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This study is intended to assess the Focus Group Research Writeshop as an intervention in teaching Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion (3Is) to selected GAS students. This study utilized a pre-experimental research design. Creswell (2018) defined preexperimental research design as a form of experimental research where the researcher studies a single group and implements an intervention during the experiment. The following major findings are: the selected Grade 12 GAS students have a research competency level of 42% marked as average mastery before the research intervention; the selected Grade 12 GAS students have a research competency level of 61% marked as average mastery after the research intervention; and the selected Grade 12 GAS students significantly performed better after the proposed research intervention. This finding suggests that the proposed research intervention was effective in improving the research competency level of the selected Grade 12 GAS students. It can be concluded that the research intervention may be used by other teachers to help their students improve their own research competency level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of WISTA Wirtschaft und Statistik is the property of Statistisches Bundesamt and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Michel Bruneau’s itinerary as a geographer was organized around two "fundamental fieldworks" between 1966 and 2020, located in two different cultural areas, calling for different research methods. In Thailand and South-East Asia, analysis of village survey and remote sensing data was used to study landscape dynamics and changing inequalities in rural areas. In Greece, Turkey and in the Greek diaspora, surveys of descendants of Pontic Greek refugees were necessary. In this study of a diaspora and its places of memory, the theme was a cultural and political geography evolving towards a geohistory. To understand such a "big gap", we must use autobiographical elements, the institutional environment, the personal links essential to build each of these two "fieldworks" before considering the links that may exist between them.

Organizations operating in extreme contexts regularly face dangerous incidents they can neither prevent nor easily control. In such circumstances, successful sensemaking can mean the difference between life and death. But what happens afterwards? Our study of emergency management practitioners following a major bushfire reveals a process of post-incident sensemaking during which practitioners continue to make sense of the incident after it ends, during the subsequent public inquiry, and as they try to implement the inquiry's recommendations. Different varieties of sensemaking arise during this process as practitioners rely on different forms of coping to develop and share new understandings, which not only make sense of the original incident, but also enable changes to help the organization deal with future incidents. Our study also shows that practitioners experience a range of emotions during this process, some of which inhibit sensemaking while others – particularly different forms of anxiety – can facilitate it. Our study makes an important empirical contribution to recent theoretical work on varieties of sensemaking and provides new insights into the complex role of emotions in sensemaking in extreme contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The launch of the COVID-19 vaccination program was the largest vaccination campaign in U.S. history, with an unprecedented demand for vaccine and new vaccination providers, warranting significant education and communication efforts. NIP-INFO (nipinfo@cdc.gov) is the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC's) immunization inquiry response service, and it receives inquiries for COVID-19 and routine non-COVID vaccines. A qualitative analysis of NIP-INFO's content was performed to better characterize and understand some of the knowledge gaps and reasons that COVID-19 vaccine administration errors occur. A total of 734 COVID-19 vaccine administration error inquiries were received between January 2021 and April 2022. The most frequent inquiries related to storage (n = 191; 26.0%), incorrect dosage or product (n = 190; 25.9%), unauthorized age group (n = 108; 14.7%), and schedule (n = 105; 14.3%). Training and communication strategies are imperative to ensure proper vaccine administration and build and maintain vaccine confidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The property register is a data system for real estate on the territory of the Republic of Bulgaria and consists of the lots of individual properties. It contains the acts that recognize, transfer, amend or terminate the right of ownership or other real right to real estate. The foreclosures and mortgages of NI are included in the property register. The register shows the status of the specified circumstances after the last entry and makes it possible to follow chronologically the changes in the entered circumstances, as well as the entered acts. In the Property Register inquiries can be made about the ownership of the properties, the owners and the real rights and restrictions on them. Inquiries in the register can be made on-site at the registration offices in the country or via the Internet after payment of a fee specified in the price list and registration of the user. