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Vaccination plays an essential role in preventing diseases, safeguarding the health and welfare of the population. The objective of this review is to design vaccination plans for companion animals and production systems in equines and bovines located in the state of Meta (Colombia). In felines and canines, vaccination can provide protection against possible bacterial, virulent and parasitic agents with infectious and/or zoonotic capacity and thus reduce losses in veterinary expenses associated with the treatment of sick animals. In equines, it is prophylactic against encephalomyelitis and equine influenza, avoiding animal suffering and possible economic losses; while, in bovine production, it can be highly preventive against conditions such as brucellosis and foot-and-mouth disease, which can have serious economic consequences in the industry. Therefore, it is of crucial importance to adopt a solid and clear focus on prevention through contextualized vaccination programs, in this case for the state of Meta, protecting only one health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organisms are exposed to pathogens that cause infections, and consequently, they have developed complex physiological responses that allow them to resist or eliminate such threats; this set of strategies constitutes the immune system. Hosts exhibit great variation in the magnitude and efficiency of their immune responses. Ecoimmunology is an emerging discipline that seeks to understand the intrinsic and extrinsic factors that modulate this variation in immune response and, therefore, susceptibility to diseases across a wide range of species and habitats. On one hand, there is ample evidence that resistance to pathogens and parasites is under genetic control. On the other hand, since immune function involves high costs (e.g., energy, nutritional), it is expected that trade-offs arise between it and other costly physiological processes for the organism. In this review, the main patterns of variation in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and its relationship with pathogen resistance in the subterranean rodent Ctenomys talarum (tuco-tucos) are presented, as well as the role of these genes in the context of mate selection. Additionally, evidence is presented for the existence of energy and nutritional costs of different arms of the immune response in this species, as well as the trade-offs established between immune function and other physiological processes, such as reproduction. Finally, the roles of habitat and life history traits in shaping the variation of the immune response in tuco-tucos are discussed, along with the relevance of ecoimmunological studies in wild mammals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mitochondria play an important role in cell energy metabolism due to the main function of producing biologically available energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), through biochemical processes such as oxidative phosphorylation, beta oxidation of fatty acids and the Krebs cycle. Acute respiratory distress syndrome is a severe lung disease characterized by the appearance of diffuse alveolar infiltrates, dysregulated immune response and alveolocapillary injury that limits gas exchange. Alveolar cells maintain an oxygen tension of 5% and mitochondria consume oxygen through the cytochrome c oxidase enzyme in the electron transport chain, allowing ATP production. The reduction in oxygen consumption is crucial in mitochondrial damage, as mitochondria are sensitive to hypoxemia, affecting the transfer of molecules in the electron transport chain that disrupt the Krebs cycle. Hypoxia due to hypoxemia affects mitochondrial fusion and fission, while OXPHOS remodels, mainly in complex I, to maintain mitochondrial integrity. Lack of oxygen activates hypoxia-inducible factors, generating oxidative stress, acidosis and cell damage; therefore, this review aims to describe mitochondrial adaptations in acute respiratory distress syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La vacunación desempeña un rol esencial previniendo enfermedades, salvaguardando la salud y el bienestar de la población. Esta revisión tiene como objetivo diseñar los planes de vacunación para animales de compañía y sistemas de producción en equinos y bovinos ubicados en el departamento del Meta (Colombia). La vacunación puede brindar, en felinos y caninos, protección contra posibles agentes infectocontagiosos, zoonóticos en algunos casos, y así reducir las pérdidas de gastos veterinarios asociados al tratamiento de animales enfermos. En equinos es profiláctica para la encefalomielitis y la influenza equina, pudiendo evitar el sufrimiento del animal y las posibles pérdidas económicas; mientras que, en producción bovina puede ser altamente preventiva contra afecciones como brucelosis y fiebre aftosa, las cuales pueden tener consecuencias económicas graves en la industria. Por lo tanto, es de crucial importancia adoptar un enfoque sólido y claro en la prevención mediante programas de vacunación contextualizados, en este caso para el departamento del Meta.

