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Polymer-based solid-state electrolytes are expected to lead solid-state lithium-metal batteries as the next generation of energy storage devices for high energy density and safety applications due to their flexibility, process compatibility, stability and low cost. The properties of high dielectric polymers can effectively promote the dissociation of lithium salts in the electrolyte. In this paper, research results on the relationship between dielectric properties and lithium ion transport are sorted out, and how the high dielectric polymer matrix and fillers can enhance the ionic conductivity of polymer electrolytes are discussed in depth. Finally, the challenges and opportunities of dielectric materials in polymer-based solid-state electrolyte applications are summarized. These findings are of great significance in promoting the continued development of high-performance polymer-based solid-state batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the effects of the synergistic flame retardation of aluminum diisobutyl phosphinate acid (APBA) with three inorganic fillers of different dimensions (multi‐walled carbon nanotubes [MWCNTs] [1‐dimensional], hexagonal boron nitride [BN] [2‐dimensional], and zinc oxide [ZnO] [3‐dimensional]), respectively, on the properties of nylon 6 (polyamide 6 [PA6]) materials were investigated. It was shown that under the same additive amount, with the increase of spatial dimension of inorganic fillers, the thermal stability and residual carbon capacity were improved. Which would catalyze the formation of more and denser carbon layers in the matrix material, effectively blocked the transfer of oxygen and heat, enhanced the cohesive‐phase flame retardancy of synergistic flame‐retardant PA6 composites, and exerted a better synergistic flame‐retardant effect with APBA. So that the flame‐retardant properties of PA6 composites were gradually improved, and the mechanical properties were also gradually increased. The comprehensive performance of three types of inorganic fillers gradually improves in the order of MWCNTs < BN < ZnO. When the addition amount of ZnO was 2 wt%, the vertical combustion grade (UL‐94) of PA6 composite was V‐0, and the limiting oxygen index (LOI) was as high as 36.5%. The tensile strain increased by 19.11% and impact strength increased by 20.26% compared with PA6, and PA6/APBA‐Zn can be used as a flame retardant PA6 composite material with balanced overall performance. Highlights: Diisobutylaluminium hypophosphite and inorganic fillers have efficient synergistic flame retardant effects in PA6.With the increase of spatial dimension of inorganic fillers, the better the synergistic flame retardant effect in PA6.The flame retardant can degrade to release the phosphorous free radicals.Inorganic fillers can cross‐link with the PA6 substrate and promote the charring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study deals with fabricating and characterizing glass fiber reinforced epoxy composites with heavy mineral filler (magnetite particles) for potential low-energy radiation shielding applications. The composite materials were fabricated by the hand layup method. Glass/epoxy composite was used as control sample, and radiation shielding composites were manufactured by mixing 20 and 30% (by weight) magnetite particles with epoxy resin. It was revealed that the tensile properties of the magnetite-modified composites were increased, and the composites containing 30% filler exhibited maximum improvement than the control ones. Further assessment of the composite samples was performed by DMA (Dynamic Mechanical Analysis), TGA (Thermogravimetric Analysis), FTIR (Fourier-Transform Infrared) spectroscopy, water uptake (%), and SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) testing. The radiation shielding ability of the control and filler-modified composites was assessed by using a gamma (γ) radiation source (60Co). Then, the shielding efficiency was characterized by radiation-reduced intensity (%), LAC (Linear Attenuation Coefficient), MAC (Mass Attenuation Coefficient), HVL (Half Value Layer), TVL (Tenth Value Layer), and SVL (Sixteenth Value Layer). It was revealed that the 30% magnetite filler content composite experienced relatively good attenuation performance against γ-ray than other studied composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mixed-matrix membranes (MMMs) have garnered increasing interest in the field of gas separation due to their potential to enhance selectivity and performance. By incorporating inorganic fillers into polymeric matrices, MMMs offer improved gas separation efficiency, with tunable properties to address specific separation challenges. This paper provides a general overview of MMMs, focusing on their design principles, fabrication techniques, and their wide-ranging applications in gas separation processes. The review provides an overview of the current state-of-the-art in Metal organic framework-based mixed matrix membranes MMM fabrication and explores the recent advancements in utilising porous organic frameworks and molecular additives in MMMs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study reports on the development of a new binary filler system for rubber composites, SiO2@Al2O3, where Al2O3 sheets are grown onto SiO2 nanoparticles aggregates by a sustainable water‐based soft‐chemistry approach. The aim is to synergistically integrate the intrinsic thermal conductivity properties of Al2O3 with the peculiar reinforcement ability of SiO2 in an easy one‐pot solution, which has been exploited to prepare polybutadiene (PB) model composites by a simple solvent casting technique. More in detail, the binary filler was used as‐prepared or suitably surface functionalized with 3‐(Trimethoxysilyl)propylmethacrylate (TMSPM). The filler compatibilization and interplay with the polymeric matrix have been inspected by solid state NMR in conjunction with scanning electron microscopy. These investigations highlighted that the presence of alumina in the binary filler does not undermine the capability of silica in generating polymer chains stiffening and indicated a significant effect of the silanization in providing better filler networking and interaction with the PB host ensuring, in principle, an enhanced thermal transport. Accordingly, thermal conductivity measurements revealed that SiO2@Al2O3 introduction in PB induces a remarkable upgrade of the heat transfer, which becomes much more relevant upon surface modification with TMSPM. These results appear encouraging, paving the possibility of applying SiO2@Al2O3 model system to more complex case studies, where both improved thermal conductivity and enhanced reinforcement are required, such as tires tread formulations. Highlights: A new SiO2@Al2O3 binary filler system was proposed following a soft‐chemistry approach.The binary filler was functionalized to enhance its compatibilization.Fillers were dispersed in polybutadiene by a simple solvent casting technique.Thermal conductivity measurements revealed a remarkable upgrade of the heat transfer ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ceramizable silicone rubber (CSR) composed of silicone rubber matrix and inorganic fillers can be transformed into a dense flame-retardant ceramic upon encountering high temperatures or flames. Conventionally, CSR can be sintered into a dense ceramic at temperatures above 1000 °C, which is higher than the melting point of a copper conductor used in a power cable. In this study, the vulcanization process and mass ratio of inorganic fillers of CSR were studied to lower its ceramization temperature to 950 °C. The electrical and mechanical properties of CSRs and their ceramic bulks were studied with various ratios of wollastonite and muscovite. It was found that the CSR samples could be successfully fabricated using a two-step vulcanization technique (at 120 °C and 150 °C, respectively). As a high ratio of muscovite filler was introduced into the CSR, the sample presented a high dc electrical resistivity of 6.713 × 1014 Ω·cm, and a low dielectric constant of 4.3 and dielectric loss of 0.025 at 50 Hz. After the thermal sintering (at 950 °C for 1 h) of the CSR sample with a high ratio of muscovite, the ceramic sample exhibits a dense microstructure without any pores. The ceramic also demonstrates excellent insulating properties, with a volume resistivity of 8.69 × 1011 Ω·cm, and a low dielectric loss of 0.01 at 50 Hz. Meanwhile, the three-point bending strength of the ceramic sample reaches a value of 110.03 MPa. This study provides a potential route to fabricate CSR used for fire-resistant cables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) are regarded as crucial materials, thus determining the comprehensive properties of solid-state lithium batteries (SSLBs). However, the existing issues of ion transport and interface limit their further development and application. As the inorganic solid-state electrolytes (ISEs) and polymer solid-state electrolytes (PSEs) both present obvious advantages and defects, the strategy of preparing composite solid-state electrolytes (CSEs) by incorporating inorganic components in polymer matrix is considered an effective way to overcome the above-mentioned problems. Nanowires with high aspect ratios are widely used in CSEs. Moreover, nanowires can not only effectively enhance the mechanical properties and ion transport efficiency of SSEs, but also boost the contact between electrolyte and electrode interface, thereby improving the cycle stability and safety of SSLBs. This review systematically categorized nanowires according to their morphology, function, and Li+ conductivity, and discussed their structural properties and synthesis strategies in detail. Moreover, application examples and mechanisms of nanowires in different polymer matrices are also introduced. In the summary and prospect section, we anticipate the existing challenges and future objectives of nanowires in the future research of CSEs.

