaneously in the watershed was evaluated.Nutrient balances and flows differed for the two agro-ecological zones due to differences in crop management and the importance of livestock. Positive nutrient balances were found for relatively fertile volcanic soils, but on steep slopes and acidic soils, N, P and K stocks were declining at rates of 8.6, 1.4 and 17.5 kg ha-1 year-1, respectively. Nitrogen recycling between farm activities was low, varying between 1.8 and 6 %, which may decrease the adaptability and reliability of the current farming systems. Integrated Soil Fertility Management (ISFM) component treatments comprising thecombination of fertilizer, FYM and improved seeds significantly increased yields but resulted (i) in a lower Nitrogen Agronomic Efficiency (N-AE) across sites and on relatively fertile foot slopes and (ii) in a lower marginal rates of return (MRR) due to the high cost of seeds and N fertilizer. Slow forming terraces of 20+ year old showed a marked “within” spatial difference in both soil quality and crop yield. The soil in the lower part of the terraces showed as much as 57% more organic carbon content and 31% more available phosphorous than the soil in the upper part. The marked soil fertility gradients indicate that the sustainability of slow-forming terraces is threatened, unless a site-specific fertilizer strategy is developed. Results suggest that an PIWM approach has the potential of improving farmers’ livelihoods and increasing the resilience of a degraded environment. Furthermore, due to PIWM approach, synergy of policies was effective leading to (i) positive impact on the size and composition of livestock, (2) the availability and use of manure, (3) the increase of production of fodder and (4) the reduction of soil loss.

In het kader van het Nationaal Modellen- en Datacentrum (NMDC) is in 2011 het NMDC innovatieproject 'Integraal waterbeheer - van kritische zone tot kritische onzekerheden' gestart (www.nmdc.eu). Dit project heeft tot doel om de modellen voor bodem, water, vegetatie en klimaat(verandering) door samenwerking beter op elkaar aan te laten sluiten, daarbij beter geschikt te maken om effecten van klimaatverandering te berekenen en om de verschillende typen onzekerheden bij dit soort studies in beeld te brengen. Het project is uitgevoerd door Alterra, Deltares, KNMI, PBL en TNO. In twee cases (Baakse Beek en Walcheren) hebben zij hun state-of-the-art modellen voor meteo, gewasgroei, vegetatie-ontwikkeling, hydrologie en geologie ingezet en aan elkaar gekoppeld. Dit rapport behandelt integraal de resultaten van het innovatieproject. De resultaten van de case voor de Baakse Beek zijn specifiek opgenomen in een NMDC deelrapport (Van Ek et al., 2012). Voor de case Walcheren wordt verwezen naar een artikel in voorbereiding (Kroes, J. et al., 2013). De resultaten bieden nieuwe inzichten in de vocht- en zouthuishouding van de bodem, potenties voor grondwaterafhankelijke natuur en groei van landbouwgewassen in het huidige klimaat en projecties voor klimaatverandering rond 2050. In het project zijn verschillende methoden toegepast om inzicht te krijgen in verschillende onzekerheden, hetgeen voor dergelijke integrale (model)studies praktische aanknopingspunten biedt voor de analyse van onzekerheden en effectieve samenwerking tussen de instituten.