Extrapulmonary tuberculosis accounts for 15-20% of all cases, osteoarticular accounts for 11.3-34.5%. We report here the case of a 28-year-old male immunocompetent host who started with respiratory symptoms and subsequently developed a painful tumor on the second finger of the right hand. He started treatment in a peripheral health care center after identifying Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a sputum sample. Due to the persistence of symptoms, he was transferred to our institution. A biopsy of the tumor was positive for Gene Xpert MTB/RIF, and pathological studies revealed bone involvement of the second finger of the right hand. Incidentally, a vertebral lesion at D9 was found. This report helps consider bone tuberculosis in the differential diagnosis of bone involvement in immunocompetent hosts from endemic areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proteins are the molecular machinery that allows the correct functioning of the cells. To achieve these functions, proteins establish interaction between them. There are several molecular techniques to understand the interactions, such as yeast-two-hybrid, coimmunoprecipitation, GST pull-down, cell localization, BiFC, and FRET. This review presents a general description of these technologies and a brief explanation of how their application expanded the knowledge of the mechanisms activated during the interactions between plants and their bacterial pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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El siguiente artículo se refiere al caso Víctor Pey Casado y Fundación Presidente Allende con República de Chile, el de mayor duración en el sistema CIADI, y que actualmente se encuentra en fase de ejecución ante la justicia española. Se abordarán, principalmente, los aspectos fácticos y procesales que devinieron en la situación procesal actual, así como la particularidad del exorbitante monto por el cual se busca ejecutar el laudo arbitral contra el Estado de Chile en una jurisdicción foránea.

El presente trabajo se llevó a cabo con el objetivo de evaluar la calidad calostral en yeguas post parto y la transferencia pasiva de la inmunidad en potrillos en un establecimiento del distrito de Filadelfia, Departamento de Boquerón en el año 2022. Para el efecto se contó con 22 animales de la especie equina, sexo hembra, recién paridas (hasta las 24 horas post parto), que tuvieron un parto normal, sin distinción de raza ni edad y los 22 potrillos nacidos de las mismas, sin distinción de sexo ni raza, aparentemente sanos. Para evaluar calidad de calostro y niveles de inmunoglobulinas en sangre, se utilizaron los Kits comerciales Inmuno G Test CALOSTRO y Inmuno-G Test® (ACV-EQUIMEL, SRL) respectivamente. Los resultados obtenidos indicaron que del total de muestras de calostro analizadas el 100 % fue de buena calidad (valores superiores a 3 g/dL dentro de los 10 minutos) y en cuanto a la transferencia de la inmunidad pasiva se verificó que en el 100 % de los potrillos fue buena (mayor a 800 mg/dL entre 0 y 10 minutos).