Copyright of Polimery is the property of Industrial Chemistry Research Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

As promising alternatives to liquid electrolytes, polymer electrolytes attract much research interest recently, but their widespread use is limited by the low ionic conductivity. In this study, we use electrostatic spinning to introduce particles of an ionic conductor into polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibers to prepare a porous membrane as the host of gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs). The relevant in‐situ produced GPE performs a high ionic conductivity of 6.0×10−3 S cm−1, and a high lithium transfer number (tLi+) of 0.85 at 30 °C, respectively. A symmetrical Li cell with this GPE can cycle stably for 550 h at a current density of 0.5 mA cm−2. While the capacity retention of the NCM|GPE|Li cell is 79.84 % after 500 cycles at 2 C. Even with an increased cut‐off voltage of 4.5 V, the 1st coulomb efficiency reaches 91.58 % with a specific discharge capacity of 213.4 mAh g−1. This study provides a viable route for the practical application of high energy density lithium metal batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fuel cells use proton exchange membranes (PEMs) to transform chemical energy into electricity. PEMs are selective barriers that permeates protons, obstructing gases and other species like electrons. A polymer electrolyte containing both positively and negatively charged ions forms a PEM. Nafion, a perfluorinated sulfonic acid membrane, is the most popular polymer membrane used as PEM. It exhibits good chemical stability, strong mechanical qualities, and high proton conductivity. However, it has several issues, one of which is its propensity to degrade with time, especially at high temperatures and in the presence of pollutants. The other draw backs associated with perfluorinated based membranes are that they are expensive and non-eco-friendly In order to address these issues, researchers are looking into new materials and methods to form a PEM so that the performance and durability are enhanced .Chitosan (biopolymer) based PEMs have demonstrated great potential to be used in fuel cells. They are environmentally friendly and economical. However, the key challenge in using chitosan in fuel cells is their relatively poor ionic conductivity. Researchers have developed various strategies to improve their conductivity, such as doping with conductive materials or incorporating functional groups that enhance charge transfer. Overall, chitosan has shown promise as renewable and sustainable material for use in fuel cells. The review summarizes the current development and evolution of chitosan-based PEMs.

In this work, biobased rigid polyurethane foams (PUFs) were developed with the aim of achieving thermal and fireproofing properties that can compete with those of the commercially available products. First, the synthesis of a biopolyol from a wood residue by means of a scaled-up process with suitable yield and reaction conditions was carried out. This biopolyol was able to substitute completely the synthetic polyols that are typically employed within a polyurethane formulation. Different formulations were developed to assess the effect of two flame retardants, namely, polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) and amino polyphosphate (APP), in terms of their thermal properties and degradation and their fireproofing mechanism. The structure and the thermal degradation of the different formulations was evaluated via Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Likewise, the performance of the different PUF formulations was studied and compared to that of an industrial PUF. From these results, it can be highlighted that the addition of the flame retardants into the formulation showed an improvement in the results of the UL-94 vertical burning test and the LOI. Moreover, the fireproofing performance of the biobased formulations was comparable to that of the industrial one. In addition to that, it can be remarked that the biobased formulations displayed an excellent performance as thermal insulators (0.02371–0.02149 W·m−1·K−1), which was even slightly higher than that of the industrial one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two types of ceramifiable flame‐retardant room temperature vulcanized (RTV) silicone rubber foam containing mica power (MP) were prepared by using glass powder (GP) as fluxing agents and aluminum hydroxide (ATH) as flame‐retardant agent, respectively. The flame retardant, combustion behavior, and thermal stability of ceramifiable flame‐retardant RTV silicone rubber foams were investigated. The results show that GP is not conducive to the flame retardancy and thermal stability improvement of the foams. On the contrary, MP and ATH can significantly improve the flame retardancy and thermal stability at high temperatures of the foams. The foams with addition of MP and ATH can reach to a high limiting oxygen index value of 35.8 with V‐0 rating in the vertical combustion test, and the total heat release and total smoke production of the foams are 21.0% and 61.7% lower than of the pure RTV silicone rubber foam, respectively. Furthermore, the structural and morphological changes of the foams under different pyrolysis conditions were studied, so as to reveal its ceramifiable mechanism under different fire scenarios. The results show that GP does not promote the formation of more char residue during pyrolysis, but it can greatly lower the ceramifiable temperature, resulting in a superior ceramic phase char residue. The foams including MP and ATH have a high char residue content; nevertheless, a comparatively higher temperature is necessary to create ceramic phase char residue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The accurate prediction of gas separation properties of mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) is essential to eliminate the tedious experimental work. In this work, a new model is proposed to predict the gas permeability of MMMs, considering the role of interface voids between the polymer matrix and inorganic fillers. The new model is developed based on an analogy with a model derived for thermal conduction through the particulate composites using effective medium theory. The new model is validated using the gas permeability data of four sets of MMMs containing spherical micro- or nano-fillers reported in the literature. The results show an excellent agreement between new model predictions and gas permeability experimental data with deviations lower than 10% in comparison with the other models (29–43%). In addition, the value of the thickness of the interface voids layer for MMMs, which is difficult to directly determine by experimental methods, is correctly predicted using the new model. Therefore, a new theoretical model named as renovated Maxwell model considering the effect of filler/polymer interface voids is developed to accurately predict the gas permeability of MMMs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides a comprehensive review of the recent literature on various natural fiber and inorganic filler-based polymer composites used in rotational molding (RM). The RM has grown in prominence in various essential applications in recent years. Different industries are working