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Based on the significant weather report, CG lightning, composite radar reflectivity, and ERA5 reanalysis data, we first studied the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of four types (only severe convective wind (SCW); SCW and hail; SCW and short-duration heavy rainfall (SDHR); and SCW, hail, and SDHR) of convective weather events related to SCW during the warm season (May to September) from 2011 to 2018 in North China. Second, severe convective cases producing SCW were selected to statistically analyze the initiation, decay, lifetime, and organizational characteristics of convective systems. Finally, using ERA5 reanalysis data and conventional surface observation data, preconvective soundings were constructed to explore the differences in environmental conditions for initiating convective systems between SCW and non-SCW. The results indicate that mixed-type of SCW and SDHR events occur more frequently over plains, while other types of convective weather occur more frequently over mountains. The frequency peak of SCW occurs in June, while mixed convective weather peaks in July. The initiation time of convective systems is concentrated between 1000 and 1300 BST, with apeak at 1200 BST. Over mountains, the daily peaks of ordinary and significant SCW generally occur at 1700–1800 BST and 1600–1700 BST, respectively, while over plains, the peak of ordinary SCW typically lags behind that of mountains by 1–2 hours. Additionally, SCW systems are mainly initiated over mountains, with most lifetimes lasting 7–13 hours. Nonlinear convective systems produce the most SCW events, followed by trailing-stratiform convective systems. The convective available potential energy (CAPE), downdraft convective available potential energy, and the temperature difference between 850 and 500 hPa can all distinguish between SCW systems and non-SCW systems occurring over plains. Compared to non-SCW convective systems, SCW convective systems over mountains are more likely to occur in environments with less precipitable water, while SCW convective systems over plains are more likely to occur in environments with higher CAPE and stronger deep-layer wind shear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Introduction: People living with HIV (PLHIV) have a 20-fold risk of tuberculosis (TB) disease compared to HIV-negative people. In 2021, the uptake of TB preventive treatment among the children and adolescents living with HIV at the Baylor-Uganda HIV clinic was 45%, which was below the national target of 90%. Minimal evidence documents the enablers and barriers to TB preventive treatment (TPT) initiation and completion among children and adolescents living with HIV(CALHIV). We explored the facilitators and barriers to TPT initiation and completion among CALHIV among adolescents aged 10-19years and caretakers of children below 18years. Methods: We conducted a qualitative study from February 2022 to March 2023, at three paediatric and adolescent HIV treatment centers in Uganda. In-depth interviews were conducted at TPT initiation and after completion for purposively selected health workers, adolescents aged 10–19 years living with HIV, and caretakers of children aged below 18years. Results: The desire to avoid TB disease, previous TB treatment, encouragement from family members, and ministry of health policies emerged as key facilitators for the children and adolescents to initiate TPT. Barriers to TPT initiation included; TB and HIV-related stigma, busy carer and adolescent work schedules, reduced social support from parents and family, history of drug side effects, high pill burden and fatigue, and perception of not being ill. TPT completion was enabled by combined TPT and ART refill visits, delivery of ART and TPT within the community, and continuous education and counseling from health workers. Reported barriers to TPT completion included TB and HIV-related stigma, long waiting time. Non-disclosure of HIV status by caretakers to CALHIV and fear of side effects was cited by health workers as a barrier to starting TPT. Facilitators of TPT initiation and completion reported by healthcare workers included patient and caretaker health education, counselling about benefits of TPT and risk of TB disease, having same appointment for TPT and ART refill to reduce patient waiting time, adolescent-friendly services, and appointment reminder phone calls. Conclusion: The facilitators and barriers of TPT initiation and completion among CALHIV span from individual, to health system and structural factors. Health education about benefits of TPT and risk of TB, social support, adolescent-friendly services, and joint appointments for TPT and ART refill are major facilitators of TPT initiation and completion among CALHIV in Uganda. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To examine what factors impact college students in the United States who are deciding to initiate or continue mental health services. Participants: Spring 2021 undergraduate students (N = 453) at a large urban university. Methods: Online, cross-sectional survey with mental health service experience as the independent variable and social support, accessibility, attitudes toward mental health, mental health literacy, and trust of mental health professionals as the dependent variables, as well as thematic analysis of reasons to discontinue services. Results: Individuals with lower levels of social support and higher levels of mental health literacy were more likely to have received therapy. Participants tended to discontinue services because of negative experiences, accessibility problems, negative attitudes toward services, or they felt better. Conclusions: Mental health literacy, social support, and accessibility are significant predictors of college student service use and should be taken into consideration by university administration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are cardinal players in numerous physiological and pathological processes. CircRNAs play dual roles as tumor suppressors and oncogenes in different oncological contexts, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Their roles significantly impact the disease at all stages, including initiation, development, progression, invasion, and metastasis, in addition to the response to treatment. In this review, we discuss the biogenesis and regulatory functional roles of circRNAs, as well as circRNA–protein–mRNA ternary complex formation, elucidating the intricate pathways tuned by circRNAs to modulate gene expression and cellular processes through a comprehensive literature search, in silico search, and bioinformatics analysis. With a particular focus on the interplay between circRNAs, epigenetics, and HCC pathology, the article sets the stage for further exploration of circRNAs as novel investigational theranostic agents in the dynamic realm of HCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The close conceptual links between symbolic death, rebirth, and pilgrimage are widely known to modern sociologists and anthropologists and can be observed in several modern pilgrimage traditions. This study argues that the same connections can already be detected in Aristides' Hieroi Logoi, "the earliest detailed first-person account of pilgrimage that survives from antiquity". In terms of methodology, this article follows recent scholarly work on ancient lived religion perspectives and religiously motivated mobility that favours a broader understanding of the notion of pilgrimage in the Greek-speaking world. Rutherford, in particular, has produced a plethora of pioneering studies on all aspects of 'sacred tourism' experience in various media including documentary papyri, inscriptions, and graffiti. This chapter builds further on Rutherford's work and focuses on Aristides' accounts of his visits to smaller, less-well known healing centres. The main aim is to demonstrate how Aristides' pilgrimage experience to the healing temple of Asclepius at Poimanenos or Poimanenon (a town of ancient Mysia near Cyzicus) is wholly recast and presented in terms of travelling to the sacred site of Eleusis, one of the most important cultural and religious centres of the Roman Empire in the Antonine Era. Thus, Aristides' pilgrimage experience to Poimanenos is successfully reframed as a mystic initiation that marks the death of the previous ill self and the birth of the new, enlightened, and healthy self. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is a common assumption that human behavior is guided by a desire to feel safe and avoid harm. However, this view is challenged by the popularity of high-risk leisure sport and other practices that involve subjecting oneself to a considerable danger with no apparent gain. By using real-contact stick fighting as an example, I suggest that the attractiveness of at least some such practices can be explained by cognitive dynamics that are typical of affectively intense rituals such as initiations. Affectively intense rituals are known to enhance personal meaning-making and foster identity fusion, that is, the overlapping of personal and social identities. The sense of meaning thus engendered effectively satisfies common identity motives and thus elicits positive affect. By introducing ritual studies perspectives into the edgework paradigm that is commonly used to conceptualize voluntary risk taking, I contribute to an increased understanding of the cognitive processes motivating participation in extreme leisure sport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Introduction People living with HIV (PLHIV) have a 20-fold risk of tuberculosis (TB) disease compared to HIV-negative people. In 2021, the uptake of TB preventive treatment among the children and adolescents living with HIV at the Baylor-Uganda HIV clinic was 45%, which was below the national target of 90%. Minimal evidence documents the enablers and barriers to TB preventive treatment (TPT) initiation and completion among children and adolescents living with HIV(CALHIV). We explored the facilitators and barriers to TPT initiation and completion among CALHIV among adolescents aged 10-19years and caretakers of children below 18years. Methods We conducted a qualitative study from February 2022 to March 2023, at three paediatric and adolescent HIV treatment centers in Uganda. In-depth interviews were conducted at TPT initiation and after completion for purposively selected health workers, adolescents aged 10–19 years living with HIV, and caretakers of children aged below 18years. Results The desire to avoid TB disease, previous TB treatment, encouragement from family members, and ministry of health policies emerged as key facilitators for the children and adolescents to initiate TPT. Barriers to TPT initiation included; TB and HIV-related stigma, busy carer and adolescent work schedules, reduced social support from parents and family, history of drug side effects, high pill burden and fatigue, and perception of not being ill. TPT completion was enabled by combined TPT and ART refill visits, delivery of ART and TPT within the community, and continuous education and counseling from health workers. Reported barriers to TPT completion included TB and HIV-related stigma, long waiting time. Non-disclosure of HIV status by caretakers to CALHIV and fear of side effects was cited by health workers as a barrier to starting TPT. Facilitators of TPT initiation and completion reported by healthcare workers included patient and caretaker health education, counselling about benefits of TPT and risk of TB disease, having same appointment for TPT and ART refill to reduce patient waiting time, adolescent-friendly services, and appointment reminder phone calls. Conclusion The facilitators and barriers of TPT initiation and completion among CALHIV span from individual, to health system and structural factors. Health education about benefits of TPT and risk of TB, social support, adolescent-friendly services, and joint appointments for TPT and ART refill are major facilitators of TPT initiation and completion among CALHIV in Uganda.

Suicidal thoughts and behaviors often emerge in a predictable sequence, with suicidal ideation (SI) preceding planning, and planning preceding actions. Few studies, however, have considered the timing and duration of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) in these transitions. Accordingly, this study examined: 1) the developmental sequencing of NSSI, SI and suicide attempts, and 2) whether age of onset or duration predict transitions from NSSI to other SITB, and from SI to NSSI. 704 first-year students from a mid-sized Canadian university (Sample 1) and 2095 adults from an online research volunteer panel (Sample 2) completed the Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviors Interview self-report, which assessed the presence, age of onset, and recency of SITB. NSSI and SI typically onset before age 15, while suicide planning and attempt usually began at or after age 15. Transition from NSSI to SI was likeliest in the first year after NSSI onset. Transition from NSSI to suicide attempt was likeliest in the second and third year after NSSI onset in Sample 1, and up to four years after NSSI onset in Sample 2. Early (before age 13) and late (after age 16) onsets of NSSI predicted higher odds of transitioning from NSSI to SI or attempt. Transition from SI to NSSI was likeliest in the first two years after SI onset and when SI began before age 13. The first year after NSSI or SI onset are critical for transitions to other SITB. Targeted prevention and monitoring should be considered for people who recently initiated NSSI. • NSSI and suicidal ideation (SI) typically begin within 1–2 years of each other • Transition from NSSI to SI was likeliest in the first year after NSSI onset • Transition risk from NSSI to attempt persisted for 3+ years after NSSI onset • NSSI onset before age 13 or after 16 predicted transitioning to SI or attempt • Onset of SI before age 13 predicted transition to NSSI [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diversity in the characteristics of agricultural locations has the potential to develop. Unfortunately, the weak transfer of technology based on the characteristics of the location indicates that this potential cannot grow properly. This research aims to synthesise a technology transfer model for an agricultural technology park (ATP) by considering site-specific conditions. This cross-case study was conducted at selected ATP locations. Model synthesis uses the system development life cycle stages of initiation, analysis, and design. The resource-based view approach was broken down into several variables during the analysis stage. Three location-specific technology transfer models were successfully developed: a technology transfer model based on highland specificity, a unique technology transfer model for urban farming, and a tourism village-based model.

Abstract Background Despite the benefits of breastfeeding (BF), rates remain lower than public health targets, particularly among low-income Black populations. Community-based breastfeeding peer counselor (BPC) programs have been shown to increase BF. We sought to examine whether implementation of a BPC program in an obstetric clinical setting serving low-income patients was associated with improved BF initiation and exclusivity. Methods This is a quasi-experimental time series study of pregnant and postpartum patients receiving care before and after implementation of a BPC program in a teaching hospital affiliated prenatal clinic. The role of the BPC staff included BF classes, prenatal counseling and postnatal support, including in-hospital assistance and phone triage after discharge. Records were reviewed at each of 3 time points: immediately before the hire of the BPC staff (2008), 1-year post-implementation (2009), and 5 years post-implementation (2014). The primary outcomes were rates of breastfeeding initiation and exclusivity prior to hospital discharge, secondary outcomes included whether infants received all or mostly breastmilk during inpatient admission and by 6 weeks post-delivery. Bivariable and multivariable analyses were utilized as appropriate. Results Of 302 patients included, 52.3% identified as non-Hispanic Black and 99% had Medicaid-funded prenatal care. While there was no improvement in rates of BF initiation, exclusive BF during the postpartum hospitalization improved during the 3 distinct time points examined, increasing from 13.7% in 2008 to 32% in 2014 (2009 aOR 2.48, 95%CI 1.13–5.43; 2014 aOR 1.82, 95%CI 1.24–2.65). This finding was driven by improved exclusive BF for patients who identified as Black (9.4% in 2008, 22.9% in 2009, and 37.9% in 2014, p = 0.01). Conclusion Inpatient BF exclusivity significantly increased with the tenure of a BPC program in a low-income clinical setting. These findings demonstrate that a BPC program can be a particularly effective method to address BF disparities among low-income Black populations.