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the turn of the xixth and xxth centuries, whereas meat consumption was supported by mainstream medicine and becoming widespread in Western societies, the French and Belgian vegetarian movement evolving in vegetarian circles led by physicians and hygienists was trying to prove scientifically the physical and ethical benefits of a vegetarian diet. This paper deals with the methods that were chosen to offer scientific evidence, in spite of the controversial nature of such results, by focusing on three inquiries whose authors, whether men or women, diverge in their dealings with the scientific field and the vegetarian movement. The paper also shows that the medical inquiry is a fairly adaptable form integrating physiological, experimental and social data, which makes it a relevant tool for the vegetarian movement self-appropriation in order to enhance its legitimacy, especially in the field of social reform. h

The challenge of improving the functioning of child protection systems is a complex one shared by many governments internationally. In Australia alone, there have been dozens of public inquiries and reform efforts in this vitally important domain over the past four decades. The English system has also undergone numerous reforms, including that led by Munro a decade ago. Despite these efforts, systemic pathologies persist. This article views the challenges of child protection reform through the lens of the long-established transdisciplinary systems science of cybernetics. This article argues that reform efforts are often founded on an epistemological and ontological error. Despite pervasive recourse to use of the term 'child protection system', and reference to the need for 'systemic' change, reform efforts, to varying degrees, fail to operate from a basis in the established tenets of systems science. A critique is offered and some fundamental 'rules' that should inform such reform efforts are distilled. It is argued that to achieve positive and enduring change, these systems must be 'built' from the front line. It is also argued that the political context in which reform efforts take place is perhaps more of a hindering factor than is the complexity of the systems themselves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the wake of the May 1849 legislative elections – seen as a catastrophe by the Conservative Parti de l’Ordre – the Académie des sciences morales et politiques decided to launch an inquiry to analyse the situation of France’s rural communities. Adolphe Blanqui, who was chosen to head the inquiry, had already conducted a great deal of research into the French peasantry («paysannerie»). He was one of the first to acknowledge the existence of a “social issue” in the countryside, which was just as important as the urban working-class issue that had emerged from inquiries carried out by Villermé. His report following the inquiry, never published in full, allows us to highlight the social issue that emerged from the crisis in the countryside, an issue that the conservatives had refused to take into consideration but which, instead, was at the origin of the insurrection against the coup d’état of 2 December 1851. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is mainly about “Anul 1961” and “Anul 1971” from CVLR – the Communist Era, putting in scene a series of lists about these years, by famous authors of that time (being quoted frequently in that moment), in the newspapers that appeared in 1961 and 1971, about events – themes – subjects of two periods, that represents the beginning of a relative opening of the destalinization in the Gheorghiu-Dej age (1961) and the beginning of the (re)frost of the Ceaușescu epoch, after the China and Korea visits and the launching of July thesis (1971), equal to a coming back to a dogmatic Socialist Realism. Therefore, the society of the 1961 vs 1971, the Romanian literary life in Communism, the well known cases of ‘60’s vs ‘70’s, as for punishing and forbidding the intellectuals, but also about their returning in the ordinary life, after the 1964 amnesty (that meant the letting out of the jail of all the political prisoners). In 1961, but also in 1971, a lot of writers have had a coming back to Romanian official literary life, including the authors from outside the country (Eliade, Ionescu) and the critical capitalization of the cultural/ literary heritage becomes the main subject. Based on the articles published in the newspapers of that years and on the lists of the writers that were mentioned at the time, we can understand clearly about the absences and the presences of some writers from the above mentioned decades. We also follow the fluctuant status of the Romanian writer in Dej regime, in the Ceaușescu ‘Golden Age’, the resistance/ adjustment of the interior exile of Constantin Noica type, but also the getting out of the Socialist Camp – the real exile involving of an external disclaimer, by Herta Muller, Paul Goma or Norman Manea type. CVLR can underline all these directions, for general subjects about that time and future individual or group articles, being reflected all the gestures – collaborations or denials – from the Communist Era of the most important authors in some sort of unique history in images/ discussed quotes of the 1944-1989, from the step by step instauration of Dej’s dictatorship and to the collapse of the Ceaușescu’s power.