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Background: Ivermectin may affect the levels of cytokines and immunoglobulins in sheep, considering that avermectins have an effect on the immune system. Objective: To determine whether ivermectin has an effect on cytokines and immunoglobulins in sheep. Methods: After administration of ivermectin to 10 healthy sheep, sheepspecific interferon-α, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-2, interleukin-6, interleukin-10, immunoglobulin G, immunoglobulin M, and immunoglobulin E levels were measured with an ELISA reader. Results: Significant (p<0.05) fluctuations were detected in interleukin-2 and interleukin-10 levels. Transient increases (p<0.05) were measured in tumor necrosis factor-α and immunoglobulin E levels (p<0.05). Conclusion: Ivermectin may affect immune system parameters in healthy sheep; however, the effects of ivermectin administration on infected sheep should be investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nano-vitamins and minerals are used in animal nutrition to improve performance and health of broiler chickens as a potential alternative to antibiotic growth promoters. Objective: To evaluate the effect of several levels of a dietary nano α-tocopherol acetate plus selenium compound (NTS) on growth, intestinal histomorphometry, carcass traits, and immune status of broiler chickens. Methods: A total of 240 one-day-old Ross 308 chickens were randomly divided into four groups, each one with three pens (n=20 per pen). Four doses of nano α-tocopherol acetate and selenium (0, 5, 7, and 10 mg/kg) were included in the basal diet for 42 days. Results: Final body weight, cumulative body weight gain, and final conversion ratio significantly improved with increasing NTS levels (p<0.05). Carcass traits and weight of internal organs increased in the groups fed 7 and 10 mg/kg NTS. High NTS doses significantly increased immune vaccine titers against Newcastle disease, avian influenza virus, infectious bursal disease, and infectious bronchitis. Moreover, dietary addition of NTS improved intestinal morphometry. Conclusion: Thus, NTS (7 and 10 mg/kg) can be added to poultry rations to improve production, carcass characteristics, and immune status of broilers. Further studies are needed to evaluate NTS residues in meat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Preeclampsia isa pathology with high morbidity and mortality worldwide. In this disease, the placenta is an organ of shock where inflammation and the immune response generate the damage that results in the characteristic clinical scenario. The classic triad in preeclampsia is made up of hypertension, edema. and protei n uria, so it is thought that the endcthel ium must be affected by inflammatory-immunological activity. The immune system acts in the development of pregnancy and does so at different timesand regulating physio logically. Both, cellular and humoral components of the innate and acquired response have been studied in patients with preeclampsia and it has been determined that their participation is decisive in the pathophysiology of this disease. The involvement of the immune system in the pathophysiology of preeclampsia reaches a high level of complexity since it interacts with other systems (coagulation, renal, cardiovascular and endocrinological among others) thus favoring the disease. For this reason, treatment must be comprehensive, with a holistic vision of the condition and requires a multidisciplinary team that acts harmoniously to achieve the greatest therapeutic success with the least frequency of sequelae for the mother-fetus or mother-newborn dyads. During pregnancy, the so-cal led 'i mmunolog ica I tolera nee of preg na n cy* develops, in this state of immunological tolerance the B and T cells can recognize specific antigens (for example, the paternal ones) and later activate and generate the immune response. which is why preeclampsia ecu Id being considered an autoimmune pathology, where the loss of immunological to lera nee would be the cornerstone of pathcphysiology, knowing howto limit or regulate this abnormal cel I activation could help to propose new therapeutic approaches and thus control this disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cytokines are protein hormones that allow the intercellular communication, stimulate the activation of specific membrane receptors, have cell differentiation functions and proliferation, participate in the chemotaxis, as well as in the growth and modulation of immunoglobulin secretion; nevertheless, their main action is given by the regulation of the inflammation mechanism. The main cytokines in charge of this are interleukins 1, 8, 12 and 16, besides the tumor necrosis factor alpha and interferons, all of them proinflammatory. Interleukins 6 and 12 also act in the specific immunity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Habanera de Ciencias Médicas is the property of Universidad de Ciencias Medicas de La Habana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Amauta 'Todo lo Humano es Nuestro' is the property of Universidad del Atlantico and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Zinc is a fundamental trace element for the immune system and a critical factor for antiviral defenses, influencing the evolution of a virus infection. Zinc deficiency used to be considered rare; however, it is now a common problem, especially in developing countries. COVID-19 disease is rapidly spreading, with an immense number of people affected, and accessible treatment options are required, available worldwide and with minimal side effects. Zinc meets these criteria as a preventive and therapeutic agent, alone or in combination with other strategies. Therefore, there is particular interest in evaluating the rebalancing of the immune response using zinc supplementation against COVID-19. The scientific evidence is still limited, but its relevance lies in its novelty and potential therapeutic utility. We conducted a qualitative systematic review of the scientific reports published in 2020 and up to December 2021 on the use of zinc in patients with COVID-19, focusing on clinical studies. Although there is still no unified criterion on the therapeutic benefit of zinc against COVID-19, some reports highlight the usefulness of clinical research on the subject and the evidence shows that zinc deficiency is an important factor to consider in patients with COVID-19, as it may aggravate the development of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Las sentencias 148/2022 y 149/2022, ambas de 29 de noviembre de 2022 y dictadas por el Tribunal Constitucional, resuelven dos recursos de amparo planteados en el seno del proceso penal como consecuencia de los hechos acontecidos en España en relación con la comunidad autónoma de Cataluña que conllevaron la celebración del referéndum relativo a la independencia unilateral del territorio el 1 de octubre de 2017 y la aplicación del artículo 155 de la Constitución española. Dicho proceso penal se ha seguido contra los entonces dirigentes políticos de dicha comunidad autónoma y fue resuelto por la Sentencia del Tribunal Supremo, Sala 2.ª de lo Penal, de 14 de octubre de 2019. En estas sentencias, el Tribunal Constitucional analiza el requisito manifestado por el acuerdo de la Junta Electoral Central de acatamiento presencial de la Constitución a efectos de la proclamación de candidatos electos al Parlamento Europeo, la emisión al Parlamento Europeo de suplicatorio de suspensión de la inmunidad de aquellos y la vulneración de diversos derechos fundamentales, relacionado con el artículo 23.2 de la Constitución.