to create lighter components, especially in the automobile and aerospace industries, to improve fuel efficiency and reduce costs. Polymer matrix composites are lightweight, recyclable, corrosion-resistant, and cost-effective. Nonetheless, they are likewise limited in terms of strength, to overcome the polymer's obvious limitations natural fibers and inorganic particle fillers are often added to polymer composites in RM to improve their stiffness and strength and expand their uses. This necessitates a comprehensive study of the various materials available for rotational molding and their influence on the mechanical properties of composites. The variety of materials used in rotational molding is examined and recent advancements are highlighted in the first section. The second section of the discussion focuses on various materials used in rotational molding, their properties, and their advantages and disadvantages. The third section of the paper is dedicated to examining the relationship between the molecular weight of the material and the resulting crystallinity and mechanical properties of blended composites. The fourth section, which comes next, is about mixing natural fibers and inorganic filler with the base resin and their effect on the mechanical properties of a roto-molded product and also discusses the effect of fillers on the flow, void, and viscosity. The final section of the paper discusses several factors that can affect the properties of composites, including the particle size of natural and inorganic fillers, the heating and cooling of the mold, aging and degradation, and the rheology of the composite material. Past literature depicts that the mechanical properties of composite increase when the particle size gets smaller for both natural filler and inorganic particulate filler. This literature review has led to the following conclusion: to develop highly efficient particulate composites that can be greatly aided by careful selection of the base resin, additives, and parameter characterization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aimed to substantiate the potential practicality of utilizing a matrix-like platform, a novel 3D-printed biomaterial scaffold, to enhance and guide host cells' growth for bone tissue regeneration. The 3D biomaterial scaffold was successfully printed using a 3D Bioplotter® (EnvisionTEC, GmBH) and characterized. Osteoblast-like MG63 cells were utilized to culture the novel printed scaffold over a period of 1, 3, and 7 days. Cell adhesion and surface morphology were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and optical microscopy, while cell viability was determined using MTS assay and cell proliferation was evaluated using a Leica microsystem (Leica MZ10 F). The 3D-printed biomaterial scaffold exhibited essential biomineral trace elements that are significant for biological bone (e.g., Ca-P) and were confirmed through energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. The microscopy analyses revealed that the osteoblast-like MG63 cells were attached to the printed scaffold surface. The viability of cultured cells on the control and printed scaffold increased over time (p < 0.05); however, on respective days (1, 3, and 7 days), the viability of cultured cells between the two groups was not significantly different (p > 0.05). The protein (human BMP-7, also known as growth factor) was successfully attached to the surface of the 3D-printed biomaterial scaffold as an initiator of osteogenesis in the site of the induced bone defect. An in vivo study was conducted to substantiate if the novel printed scaffold properties were engineered adequately to mimic the bone regeneration cascade using an induced rabbit critical-sized nasal bone defect. The novel printed scaffold provided a potential pro-regenerative platform, rich in mechanical, topographical, and biological cues to guide and activate host cells toward functional regeneration. The histological studies revealed that there was progress in new bone formation, especially at week 8 of the study, in all induced bone defects. In conclusion, the protein (human BMP-7)-embedded scaffolds showed higher regenerative bone formation potential (week 8 complete) compared to the scaffolds without protein (e.g., growth factor; BMP-7) and the control (empty defect). At 8 weeks postimplantation, protein (BMP-7) significantly promoted osteogenesis as compared to other groups. The scaffold underwent gradual degradation and replacement by new bones at 8 weeks in most defects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Materiae Compositae Sinica is the property of Acta Materiea Compositae Sinica Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The occurrence of uncontrolled electrostatic discharge (ESD) is among the major causes of damage in unprotected electronic components during industrial processes. To counteract this undesired phenomenon, ESD composites showing static-dissipative and antistatic responses are developed. In particular, static-dissipative materials are able to slow down the flow of electric charges, whereas antistatic materials directly suppress the initial charges induced by undesired charging by properly dispersing conductive fillers within an insulant matrix and thus forming a conductive filler network. In this context, the purpose of this review is to provide a useful resume of the main fundamentals of the technology necessary for facing electrostatic charging. The formation mechanisms of electrostatic charges at the material surface were described, providing a classification of ESD composites and useful characterization methods. Furthermore, we reported a deep analysis of the role of conductive fillers in the formation of filler networks to allow electric charge movements, along with an overview of the different classes of inorganic conductive fillers exploitable in ESD composites, evidencing pros/cons and criticalities of each category of inorganic fillers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymer blend or composite, which is a combination of two or more polymers and fillers such as semiconductors, metals, metal oxides, salts and ceramics, are a synthesized product facilitating improved, augmented or customized properties, and have widespread applications for the achievement of functional materials. Polymer materials with embedded inorganic fillers are significantly appealing for challenging and outstanding electric, dielectric, optical and mechanical applications involving magnetic features. In particular, a polymer matrix exhibiting large values of dielectric constant (ε′) with suitable thermal stability and low dielectric constant values of polymer blend, having lesser thermal stability, together offer significant advantages in electronic packaging and other such applications in different fields. In this review paper, we focused on the key factors affecting the dielectric properties and its strength in thin film of inorganic materials loaded poly methyl meth acrylate (PMMA) based polymer blend (single phase) or composites (multiple phase), and its consequences at low and high frequencies are explored. A wide range of different types of PMMA based polymer blends or composites, which are doped with different fillers, have been synthesized with specific tailoring of their dielectric behavior and properties. A