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Korupcija predstavlja zlouporabu ovlasti i položaja u svrhu stjecanja osobne koristi, a dolazi u različitim vrstama i pojavnim oblicima. Korupcija ima duboke korijene, često ju je teško otkriti, a ima izrazito negativne posljedice na ekonomski rast, zapošljavanje, produktivnost privatnog sektora, dug opće države, ulaganja i inflaciju. Suzbijanje korupcije je veliki izazov, posebno u zemljama bivšeg komunističkog režima koje općenito imaju višu korupciju u odnosu na ostatak zemalja članica EU-a. Najčešće je u pitanju loša provedba zakona. Razmatrajući kretanje indeksa percepcije korupcije u zemljama EU-a u posljednjem desetljeću utvrđeno je kako je došlo do različitih promjena. Prosječni IPK za EU-27 blago je povećan, međutim, došlo je do općenitog smanjenja indeksa percepcije korupcije kod zemalja s najnižom korupcijom, dok su se, s druge strane, povećali IPK indeksi kod zemalja s najvišom korupcijom. Provedenim istraživanjem pokazalo se da je niža razina korupcije u zemljama EU-a u slaboj korelacijskoj vezi s višom razinom BDP-a. S druge strane, utvrđena je neznatna povezanost niže razine korupcije s nižom inflacijom. Kako bi se korupcija dodatno smanjila i samim time imala manje štetne učinke na ekonomski rast važno je postojanje kvalitetnog zakonodavnog okvira i strateških dokumenata te kontinuirano razvijanje novih mehanizama suzbijanja korupcije jer kako se razvijaju novi načini sprječavanja koruptivnih radnji istodobno počinitelji razvijaju i nove načine njihove provedbe. Corruption is the abuse of power and position for personal gain, and it comes in different types and forms. Corruption has deep roots, it is often difficult to detect it, and it has extremely negative consequences on economic growth, employment, productivity of the private sector, general general state, investment and inflation. Suppression of corruption is a great challenge, especially in the countries of the former communist regime that generally have higher corruption than the rest of EU member states. The most common is the poor implementation of the law. Considering the movement of an index of corruption perception in EU countries in the last decade, it has been determined that there have been various changes. The average IPK for the EU-27 is slightly increased, however, there has been a general decrease in the perception of corruption index in countries with the lowest corruption, while, on the other hand, IPK indexes in countries with the highest corruption. The conducted survey showed that the lower level of corruption in EU countries in poor correlacy relationships with a higher GDP level. On the other hand, a slight connection between lower corruption with lower inflation was determined. In order to further reduce corruption and thus has less harmful effects on economic growth, the existence of quality legislative framework and strategic documents, and continuously developing new mechanisms of corruption suppressing as new ways to prevent corrupt actions develop at the same time, develop new ways of their implementation.

Starptautiskais bizness un ilgtspējīga ekonomika Vadība, administrēšana un nekustamo īpašumu pārvaldība International Business and Sustainable Economy Management, Administration and Real Estate Management Anotācija Bakalaura darba tēma ir Inflācija un tās ietekme uz Latvijas ražotāju eksportspēju (salīdzinošā analīze ar Vāciju). Mūsdienās ekonomika ir saistīta ar straujām pārmaiņām. Viena no smagākajām makroekonomikas teorētiskajām un praktiskajām problēmām, kas jārisina dažādu valstu valdībām ir inflācija. Vērojot pasaules ekonomikas attīstības rezultātus pēdējo gadu laikā, spilgti iezīmējas inflācijas līmeņa kāpums. Inflācijas līmeņa celšanās ietekmē arī eksportspēju. Eksports ir viens no svarīgākajiem starptautiskajiem tirdzniecības aspektiem, jo tas spēcīgi ietekmē ekonomisko izaugsmi valstī. Attiecīgi darbā tika izvirzīts mērķis pamatojoties uz zinātniskās literatūras atziņu analīzi un praktiskās situācijas izpēti, izprast inflāciju un tās ietekmi uz Latvijas ražotāju eksportspēju (salīdzinošā analīze ar Vāciju), kā arī tika izvirzīti uzdevumi -veikt inflācijas un eksportspējas teorētisko aspektu analīzi, noskaidrot inflācijas ietekmi uz ražotāju eksportspēju, Izpētīt inflācijas līmeni un dinamiku Latvijā, pētīt Latvijas ražotāju eksportspēju, analizēt inflācijas ietekmi uz Latvijas ražotāju eksportspēju, veikt salīdzinošo izpēti ar Vācijas inflācijas rādītājiem, veikt uzņēmuma eksporta vadītāju intervijas. Pētījuma laikā tika izsecināts, ka pēdējo piecu gadu laikā Latvijā inflācijas līmeņa celšanās ļoti spēcīgi ietekmēja arī ražotāju cenu indeksus eksporta vienības un importa cenu indeksus, kā arī būvniecības izmaksu indeksus. 