Aims Methods Discussion Impact Trial Registration Patient and public involvement In China, more than 30% of patients have not initiated treatment within 30 days of HIV diagnosis. Delayed initiation has a detrimental influence on disease outcomes and increases HIV transmission. The study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a nurse‐led antiretroviral therapy initiation nudging intervention for people newly diagnosed with HIV in China to find the optimal intervention implementation strategy.A Hybrid Type II sequential multiple assignment randomized trial will be conducted at four Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Hunan, China. This study will recruit 447 people newly diagnosed with HIV aged ≥18 years and randomly assign them into two intervention groups and one control group. On top of the regular counselling services and referrals, intervention groups will receive a 4‐week, 2‐phase intervention based on the dual‐system theory and the nudge theory. The control group will follow the currently recommended referral procedures. The primary outcomes are whether treatment is initiated, as well as the length of time it takes. The study outcomes will be measured at the baseline, day 15, day 30, week 12, week 24 and week 48. Generalized estimating equations and survival analysis will be used to compare effectiveness and explore factors associated with antiretroviral therapy initiation. Both qualitative and quantitative information will be collected to assess implementation outcomes.Existing strategies mostly target institutional‐level factors, with little consideration given to patients' decision‐making. To close this gap, we aim to develop an effective theory‐driven nudging strategy to improve early ART initiation.This nurse‐led study will help to prevent delayed initiation by employing implementation science strategies for people newly diagnosed with HIV. This study contributes to the United Nations' objective of ending the AIDS pandemic by 2030.Chinese Clinical Trial Registry ChiCTR2300070140. The trial was prospectively registered before the first participant was recruited.The nudging intervention was finalized through the Nominal Group Technique where we invited five experts in the related field and five people living with HIV to participate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims: E‐cigarette and other electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) use has grown considerably over the past decade, with notable increases among young people. US state policy contexts for ENDS and tobacco may shape initiation into ENDS use among adolescents as they age into early adulthood. We aimed to determine whether state‐level comprehensive vaping ban policies reduce the odds of youth initiation into ENDS use, net of additional state‐level ENDS and tobacco policies, as well as the youth's cigarette smoking status. Design: Longitudinal data from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health study were merged with a state‐year database on tobacco and ENDS policies. Multivariable discrete‐time event history models of ENDS initiation were estimated. Setting: United States. Participants: Twenty thousand twelve youth assessed over six waves from 2013 to 2019 (n = 53 974 observations). Measurement We examined comprehensive indoor vaping bans (i.e. 100% vape‐free workplaces, restaurants and bars) as a key factor in initiation into ENDS use (i.e. first instance of vaping) from age 13 to 22. Findings Among young people, residing in a state with a comprehensive vaping ban was associated with 18% lower odds of ENDS initiation (odds ratio = 0.82; 95% confidence interval =[0.71, 0.94]), even after controlling for other state ENDS and tobacco policies, the youth's cigarette smoking and socio‐demographic background and state‐level covariates. Conclusions: In the United States, state‐level vaping bans (i.e. 100% vape‐free workplaces, restaurants and bars) are associated with reduced odds of youth initiation into electronic nicotine delivery systems use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cotton fiber, a crucial and sustainable resource for global textile production, undergoes a complex five-stage developmental process, encompassing initiation, elongation, transition, secondary cell wall biosynthesis, and maturation. These elongated single-cell fibers originate from the outer ovule epidermis. The development of cotton fibers involves intricate changes in gene expression and physiological processes, resulting in a nearly pure cellulose product that is vital for the global cotton industry. Decoding the genes associated with fiber development enhances our understanding of cotton fiber mechanisms and facilitates the cultivation of varieties with enhanced quality. In recent decades, advanced omics approaches, including genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics, have played a pivotal role in identifying the genes and gene products linked to cotton fiber development, including the MYB transcription factor family, which coordinates cotton fiber development. Molecular studies have revealed the transcription factors, like MYB, WRKY, Homeodomain Leucine Zipper (HD-ZIP), and basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH), influencing fiber initiation and elongation. The intricate interplay of phytohormones, like auxin, gibberellic acid (GA), brassinosteroids (BRs), jasmonic acid (JA), ethylene, abscisic acid (ABA), and cytokinin, is explored, providing a comprehensive perspective on the shaping of cotton fibers. Numerous candidate genes and cellular processes affecting various aspects of fiber development hold promise for genetic engineering or marker-assisted breeding to improve fiber quality. This review presents a comprehensive overview of key achievements in cotton molecular biology, with a specific emphasis on recent advancements in understanding the transcription factors and phytohormones involved in cotton fiber initiation and elongation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Botanical seeds, also known as True Shallot Seed (TSS), are a new development to ensure the long-term availability of shallot seeds in the Bangka Belitung Islands. Apart from analyzing the effect of vernalization and gibberellin (GA3) on TSS production, this research aims to develop basic standard operating procedures for shallot TSS production in Bangka Belitung. This research was carried out on a plantation belonging to the Timur Makmur Farmers Group, Central Bangka. This research used a Randomized Block Design with two factors. Gibberellin concentration, namely 0, 50, 100, or 200 ppm, is the first factor, followed by vernalization time as the second factor, namely 0, 2, 4 weeks with 4 repetitions. Data were processed using the F test and the DMRT further test at the α = 5% level. Analysis of various uses of gibberellin and vernalization treatments showed that neither the Bima Brebes nor Biru Lancor varieties of shallots had any effect on height, number of leaves, or number of tillers. In both shallot varieties, the effect of gibberellin and vernalization treatment on flowering age, number of flowers set, and number of TSS seeds set had no effect. Vernalization treatment on shallots of the Bima Brebes variety can extend the flowering period of the Bima Brebes variety. Gibberellins and vernalization were not able to produce flowering in the Blue Lancor shallot variety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The age of drinking onset is a central concept for both policy and prevention of alcohol-related harm, yet evidence on the predictive value of the age of onset is lacking. This study compares alcohol outcomes of adolescents who started to drink early with those who started later, and tests if associations are moderated by other explanatory factors. Data from a two-wave longitudinal prospective cohort survey with a Swedish nationwide sample of 4,018 adolescents aged 15/16 years at baseline (T1) and 17/18 years at follow-up (T2) were used. Outcome variables at T2 were Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT)–C, risky drinking, and binge drinking monthly or more often. A vast number of explanatory factors at T1 were controlled for. Early drinking onset predicted later higher AUDIT-C scores (β = 0.57, p value <.001), and higher probability of risky drinking (odds ratio = 1.95, 95% confidence interval = 1.56–2.44), and binge drinking (odds ratio = 1.38, confidence interval = 1.06–1.81), controlled for other explanatory factors. If binge drinking frequency at T1 was included, the associations remained for AUDIT-C and risky drinking, but not for binge drinking at T2. No significant interactions between early drinking onset and the explanatory factors were found. Early drinking onset predicts subsequent higher alcohol consumption in late adolescence. Adolescents who had an early drinking onset drank more after 2 years than their peers who started later. The age of drinking onset is an independent predictor of alcohol use outcomes, beyond the effect of age of binge drinking onset. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of electronic cigarettes, or "e-cigarettes", among youths has sparked worries about the possibility of nicotine dependence as a serious public health issue. Dental practitioners play a critical role in helping their patients quit smoking. Dental schools across the globe have policies encouraging their students to help patients quit smoking. Current research, however, indicates that a significant portion of dental students smoke combustible cigarettes and use e-cigarettes. According to studies, using e-cigarettes has resulted in the subsequent initiation of combustible cigarette smoking among its users. The aim of this study was to determine the association between the use of electronic cigarettes and the subsequent initiation of combustible cigarette smoking among dental students who were not attitudinally susceptible to smoking combustible cigarettes. A longitudinal cohort study was conducted among 121 study participants who were never combustible cigarette users and were attitudinally non-susceptible to smoking at baseline. At baseline, 66 (54.6%) study participants were categorized as e-cigarette users who were attitudinally non-susceptible to combustible cigarette smoking, and 55 (45.4%) study participants were categorized as non-users who were attitudinally non-susceptible to combustible cigarette smoking. The initiation of combustible cigarette smoking was assessed at 6- and 12-month intervals. Binomial regression analysis of the outcome at the end of one-year follow-up, when analyzed with independent variables, revealed a significant influence of e-cigarette use on taking up combustible cigarette smoking [Relative Risk: 9.395; 95% CI: 3.03–29.04]. Chi-squared analysis of independent variables revealed e-cigarette use to be significantly associated with fathers' education level (p = 0.00), parental cigarette smoking status (p = 0.00), cigarette smoking among friends (p = 0.00), and family income (p = 0.00). E-cigarette users are more likely to believe it to be healthier (p = 0.00) than combustible smoking. In the present study, e-cigarette usage demonstrated a significant influence on taking up combustible cigarette smoking among its users. Educational institutions should implement stringent policies and regulations to prevent health professionals from using these products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.), an important economic tree species with a high resin yield, is extensively cultivated in southern China. Somatic embryogenesis (SE) technology could hasten the breeding of P. elliottii through improving seedling quality and number, but mass production of somatic embryos remains constrained by various factors. We described an efficient SE system through indirect route and investigate the effects of genotype, phytohormones and culture condition on SE. Immature zygotic embryos of three open-pollinated mother trees collected during 2020–2023 were utilized for initiation of pro-embryogenic masses (PEMs). The initiation of PEMs was significantly influenced by seed sources (families) (p < 0.05). The addition of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (6 mg/L), 6-benzylaminopurine (1 mg/L) and kinetin (2 mg/L) effectively improved initiation rates by up to 15.67 ± 1.89%. Furthermore, glutamine addition to the maturation medium enhanced the yield of somatic embryos during culture. The optimum concentration range of activated carbon within the germination medium spanned from 3–4.5 g/L. Inoculation with ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria amethystea enhanced the root length of regenerated plantlets, reaching 7.92 ± 4.06 cm. The regenerated plantlets inoculated with Pisolithus orientalis and Xerocomus chrysenteron showed improved survival during the acclimatization phase, with 100% survival of mycorrhizae-treated plantlets after 3 months of acclimatization in the greenhouse. We clarified the SE conditions suitable for P. elliottii, and the SE system and mycorrhizal method we used can be applied to mass production of plantlets.Key Message: • Efficient somatic embryogenesis technology for Pinus elliottii was established; • Regenerated plants inoculated with mycorrhizal fungi Pisolithus orientalis and Xerocomus chrysenteron had 100% survival after transplanting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although many executive function screens have been developed, it is not yet clear whether these assessments are equally effective in detecting post-stroke deficits of initiation and inhibition. This study presents a comparative analysis of the Stroop and Hayling tests aiming to evaluate whether these tests measure the same underlying cognitive functions and to identify the neural correlates of the deficits detected by both tasks. Sixty six stroke survivors and 70 healthy ageing controls completed the Hayling and Stroop tests. Stroke patients were found to exhibit qualitative performance differences across analogous Stroop and Hayling Test metrics intended to tap initiation and inhibition. The Stroop test was found to have high specificity to abnormal performance, but low sensitivity relative to the Hayling Test. Minimal overlap was present between the network-level correlates of analogous Stroop and Hayling Test metrics. Hayling Task strategy use metrics were significantly associated with distinct patterns of disconnection in stroke survivors, providing novel insight into the neural correlates of fine-grained behavioural patterns. Overall, these findings strongly suggest that the functions tapped by the Stroop and Hayling Test are both behaviourally and anatomically dissociable. The Hayling Test was found to offer improved sensitivity and detail relative to the Stroop test. This novel demonstration of the Hayling Test within the stroke population suggests that this task represents an effective measure for quantifying post-stroke initiation and inhibition deficits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By means of digital image correlation (DIC) technology, the displacements and strains on the fracture ligaments of rock specimens were measured during loading. By analyzing the displacement distribution of each fracture ligament at different loading stages, the displacement fluctuation coefficient method was proposed to describe the development of fracture process zone (FPZ). The method can amplify the variation of displacement and clearly show the length of FPZ.The results show that: (1) the initiation of FPZ occurred at 77–89% of the peak load and the fluctuation coefficient of horizontal displacement around the crack tip reached the order of 10–7. (2) The initial length of FPZ was about 1.0–3.1 mm, which is 2 to 6 times the largest grain sizes. As the peak load was approached, the length of FPZ suddenly increased to 4.6–6.1 mm. (3) When a fracture process zone was initiated, the strain at the front end of the FPZ was about 3000–4000 µε. After the load approached the peak value, the strain at the rear end of the FPZ finally reached a peak value of 8000–11000 µε in all specimens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study explores factors that influence the initiation of leadership coaching relationships that include externally employed coaches and school administrators. Design/methodology/approach: This qualitative research study includes semi-structured interviews, observations and documents collected across three academic years within the context of a university-based leadership coaching program. Participants included six leadership coaches and six school administrators who participated in the program. Findings: Qualitative analysis indicates that gender and race, prior professional experience, pre-existing professional relationships and the complexity of the district's organizational structure influence the initiation of the coaching relationship. Research limitations/implications: Confidentiality restrictions imposed by the program limit opportunities for member checking and other forms of triangulation. Additional data collection using more expansive research methods would help address this limitation. Originality/value: This study contributes to the sparse literature about leadership coaching with school administrators by describing how different factors influence initiation coaching relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Despite the benefits of breastfeeding (BF), rates remain lower than public health targets, particularly among low-income Black populations. Community-based breastfeeding peer counselor (BPC) programs have been shown to increase BF. We sought to examine whether implementation of a BPC program in an obstetric clinical setting serving low-income patients was associated with improved BF initiation and exclusivity. Methods: This is a quasi-experimental time series study of pregnant and postpartum patients receiving care before and after implementation of a BPC program in a teaching hospital affiliated prenatal clinic. The role of the BPC staff included BF classes, prenatal counseling and postnatal support, including in-hospital assistance and phone triage after discharge. Records were reviewed at each of 3 time points: immediately before the hire of the BPC staff (2008), 1-year post-implementation (2009), and 5 years post-implementation (2014). The primary outcomes were rates of breastfeeding initiation and exclusivity prior to hospital discharge, secondary outcomes included whether infants received all or mostly breastmilk during inpatient admission and by 6 weeks post-delivery. Bivariable and multivariable analyses were utilized as appropriate. Results: Of 302 patients included, 52.3% identified as non-Hispanic Black and 99% had Medicaid-funded prenatal care. While there was no improvement in rates of BF initiation, exclusive BF during the postpartum hospitalization improved during the 3 distinct time points examined, increasing from 13.7% in 2008 to 32% in 2014 (2009 aOR 2.48, 95%CI 1.13–5.43; 2014 aOR 1.82, 95%CI 1.24–2.65). This finding was driven by improved exclusive BF for patients who identified as Black (9.4% in 2008, 22.9% in 2009, and 37.9% in 2014, p = 0.01). Conclusion: Inpatient BF exclusivity significantly increased with the tenure of a BPC program in a low-income clinical setting. These findings demonstrate that a