Abstract Background Generic drugs are heavily promoted in Japan. The aim of this retrospective single-center study was to clarify whether the frequency and reason that patients request a switch from a generic drug to the original drug differ according to therapeutic category and dosage form. Methods This study was performed at Chiba University Hospital. Prescription inquiries about 121 generic drugs from community pharmacies over a 3-year period (from July 2014 to June 2017) were analyzed. Results Approximately 30% of the requests were related to the efficacy, safety, and comfort of the generic drug. The most cited motive was “patient’s desire with no reason given” at 44.5%. According to multiple logistic regression analysis, therapeutic categories and dosage forms were associated with the requests. The median request frequency differed according to therapeutic category and dosage form. The frequency was highest for “agents affecting the central nervous system” and “tablets and capsules”, respectively. Among the therapeutic categories, “agents affecting the central nervous system” had the highest median number of requests related to “decreased effectiveness”; “cardiovascular agents” had the highest median number of requests related to “physician’s instruction”; and “agents for the epidermis” had the highest median number of requests related to “uncomfortable to use”. Among dosage forms, the odds ratio for patients’ original drug request for “liniment and patch” was about 1.5 times that for “tablets and capsules”. “Liniment and patch” had the highest median frequency of requests related to “decreased effectiveness”, “uncomfortable to use”, and “patient’s desire with no reason given”. Conclusions The request frequency and reason differed according to therapeutic category and dosage form. Pharmacists should advise each patient properly about the choice and switching of drug brands, taking into account the therapeutic category and dosage form, especially liniments and patches.

By comparing two distinct governmental organizations (the US military and NASA) this paper unpacks two main issues. On the one hand, the paper examines the transcripts that are produced as part of work activities in these worksites and what the transcripts reveal about the organizations themselves. Additionally, the paper analyses what the transcripts disclose about the practices involved in their creation and use for practical purposes in these organizations. These organizations have been chosen as transcription forms a routine part of how they operate as worksites. Further, the everyday working environments in both organizations involve complex technological systems, as well as multi-party interactions in which speakers are frequently spatially and visually separated. In order to explicate these practices, the article draws on the transcription methods employed in ethnomethodology and conversation analysis research as a comparative resource. In these approaches audio-video data is transcribed in a fine-grained manner that captures temporal aspects of talk, as well as how speech is delivered. Using these approaches to transcription as an analytical device enables us to investigate when and why transcripts are produced by the US military and NASA in the specific ways that they are, as well as what exactly is being re-presented in the transcripts and thus what was treated as worth transcribing in the interactions they are intended to serve as documents of. By analysing these transcription practices it becomes clear that these organizations create huge amounts of audio-video “data” about their routine activities. One major difference between them is that the US military selectively transcribe this data (usually for the purposes of investigating incidents in which civilians might have been injured), whereas NASA’s “transcription machinery” aims to capture as much of their mission-related interactions as is organizationally possible (i.e., within the physical limits and capacities of their radio communications systems). As such the paper adds to our understanding of transcription practices and how this is related to the internal working, accounting and transparency practices within different kinds of organization. The article also examines how the original transcripts have been used by researchers (and others) outside of the organizations themselves for alternative purposes.

Copyright of Public Money & Management is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this paper, I examine several commentaries and glosses on the prolegomenon of Najm al-Dīn al-Kātibī’s (d. 675/1276–77) Shamsiyya that relate to debates on the Aristotelian and Ibn Sīnān theory of science in the postclassical period. Chief among the commentaries of the Shamsiyya is Quṭb al-Dīn al-Rāzī’s (d. 766/1365) Taḥrīr al-qawāʿid al-manṭiqiyya. This commentary, rather than the base text of the Shamsiyya, set the stage for later interpretations by Mirak al-Bukhārī (fl. 733/1332), Naṣīr al-Dīn al-Qāshānī (d. 755/1354), Saʿd al-Dīn al-Taftāzānī (d. 792/1390), al-Sayyid al-Sharīf al-Jurjānī (d. 816/1413), Dāwūd al-Khwāfī (fl. 839/1465) and ʿIṣām al-Dīn Isfarāyinī (d. 945/1538). I focus on three issues that were raised in these interpretations of the Shamsiyya’s prolegomenon: (1) the place of the elements of sciences in logical corpus, (2) the notion of the prolegomenon and its content, and (3) the real essence of a science. I attend to the particular debates and contentions on these issues to reveal the general idea of science at that time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The launch of the COVID-19 vaccination program was the largest vaccination campaign in U.S. history, with an unprecedented demand for vaccine and new vaccination providers, warranting significant education and communication efforts. NIP-INFO (nipinfo@cdc.gov) is the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC’s) immunization inquiry response service, and it receives inquiries for COVID-19 and routine non-COVID vaccines. A qualitative analysis of NIP-INFO’s content was performed to better characterize and understand some of the knowledge gaps and reasons that COVID-19 vaccine administration errors occur. A total of 734 COVID-19 vaccine administration error inquiries were received between January 2021 and April 2022. The most frequent inquiries related to storage (n = 191; 26.0%), incorrect dosage or product (n = 190; 25.9%), unauthorized age group (n = 108; 14.7%), and schedule (n = 105; 14.3%). Training and communication strategies are imperative to ensure proper vaccine administration and build and maintain vaccine confidence.