few of them are discussed in this manuscript, with their different preparation techniques, and exploring new ideas for modified materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The implementation of polymer-based Li-metal batteries is hindered by their low coulombic efficiency and poor cycling stability attributed to continuous electrolyte decomposition. Enhancement of the solid electrolyte interface (SEI) stability is key to mitigating electrolyte decomposition. This study proposes surface-functionalized silica mesoball fillers to fabricate a composite polymer electrolyte (MSBM-CPE). As a result of surface modification, the polyethylene oxide matrix benefits from the uniform distribution of the filler, which provides a large surface area and Lewis acid sites. Molecular dynamics simulations reveal that the dissociation energy of lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide in the filler is fourfold higher (-1.95 eV) than that of the filler-free electrolyte. Consequently, the MSMB-CPE diffusivity is 30 times higher than its filler-free counterpart. The MSMB-CPE of ionic conductivity of 1.16 × 10 -2  S cm -1 @60 °C and a venerable Li-ion transference number of 0.81. The excellent compatibility of MSMB-CPE with the Li anode is demonstrated by its stable symmetric cell performance under high current density (200 µA cm -2 @60 °C) for over 5000 h. Approximately 85.60% retention capacity of the [Li/MSMB-CPE/LiFePO 4 ] full cell after 700 cycles. Furthermore, compositional analysis reveals that the SEI layer in MSMB-CPE is smooth with fewer by-products at the electrolyte/Li interface., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Copyright of West China Journal of Stomatology is the property of Sichuan University, West China College of Stomatology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Heterogeneous membranes made of a polymer matrix and containing nano-metric fillers in their structure may present improved physicochemical and process properties compared to homogeneous membranes made only of polymer materials. Membranes made of a PEBAX®2533 block copolymer were tested with fillers such as ZIF-8, SiO2 and POSS-Ph being dosed to them. The material analysis and process tests indicate that these nanomaterials can be used as fillers for heterogeneous membranes. Chemometric analyses determined the influence of individual fillers on selected physicochemical properties of the materials which were used to produce the membranes. For specific concentrations of these fillers, improvement in the permeability and selectivity of the membranes, or at least in one of these parameters, was achieved. The greatest increase in permeability against the homogeneous membrane was obtained for membranes containing 10 wt% ZIF-8 (for CO2, an increase of 2.07 times; for CH4, 2.36 times; for N2, 3.08 times). In turn, the greatest increase in selectivity was obtained for the CO2/CH4 mixture for the membrane containing 5 wt% SiO2 (1.15 times), and for the CO2/N2 mixture for the membrane containing 2 wt% POSS-Ph (1.21 times). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Core/shell pigments allow for the combination of the active anti-corrosion effect of the shell and the barrier effect of the core. This makes it possible to obtain anti-corrosion pigments, with a high—protective effect and low toxicity. Thus, the need for a comprehensive study of the properties of these pigments grows more urgent, before their application to paints and varnishes. The hiding power of core/shell pigments comes close to the one of pure polyaniline (PANi), when the PANi content in the pigment reaches 50 wt.%, with sulfuric and phosphoric acids used as dopants. This paper, also, shows that the blackness value of core/shell pigments with 10 wt.% PANi is around 35 and constant; for pure PANi, their blackness value is 40. When PANi content is 5 wt.%, kaolin-based pigment shows the lowest blackness, which happens due to a generally higher whiteness of kaolin. However, when the PANi content surpasses 10 wt.%, there seems to be no influence on the blackness of the core/shell pigments. The core/shell pigment with a 20 wt.% PANi is, optically, identical to a black-iron-oxide pigment. An increase in the PANi content of the core/shell pigment leads to an increase in the oil absorption of the samples. It was found that the dispersion process would be the most energy efficient for core/shell pigments, containing kaolin and talc as a core. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Owing to the widespread use of polypropylene (PP) nanocomposites, their stability in the environment is becoming increasingly relevant. Accordingly, a systematic study of the relationship between the characteristics of inorganic nanofillers and the environmental aging behavior of PP is necessary to determine the service life of PP nanocomposites in outdoor environments. Therefore, in this study, we systematically investigated the effects of the chemical composition, particle size, crystalline form, and amount of inorganic filler (CaCO3, Al2O3, SiO2, and ZnO) on the outdoor aging behavior of PP. The results of outdoor aging experiments showed that the filler composition affects the aging behavior of PP. It was found that SiO2 and ZnO nanoparticles accelerate and retard the outdoor aging of PP, respectively. In addition, PP composites containing inorganic fillers with relatively large particles or more stable crystalline forms exhibit relatively slow aging. In the case of the fillers other than ZnO nanoparticles, increasing the filler content accelerates the outdoor aging of PP. The evolution of cracks in the exposed surfaces of PP composites during outdoor aging was observed by scanning electron microscopy. The CO2 generated by PP composites during in situ gaseous degradation product detection corresponds well with the results of the outdoor aging experiments. This study elucidates the effects of inorganic fillers on the outdoor aging behavior of PP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biocompatible and biodegradable polymer composite systems equipped with electrical/mechanical functions have been researched as a tool that can be applicable for bio‐integrated electronics to obtain a variety of useful information, through formation of reliable interfaces with soft, non‐planar skin and organs in the human body. Although previous review articles have explored various types of organic materials (natural/synthetic polymers), including intrinsically conducting polymers (ICPs) as constituent materials for such composites, there has been a lack of consideration of inorganic materials, which may narrow the scope of material options for diverse electrical/functional properties. Indeed, biocompatible and/or biodegradable inorganic elements exhibit high electrical conductivity, various morphologies for effective percolation networks, cytocompatibility, soft mechanical characteristics compared to ICPs, and many functions such as magnetism, photoluminescence, and electrochemical reactivity. This review introduces recent advances in biologically safe and biodegradable conductive polymer composites, including materials selection, relevant fabrication strategies, and various potential applications, aimed at revealing the potential applicability of inorganic elements in conductive composites, which has