BPC program can be a particularly effective method to address BF disparities among low-income Black populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diversity in the characteristics of agricultural locations has the potential to develop. Unfortunately, the weak transfer of technology based on the characteristics of the location indicates that this potential cannot grow properly. This research aims to synthesise a technology transfer model for an agricultural technology park (ATP) by considering site-specific conditions. This cross-case study was conducted at selected ATP locations. Model synthesis uses the system development life cycle stages of initiation, analysis, and design. The resource-based view approach was broken down into several variables during the analysis stage. Three location-specific technology transfer models were successfully developed: a technology transfer model based on highland specificity, a unique technology transfer model for urban farming, and a tourism village-based model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prior literature suggests marijuana and e-cigarette initiation among adolescents is surpassing combustible cigarette uptake. Marijuana and nicotine co-use is also a concern as these products grow in popularity. Initiation trajectories for marijuana and e-cigarette products are not well understood, let alone how the use of one product may impact initiation susceptibility for the other. We used national longitudinal data from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health study from 2013 to 2018. Eighth graders in Wave 1 made up the analytic sample (N = 2,270). We employed discrete time survival analyses to determine the likelihood of initiating marijuana and e-cigarettes between Waves 2 and 5. We used survival analyses to estimate the relationships between prior cigarette and marijuana use and subsequent e-cigarette initiation, as well as prior cigarette and e-cigarette use and subsequent marijuana initiation. Previous marijuana initiation was associated with later e-cigarette initiation (odds ratio = 6.88, 95% confidence interval [4.89, 9.67]). Previous e-cigarette initiation was associated with later marijuana initiation (odds ratio = 9.28, 95% confidence interval [6.86, 12.56]). By wave 5, adolescents were more than 42% likely to initiate marijuana and e-cigarettes. Susceptibility to marijuana and e-cigarette products starts as early as eighth grade and increases over time. The use of one product is significantly related to later initiation for the other. Rather than addressing marijuana and nicotine as separate concerns, interventions may benefit by recognizing the closely related nature of these products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pancreatic inflammation is a risk factor for the development of pancreatic cancer. Increased presence of inflammatory macrophages can be found in response to a KRAS mutation in acinar cells or in response to experimentally-induced pancreatitis. Inflammatory macrophages induce pancreatic acinar cells to undergo dedifferentiate to a duct-like progenitor stage, a process called acinar-to-ductal metaplasia (ADM). Occurrence of ADM lesions are believed to be the initiating event in tumorigenesis. Here we will discuss how macrophage-induced oxidative stress contributes to ADM and how ADM cells shape the fibrotic stroma needed for further progression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyses the Japanese fairy tales "Kaguya-hime, the Maiden of the Moonlight", "The Crane" and "The Snow Maiden", whose main characters are close in their semantics to Japanese goddesses. The characteristic features of the poetics of these fairy tales are the absence of a happy ending, tragedy, and the connection of the heroines with the elements, astral images, and the world of birds and animals. Through the motif of metamorphosis, these three tales reveal the theme of unhappy love. The image of Kaguya-hime can be interpreted in two ways: 1) the visible signs of an adult beauty are only a mask under which a child is hiding, and 2) the protagonist is a stranger who realizes that her life among people is temporary, here she must gain certain experience, go through a series of trials, and then return to her real home (the Moon) as a different person. The second model associates Kaguya-hime with the heroines of fairy tales from different nations because she also needs to go through the ritual of rebirth (life-death-life) and metaphorical initiation into adulthood. But while the heroes of European fairy tales leave their home (the "human world"), enter the forest or the thirty-ninth realm (a foreign space), and go through trials there, for Kaguya-hime, the foreign space is the human world (the Earth), and the Moon is her native space to which she later returns. Therefore, the role of the spatial planes through which the protagonist passes is mirrored in this Japanese fairy tale. Accordingly, Kaguya-hime herself is associated with a goddess who briefly appears in the life of an old couple and makes them happy. She enters the world of people with the help of a bamboo stalk, which acquires the semantics of a "door" between time and space planes, magically connected to the Moon and the other world. Kaguya-hime gives her foster parents her love and material values: the old man begins to find silver coins in the bamboo stalks every day. Silver is associated with the moonlight. Thus, at the very beginning of the tale, the connection between Kaguya-hime and the Moon is outlined. The motif of the magical endowment of the parents of the miracle girl with silver and gold by the Grandfather-knows-everything (the Sun, not the Moon) is found in the Ukrainian fairy tale "How a Herder's Daughter Became a Queen". The amazing heroine of the fairy tale "The Crane" is similar to the enchanted beauty from the Ukrainian fairy tale "The Bird Girl". In both texts, an amazing girl appears as an assistant to the protagonist, helping him to become rich by using the magic of weaving. However, whereas in the Japanese tale, the man loses his wife by breaking his promise (he spies on the woman's work and sees her as a bird), the Ukrainian tale has a happy ending. The difference between the two texts also lies in the prerequisites for establishing a marriage relationship between a female bird and a man. In the tale "The Crane", a young man helps a wounded bird to heal and at the same time, he does not expect to meet her again, as a human. In the Ukrainian fairy tale, the bird seeks rebirth through death: she asks the young man to behead her so that she can become his wife. The characters of the Ukrainian fairy tale "The Cane Girl" are partly similar to the characters of the fairy tales "Kaguya-hime, the Maiden of the Moonlight", and "The Crane". Yuki-Onna, the wonderful woman from the tale "The Snow Maiden", has vivid ethno-psycho- logical specificity, tends to be the goddess of death, and is associated with rituals of transition. The heroine first initiates the young man Minokita into the mystery of life-death-life (killing his old master in front of him) and thus contributes to the hero's age-related initiation, later becomes his faithful wife and reveals her demonic nature after her husband breaks his vow. An important place in the poetics of the analyzed tales is occupied by images-symbols of the moon, bamboo, silver, bird, feathers, night, winter, snow, river, boundary, and Death. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Engagement in care is important for people living with HIV (PLH) to achieve optimal outcomes. Several strategies have been developed to improve client flow through the HIV care cascade, specifically targeting initiation of treatment, adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART), retention in care, and engagement in care. We have previously identified effective care cascade strategies in a systematic review. Initiation of ART could be improved by mobile health interventions, and changes in healthcare delivery. Adherence to ART could be improved by mobile health interventions, incentives, counselling, and psychotherapy. Retention in care could be improved by mobile health interventions, incentives, education, and electronic interventions. The aim of this study was to investigate barriers and facilitators to implementing these effective interventions in HIV clinics in Ontario, Canada. Methods We conducted a sequential explanatory mixed methods study. In the quantitative strand, we administered a survey to health workers who provide care to PLH to identify barriers and facilitators. In the qualitative strand, we conducted in-depth interviews informed by the theoretical domains framework (TDF) with health workers and with PLH to explain our quantitative findings. Qualitative and quantitative data were merged to create meta-inferences. Results Twenty health workers from 8 clinics in 9 cities in Ontario took the survey. Nine PLH and 10 health workers participated in the qualitative interviews. Clinics in Ontario implemented all the effective interventions identified from the literature for initiation of treatment, adherence to ART, and retention in care despite concerns about resources. Barriers to physical and financial access to care, the workload for tailored care, and expertise were identified by both health workers and PLH. Key facilitators were virtual care and client preparedness through education and peer support. Conclusion Clinics in Ontario appear to implement several evidence-based strategies to improve PLH engagement. There is a need for more health workers with skills to address unique PLH needs. Virtual care is beneficial to both health workers and PLH.