Background: Multiple long-term care (LTC) reports have issued similar recommendations for improvement across Canadian LTC homes. Our primary objective was to identify the most common recommendations made over the past 10 years. Our secondary objective was to estimate the total cost of studying LTC issues repeatedly from 1998 to 2020. Methods: The qualitative and cost analyses were conducted in Canada from July to October 2020. Using a list of reports, inquiries and commissions from The Royal Society of Canada Working Group on Long-Term Care, we coded recurrent recommendations in LTC reports. We contacted the sponsoring organizations for a cost estimate, including direct and indirect costs. All costs were adjusted to 2020 Canadian dollar values. Results: Of the 80 Canadian LTC reports spanning the years of 1998 to 2020, 24 (30%) were based on a national level and 56 (70%) were focused on provinces or municipalities. Report length ranged from 4 to 1491 pages and the median number of contributors was 14 (interquartile range, IQR, 5–26) per report. The most common recommendation was to increase funding to LTC to improve staffing, direct care and capacity (67% of reports). A median of 8 (IQR 3.25–18) recommendations were made per report. The total cost for all 80 reports was estimated to be $23,626,442.78. Conclusions: Problems in Canadian LTC homes and their solutions have been known for decades. Despite this, governments and non-governmental agencies continue to produce more reports at a monetary and societal cost to Canadians.

• The presence of multiple majority shareholders (MMS) in a listed company can increase the probability of stock exchanges inquiries (PSEI). • MMS can increase PSEI by reducing the quality of internal control. • A favorable information and legal environment can reduce the MMS's impact on PSEI. Taking the Chinese A-share listed firms (2015–2020) as the research object, this study examines the impact of the presence of multiple majority shareholders (MMS) on the probability of stock exchanges inquiries (PSEI) and its mechanism. We show that the MMS can increase probability of PSEI. The mediating test shows that MMS increases PSEI by reducing the quality of internal control. Besides, a favorable information and legal environment can reduce MMS's impact on PSEI, and independent directors fail to function as supervisors and consultants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Multiple long-term care (LTC) reports have issued similar recommendations for improvement across Canadian LTC homes. Our primary objective was to identify the most common recommendations made over the past 10 years. Our secondary objective was to estimate the total cost of studying LTC issues repeatedly from 1998 to 2020. Methods: The qualitative and cost analyses were conducted in Canada from July to October 2020. Using a list of reports, inquiries and commissions from The Royal Society of Canada Working Group on Long-Term Care, we coded recurrent recommendations in LTC reports. We contacted the sponsoring organizations for a cost estimate, including direct and indirect costs. All costs were adjusted to 2020 Canadian dollar values. Results: Of the 80 Canadian LTC reports spanning the years of 1998 to 2020, 24 (30%) were based on a national level and 56 (70%) were focused on provinces or municipalities. Report length ranged from 4 to 1491 pages and the median number of contributors was 14 (interquartile range, IQR, 5–26) per report. The most common recommendation was to increase funding to LTC to improve staffing, direct care and capacity (67% of reports). A median of 8 (IQR 3.25–18) recommendations were made per report. The total cost for all 80 reports was estimated to be $23,626,442.78. Conclusions: Problems in Canadian LTC homes and their solutions have been known for decades. Despite this, governments and non-governmental agencies continue to produce more reports at a monetary and societal cost to Canadians.