not been discussed in other reviews. Finally, it concludes with remarks on key issues and challenges to overcome corrosion and oxidation issues of inorganic metals and to improve the electrical performance of composite systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solid electrolyte is an important part of all-solid-state lithium-ion battery, and it is the key and difficult point in the research of all-solid-state lithium-ion battery. Both solid polymer electrolyte and inorganic ceramic electrolytes have obvious deficiencies in electrochemical and mechanical properties, but polymer-inorganic filler solid composite electrolyte is obtained by adding inorganic filler into solid polymer electrolyte and this way can complement their shortcomings. In this paper, the effect of inorganic fillers on lithium-ion migration in polymer electrolyte is analyzed. The latest research progress of solid composite electrolyte based on polyethylene oxide, polyacrylonitrile, and polycarbonate is introduced, which provides guidance for the research of solid composite electrolyte in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The viability of fillers for inhibiting the dry-band arcing damage on high temperature vulcanized silicone rubber under the critical AC and the equivalent DC voltages of inclined plane test is investigated. Alumina tri-hydrate and ground silica are employed in the study as common fillers employed in silicone rubber formulation for outdoor high voltage insulation, and thermal analysis is applied in order to understand the protective mechanisms of the fillers. Filler volume effect plays a role in improving the erosion performance, and the dilution effect of water of hydration is shown advantageous for preventing progressive (directed) erosion. Dilution effect promoted with internal oxidation is found only notable at 50 wt% alumina tri-hydrate in this study. On the other hand, alumina tri-hydrate at 10 or 30 wt% may yield a porous residue, which is conducive to thermo-oxidation (combustion) and consequently erosion. The erosion suppression effects reported for the fillers in the composites employed in this study are found less viable under the equivalent DC as compared to the critical AC voltages of the inclined plane test. This study clarifies common perceptions about the viability of fillers in silicone rubber for AC and DC outdoor insulation applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The occurrence of uncontrolled electrostatic discharge (ESD) is among the major causes of damage in unprotected electronic components during industrial processes. To counteract this undesired phenomenon, ESD composites showing static-dissipative and antistatic responses are developed. In particular, static-dissipative materials are able to slow down the flow of electric charges, whereas antistatic materials directly suppress the initial charges induced by undesired charging by properly dispersing conductive fillers within an insulant matrix and thus forming a conductive filler network. In this context, the purpose of this review is to provide a useful resume of the main fundamentals of the technology necessary for facing electrostatic charging. The formation mechanisms of electrostatic charges at the material surface were described, providing a classification of ESD composites and useful characterization methods. Furthermore, we reported a deep analysis of the role of conductive fillers in the formation of filler networks to allow electric charge movements, along with an overview of the different classes of inorganic conductive fillers exploitable in ESD composites, evidencing pros/cons and criticalities of each category of inorganic fillers.

This paper investigates the tracking and erosion of silicone rubber and EPDM insulation in the DC inclined plane tracking and erosion test. Silicone rubber filled with alumina tri-hydrate fails due to combustion in the gas phase or erosion paths, but with no evidence of tracking. EPDM fails due to tracking and surface capturing fire, from dry-band arcing leaving a black residue while impinging the surface. Carbonaceous residue on EPDM gives rise to leakage current magnitude, whereas fused silica-based residue on silicone rubber is shown to promote combustion. A high amount of alumina tri-hydrate replacing the polymeric fuel in the composite is shown as a primary factor preventing failure and changing the nature of the residue in the DC inclined plane tracking and erosion test. Depolymerization is the main degradation mechanism reported for silicone rubber and EPDM, with notable degrees of crosslinking reported only for silicone rubber. Crosslinking reduces the amount of silicone rubber undergoing depolymerization, thus, the amount of fuel prone to combustion is reported to promote a coherent residue shield against the eroding dry-band arcing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate the effects of surface modification with stearic acid on the dispersion of some inorganic fillers in polyethylene (PE) matrix, masterbatches containing 20–40 wt% of stearic acid uncoated and coated inorganic fillers and the linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) films containing 3–7% stearic acid uncoated and coated inorganic fillers were prepared. Two types of inorganic fillers used in the masterbatch included bentonite and silica. The structural change of inorganic fillers, whose surface was modified with stearic acid, was studied using IR spectroscopy. The dispersion of inorganic fillers in LLDPE matrix was evaluated using scanning electron microscope (masterbatch samples) and optical microscope (film samples). Changes in the melting temperature of LLDPE in the presence of inorganic fillers were evaluated by using differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). The mechanical properties of the films were evaluated according to ASTM D882. Surfacetreated fillers with stearic acid dispersed in the masterbatches and films better than untreated fillers did. Stearic acid did not change the melting temperature of the filler/PE masterbatches. The mechanical properties of the films containing stearic acid coated fillers were higher than those containing unmodified fillers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The trade-off relationship between gas permeability and selectivity is well-known as the primary barrier to developing polymeric membranes for the gas separation process. Mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) can be promoted as a solution to produce the desired membrane for gas separation processes. The general idea for synthesizing MMMs is to induce the thermal, electrical, mechanical, and molecular sieve properties of these nano materials into the base membrane. The incorporation of silica particles with molecular sieving properties in the polymer matrix is expected to lead to higher permeability and/or higher selectivity, compared to polymeric membranes. This paper reviews various types of silica incorporated into a polymer matrix and their gas transport mechanisms, MMM preparation methods and effect of silica on MMM characteristics and gas separation performance. MMM gas transport models after silica incorporation are also reviewed. In addition, the challenges and future works in developing MMMs with silica particles as inorganic filler are discussed.