Introduction We examined the predictors of tobacco smoking initiation considering factors such as age, gender, pocket money, exposure to smoke in public outdoor places, anti-tobacco media, smoking parents, smoking teachers, and smoking friends among adolescents in Indonesia. Methods Using data from the 2014–2019 National Youth Tobacco Survey grades 7–12, data from 9,655 teenagers were analyzed. The research used the Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) questionnaire. The analysis used univariate, chi-square and logistic regression with the STATA application version 15. Results In total, 9655 adolescent respondents participated. Multivariate tests indicated that teenagers aged 13-15 years (AOR: 1.34, 95% CI: 1.08-1.66) and teenagers aged> 15 years (AOR: 1.65, 95% CI: 1.25-2.17), teenagers who were male (AOR: 13.99, 95% CI: 11.11-17.63), teenagers who were exposed to cigarette smoke in public places outside the room (AOR: 2.00, 95% CI: 1.74-2.29), teenagers who had never seen anti-tobacco messages in the mass media (AOR: 1.23, 95% CI: 1.02-1.48), Teenagers who had parents who smoke (AOR: 1.26, 95% CI: 1.08-1.46), teenagers who saw teachers smoking in the school area (AOR: 1.42, 95% CI: 1.18-1.71), and teenagers who accepted offers of cigarettes from friends (AOR: 15.11, 95% CI: 10.33-22.11). Conclusion The initiation of tobacco smoking among teenagers in Indonesia can be predicted by various factors such as age, gender, exposure to smoke in outdoor public places, exposure to anti-tobacco media, and influence of parents, teachers, and friends.

Objective: This study identified factors associated with early initiation of substance use. Method: This study uses cross-sectional pooled data from the 2015–2019 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), which is a nationally representative sample of adolescents and adults assessing substance use and mental health. We sought to identify factors associated with early initiation of substance use. Results: Among the study sample, 27.9 % initiated drug use prior to 18 years of age. Multivariable logistic regression models revealed that the odds of early initiation were greater among males (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.42, 95 % Confidence Interval [CI]: 1.35–1.48), younger in age (aOR for 18–25 years old: 2.32, 95 % CI 2.14–2.49), and Non-Hispanic White (aOR 2.15, 95 % CI: 1.92–2.41). Additionally, it was found that the odds of early initiation were lower among those who resided in non-metro areas (aOR 0.88, 95 % CI: 0.82–0.95). Conclusions: Our study suggests that early initiation of drug use varies by demographic factors, and it continues to occur at earlier ages. Different prevention strategies should be tailored to address upstream factors that are associated with risky behavior among children and adolescents. Moreover, clinical strategies should further target younger age and should integrate mental health interventions as needed for those who were early initiators.

Background: Compared with the conventional peritoneal dialysis (PD) catheter insertion, embedding PD catheter implantation is one of the procedures for planned PD initiation. However, facilities where embedded PD catheter implantation is available are limited, and the impact of embedded PD catheter implantation on hospitalization cost and length of hospitalization is unknown. Methods: This retrospective single-center cohort study included 132 patients with PD initiation between 2005 and 2020. The patients were divided into two groups: 64 patients in the embedding group and 68 patients in the conventional insertion group. We created a multivariable generalized linear model (GLM) with the gamma family and log-link function to evaluate the association among catheter embedding, the duration and medical costs of hospitalization for PD initiation. We also evaluated the effect modification between age and catheter embedding. Results: Catheter embedding (β coefficient − 0.13 [95% confidence interval − 0.21, − 0.05]) and age (per 10 years 0.08 [0.03, 0.14]) were significantly associated with hospitalization costs. Catheter embedding (− 0.21 [− 0.32, − 0.10]) and age (0.11 [0.03, 0.19]) were also identified as factors significantly associated with length of hospitalization. The difference between the embedding group and the conventional insertion group in hospitalization costs for PD initiation (P for interaction = 0.060) and the length of hospitalization (P for interaction = 0.027) was larger in young-to-middle-aged patients than in elderly patients. Conclusions: Catheter embedding was associated with lower hospitalization cost and shorter length of hospitalization for PD initiation than conventional PD catheter insertion, especially in young-to-middle-aged patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Costly ritual behaviours have frequently been of interest to evolutionary researchers seeking to understand whether they have an adaptive benefit. Here we examine the costliness of initiation rituals across a large group of hunter-gather societies in Pama-Nyungan Australia and compare these with a range of possible adaptive benefits, including warfare, food sharing, demography, and mate competition. We find that in Australia, desert habitat was mostly strongly associated with these rites. Such rites may support the collective action, such as food sharing, necessary for survival in such a precarious environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Little cigars or cigarillos (LCCs) are frequently modified to smoke cannabis ("blunts") by youth and young adults. This study investigated whether young blunt users who are otherwise nicotine-naïve are more likely to initiate other tobacco products compared to never blunt users. Data were from four waves of the Truth Longitudinal Cohort (TLC), a national probability-based sample of youth and young adults (aged 15-24 years) in the United States (Wave 1: January—April 2017; Wave 2: February—May 2018; Wave 3: February—May 2019; Wave 4: September—December 2019). The sample was restricted to nicotine naïve respondents at Wave 1 with possible ever use of blunts (N = 5,284). Logistic regression analyses tested whether ever blunt use at Wave 1 predicted initiation of nicotine products by Wave 4, controlling for established risk factors. Compared to never-blunt users, ever users of blunts at Wave 1 had significantly higher odds of ever using cigars (OR: 4.74; 95% CI: 1.80-12.47; p = 0.002), e-cigarettes (OR: 4.66; 95% CI: 2.42-8.95; p < 0.001), cigarettes (OR: 3.02; 95% CI: 1.17-7.84, p = 0.023), or hookah (OR: 3.47; 95% CI: 1.07-11.29, p = 0.039) by Wave 4. Cannabis (never blunt) use by Wave 1 predicted ever use of e-cigarettes (OR: 3.45, 95% CI: 2.38-5.02, p < 0.001), cigarettes (OR: 3.81; 95% CI: 2.26-6.43, p < 0.001), or hookah (OR: 2.13; 95% CI: 1.12-4.05, p = 0.021) by Wave 4. Blunts are a point of nicotine initiation that places users at increased risk of progression to cigars, while the same relationship was not found for cannabis alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reward is essential for shaping behavior. Using sensory cues to imply forthcoming rewards, previous studies have demonstrated powerful effects of rewards on behavior. Nevertheless, the impact of reward on the sensorimotor transformation, particularly when reward is linked to behavior remains uncertain. In this study, we investigated how reward modulates smooth pursuit eye movements in monkeys. Three distinct associations between reward and eye movements were conducted in independent blocks. Results indicated that reward increased eye velocity during the steady-state pursuit, rather than during the initiation. The influence depended on the particular association between behavior and reward: a faster eye velocity was linked with reward. Neither rewarding slower eye movements nor randomizing rewards had a significant effect on behavior. The findings support the existence of distinct mechanisms involved in the initiation and steady-state phases of pursuit, and contribute to a deeper understanding of how reward interacts with these two periods of pursuit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Engagement in care is important for people living with HIV (PLH) to achieve optimal outcomes. Several strategies have been developed to improve client flow through the HIV care cascade, specifically targeting initiation of treatment, adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART), retention in care, and engagement in