Las plantas del género Baccharis son empleadas en la medicina popular de Sudamérica para el alivio y tratamiento de diversas dolencias, entre ellas aquellas que cursan con procesos inflamatorios, por lo que constituyen una fuente potencial de compuestos con actividad sobre el sistema inmune. La creciente necesidad de nuevos fármacos con actividad inmunomoduladora ha redirigido la atención a las plantas de uso medicinal tradicional. Diversos estudios revelan la actividad inmunomoduladora de especies que forman parte de este género, destacándose la actividad anti-inflamatoria. Entre las especies más estudiadas se encuentran Baccharis trimera y B. dracunculifolia. El objetivo de este artículo de revisión es proveer una visión general y actualizada de la información disponible de la actividad de extractos y compuestos de vegetales del género Baccharis sobre la modulación de las respuestas del sistema inmune.

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Introduction: Toxoplasmosis is a zoonosis prevalent in one-third of the world's population, adversely affecting maternal-fetal health by causing varying degrees of damage to the fetus. Objective: To assess the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii IgG and IgM antibodies and associated risk factors in firsttrimester pregnant women in Cúcuta, Colombia, in 2018. Materials and Methods: Cross-sectional and correlational study in 111 women who voluntarily participated. Specific IgM and IgG antibodies were detected by luminescence immunoassay (LIA). Results: Total seropositivity for IgM and IgG was 19.8% and 35.1%, respectively, 11.7% was for IgM only, and 53.2% corresponded to the overall seronegativity rate for T. gondii. Risk factors (CI = 95%) such as undercooked meat consumption (54.1% of cases, OR = 1.8, p = 0.120), tap water consumption (48.6%, OR = 1.4, p = 0.421), and goat or cow raw milk consumption (39.6%, OR = 0.78, p = 0.553) were identified; in addition, living with cats (23.4%) was identified as a risk factor significantly associated with parasite seropositivity (OR = 2.8, p = 0.025). Discussion and conclusions: Our findings showed a possible risk of primary infection in more than half of the pregnant population, given the seronegativity against the parasite. A considerable frequency of suspected cases of very recent infection was also found. In addition to being associated with a previously recognized risk factor, this fact suggests the presence of other dietary risks that should be addressed through prevention strategies during prenatal care and the need to strengthen event surveillance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Psychological stress is a reaction to an unexpected situation that favours adaptation and response to the event. However, when psychological stress is chronic or very intense, it can induce changes in various systems and tissues, causing diseases or aggravating existing ones. Objective: To briefly analyse the pathophysiological conditions caused by psychological stress. Method: A narrative review of the scientific literature on pathophysiological conditions as a consequence of psychological stress was performed. Results: Psychological stress can induce various conditions at the gastrointestinal, immune and cardiovascular levels. This is mainly due to the neurobiological and endocrine response because when faced with a stressful stimulus, a deregulated release of glucocorticoids and catecholamines is generated, altering the normal physiology of the organism. Gastrointestinal disorders are mainly due to goblet cell dysfunction, resulting in intestinal hyperpermeability, inflammation and infection. Changes at the immune level lead to an increase in inflammatory responses but a decrease in the protective activities of the immune system. Finally, cardiovascular conditions include atherosclerosis, increased blood pressure and stroke. Conclusion: Psychological stress can induce real physiological pathologies and, in some cases, fatal ones. Some of the molecular mechanisms involved in these pathologies have already been studied and identified. Knowledge of these molecular mechanisms can help clinicians and therapists to improve the treatment and therapy of patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Revista de Filosofía (0034-8244) is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Objective. To determine the titer of antibodies against the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein (S) in health personnel between the 4th and 12th week after receiving the BBIBP-CorV vaccine (Sinopharm). Materials and methods. We included a total of 168 healthcare workers from two hospitals in the region, who complied with the complete Sinopharm vaccine schedule; serum antibodies were measured using the Elecsys® Anti-SARS-CoV-2 test. Results. All participants developed antibodies to the RBD domain. The lowest antibody titer level was 1.78 U/mL. Levels equal to or above 250 were found in 70 (41.7%) participants. The geometric mean was 82.6 (95% CI: 67.8-100.6). Women had higher antibody levels. Participants whose antibodies were measured between 4- and 7-weeks post-vaccination showed significantly higher antibody levels than patients whose antibody levels were measured between 10- and 12-weeks post-vaccination. Among patients with a history of COVID-19, antibody levels were found to be at or above 250 U/mL in 88% of cases, compared to 6% among those without a history of COVID-19, (p0.001). Conclusion. All participants immunized with BBIBPCorV vaccine were positive for antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein RBD. The correlation between the titer level and protection against COVID-19, as well as the length of the protection provided by the vaccine, needs to be evaluated.