The main purpose of this paper is to provide a critical analysis of Luc Boltanski’s account of the multifaceted relationship between mysteries, conspiracies, and inquiries in modern societies. It is striking that, although this important aspect of Boltanski’s oeuvre has been commented on by several scholars, his principal contributions to this area of investigation have been largely overlooked and received hardly any serious attention by researchers in the humanities and social sciences. This paper is an attempt to fill this noticeable gap in the literature. Thus, rather than covering the entire breadth and depth of Boltanski’s writings, the paper will focus on the valuable insights his work offers into the relationship between mysteries, conspiracies, and inquiries. To this end, the analysis is divided into two parts. The first part comprises an overview of Boltanski’s central theoretical contributions to our understanding of mysteries, conspiracies, and inquiries. The second part offers some critical reflections on important issues arising from Boltanski’s examination of the relationship between mysteries, conspiracies, and inquiries – especially with regard to its limitations and shortcomings.

The "asymmetry myth" is that war crimes are committed by one's enemies but never, or hardly ever, by one's own combatants. The myth involves not only a common failure to acknowledge our own actual war crimes but also inadequate reactions when we are forced to recognize them. It contributes to the high likelihood that wars, just or unjust in their causes, will have a high moral cost. This cost, moreover, is a matter needing consideration in the jus ante bellum circumstances of preparedness for war as well as of conduct within it. As part of the symposium on Ned Dobos's book, Ethics, Security, and the War-Machine, I will argue that the strength of the asymmetry myth is sustained by certain forms of romantic nationalism linked to the glamorization of military endeavor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Multiple long-term care (LTC) reports have issued similar recommendations for improvement across Canadian LTC homes. Our primary objective was to identify the most common recommendations made over the past 10 years. Our secondary objective was to estimate the total cost of studying LTC issues repeatedly from 1998 to 2020. Methods: The qualitative and cost analyses were conducted in Canada from July to October 2020. Using a list of reports, inquiries and commissions from The Royal Society of Canada Working Group on Long-Term Care, we coded recurrent recommendations in LTC reports. We contacted the sponsoring organizations for a cost estimate, including direct and indirect costs. All costs were adjusted to 2020 Canadian dollar values. Results: Of the 80 Canadian LTC reports spanning the years of 1998 to 2020, 24 (30%) were based on a national level and 56 (70%) were focused on provinces or municipalities. Report length ranged from 4 to 1491 pages and the median number of contributors was 14 (interquartile range, IQR, 5–26) per report. The most common recommendation was to increase funding to LTC to improve staffing, direct care and capacity (67% of reports). A median of 8 (IQR 3.25–18) recommendations were made per report. The total cost for all 80 reports was estimated to be $23,626,442.78. Conclusions: Problems in Canadian LTC homes and their solutions have been known for decades. Despite this, governments and non-governmental agencies continue to produce more reports at a monetary and societal cost to Canadians.