care. We have previously identified effective care cascade strategies in a systematic review. Initiation of ART could be improved by mobile health interventions, and changes in healthcare delivery. Adherence to ART could be improved by mobile health interventions, incentives, counselling, and psychotherapy. Retention in care could be improved by mobile health interventions, incentives, education, and electronic interventions. The aim of this study was to investigate barriers and facilitators to implementing these effective interventions in HIV clinics in Ontario, Canada. Methods: We conducted a sequential explanatory mixed methods study. In the quantitative strand, we administered a survey to health workers who provide care to PLH to identify barriers and facilitators. In the qualitative strand, we conducted in-depth interviews informed by the theoretical domains framework (TDF) with health workers and with PLH to explain our quantitative findings. Qualitative and quantitative data were merged to create meta-inferences. Results: Twenty health workers from 8 clinics in 9 cities in Ontario took the survey. Nine PLH and 10 health workers participated in the qualitative interviews. Clinics in Ontario implemented all the effective interventions identified from the literature for initiation of treatment, adherence to ART, and retention in care despite concerns about resources. Barriers to physical and financial access to care, the workload for tailored care, and expertise were identified by both health workers and PLH. Key facilitators were virtual care and client preparedness through education and peer support. Conclusion: Clinics in Ontario appear to implement several evidence-based strategies to improve PLH engagement. There is a need for more health workers with skills to address unique PLH needs. Virtual care is beneficial to both health workers and PLH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: During the COVID-19 pandemic, some continuous kidney replacement therapy (CKRT) initiations were transitioned to telemedicine to improve the timeliness of initiation, and minimize COVID-19 transmission. While telemedicine would appear acceptable for many clinical settings, safety and timeliness of telemedicine CKRT initiation is undescribed. Methods: We conducted a single-center retrospective cohort study of pediatric patients on CKRT from January 2021–September 2022. Information on patient characteristics and CKRT therapy was extracted from the electronic health record. Multidisciplinary team provider attitudes and perspectives were assessed using survey. Results: During the study period, there were 101 CKRT circuit initiations in patients not previously receiving CKRT, with 33% (33/101) initiated by telemedicine. There were no differences in patient characteristics, including age, weight at initiation, severity of illness, nor degree of fluid overload between the in-person and telemedicine initiation cohorts. CKRT telemedicine initiations were timelier, occurring on average 3.0 h after decision to initiate therapy compared to 5.8 h for all in-person CKRT starts (p < 0.001) and 5.5 h for night and weekend in-person starts (p < 0.001). Complications did not differ between telemedicine and in-person starts (15% vs. 15%, p = 0.99) and initial circuit life was similar. There were no differences in likelihood of death or duration of CKRT therapy. Telemedicine initiations were widely acceptable to multidisciplinary providers. Conclusion: In appropriately selected patients, telemedicine initiation of CKRT is a timely and safe option. Further standardization of telemedicine initiation of CKRT should be considered to improve the timely delivery of CKRT and may improve nephrology workforce wellness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-adherence to psychotropic drugs may reduce treatment effectiveness and may cause exacerbation of illness. Among migrant populations, studies have identified low adherence to psychotropic drugs. This study aimed to identify factors that were associated with the three basic components of adherence: non-initiation, non-implementation (blood sample), and discontinuation in a clinical sample of trauma-affected refugees diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder. The data for this study is derived from a randomized controlled trial (n = 108). Based on existing literature, individual sociodemographic and clinical candidate predictor variables that may affect the initiation, continuation, and implementation to psychotropics were selected as exposure variables. Logistic regression was used to assess the risk relation between non-initiation, non-implementation, discontinuation, and the individual sociodemographic and clinical factors. Three factors – level of education, turn-up rate for medical doctor sessions, and discomfort in relation to the psychotropics – were associated with non-initiation, non-implementation, or discontinuation. The relatively small sample size poses a limitation. Furthermore, factors not examined in the current study may have affected non-initiation, non-implementation, and discontinuation. The study identified level of education, turn-up rate for medical doctor sessions, and discomfort in relation to medicine as important factors in relation to treatment with psychotropics in trauma-affected refugees. Factors contributing to a low turn-up rate, and factors that are consequences of a low turn-up rate, as well as communication and trust in the patient-provider interaction need further research attention. Furthermore, there is a need for research on interventions addressing adherence for refugees with mental illness. • Approximately 50% of refugees diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder were non-adherent to psychotropics. • Several factors were associated with non-initiation, non-implementation, or discontinuation in refugees diagnosed with PTSD. • There is a need for research on interventions addressing adherence for refugees with mental illness. • Research on interventions addressing health literacy, motivation, shared decision-making and cultural competencies is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

René Guénon, considered the founder of the traditionalist school, is a French philosopher and mystical writer. Guénon emphasizes that traditional values have disappeared in the modern world, and as a result, people live without spiritual meaning. He argues that in a world where traditions are rejected and destroyed by modernism, people must understand their roots and remain committed to their value systems. Guénon offers an approach to discovering the true meanings and essences of religious rituals and symbols. According to him, religion is linked to the experiences of our ancestors and the truths they lived through, and therefore has an inner meaning. Guénon presents an argument that all religions can be reduced to a fundamental truth, an absolute truth. According to him, it is important to focus on the inner essence of religions rather than their external appearance, and in this way one can see unity among different religions. Guénon discusses the traditional wisdom tradition and the secret knowledge it contains. According to him, although religions have emerged in different geographies and cultures, they are all expressions of moral and spiritual values that people naturally possess. According to him, humanity can only reach its true roots through a spiritual and mystical journey. Guénon argues that in order to understand a religion correctly, the esoteric dimension of that religion must be reached. Otherwise, only a superficial understanding of the religion will occur and it will not be possible to understand the real teachings. Guénon is known for his work on religious philosophy and esotericism, and remains influential today. In this study, we will focus on Gueno's understanding of religion and tradition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses the intellectual relationship between the historian of religions Mircea Eliade and the French esotericist René Guénon. Many scholars have argued for the "the myth of affinity", a theory according to which Eliade would have subscribed to Guénon's worldview (Traditionalism). The proponents of this thesis believe that Eliade opportunistically masked his Traditionalism for fear of being considered not sufficiently "scientific" for the academic career he aspired to. This article argues against such a theory and intends to demonstrate how the "myth of