Highlights: La toxoplasmosis gestacional podría constituir una grave problemática en ascenso en la población atendida en zona fronteriza nororiental de Colombia. La incrementada reactividad IgM específica a T.gondii en mujeres gestantes representa una alarma para la generación de estrategias de impacto en la prevención de esta problemática, como población priorizada. La seronegatividad frente a T.gondii, aún predominante en población gestante evaluada en región nororiental de Colombia, constituye un factor de riesgo relevante de toxoplasmosis gestacional, reflejado en alta susceptibilidad. La considerable exposición a factores de riesgo de toxoplasmosis en el embarazo implica una clara oportunidad de mejora de la calidad del control prenatal, mediante atención integral. Introducción:La toxoplasmosis es una zoonosis prevalente en un tercio de la población mundial, que afecta negativamente la salud materno-fetal causando daños de grado variable al feto. Objetivo: Se propuso evaluar el estado serológico IgG e IgM anti-Toxoplasma gondii y factores de riesgo relacionados, en mujeres gestantes de primer trimestre en Cúcuta, Colombia, en el año 2018. Materiales y métodos: Estudio transversal y correlacional en 111 mujeres participando voluntariamente, a quienes se testeó para IgM e IgG específicas por inmunoensayo LIA. Resultados: Se halló 19,8% y 35,1% de seropositividad total para IgM e IgG, respectivamente, 11,7% lo fue únicamente para IgM y 53,2% corresponde a la frecuencia de seronegatividad global para T.gondii; Se identificaron factores de riesgo (IC=95%) como consumo de carne mal cocida (54,1% de los casos, OR=1,8, p=0,120), de agua del grifo (48,6%, OR=1,4, p=0,421), de leche cruda de cabra o de vaca (39,6%, OR=0,78, p=0,553), además de convivencia con gatos (23,4%), éste último asociado significativamente a seropositividad al parásito (OR=2,8, p=0,025). Discusión y Conclusiones: Nuestros hallazgos revelan un posible riesgo de primo-infección en más de la mitad de la población gestante dada su seronegatividad frente al parásito, pero también una frecuencia considerable de casos con sospecha de infección muy reciente, lo que además de asociarse a un factor de riesgo previamente reconocido, deja entrever otros aspectos de riesgo en torno a la alimentación que deben impactarse mediante estrategias de prevención durante el control prenatal, sugiriendo la necesidad de fortalecer la vigilancia en torno al evento. Como citar este artículo: Cárdenas Sierra Denny Miley, Domínguez Julio Camila, Blanco Oliveros María Ximena, Soto Javier Andrés, Tórres Morales Elizabeth. Seroprevalencia y factores de riesgo asociados a toxoplasmosis gestacional en el Nororiente Colombiano. Revista Cuidarte. 2023;14(1):e2287. http://dx.doi.org/10.15649/cuidarte.2287

La hepatitis B es una enfermedad que afecta a 350 millones de personas en el mundo. Existen factores como la edad, el sexo, sobrepeso, enfermedades inmunológicas, diabetes mellitus, entre otros, que impiden la correcta respuesta inmunitaria a la vacunación anti hepatitis B. El objetivo de la investigación fue analizar la presencia de anticuerpos antigliadina y la falta de respuesta a la vacunación anti hepatitis B en adultos. La metodología de diseño descriptivo-no experimental, de tipo prospectivo, transversal y explicativo, incluyó 235 adultos seleccionados sin distinción de sexo o etnia con antecedentes de vacunación al virus de hepatitis B en cuyas muestras de suero se determinaron los anticuerpos anti antígeno de superficie del virus hepatitis B. El análisis estadístico se realizó con el programa Graph Pad Prism 8.0®. Los anticuerpos anti antígeno de superficie del virus hepatitis B estuvieron presentes en el 76% de la población estudiada. El 35,5% resultó con anticuerpos antigliadina elevados asociado a una hipo-respuesta frente a la vacuna virus hepatitis B. Factores como el índice de masa corporal y los antecedentes familiares de diabetes mellitus tipo 1 y 2 en los adultos estudiados, resultaron significativamente asociados a la falta de respuesta inmunitaria en individuos no respondedores