In 2008, five 'serious untoward incidents' occurred on a small maternity unit in a hospital in the UK. The prevailing view, held by clinical staff, hospital managers, and executives, was that these events were unconnected and did not signal systemic failures in care. This view was maintained by the testimony of staff and governance procedures which prevented the incidents from being considered together. Drawing on the inquiry report of the Morecambe Bay Investigation (2015), I examine how the prevailing view was built and dismantled, eventually being replaced with a very different description of events. Overturning this view required affected parents to engage with governing bodies and legal processes, challenge clinical staff, lobby for inquests, and mobilise social media and the national press. Tracing how different descriptions of events weaken or gather force as they travel through different forums, processes, and are presented to different audiences, I explore the sociology of knowledge around establishing failures of care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundInvestigations may be undertaken into mental healthcare related homicides to ascertain if lessons can be learned to prevent the chance of recurrence. Families of victims are variably involved in serious incident reviews. Their perspectives on the inquiry process have rarely been studied.AimsTo explore the experiences of investigative processes from the perspectives of family members of homicide victims killed by a mental health patient to better inform the process of conducting inquiries.MethodThe study design was informed by interpretive description methodology. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with five families whose loved one had been killed by a mental health patient and where there had been a subsequent inquiry process in New Zealand. Data were analysed using an inductive approach.ResultsFamilies in this study felt excluded, marginalised and disempowered by mental health inquires. The data highlight these families’ perspectives, particularly on the importance of a clear process of inquiry, and of actions by healthcare providers that indicate restorative intent.ConclusionsFamilies in this study were united in reporting that they felt excluded from mental health inquiries. We suggest that the inclusion of families’ perspectives should be a key consideration in the conduct of mental health inquiries. There may be benefit from inquiries that communicate a clear process of investigation that reflects restorative intent, acknowledges victims, provides appropriate apologies and gives families opportunities to contribute.

The main purpose of this paper is to provide a critical analysis of Luc Boltanski’s account of the multifaceted relationship between mysteries, conspiracies, and inquiries in modern societies.¹ It is striking that, although this important aspect of Boltanski’s oeuvre has been commented on by several scholars², his principal contributions to this area of investigation have been largely overlooked and received hardly any serious attention by researchers in the humanities and social sciences. This paper is an attempt to fill this noticeable gap in the literature. Thus, rather than covering the entire breadth and depth of Boltanski’s writings, the paper will focus on the valuable insights his work offers into the relationship between mysteries, conspiracies, and inquiries.³ To this end, the analysis is divided into two parts. The first part comprises an overview of Boltanski’s central theoretical contributions to our understanding of mysteries, conspiracies, and inquiries. The second part offers some critical reflections on important issues arising from Boltanski’s examination of the relationship between mysteries, conspiracies, and inquiries – especially with regard to its limitations and shortcomings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Generic drugs are heavily promoted in Japan. The aim of this retrospective single-center study was to clarify whether the frequency and reason that patients request a switch from a generic drug to the original drug differ according to therapeutic category and dosage form. Methods: This study was performed at Chiba University Hospital. Prescription inquiries about 121 generic drugs from community pharmacies over a 3-year period (from July 2014 to June 2017) were analyzed. Results: Approximately 30% of the requests were related to the efficacy, safety, and comfort of the generic drug. The most cited motive was "patient's desire with no reason given" at 44.5%. According to multiple logistic regression analysis, therapeutic categories and dosage forms were associated with the requests. The median request frequency differed according to therapeutic category and dosage form. The frequency was highest for "agents affecting the central nervous system" and "tablets and capsules", respectively. Among the therapeutic categories, "agents affecting the central nervous system" had the highest median number of requests related to "decreased effectiveness"; "cardiovascular agents" had the highest median number of requests related to "physician's instruction"; and "agents for the epidermis" had the highest median number of requests related to "uncomfortable to use". Among dosage forms, the odds ratio for patients' original drug request for "liniment and patch" was about 1.5 times that for "tablets and capsules". "Liniment and patch" had the highest median frequency of requests related to "decreased effectiveness", "uncomfortable to use", and "patient's desire with no reason given". Conclusions: The request frequency and reason differed according to therapeutic category and dosage form. Pharmacists should advise each patient properly about the choice and switching of drug brands, taking into account the therapeutic category and dosage form, especially liniments and patches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article critically examines transitional justice mechanisms to determine if historical abuse inquiries can learn from this field of practice. The article explores the Northern Ireland Historical Institutional Abuse Inquiry which reported its findings in January 2017 as a vehicle for addressing what lessons might be learned or shared between the fields of transitional justice and investigations into historical abuse. Through a detailed analysis of empirical research with those that gave testimony to the Inquiry, including fourthly-three victims and Inquiry transcripts, the article explores to what extent the Inquiry was victim-centered, enabled victim participation (beyond giving testimony) and addressed victim needs. The article shows that many of the flaws of transitional justice mechanisms have been replicated when dealing with historical child abuse. Drawing on lessons from transitional justice – both positive and negative – the article outlines five broad areas for consideration that could strengthen the victim-centered nature of approaches to dealing with the legacy of historical child abuse. The article concludes that addressing victims' needs should be at the center and drive approaches and processes for both transitional justice and historical institutional abuse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Dirassat in Humanities & Social Sciences is the property of Research & Development of Human Recourses Center (REMAH) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Since the 1990s, an increasing number of inquiries into the history of children's out-of-home care have shown that child welfare sometimes failed to protect children. In this Special Issue, we explore how the Nordic countries have responded to allegations and scandals of historical child abuse within child welfare, and also how history matters in these political processes. We ask how Nordic societies have acknowledged past historical child abuse and how they aim to deal with its legacy. Attempts to redress, and provide compensation for, past failures are discussed in the context of transitional justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the study of the minutes of the Parliament of Castile (Cortes), the position of the representatives of the cities in relation to political corruption and the mechanisms used to combat it is analyzed.It is verified that monarchy and cities shared the same ideas about religion, society, politics, government instruments and their control mechanisms.