affinity" arose from a series of misunderstandings that occurred in the circle of Guénon's closest associates, probably fuelled by Eliade himself. A comparison of Guénon and Eliade's works on the theme of initiation will be used to dismiss "the myth of affinity" by indicating the irreconcilable theoretical distance between Traditionalism and Eliadian hermeneutics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Drug addiction is a social problem that affects people all over the world, Increased manufacturing, distribution, promotion, availability, and social values contribute to this issue. Aims and Objectives: The aim of this study was to explore the causes of substance abuse among users and its impacts. Materials and Methods: The study's findings were derived through primary research. In-depth interviews with substance users undergoing treatment at a de-addiction center in Srinagar were carried out in June 2022-July 2022. This study included a thematic analysis of the stories of 20 participants. Results: Data gathered through participant narratives revealed personal experiences as well as common themes. A total of 3 themes emerged from the codes, the themes include (1) Initiation of substance abuse (2) Causes associated with substance abuse (3) Consequences of substance abuse. Conclusion: We conclude that the problem of substance abuse in Kashmir has assumed rising dimensions: curiosity, academic pressure, increasing economic stress, and easy accessibility are leading to initiation into substance abuse. It also reveals the harmful effects of substance abuse. Heroin is mostly used substance by abusers for the first time; substance abuse is on the rise, which is highly concerning for every member of society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article develops the concept of community lore, initially devised by the social learning theorists Jean Lave and Etienne Wenger (1991). In extending this promising but hitherto neglected aspect of their work, this article sheds light on how and why community lore sustains and propels teaching and learning in the contemporary esoteric society Sodalitas Rosae Crucis (SRC). Ethnographic findings illuminate how the situated, informal community lore becomes a pervasive learning device that underwrites individual and collective learning, as it emerges in small talk, gossip, and cautionary tales, told and shared among members. Furthermore, a dynamic of tradition and innovation is at play within the community lore, as it sustains tradition while also providing a breeding ground for new ideas and practices that lead to innovation. Within the constructive tension between tradition and innovation, I delineate how community lore works as an educational resource, with explanatory value for situated learning, especially within esoteric communities of practice.

We have developed a deep sequencing-based approach, Rec-Seq, that allows simultaneous monitoring of ribosomal 48S preinitiation complex (PIC) formation on every mRNA in the translatome in an in vitro reconstituted system. Rec-Seq isolates key early steps in translation initiation in the absence of all other cellular components and processes. Using this approach, we show that the DEAD-box ATPase Ded1 promotes 48S PIC formation on the start codons of >1000 native mRNAs, most of which have long, structured 5′-untranslated regions (5′UTRs). Remarkably, initiation measured in Rec-Seq was enhanced by Ded1 for most mRNAs previously shown to be highly Ded1-dependent by ribosome profiling of ded1 mutants in vivo, demonstrating that the core translation functions of the factor are recapitulated in the purified system. Our data do not support a model in which Ded1acts by reducing initiation at alternative start codons in 5′UTRs and instead indicate it functions by directly promoting mRNA recruitment to the 43S PIC and scanning to locate the main start codon. We also provide evidence that eIF4A, another essential DEAD-box initiation factor, is required for efficient PIC assembly on almost all mRNAs, regardless of their structural complexity, in contrast to the preferential stimulation by Ded1 of initiation on mRNAs with long, structured 5′UTRs.

Introduction. This study focuses on the formation of ancient Russian monasticism in the 11th-13th centuries. The main emphasis of the article is on the recognition of foreign communities as fullyfledged monasteries by episcopal cathedrals, as well as on the administrative-canonical rights of ancient Russian bishops. The author is interested in how the relationship between the episcopate and monasteries developed and changed. Methods. The analysis of the information on the establishment of the first Russian monasteries allows for some preliminary judgments not only in the field of the history of relations between the episcopate and monastic communities, but also regarding the development of canonical concepts within the church organization, revealing the peculiarities of these processes in different lands. Materials and methods. The main sources for this work were published and well-known sources on the early history of the Russian Church: ancient Russian chronicles, a collection of texts related to the history of the Kiev-Pechersk Monastery, 25 graffiti, as well as sources on the early history of the Antonius Romanin Monastery. Results. As a result, the author comes to the following conclusions. Firstly, the process of recognizing monastic settlements and institutions by episcopal cathedrals was complex and reflected the extremely difficult canonical and administrative situation in Russia. If in the initial stage, in the first century after the events of the Baptism, there was maximum freedom, expressed in the fact that the majority of monastic settlements were founded solely at the desire of the monks or at the will of the princes, then over time there is a tendency to expand the rights of the hierarchs in the control of monastic life. Conclusion. The first successful experience of full influence of the hierarchs on monastic life for the cathedrals is observed in the time of Prince Vsevolod and Metropolitan John the Baptist. However, the participation of bishops in the foundation of monasteries and the consecration of monastery churches became the norm only from the end of the 12th century. An exception to this series was Novgorod, where monastic life was brought under the control of the bishops already in the early 12th century. Secondly, it is obvious that in the initial stage of the Christianization of Russia, most monasteries were established without recognition from the episcopate. They simply did not need it. The only authority to which such settlements resorted was the princely authority.

Introduction. The article examines the issues of historical and modern significance of initiation rites. It is noted that initiation rites should be considered as a tool for overcoming psychological barriers before entering old age. At the same time, there are no traditions of age-related initiation aimed at removing barriers of fear of transition to old age. Materials and methods. The research methods were historical and psychological analyzes of the theory and practice of using initiation rites in the history of mankind. The study was carried out based on the study of normative materials and materials describing initiation traditions in different cultures. Results. It is shown that in the history of mankind, the traditions of age-related initiation were developed mainly in childhood, adolescence and youth. Attention is focused on the fact that in Russian culture rituals of initiation into old age have not yet been formed, although there are traditions of honoring elders, although they are not always implemented. Particular attention is paid to the issue of initiation technologies in old age. The practice of initiation in old age, tested in some countries, is considered. It is noted that age-related initiation makes it possible to solve such socio-psychological problems as testing one’s readiness to endure the difficulties of a new age stage; removing barriers of fear before a new age period; introduction to spiritual values; continuity of human existence, etc. Conclusion. Specific proposals have been made for the implementation of rules and approaches to initiation in old age. In particular, it is proposed to coincide the initiation ceremony with the Day of the Elderly. In addition, it is proposed to rename the day of the elderly to the day of honoring the elderly, as was done at one time in Japan.