Today, there is an urgent demand to develop all solid‐state lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) with a high energy density and a high degree of safety. The core technology in solid‐state batteries is a solid‐state electrolyte, which determines the performance of the battery. Among all the developed solid electrolytes, composite polymer electrolytes (CPEs) have been deemed as one of the most viable candidates because of their comprehensive performance. In this review, the limitations of traditional solid polymer electrolytes and the recent progress of CPEs are introduced. The effect and mechanism of inorganic fillers to the various properties of electrolytes are discussed in detail. Meanwhile, the factors affecting ionic conductivity are intensively reviewed. The recent representative CPEs with synthetic fillers and natural clay‐based fillers are highlighted because of their great potential. Finally, the remaining challenges and promising prospects are outlined to provide strategies to develop novel CPEs for high‐performance LIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of metallic micro- and/or nanoparticles as inorganic fillers for the improvement of polymer properties is an active trend. This has led to the development of polymer-metallic composites with high potential to be applied in food packaging, due to the enhanced antimicrobial, gas barrier, light-blocking and antioxidant effect in addition to the polymer intrinsic properties. The increasing number of investigations of novel polymer-metallic composites with promising potential and/or already applied as food packaging has raised concern over their efficacy, but also toxicity and environmental impact. In this review a critical evaluation of current investigations on polymer-metallic composites, as food packaging options, is assessed. This evaluation emphasizes the enhanced properties provided by the metallic fillers onto the polymer packaging itself, and indirectly in food shelf life, safety and quality. Moreover, awareness regarding the toxicity and environmental impact is also evaluated and related to the migration behaviour. Without question, the addition of these type of fillers has the enormous potential to enhance the package properties and, therefore, the food shelf life. Usually, their addition is made alone or in complementation with other fillers allowing a broad spectrum of enhanced properties in the composite film. Despite the advantages, special attention must be paid to the migration form of the filler, in the ionic or the particulate form, that is related to the toxicity and environmental impact of such materials. In overall, the strengths and weaknesses are critically organized, allowing guidance decisions on the implementation of such materials in food packaging. • Zero valent metals as inorganic fillers to make polymer-metallic composites (PM 0 C). • The use of PM 0 C as active food packaging alternatives is a current trend. • PM 0 C manifest relevant antimicrobial, gas and UV–Vis barrier effects. • Application of PM 0 C as food package improves the product shelf life and safety. • Migration, regulations, toxicity and environmental impact of PM 0 C is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During water desalination by membrane distillation (MD) both process of wetting of hydrophobic polymeric membranes and their gradual degradation have been observed. The mechanical properties of polymer can be improved by the addition of fillers. The effect of introduction of inorganic fillers (mainly talc) on the properties of polypropylene membranes obtained by a thermally induced phase separation process has been investigated. Three types of capillary membranes manufactured in the industrial installation were used. A polypropylene homopolymer (Moplen HP 420 M) was applied for membranes production. Performance of the obtained polypropylene membranes was determined in the long-term studies of MD, using NaCl solutions (1-200 g/L) as a feed. The membrane resistance to thermal degradation was additionally evaluated using boiling brine enriched in HCO3 - ions. The concentrated salt solutions slightly accelerated the membrane wetting and the electrical conductivity of distillate increased to a level of 200-500 µS/cm after 850 h of MD process. However, the retention coefficient over 99% was achieved in each case. It was confirmed that the addition of inorganic fillers significantly improved the mechanical properties of membranes and decreased the thermal degradation of polypropylene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon fiber-reinforced composite laminates are progressively appealing for several applications in various manufacturing sectors such as aeronautical and automobile, because of their amazingly predominant mechanical properties. This has subsequently led to an increase in research of various machinability techniques emphasizing on both conventional and non-conventional methods. Typically, conventional drilling is one of the most significant machining processes for most kinds of fiber composite laminates. The most unsolicited damage termed as delamination during drilling has recently become one of the most influential research subjects as numerous engineers in manufacturing sector have been trying to prevent this problem over decades. This review paper briefly discusses about the incorporation of different types of fillers in carbon fiber-reinforced composites. The paper also summarizes the steady progress in drilling-induced delamination of carbon fiber laminates. It covers the delamination formation mechanism, delamination suppression strategies, and the optimization of various drilling parameters to reduce the delamination damage. The present article provides researchers an opportunity to deepen their knowledge on specific aspects by exploring different methods for reducing delamination in CFRP composites.

Polymer nanocomposites with improved dielectric permittivity and high breakdown strength are extremely desirable for the flexible electronic devices and power systems. The compatibility of fillers and polymer matrix is important in determining the dielectric and breakdown strength properties. The core–shell structure concept is useful to improve the compatibility of fillers with polymer matrix. Herein, an organic thermoplastic urethanes (TPU) polymer shell was successfully grafted on the surface of barium titanate (BaTiO(3), BT) and such a TPU shell improved the permittivity and breakdown strength of TPU@BT/PVDF polymer nanocomposites greatly. The permittivity of TPU@BT/PVDF nanocomposites with 12 wt% fillers at 10^2 Hz was up to 13.5, which was 1.5 times higher than that of pure poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF). The improvement of the dielectric properties could be attributed to the enhanced interfacial polarisation between BT nanoparticles and TPU shell. Besides, the compatibility of BT nanoparticles and PVDF matrix was improved after the introduction of TPU shell. Accordingly, a highest breakdown strength value about 373 MV/m was obtained for the TPU@BT/PVDF nanocomposites with 7 wt% fillers. The core–shell strategy could be extended to a variety of inorganic fillers to improve the dielectric and breakdown strength properties of polymer nanocomposites.

Carbon fiber-reinforced composite laminates are progressively appealing for several applications in various manufacturing sectors such as aeronautical and automobile, because of their amazingly predominant mechanical properties. This has subsequently led to an increase in research of various machinability techniques emphasizing on both conventional and non-conventional methods. Typically, conventional drilling is one of the most significant machining processes for most kinds of fiber composite laminates. The most unsolicited damage termed as delamination during drilling has recently become one of the most influential research subjects as numerous engineers in manufacturing sector have been trying to prevent this problem over decades. This review paper briefly discusses about the incorporation of different types of fillers in carbon fiber-reinforced composites. The paper also summarizes the steady progress in drilling-induced delamination of carbon fiber laminates. It covers the delamination formation mechanism, delamination suppression strategies, and the optimization of various drilling parameters to reduce the delamination damage. The present article provides researchers an opportunity to deepen their knowledge on specific aspects by exploring different methods for reducing delamination in CFRP composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An overview of intermediate temperature (100–300 °C) proton conducting membrane electrolyte materials for fuel cells is presented in this review. The fuel cells operated in intermediate temperature range could enhance the electrochemical kinetics, simplify water management, and improve impurities resistance. Polyfluorosulfonic acid polymer membrane represented by Nafion, and non-fluorinated arylene polymer membranes represented by polybenzimidazole are the two most widely polymer electrolyte membranes for intermediate temperature membrane. The structure regulation and fillers addition are two effective ways to maintain the conductivity and mechanical properties of membranes at intermediate temperature. Moreover, heteropolyacids, metal pyrophosphates and inorganic membranes also have attracted widespread attention when they operate at intermediate temperature. Image 1 • The