2022.gadā Latvijā un Vācijā bija iestājusies energo krīze, tā bija straujāka inflācijas līmeņa celšanā. Tiek izvirzīts priekšlikumi Latvijas eksportējošiem uzņēmumiem - uzņēmumiem, kuri eksportē ir nepieciešamība piedalīties Eiropas Savienības pasākumā “Starptautiskās konkurētspējas veicināšana”, lai uzņēmumi iegūtu nepieciešamās zināšanas uzlabojot uzņēmuma eksportspēju, tas uzlabos uzņēmumu eksporta pieaugumu. Balstoties uz valsts atbalsta pasākumu “Atbalsts tirgus veicināšanai”, Latvijas eksporta uzņēmumiem ir jāpiedalās šajā pasākumā, lai no valsts, uzņēmumi iegūtu pabalstu un spētu palielināt savu preču klāstu, attiecīgi palienot eksportētās preces. Darba kopējais lappušu skaits – 51, tabulu skaits – 3, attēlu skaits – 15, literatūras avotu skaits – 40, pielikumu skaits – 17. The topic of the bachelor thesis is Inflation and its impact on the export capacity of Latvian producers (comparative analysis with Germany). Today, the economy is associated with rapid changes. Inflation is one of the most serious macroeconomic theoretical and practical problems that governments of different countries have to deal with. Observing the results of the development of the world economy in recent years, the rise in the level of inflation is clearly marked. The rise in the inflation rate also affects the export capacity. Exports are one of the most important aspects of international trade, as they strongly influence the economic growth of a country. Accordingly, the aim of the work was to understand inflation and its impact on the export capacity of Latvian producers (comparative analysis with Germany), based on the analysis of findings from scientific literature and the study of the practical situation, as well as tasks were set to conduct an analysis of the theoretical aspects of inflation and export capacity, to find out the impact of inflation on the export capacity of producers, to study the level and dynamics of inflation in Latvia, to study the export capacity of Latvian producers, to analyze the impact of inflation on the export capacity of Latvian producers, to conduct a comparative study with German inflation indicators, to conduct interviews with the company's export managers. During the research, it was concluded that during the last five years, the rise in the inflation level in Latvia had a very strong impact on the export unit and import price indices of the producer price indices, as well as the construction cost indices. In 2022, there was an energy crisis in Latvia and Germany, it was faster in raising the inflation level. A proposal is put forward for Latvian exporting companies - companies that export and the need for the European Union event "Promotion of International Competitiveness" to ensure the necessary improvement of knowledge, the company's export ability, it improves the growth of the company's export. Based on the support measure "Support for market promotion", Latvian export companies must participate in this measure in order to receive support from the state and be able to increase the state goods of their goods, correspondingly increasing the exported goods. Work total number of pages – 51, number of tables – 3, number of images – 15, number of literature sources – 40, number of appendices – 17.

Komunikācija un mediju studijas Informācijas un komunikācijas zinātnes Communication and Media Studies Information and Communication Sciences Darbs “Komunikācijas par inflāciju tīkla kartēšana 2022. gadā: sociālā medija Twitter analīze”, balstoties uz sociālo tīklu teoriju un informācijas kaskāžu teoriju, analizē ierakstus Twitter, kas šajā sociālajā medijā veikti 2022. gada laikā latviešu valodā un piemin inflāciju (gan vārdu “inflācija” dažādos tā locījumos, gan citus vārdus, kas raksturo inflāciju, piemēram “patēriņa cenu kāpums”). Inflācija Latvijā 2022. gadā strauji pieauga, atsevišķos mēnešos tai pat pārsniedzot 20 %. Latvija bija starp tām eirozonas valstīm, kur inflācijas pieaugums 2022. gada laikā bija visstraujākais. Šādā ekonomiskajā situācijā inflācijas tēma kļuvusi aktuāla ne tikai ekonomistu starpā, bet arī plašākā sabiedrībā, kas par to komunicē dažādās vidēs, tostarp sociālajos medijos. Šī pētījuma mērķis ir komunikācijas tīkla kartēšana un galveno komunikācijas grupu identifikācija un izpēte sociālajā medijā Twitter latviešu valodā laikā posmā no 2022. gada 1. janvāra līdz 2022. gada 31. decembrim. Pētījuma veikšanai izveidota plaša datubāze ar Twitter ierakstiem, kas sastāv no 29,8 tūkstošiem oriģinālu ierakstu, bet, ņemot vērā tvītu