There is virtually no literature on child sexual abuse committed by "powerful perpetrators", who, use position, reputation, wealth and/or power, to become influential members of their organisation. Seventeen cases relating to youth serving organisations were identified using a comprehensive search of databases covering case reviews from England, Australia and the US. A Quantitative Content Analysis was used to analyse the sample with a focus on identifying offenders' "modus operandi". Findings revealed a number of critical differences between powerful perpetrators and other child sexual offenders described in the literature. Findings are discussed in relation to their implications for creating safer youth serving organisations. In particular, focusing on educating YSOs to recognise and address risks posed by powerful perpetrators; expanding organisational safety policies and practices and taking steps to develop a strong, positive organisational safety culture are commended as key approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes and analyses the campaign by the Care Leaver community and other stakeholders to bring about a royal commission into child abuse in Australia. Care Leavers did not get the royal commission they wanted and expected—other more powerful forces were at play—but the Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse (Royal Commission) was highly effective in exposing the complex nature and extent of the problem of child sexual abuse, "the core transgression of childhood innocence". This paper aims to show that, although the Royal Commission disappointed many Care Leavers with its narrow focus on sexual abuse, when it eventually reported on records and recordkeeping, the Commission surprised many by moving beyond its narrow remit. Issues relating to records and recordkeeping were not originally a prominent part of the Commission's mandate, but they emerged as one of the crucial issues that influence the quality of the out-of-home Care experience and child protection. This finding has created a fresh context in which Care Leaver advocates, academics and other professionals can work together to further a new agenda for recordkeeping in out-of-home Care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review deals with the potential role of Commissions and Inquiries into delivering a just service to patients from ethnic minorities. It takes as an example the experience of people with inflammatory bowel disease and the National Health Service in the United Kingdom. Although there are many legal safeguards, the avenues open to groups of patients who experience discrimination, are limited and generally ineffective. Government inspired responses such as Commissions and Inquiries are inadequate and not fit for purpose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Year-Book of Lithuanian History / Lietuvos Istorijos Metraštis is the property of Lithuanian Institute of History and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

If one of the key reasons for an inquiry is to learn lessons and prevent similar events from reoccurring, recommendations must be implementable and implemented, but it is clear that lessons have not been learned and recommendations not implemented. This paper compares the 'implementability' of recommendations from the three inquiries of Ely, Bristol and Mid Staffordshire to stress the importance of learning lessons. It examines two broad issues of 'who?' and 'what?'. First, some 80 per cent of the Ely recommendations were aimed at the institution, while 72 per cent of the Bristol and Mid Staffordshire recommendations were aimed at the system. Moreover, about 7 per cent of Ely's forty‐four recommendations have a clearly identified agent, compared to 15 per cent at Bristol and 41 per cent at Mid Staffordshire. Second, the policy tool of 'sermons' accounts for some 89 per cent of Ely recommendations, compared to 66 per cent at Bristol and 63 per cent at Mid Staffordshire. However, the earlier sermons did not appear to prevent the events at Mid Staffordshire occurring. Pulling these issues together, it can be suggested that, given the large number of potentially responsible agencies, recommendations should be 'active' with a clearly identified agent and that a clear policy tool or mechanism should be identified rather than rely on a vague tendency to sermonise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