developments of electrolyte membranes for intermediate temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells (ITPEMFCs)are overviewed in this work. • Polymers and inorganics conductors are both used as IT PEM, but the structures should be modified to fit the thermal and conduction requirements. • The proton transport mechanism of intermediate temperature PEMare normally followed the Grothuss mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of anion exchange membranes (AEM) based on poly (2, 6-dimethyl-1, 4-phenylene) (PPO) and polysulfone (PSF) blended with TiO 2 were prepared and investigated. The water uptake, swelling ratio, ion exchange capacity, ion conductivity (IC) and thermal stability of the AEMs increased with increasing content of TiO 2 within the composite membrane. The QPPO/PSF/TiO 2 AEMs showed excellent thermal stability, high IC of 54.7 mS cm−1 at 80 °C, excellent alkaline stability and good performance when assembled in a methanol alkaline fuel cell. The highest peak power density of 118 mW cm−2 at a load current density of 300 mA cm−2 was observed for the QPPO/PSF/2%TiO 2 composite membrane at 60 °C. The life time test of the fuel cell showed good membrane durability over a 60 h period. The results of this study suggest that the fabricated AEMs have good prospects for alkaline anion exchange membrane fuel cell applications. • Titanium dioxide enhances anion exchange membrane properties. • Composite membrane with conductivity of 54.7 mS cm−1 at 80 °C obtained. • Membrane retained Ion conductivity of 85% and 75% after 10 days at 25 and 80 °C. • Power density of 118 mW cm−2 was obtained at 60 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The incorporation of inorganic fillers into poly(ethyleneoxide)(PEO)-based solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) is well known as a low-cost and effective method to improve their mechanical and electrochemical properties. Porous zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) is firstly used as the filler for PEO-based SPEs in this work. Due to the introduction of ZIF-8, an ionic conductivity of 2.2 × 10−5 S/cm (30 °C) is achieved for the composite SPE, which is one order of magnitude higher than that of the pure PEO. ZIF-8 also accounts for the broader electrochemical stability window and lithium ion transference number (0.36 at 60 °C) of the composite SPE. Moreover, the improved mechanism of ZIF-8 to the composite SPE is investigated by zeta potential and Fourier transform infrared spectrograph characterizations. The stability at the composite SPE/lithium interface is greatly enhanced. The LiFePO4||Li cells using the composite SPE exhibit high capacity and excellent cycling performance at 60 °C, i.e., 85% capacity retention with 111 mA·h/g capacity retained after 350 cycles at 0.5 C. In comparison, the cells using the pure PEO show fast capacity decay to 74 mA·h/g maintaining only 68 capacity. These results indicate that the PEO-based SPEs with ZIF-8 are of great promise for the application in solid-state lithium metal batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The focus of our study is to identify physical properties of different impact-resistant/toughened structural adhesives and identify/develop an elastic-viscoelastic-plastic model as a function of loading rate by using Ludwik-type equations to be able to predict adhesive behavior at higher loading rates and to make cars more crashworthy. For this purpose, we first characterized eight different commercial toughened epoxy structural adhesives to provide detailed information about their constituents using X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential thermal analysis (DTA), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive x-ray spectrometer (EDS). Most (but not all) of the model adhesives contained organic tougheners in the form of carboxyl terminated butadiene acrylonitrile (CTBN) copolymer, as well as polyurethane adducts. The main crystalline inorganic phases were found as calcite (CaCO3), wollastonite (CaSiO3) or calcium silicate (CaSiO3), talc (Mg3Si4O10 (OH)2), zeolite which is an alumina silicate based mineral and has many different elements in its composition (M2/nO⋅Al2O3⋅xSiO2⋅yH2O, M can be Mg, Na, Ca, K, Li). The total amount of inorganic fillers was found to be different in each adhesive. Material behavior of the model adhesives were determined via tensile tests and Single Lap Joint (SLJ) tests in shear. Split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) was also used to measure the strain and stress values at higher strain rates in the order of 10² s-1, which is generally encountered in impact related loading situations. Toughness values in the range ~0.5 to ~1.35 MJ/m³ were observed with the model adhesives tested in tensile mode within the ~3 x 10-3 to 0.18 m/m/s strain rate range. The softening behavior of the elastic moduli at higher strain rates observed during tensile testing was also observed with SHPB testing. It is remarkable that, overall, the modulus magnitudes seem to be similar between the tensile test and SHPB specimens within this softening range of the initial bilinear elastic behavior observed. When the results from bulk (tensile) and bonded (shear) specimens were compared, it was clearly seen that the toughness responses of the adhesives to (tensile/shear) strain rates in the bulk and bonded forms, respectively, were different, with the bonded shear toughness values in the ~25 to ~120 MJ/m³ range within ~1.25 to ~25 mm/mm/s shear strain range. The model adhesive which included just inorganic fillers had the lowest tensile toughness at the lowest tensile strain rate, but the highest slope in its tensile toughness regression line, exhibited the second highest bonded shear toughness. When tested at the extension rates of 25 mm/min and 100 mm/min in bonded lap shear, the same adhesive exhibited limited interfacial failure areas, however the dominant failure mode was cohesive failure. When the extension rate increased further, transition to interfacial (adhesive) failure was observed revealing that interfacial failures do not necessarily diminish adhesive bond toughness. Our observations point to the fact that cohesive deformation/failure processes indicating interfacial separations, inter-particle interactions as well as polymer matrix deformation in high deformation loading scenario as in bonded shear loadings may provide the highest toughness. Apparently, a large inorganic filler weight fraction is not necessary to obtain high shear toughness in bonded form since the highest bonded shear toughness was obtained with the adhesive which had the least amount of inorganic fillers among the model adhesives with 14.72 wt %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the erosion suppression effects of the water of hydration in alumina tri-hydrate and magnesium hydroxide fillers in silicone rubber during the AC and DC dry-bad arcing. Simultaneous thermogravimetric and differential thermal analyses show the hydrated filler type, level and size affecting erosion. Water of hydration in alumina tri-hydrate is shown to be released before the depolymerization of silicone rubber; whereas, the water of hydration in magnesium hydroxide is released during the depolymerization. As such, alumina tri-hydrate could promote a stronger shield of residue against dry-band arcing as compared to magnesium hydroxide, which could further suppress erosion. Increasing the hydrated filler loading raises the amount of the water of hydration released, which could dilute the silicone rubber in the gas phase and suppress combustion. However, insignificant effect on the suppression of depolymerization is obtained at higher levels of the hydrated filler, possibly due to the lack of filler-polymer interactions tethering silicone rubber chains. Internal oxidation promoted with lower sizes of alumina tri-hydrate could promote a radical-based crosslinking, leaving a stronger shield of residue against dry-band arcing. However, hydrolysis may take place and insignificant improvement is shown for the erosion performance with internal oxidation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the high affinity of ceria (CeO2) towards carbon dioxide (CO2) and the high thermal and mechanical properties of cellulose triacetate (CTA) polymer, mixed-matrix CTA-CeO2 membranes were fabricated. A facile solution-casting method was used for the fabrication process. CeO2 nanoparticles at concentrations of 0.32, 0.64 and 0.9 wt.% were incorporated into the CTA matrix. The physico-chemical properties of the membranes were evaluated by SEM-EDS, XRD, FTIR, TGA, DSC and strain-stress analysis. Gas sorption and permeation affinity were evaluated using different single gases. The CTA-CeO2 (0.64) membrane matrix showed a high affinity towards CO2 sorption. Almost complete saturation of CeO2 nanoparticles with CO2 was observed, even at low pressure. Embedding CeO2 nanoparticles led to increased gas permeability compared to pristine CTA. The highest gas permeabilities were achieved with 0.64 wt.%, with a threefold increase in CO2 permeability as compared to pristine CTA membranes. Unwanted aggregation of the filler nanoparticles was observed at a 0.9 wt.% concentration of CeO2 and was reflected in decreased gas permeability compared to lower filler loadings with homogenous filler distributions. The determined gas selectivity was in the order CO2/CH4 > CO2/N2 > O2/N2 > H2/CO2 and suggests the potential of CTA-CeO2 membranes for CO2 separation in flue/biogas applications.