This thesis is the result of assessments on the extent of existing resource use and management practices using a Participatory Integrated Watershed Management (PIWM) as a viable approach to promote best soil water conservation (SWC) measures towards more sustainable land use. The study was conducted in two contrasting agro-ecological zones of the north-western highlands of Rwanda, namely; Gataraga and Rwerere in the framework of “Agasozi ndatwa” referred to as PIWM. "Agasozi ndatwa" program is implemented at watershed scale and involves investments from the government in establishing soil and water conservation structures as well as other development related activities. A stratification sampling approach was used in selecting the study area. The first strata consisted of a watershed and the second-level of strata consisted of villages. Two villages with boundaries that nearly coincided with that of the micro-watershed were selected.The studywas started by assessing the ecological and economic sustainability of smallholder farms using the level of nitrogen recycling between farm activities and farm income as indicators. Soil fertility management components including farm inputs and improved farming systems combined with the knowledge on how to adapt these practices to local conditions at field, farm and watershed levels were evaluated. Following a proper participatory assessment of soil and water conservation, a field experiment was conducted to explore the efficiency of 20+ year old slow forming terraces in farmer’s fields. Finally, the impact of PIWM activities on Natural Resource Management (NRM), crops and livestock productivity on farmers’ livelihoodwas assessed and the integration of several policies that are operating simultaneously in the watershed was evaluated.Nutrient balances and flows differed for the two agro-ecological zones due to differences in crop management and the importance of livestock. Positive nutrient balances were found for relatively fertile volcanic soils, but on steep slopes and acidic soils, N, P and K stocks were declining at rates of 8.6, 1.4 and 17.5 kg ha-1 year-1, respectively. Nitrogen recycling between farm activities was low, varying between 1.8 and 6 %, which may decrease the adaptability and reliability of the current farming systems. Integrated Soil Fertility Management (ISFM) component treatments comprising thecombination of fertilizer, FYM and improved seeds significantly increased yields but resulted (i) in a lower Nitrogen Agronomic Efficiency (N-AE) across sites and on relatively fertile foot slopes and (ii) in a lower marginal rates of return (MRR) due to the high cost of seeds and N fertilizer. Slow forming terraces of 20+ year old showed a marked “within” spatial difference in both soil quality and crop yield. The soil in the lower part of the terraces showed as much as 57% more organic carbon content and 31% more available phosphorous than the soil in the upper part. The marked soil fertility gradients indicate that the sustainability of slow-forming terraces is threatened, unless a site-specific fertilizer strategy is developed. Results suggest that an PIWM approach has the potential of improving farmers’ livelihoods and increasing the resilience of a degraded environment. Furthermore, due to PIWM approach, synergy of policies was effective leading to (i) positive impact on the size and composition of livestock, (2) the availability and use of manure, (3) the increase of production of fodder and (4) the reduction of soil loss.

1. Introduction Part I: Climate Change and Water 2. The Art of Predicting Climate Variability and Change 3. Climate Change Scenarios at the Global and Local Scales 4. The Impacts of Climate Change on Water 5. Managing Water under Current Climate Variability 6. Using Seasonal Climate Forecasts for Water Management 7. Adapting to Climate Change in the Water Sector 8. Climate-proofing Part II: Case Studies 9. Adaptation to Climate Change and Social Justice: Challenges for Flood and Disaster Management in Thailand 10. Water and Spatial Planning in The Netherlands: Living with Water in the Context of Climate Change 11. Climate Change and Alluvial Aquifers in Arid Regions: Examples from Yemen 12. A Water Utility's Approach to Addressing the Potential Impacts of Climate Change 13. Adaptation Measures for Metropolitan Water Supply for Perth, Western Australia 14. Benefits and Costs of Measures for Coping with Water and Climate Change: Berg River Basin, South Africa 15. Institutional Adaptation to Climate Change: Current Status and Future Strategies in the Elbe Basin, Germany 16. The Use of Seasonal Climate Forecasts within a Shared Reservoir System: The Case of Angat Reservoir, the Philippines Index

Soil erosion is a serious problem in the densely populated Uganda highlands and previous interventions were ineffective. This study, on the Ngenge watershed, Mount Elgon, was aimed at developing policy for the implementation of a new strategy for solving the problem, Integrated Watershed Management (IWM). For policy development, a user-friendly method for assessing erosion risk - using rainfall, slope and NDVI - enabled identifying priority areas for interventions, and a stakeholder analysis enabled identifying key stakeholders who participated in multilevel workshops for deliberating on appropriate interventions. In these workshops social learning was stimulated through constructing scenarios and developing action and work plans which are to inform policy. There was general satisfaction with the workshop processes and the participation of the stakeholders. However, considering IWM as a policy strategy, it was realized that it cannot be ‘rolled out’ but needs to be geared to specific biophysical and social context factors.

Soil erosion is a serious problem in the densely populated Uganda highlands and previous interventions were ineffective. This study, on the Ngenge watershed, Mount Elgon, was aimed at developing policy for the implementation of a new strategy for solving the problem, Integrated Watershed Management (IWM). For policy development, a user-friendly method for assessing erosion risk - using rainfall, slope and NDVI - enabled identifying priority areas for interventions, and a stakeholder analysis enabled identifying key stakeholders who participated in multilevel workshops for deliberating on appropriate interventions. In these workshops social learning was stimulated through constructing scenarios and developing action and work plans which are to inform policy. There was general satisfaction with the workshop processes and the participation of the stakeholders. However, considering IWM as a policy strategy, it was realized that it cannot be ‘rolled out’ but needs to be geared to specific biophysical and social context factors.