El dengue es la arbovirosis con mayor incidencia a nivel mundial. Aproximadamente 100 millones de casos de dengue con signos de alarma y entre 250.000 y 500.000 casos de dengue grave, se registran anualmente. En Ecuador, en los últimos cuatro años se han registrado 83.472 casos de dengue. Estudios previos evidencian un incremento de los casos que cursan con disfunción hepática. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la asociación entre los niveles séricos de las enzimas aspartato aminotransferasa y alanino aminotransferasa y el perfil lipídico en pacientes con infección confirmada de Dengue. Se estudiaron 110 pacientes seleccionados sin distingo de edad, género o procedencia, cuyo diagnóstico fue confirmado virológica y serológicamente. Se incluyó un grupo control seronegativo al virus. En el perfil lipídico se evidenciaron diferencias significativas (p

Copyright of Cuestiones Políticas is the property of Revista Cuestiones Politicas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Dilemas Contemporáneos: Educación, Política y Valores is the property of Dilemas Contemporaneos: Educacion, Politica y Valores and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The disease caused by the coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), which causes COVID-19, has generated a movement towards a review of the entire approach of medical sciences and to delve into all the mechanisms inherent to the immune response associated with this disease. The necessary clinical epidemiological thinking declared in the study plan of the Medicine career is evidenced; research training from the early years. The subject Blood-Immune System includes in its content a large number of health problems due to imbalance in the immune response, which constitutes a clear justification for resizing the scientific training process. The objective of this work is to assess the significance of the subject for the interpretation of the deviations of the immune response and to make suggestions to enhance the research work in it.

En el marco de una impiadosa pandemia, un virus nos interpela, en espejo, mostrándonos lo que somos, lo que protegemos y lo que abandonamos. Nuestra propuesta de «leer el derecho» en «La máscara de la Muerte Roja» de Edgar Allan Poe consiste en una interrogación en torno a las (im)posibilidades de la legalidad frente a una situación de excepcionalidad que plantea desafíos inéditos. El derecho se «muestra» a través del modo de organizarse para enfrentar al «virus» que lo amenaza (el virus, el extraño, el otro), poniendo en acto sus fantasías de protección y abandono preexistentes y ensayando otras posibles. Leer el derecho en la literatura significa ingresar a un campo de libertades inéditas. La literatura, en tanto enigma, despoder y resistencia a lo canónico, produce un desbordamiento en el discurso jurídico, que permite subvertir críticamente sus fundamentos y ampliar sus horizontes de sentido. La literatura le «recuerda» al derecho la dimensión poiética y política del lenguaje.

Contexto: La enfermedad por coronavirus (COVID-19) presenta un amplio espectro sintomático que varía de persona a persona. Sin embargo, hay evidencia que denota una dependencia del sexo en la severidad de los síntomas. Objetivo: Describir los criterios y planteamientos que sugieren a las diferencias de sexo como factores responsables de la mortalidad y severidad de los síntomas de la enfermedad por SARS-CoV-2. Metodología: Se realizó una búsqueda descriptiva de la literatura en la base de datos PubMed, tomando artículos publicados desde diciembre de 2019 hasta mayo de 2021, siendo los idiomas de publicación inglés y español, englobando estudios actuales y retrospectivos sobre factores sexuales, hormonales, moleculares y genéticos en la infección y enfermedad por SARS-CoV-2. Resultados: Se seleccionaron 30 artículos, los cuales abordaban principalmente las siguientes líneas y temas de investigación: epidemiología y salud pública, ciencias biomédicas (evolución, reproducción, genética, inmunología, endocrinología, bioquímica, biología molecular) y, medicina clínica. Conclusiones: Estadísticamente hay menor severidad y mortalidad por la infección en población femenina a nivel global. Esta tendencia responde a mecanismos que incluyen: una mayor reserva de enzima convertidora de angiotensina II (ECA2) en algunos tejidos, una respuesta inmune más eficaz debido a la presencia de hormonas sexuales que actúan como factores protectores a la enfermedad, así como mecanismos propios de los genes sexuales, ya sea la inactivación del X o genes asociados al sistema inmune.