If inquiries are about learning the lessons of the past, why do they appear to find the same failings time and again? Bristol, Mid Staffordshire, Morecambe Bay, Liverpool Community Health are all examples of where culture went wrong. The lack of learning from inquiries is a prominent concern and one raised elsewhere in this issue. In this article, I explore why it might be that culture is repeatedly found to be the cause of healthcare failures. I start by reviewing perspectives on what culture is and the degree to which it is possible change it. I examine how culture was described in the Bristol, Mid Staffordshire, Morecambe Bay and Liverpool inquiries and question whether these are the same cultures, with the same problems, or whether they are different. I discuss possible explanations for apparent similarities, describe how cultural change occurs and conclude by drawing out the implications of focussing on culture as a threat to patient safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is little research focussing on how bereaved families experience NHS inquiries and investigations. Despite this gap, there is a consistent assumption that these processes provide families with catharsis. Drawing on my personal experiences of NHS investigations over a five‐year period after the death of our son, Connor Sparrowhawk, I suggest the assumption of catharsis is misplaced and works to erase the considerable emotional 'accountability' labour that families undertake during these processes. I further question whether inquiries or investigations are an effective way of holding stakeholders to account. I conclude with two points: first, qualitative research is needed to better understand bereaved family experiences of inquiries and investigations and second, the 'lessons learned' objective underpinning inquiries should be replaced with 'leading to demonstrable change', which is what families typically want. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Safer maternity care, defined as a triad of safe, effective and person-centred care, is a global health priority. Having a baby in the UK has never been safer, yet several inquiries in England over the past decade have made wide-ranging recommendations to improve the safety of maternity services. These recommendations relate to local and national maternity services, as well as to the wider healthcare system. This pattern of findings and recommendations has been reflected in maternity service reviews internationally. A review of maternity services in England found considerable variation in their quality, identifying that more needs to be done to make services safer, more personalised, kinder, professional and more family friendly. Regulators continue to raise safety concerns for the majority of maternity units in England, concerns that are echoed internationally. Aims and objectives: The purpose of this article is to identify learning from relevant inquiries into the quality, safety and variation of maternity services, in order to develop understanding about what best practice looks like in maternity settings, and the relevant contextual factors important when implementing best practice in an NHS maternity service. These insights were intended to inform the implementation of best practice in a single site maternity unit in England, described elsewhere. Methods: Five inquiries with relevance to maternity practice since 2013 (one local with national recommendations, two national and two international), two subsequent national reviews and a further 17 key service publications over 10 years from the grey literature have been identified as sources of data for analysis of best practice. Findings/results: Three key themes were distilled: framing best practice in relation to the quality triad of patient experience, safety and clinical effectiveness; the need to implement the lessons learned from inquiries into quality and safety; and the importance of contextual factors including leadership, learning and teamwork as enablers of best practice. Conclusions: Implementing best practice and learning from quality of care inquiries are identified as key challenges when providing person-centred, safe and effective care mediated through contextual factors such as learning, leadership and teamwork. Implementation may be assisted by using the Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Health Services (PARiHS) framework as an analytical framework to assess the context of maternity settings, because of its strengths in contextual analysis for implementation. In combination with practice development methodology, this is a potential approach for facilitating collaborative action towards best practice at the implementation stage. International Practice Development Journal Online journal of FoNS in association with the IPDC and PcP-ICoP (ISSN 2046-9292) Working together to develop practice PcP-ICoP Implications for practice: • Maternity units need help to support their teams in implementing best practice and lessons emerging from public inquiries • The achievement of best practice, described as person-centred, safe and effective, is interdependent with factors such as leadership, culture and teamwork • The use of the PARiHS framework may be useful to explore the context of a maternity unit when implementing best practice • An assessment of the readiness of maternity units to embrace best practice should include an examination of context, defined as a focus on culture, leadership and evaluation [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]