Results of recent studies, research and practical experiences from Egypt and abroad with forms of aquaculture that use water en nutrients more efficiently than common pond culture were discussed at a workshop held in Cairo (April 21, 2011). The presentations include the results of a study undertaken on four Egyptian integrated aquaculture – agriculture farms where water use, effluent water quality, fish harvest and revenue from crop and fish sales in 2010 were monitored.

Results of recent studies, research and practical experiences from Egypt and abroad with forms of aquaculture that use water en nutrients more efficiently than common pond culture were discussed at a workshop held in Cairo (April 21, 2011). The presentations include the results of a study undertaken on four Egyptian integrated aquaculture – agriculture farms where water use, effluent water quality, fish harvest and revenue from crop and fish sales in 2010 were monitored.

In Egypte en de Maghreb-landen kijken onderzoekers van Alterra naar mogelijkheden voor landbouwontwikkeling, ondanks schaarste aan goed water en landbouwgrond. Mogelijk liggen er kansen voor het Nederlandse bedrijfsleven.

In Egypte en de Maghreb-landen kijken onderzoekers van Alterra naar mogelijkheden voor landbouwontwikkeling, ondanks schaarste aan goed water en landbouwgrond. Mogelijk liggen er kansen voor het Nederlandse bedrijfsleven.

In the 21st century, agriculture and water are crucial for poverty alleviation, economic growth and sustainable development. Water is endangered as a natural resource base in both quantitative and in qualitative ways, water is crucial in assuring food supply and hydrological extremes create direct threats to human life. Agriculture is a major user of water withdrawals. Integrated land and water resource management is needed in Africa, the continent with the lowest food security. This report describes the CSD-17 messages on this topic, the discussion following the CSD-17, activities underway and recommendations for further implementation.

The proper management of wastewater and its reuse is crucial in order to reduce hazards and maintain a variety of benefits. The merits of improvements in wastewater management are particularly high where effective wastewater treatment is not in place and completely untreated wastewater is reused. This setting applies to many developing countries. There is a need to study the trade-off between benefits and costs of the use of wastewater to establish efficient water management. Moreover, successful water management needs to take the individual incentives of stakeholders into account. The general objective of this thesis is to study how economic incentives of stakeholders determine welfare along the water chain of use, treatment and reuse and how these incentives can be regulated in order to maximize welfare. This thesis identifies four characteristic settings in which either asymmetric information or externalities cause welfare losses, at least in the absence of regulation. For each setting the thesis develops a game theoretic model that can be used to design incentive schemes that govern the generation, treatment, and reuse of wastewater in developing countries such that the highest possible welfare is obtained.

In the 21st century, agriculture and water are crucial for poverty alleviation, economic growth and sustainable development. Water is endangered as a natural resource base in both quantitative and in qualitative ways, water is crucial in assuring food supply and hydrological extremes create direct threats to human life. Agriculture is a major user of water withdrawals. Integrated land and water resource management is needed in Africa, the continent with the lowest food security. This report describes the CSD-17 messages on this topic, the discussion following the CSD-17, activities underway and recommendations for further implementation.

Het doel van dit onderzoek is het beschrijven van beleidsprogramma’s uit het buitenland waarin boeren (financieel) gestimuleerd worden om groene en blauwe diensten aan te bieden, en die mogelijk interessant zijn voor Nederland. Er is gekozen voor een aantal thema’s die interessant zijn binnen de huidige Nederlandse beleidscontext, namelijk: • beleidsprogramma’s met een puntensysteem; • beleidsprogramma’s gericht op blauwe diensten; • beleidsprogramma’s gericht op realisatie van EU-verplichtingen (zoals Natura 2000); • beleidsprogramma’s gericht op gebiedsniveau; • beleidsprogramma’s met een alternatieve coördinatiewijze, met name veilingen.

The proper management of wastewater and its reuse is crucial in order to reduce hazards and maintain a variety of benefits. The merits of improvements in wastewater management are particularly high where effective wastewater treatment is not in place and completely untreated wastewater is reused. This setting applies to many developing countries. There is a need to study the trade-off between benefits and costs of the use of wastewater to establish efficient water management. Moreover, successful water management needs to take the individual incentives of stakeholders into account. The general objective of this thesis is to study how economic incentives of stakeholders determine welfare along the water chain of use, treatment and reuse and how these incentives can be regulated in order to maximize welfare. This thesis identifies four characteristic settings in which either asymmetric information or externalities cause welfare losses, at least in the absence of regulation. For each setting the thesis develops a game theoretic model that can be used to design incentive schemes that govern the generation, treatment, and reuse of wastewater in developing countries such that the highest possible welfare is obtained.