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Introducción: En diciembre de 2019 se produce un brote de coronavirus causante de neumonía atípica, luego declarado pandemia en marzo del 2020. A la fecha se ha reportado más de 186 millones de casos y cerca de 4 millones de muertes a nivel mundial. La inmunidad luego de la primera infección aún está en el centro de investigación, con reportes de pérdida de inmunidad, lo que sugiere que tanto recurrencias como reinfecciones son probables. Presentación de caso: Paciente femenina de 54 años de edad, ocupación enfermera. Primera consulta en cerco epidemiológico con síntomas leves, se realiza examen de reacción en cadena de polimerasa a tiempo real (PCR-RT) en hisopado nasofaríngeo, con resultado positivo para SARS-CoV-2. Después de 21 días presenta PCR-RT negativo volviendo a sus actividades habituales. Tres meses después la paciente presenta alza térmica, tos, disnea e hipoxemia, tomografía de tórax típica COVID 19, PCR-RT positivo para SARS-CoV-2, inmunoglobulinas positivas. La paciente requirió ventilación mecánica invasiva y evolucionó con falla multiorgánica y miocarditis, con choque e hipoxemia refractarios, falleciendo luego de 22 días de hospitalización en cuidados intensivos. Conclusiones: Se presenta un caso de una trabajadora de la salud con alta sospecha de reinfección severa por SARS-CoV-2 con criterios clínicos imagenológicos moleculares y epidemiológicos. Se ha reportado pocos casos en el mundo de reinfección, los que en su mayoría fueron documentados como casos de enfermedad leve, en nuestro caso se trató de una reinfección fatal por SARS-CoV-2.

Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica sobre los vínculos de la obesidad con los desenlaces adversos de la infección por SARS-CoV-2. Con los descriptores COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2 y obesidad, sacados de Descriptores en Ciencias de la Salud (DeCS) se realizó la revisión en Google Académico, PubMed Central, SciELO e Infomed. Se seleccionaron artículos disponi- bles a texto completo en español e inglés sin restricciones en cuanto al tipo de artículo: de revistas revisadas por pares y páginas de organizaciones internacionales reconocidas. La resistencia a la insulina que acompaña a la obesidad produce un estado inflamatorio crónico de bajo grado que produce trastornos metabólicos y hormonales que aumentan el riesgo de enfermedad grave por COVID-19 como aumento de la entrada celular del SARS-CoV-2 por incremento de sus receptores celulares, disfunción de la respuesta inmune, alteración en la señalización de hormonas, coagulopatía y disfunción respiratoria.

Jurisdictional immunity in criminal procedure is a privilege granted by the State in favour of the person who holds it by reason of his position or function at the national or international level, by virtue of which the ordinary or special jurisdiction declines to deal with this matter due to its special character without us being faced with a case of lack of jurisdiction, of an inadequate jurisdictional order or of lack of jurisdiction. It is not regulated in the Criminal Procedure Law in the summary, nor in the intermediate, nor in the oral trial stages. It must be regulated so that once the perpetrator is known to be a natural or legal person by virtue of a preliminary investigation by the police or the prosecutor, the opening of the investigation is prevented. Or if that summary was opened, it should be archived definitively. If by mistake it was passed to the intermediate stage it is definitively dismissed in favor of the person holding that privilege by adding a new motive. If the oral trial stage was opened, also by mistake, before the sessions that are prevented by a broad interpretation of art. 666-1 LECRIM to end it with an order equivalent to free dismissal. And if the oral trial stage was opened by mistake, the sessions were opened that are suspended for that reason and are treated as an incident with the effects similar to art. 666-1 although the LECRIM prevents reproducing in the sessions the supposed art. 666-1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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La sentencia del Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea de 19 de diciembre de 2020 (caso Oriol Junqueras) tiene especial relevancia porque determina cuándo y cómo se adquiere la condición de miembro del Parlamento Europeo y se goza, asimismo, de la inmunidad parlamentaria europea. Hasta la sentencia no existía una posición clara al respecto, y el tribunal europeo la resuelve primando el ejercicio del derecho de sufragio por encima de otras condiciones eventualmente establecidas por el derecho de los Estados miembros. La sentencia del Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea responde la cuestión prejudicial presentada por el Tribunal Supremo en la causa penal del procés y establece una doctrina interpretativa del derecho europeo en el sentido de que la condición de diputado y la inmunidad asociada al cargo se producen desde el mismo momento de la proclamación oficial de los resultados electorales. Sin embargo, la sentencia no ha podido tener aplicación efectiva debido a la decisión del Tribunal Supremo de no suspender la causa principal y dictar sentencia antes de conocer la opinión del tribunal europeo, lo que pone en evidencia un mal uso del procedimiento prejudicial.