For the first time, Silicon Carbide-Zinc Oxide-Graphite reinforced hypereutectic Aluminium–Silicon composites were fabricated by two-step stir casting. The mechanical properties and abrasive wear performance of the composites were experimentally tested. A multilevel factorial design of experiment was conducted to develop a numerical model for predicting the wear rate of composites and optimization of their wear performance as a function of reinforcement characteristics. The results indicated that high content of silicon carbide in the composites superlatively enhanced hardness, tensile strength and fracture toughness by 69.04%, 163.22% and 77.42%, respectively. Correspondingly, high content of graphite indicated superlative wear resistance of 95.87% reduction in wear index while high zinc oxide content revealed enhanced fracture toughness highly comparable with that observed for high silicon carbide content. Nevertheless, in comparison with the monolithic alloy, the trade-offs in the strains-to-fracture of the composites were more pronounced with high silicon carbide content. The developed 2-factor-interaction effects model strongly agrees with the experimental results after passing various model validity tests available in Design Expert Software. It revealed that the composition of reinforcing constituents influenced the model more than the volume fraction, and the interaction between the composition of reinforcement constituents and volume fraction.

As promising alternatives to liquid electrolytes, polymer electrolytes attract much research interest recently, but their widespread use is limited by the low ionic conductivity. In this study, we use electrostatic spinning to introduce particles of an ionic conductor into polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibers to prepare a porous membrane as the host of gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs). The relevant in-situ produced GPE performs a high ionic conductivity of 6.0×10 -3  S cm -1 , and a high lithium transfer number (t Li + ) of 0.85 at 30 °C, respectively. A symmetrical Li cell with this GPE can cycle stably for 550 h at a current density of 0.5 mA cm -2 . While the capacity retention of the NCM|GPE|Li cell is 79.84 % after 500 cycles at 2 C. Even with an increased cut-off voltage of 4.5 V, the 1 st coulomb efficiency reaches 91.58 % with a specific discharge capacity of 213.4 mAh g -1 . This study provides a viable route for the practical application of high energy density lithium metal batteries., (© 2024 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

The development of effective thermally conductive rubber nanocomposites for heat management represents a tricky point for several modern technologies, ranging from electronic devices to the tire industry. Since rubber materials generally exhibit poor thermal transfer, the addition of high loadings of different carbon-based or inorganic thermally conductive fillers is mandatory to achieve satisfactory heat dissipation performance. However, this dramatically alters the mechanical behavior of the final materials, representing a real limitation to their application. Moreover, upon fillers’ incorporation into the polymer matrix, interfacial thermal resistance arises due to differences between the phonon spectra and scattering at the hybrid interface between the phases. Thus, a suitable filler functionalization is required to avoid discontinuities in the thermal transfer. In this challenging scenario, the present review aims at summarizing the most recent efforts to improve the thermal conductivity of rubber nanocomposites by exploiting, in particular, inorganic and hybrid filler systems, focusing on those that may guarantee a viable transfer of lab-scale formulations to technological applicable solutions. The intrinsic relationship among the filler’s loading, structure, morphology, and interfacial features and the heat transfer in the rubber matrix will be explored in depth, with the ambition of providing some methodological tools for a more profitable design of thermally conductive rubber nanocomposites, especially those for the formulation of tires.

For the first time, Silicon Carbide-Zinc Oxide-Graphite reinforced hypereutectic Aluminium–Silicon composites were fabricated by two-step stir casting. The mechanical properties and abrasive wear performance of the composites were experimentally tested. A multilevel factorial design of experiment was conducted to develop a numerical model for predicting the wear rate of composites and optimization of their wear performance as a function of reinforcement characteristics. The results indicated that high content of silicon carbide in the composites superlatively enhanced hardness, tensile strength and fracture toughness by 69.04%, 163.22% and 77.42%, respectively. Correspondingly, high content of graphite indicated superlative wear resistance of 95.87% reduction in wear index while high zinc oxide content revealed enhanced fracture toughness highly comparable with that observed for high silicon carbide content. Nevertheless, in comparison with the monolithic alloy, the trade-offs in the strains-to-fracture of the composites were more pronounced with high silicon carbide content. The developed 2-factor-interaction effects model strongly agrees with the experimental results after passing various model validity tests available in Design Expert Software. It revealed that the composition of reinforcing constituents influenced the model more than the volume fraction, and the interaction between the composition of reinforcement constituents and volume fraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In designing mixed-matrix membranes (MMMs), inorganic fillers such as titanium (IV) oxide (TiO 2) nanoparticles are commonly added because of their excellent intrinsic properties and high affinity toward CO 2. However, the addition of TiO 2 nanoparticles causes formation of agglomerates because of their high surface energy and van der Waals forces. In this study, MMMs comprising caged hybrid framework, i.e., octaisobutyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (OPOSS) incorporated with TiO 2 nanoparticles were developed by phase inversion technique. The effectiveness of OPOSS as a dispersant was determined by using qualitative and quantitative methods. Based on the findings, OPOSS successfully enhanced the dispersion of TiO 2 nanoparticles as it reduced the surface energy of TiO 2 nanoparticles. The optimum amount of TiO 2 -OPOSS in the tetrahydrofuran/dimethylacetamide casting solution was at 4 wt % TiO 2 and 2 wt % OPOSS based on qualitative and quantitative analyses. At 4/2-T/OPOSS MMM, the elemental mapping showed uniform dispersion of TiO 2 nanoparticles without formation of large agglomerates. In addition, the free-space length and d -metric value were the lowest for 4/2-T/OPOSS, which implied that this membrane has the highest degree of particles' dispersion and distribution. Hence, the optimum CO 2 /CH 4 gas selectivity performance was achieved by 4/2-T/OPOSS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]