Het doel van dit onderzoek is het beschrijven van beleidsprogramma’s uit het buitenland waarin boeren (financieel) gestimuleerd worden om groene en blauwe diensten aan te bieden, en die mogelijk interessant zijn voor Nederland. Er is gekozen voor een aantal thema’s die interessant zijn binnen de huidige Nederlandse beleidscontext, namelijk: • beleidsprogramma’s met een puntensysteem; • beleidsprogramma’s gericht op blauwe diensten; • beleidsprogramma’s gericht op realisatie van EU-verplichtingen (zoals Natura 2000); • beleidsprogramma’s gericht op gebiedsniveau; • beleidsprogramma’s met een alternatieve coördinatiewijze, met name veilingen.

The chapters that make up this volume have shown that Dutch water management provides important lessons for other countries. Both developing and industrialized countries can benefit from the Dutch experiences and avoid some of the pitfalls that the Dutch have gone through

The chapters that make up this volume have shown that Dutch water management provides important lessons for other countries. Both developing and industrialized countries can benefit from the Dutch experiences and avoid some of the pitfalls that the Dutch have gone through

Agricom is een model om de effecten van te droge, te natte of te zoute omstandigheden op de Nederlandse landbouw te bepalen. Dit rapport geeft aan op welke punten Agricom verbetert kan en moet worden. Het gaat hierbij om zowel hydrologische als economische aspecten in de berekeningen. Als de aanpassingen zijn doorgevoerd, kan Agricom goed worden ingezet om de effecten van zoetwatervoorziening in Nederland voor de landbouw te bepalen.

Today’s climate variability already has a large impact on water supply and protection. Millions of people are affected every year by droughts and floods. Future climate change is likely to make things worse. Many people within the water sector are aware that climate change is affecting water resource management, but they are unsure how to incorporate climate information into their management structures. the main purpose of the book is to offer a compendium of specific adaptation strategies for students, water managers and decision makers. After reading this book, water professionals and advanced students should feel much more comfortable in using climate data in decision support and/or managing water resources. They will know what kind of data or information on climate change and variability are available and how they can be used within the water sector. The book consists of two parts: the first part describes the general issues and the second part contains specific case studies. These are drawn from a wide range of contrasting countries, including Australia, Thailand, The Netherlands, Germany, Philippines, South Africa, and Yemen.

Today’s climate variability already has a large impact on water supply and protection. Millions of people are affected every year by droughts and floods. Future climate change is likely to make things worse. Many people within the water sector are aware that climate change is affecting water resource management, but they are unsure how to incorporate climate information into their management structures. the main purpose of the book is to offer a compendium of specific adaptation strategies for students, water managers and decision makers. After reading this book, water professionals and advanced students should feel much more comfortable in using climate data in decision support and/or managing water resources. They will know what kind of data or information on climate change and variability are available and how they can be used within the water sector. The book consists of two parts: the first part describes the general issues and the second part contains specific case studies. These are drawn from a wide range of contrasting countries, including Australia, Thailand, The Netherlands, Germany, Philippines, South Africa, and Yemen.

Onderzocht is in hoeverre de implementatie van de KRW via het mestbeleid en via het regionale KRW-maatregelenpakket bijdraagt aan de realisatie van de beoogde concentraties nutriënten in het oppervlaktewater. Daarnaast is verkend of aanvullende maatregelen tot een bijdrage aan de realisatie van deze normen kunnen bijdragen. Daartoe zijn de milieueffecten van de maatregelen en zijn de directe en de directe kosten van maatregelen en maatregelpakketten berekend. Daarmee wordt een stap gezet in het kwantificeren van nutriëntenstromen om kosteneffectieve maatregelen te identificeren en selecteren voor Stroomgebiedbeheerplannen. Deze studie moet het inzicht in de relatie landgebruik, maatregelen en waterkwaliteit vergroten. Dit rapport en de achterliggende regionale resultaten moeten nu met de regionale waterbeheerders besproken worden om te identificeren waar de grootste verbeteringen mogelijk zijn en hoe deze verbeteringen gerealiseerd kunnen worden, want deze studie was gericht op hoofdlijnen.