Classical swine fever (CSF), or hog cholera, is a highly contagious multisystemic viral disease that is notifiable to the World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH) because of the threat of its transboundary spread. It exclusively affects domestic and wild swine, with heterogeneous clinical and lesional signs, depending on host, virus and environmental factors, which complicate its epidemiological behavior. The prolonged endemism of the disease in Cuba and the systematic application of a live vaccine, modified from the Chinese Strain (produced by LABIOFAM), have led to positive selection processes on the circulating strains, which explain their classification in a new genotype 1.4 and the appearance of moderate to low virulence strains, which have aggravated the clinical suspicion of the cases. In addition, there is the presence of persistently infected pigs (pre- and postnatally), which do not respond to vaccina‐ tion and constantly shed virus into the environment. In this scenario, the serological profile of pig populations from technified and semi-technified farms, with different productive system (closed and open cycle, and both combined), systematically subjected to vaccination was characterized in one province. Antibody detection against CSFV was carried out by ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunoabsorbent Assay) (ELISA CSFV Ab Test IDEXX 99-43220). There was a low level of population immunity in the territory with only 52.4 % of positive animals out of 7502 pigs tested. Pigs for reproductive replacement in genetic farms showed the highest percentage (79.27 %), even with respect to their progenitors. Fattener groups showed a lower frequency of positive animals compared to breeders, and in general, it was higher in technified farms (57.97 %) compared to semi-technified farms (45.1 %). Closed cycle farms showed a lower frequency of positive animals (48.2 %) compared to open and combined cycle farms. Pigs under semi-technified production conditions showed only 42.66 % of positive animals and there were differences depending on the farms of origin. These results may be associated both to the presence of unprotected animals due to vaccine failure at vaccination (33 ±3 days of age) in the presence of high maternal antibody titers, and to a high percentage of pre- or postnatally infected pigs that are immunotolerant and do not respond to the vaccine. These conditions favor CSF endemism in that territory and require the review of the strategies used to control the disease. An analysis of these results 10 years after this research was carried out is highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Introducción. Las pruebas combinadas de IgM e IgG rápidas pueden tener un papel importante en la vigilancia de la COVID-19 y en su diagnóstico, así como en la evaluación de la respuesta inmunológica y la verificación de los avances hacia la inmunidad de rebaño. Objetivo. Evaluar el desempeño de las pruebas rápidas de anticuerpos en la vigilancia ocupacional de la COVID-19 en un grupo de empresas colombianas. Materiales y métodos. Se usaron datos de la vigilancia ocupacional de empresas que hicieron pruebas serológicas periódicas a todo el personal desde finales de abril hasta comienzos de julio de 2020. Los trabajadores laboraban en grupos pequeños (“burbujas sociales”) para evitar brotes y optimizar la vigilancia. La sensibilidad se estimó como si el muestreo respondiera a un diseño prospectivo. Se describieron, asimismo, los cambios en las pruebas serológicas por medio de rondas periódicas. Resultados. Se obtuvieron datos de 4.740 trabajadores, de los cuales solo 23 eran sintomáticos. En ellos se evidenciaron cambios de IgM(-)/IgG(-) a IgM(+), y luego a IgM(+)/IgG(+) e IgG(+). La sensibilidad fue de 40,94 % para las IgM(+) y 47,95 % para las IgM(+)/IgG(+), lo que implica que se pudo detectar un poco menos de la mitad de los casos. Conclusión. Las pruebas rápidas de anticuerpos tienen un papel en el proceso diagnóstico de la infección y deben evaluarse teniendo en cuenta el momento de la epidemia, el tipo de prueba comprada y las poblaciones de riesgo, dado que sus resultados dependen del número de contagios y de casos. En el contexto de la presente crisis sanitaria pueden optimizarse si se organizan los trabajadores en “burbujas sociales”.