Onderzocht is in hoeverre de implementatie van de KRW via het mestbeleid en via het regionale KRW-maatregelenpakket bijdraagt aan de realisatie van de beoogde concentraties nutriënten in het oppervlaktewater. Daarnaast is verkend of aanvullende maatregelen tot een bijdrage aan de realisatie van deze normen kunnen bijdragen. Daartoe zijn de milieueffecten van de maatregelen en zijn de directe en de directe kosten van maatregelen en maatregelpakketten berekend. Daarmee wordt een stap gezet in het kwantificeren van nutriëntenstromen om kosteneffectieve maatregelen te identificeren en selecteren voor Stroomgebiedbeheerplannen. Deze studie moet het inzicht in de relatie landgebruik, maatregelen en waterkwaliteit vergroten. Dit rapport en de achterliggende regionale resultaten moeten nu met de regionale waterbeheerders besproken worden om te identificeren waar de grootste verbeteringen mogelijk zijn en hoe deze verbeteringen gerealiseerd kunnen worden, want deze studie was gericht op hoofdlijnen.

Vietnam is located in typical monsoon climate region and therefore river are very abundant water. However, about 2/3 of water resources is originated from neighboring countries. Moreover, uneven spatial distribution and huge seasonal change are additional reasons that make Vietnam ranked low compared to other South East Asian countries in term of water resource availability (the index of water availability per capital in Vietnam is 4,170m3/s compared to 4,900 m3/s in South East Asian region). In Vietnam, there is dense network of river systems, out of which about 2,360 river have length of 10km or more with total volume of 835 billion m3. However, the flow during 6 or 7 months of dry season is counted for only 15-30% of total annual flow. As a result, every yeas, drought and water shortage have always occurred in many areas of different basins. To cope with this situation and also to meet increasing water demand, number of reservoirs has been built for water resource regulation. After many years of development, many large exploitation work systems have been constructed and operated in all the basins thought the country, such as dams, reservoirs, weirs, embankments and so on. Those systems are to supply water for all kinds of use, including: irrigation, drainage, and hydropower generation, households, industry and flood control. Those works have been played an important role in water supply for major social-economic development sectors of the country, such as irrigation, hydropower generation, domestic and industrial used.

The starting question for this deliverable was how to create a new adaptive management concept that can integrate insights from various disciplines and connect people from different institutional backgrounds. From literature research and empirical research on the NeWater project we identified challenges for cross-disciplinary knowledge integration, we evaluated interventions for connecting multiple knowledge frames, we analyzed the process of group model building with UML and formulated recommendations. Cross-disciplinary research has arisen from a growing number of complex problems for which knowledge of a single scientific discipline or societal field is insufficient, but presents important challenges: (1) collaboration and integration of knowledge requires in depth discussions that are timeconsuming; (2) the recursive process of problem structuring and restructuring is often at odds with the sequential planning of project activities; (3) participation and mutual learning are crucial but need to be carefully structured and sequenced; and (4) management and leadership faces the difficult challenge of balancing in depth exploration with timely delivery of tangible results. We conclude with the following general recommendations for large cross-disciplinary projects: (1) including a preparatory proposal phase for thorough exploration of opportunities of between researchers and stakeholders (2) flexible funding, planning and operational arrangements to allow for a recursive research process; (3) a project size that allows frequent interaction opportunities between researchers and between researchers and stakeholders to allow for mutual learning and in depth exploration; and (4) enhancing learning opportunities from one project to the next.

Vietnam is located in typical monsoon climate region and therefore river are very abundant water. However, about 2/3 of water resources is originated from neighboring countries. Moreover, uneven spatial distribution and huge seasonal change are additional reasons that make Vietnam ranked low compared to other South East Asian countries in term of water resource availability (the index of water availability per capital in Vietnam is 4,170m3/s compared to 4,900 m3/s in South East Asian region). In Vietnam, there is dense network of river systems, out of which about 2,360 river have length of 10km or more with total volume of 835 billion m3. However, the flow during 6 or 7 months of dry season is counted for only 15-30% of total annual flow. As a result, every yeas, drought and water shortage have always occurred in many areas of different basins. To cope with this situation and also to meet increasing water demand, number of reservoirs has been built for water resource regulation. After many years of development, many large exploitation work systems have been constructed and operated in all the basins thought the country, such as dams, reservoirs, weirs, embankments and so on. Those systems are to supply water for all kinds of use, including: irrigation, drainage, and hydropower generation, households, industry and flood control. Those works have been played an important role in water supply for major social-economic development sectors of the country, such as irrigation, hydropower generation, domestic and industrial used.