pārpublicēšanu, kopējais analizējamais panelis sastāv no 45,9 tūkstošiem Twitter ierakstu. Kopumā par inflāciju latviešu valodā 2022. gada laikā komunicējuši 8123 Twitter lietotāju. Darbā secināts, ka komunikācija par inflāciju sociālajā medijā Twitter kļuva aktīvāka tajos mēnešos, kad cenas Latvijā pieauga straujāk. Turklāt Greindžera cēlonības testa rezultāti norāda, ka komunikācijas aktivitāti sociālajā medijā Twitter ietekmē tas, kad tiek publicēti dati par inflāciju un dati, kas raksturo cenu pieaugumu Latvijā, tos salīdzinot ar citām eirozonas valstīm. Tas liecina, ka, lai gan daļa no ierakstiem sociālajā medijā Twitter ir saistīti ar iedzīvotāju ikdienas novērojumiem un viņu personīgo pieredzi (par ko liecina arī Twitter ierakstos biežāk izmantoto vārdu analīze), tomēr vismaz daļa Twitter lietotāju pievērš uzmanību arī aktuālajiem tautsaimniecību raksturojošajiem datiem un notikumiem. Inflācijas komunikācijas tīkla kartēšanas rezultātā izveidoti grafi, kas raksturo gan kopējo komunikācijas struktūru, gan padziļināti pēta tieši to Twitter lietotāju aktivitāti, kas gada laikā par inflāciju komunicējuši visbiežāk. Aktīvāko Twitter lietotāju tīkls, kas veidots, balstoties uz viņu savstarpējo mijiedarbību (tvītu pārpublicēšanu un savstarpējām atbildēm uz citu lietotāju tvītiem), izmantojot klasterēšanas metodes, sagrupēts atbilstoši lietotāju mijiedarbības intensitātei. Šajā analizē tiek identificētas četras lietotāju grupas jeb klasteri, kas vairāk komunicē savā starpā, bet mazāk vai nemaz – ar citu grupu Twitter lietotājiem. Atsevišķu Twitter lietotāju grupu veido Latvijas Banka kopā ar mediju pārstāvjiem, ekonomistiem un dažiem biznesa pārstāvjiem. Šīs grupas lietotāji savos tvītos aktīvāk piemin dažādus ekonomiku raksturojošus radītājus, kā arī izsaka prognozes un pievērš uzmanību nākotnes tendencēm. The master thesis "Network mapping of communication about inflation: analysis of Twitter data in 2022" analyses Twitter posts in the Latvian language mentioning inflation during 2022 (this includes both mentioning the term “inflation” as well as other words that reflects inflation such as “consumer price increase”). The analysis is based on social network theory and information cascades theory. Inflation in Latvia in 2022 rose rapidly, exceeding 20 % in some months, and was among the fastest growing in the euro area. In this economic situation, the topic of inflation has become relevant not only among economists but also to the wider public who discuss it in various communication environments, including social media. The purpose of the study is to map the communication network and identify and study the main communication groups on Twitter in the Latvian language during the period from January 1, 2022, to December 31, 2022. The study uses a large database of Twitter posts, consisting of 29.8 thousand original posts, and, considering retweets, the total analysed panel consists of 45.9 thousand Twitter posts. Overall, 8123 Twitter users communicated about inflation in Latvian in 2022. The study concludes that communication about inflation on Twitter became more active in those months when prices in Latvia rose faster. In addition, the results of the Granger causality test indicate that communication activity on Twitter is influenced by the publication of data on inflation and data characterizing the increase in prices in Latvia compared to other euro area countries. This suggests that while some of the posts on Twitter are related to people's daily observations and personal experiences (as evidenced by the word analysis more commonly used in Twitter posts), at least some Twitter users also pay attention to current macroeconomic data and events. As a result of the inflation communication network mapping, graphs were created that characterize both the overall communication structure and in-depth study of the activity of Twitter users who communicated about inflation most frequently during the year. The most active Twitter user network, which was created using clustering methods based on their mutual interactions (retweets and responses to other users' tweets) is grouped according to the intensity of this interaction. The analysis identifies four user groups, or clusters, that communicate more with each other but less or not at all with other Twitter users in other groups. The separate Twitter user groups include Latvijas Banka (Central Bank of Latvia), along with media outlets, government officials, and individuals.

Analiza profitabilnosti u razdobljima koje obilježava povećana inflacija zasigurno ima svoje specifičnosti, ali je uz određene prilagodbe moguće primijeniti gotovo sve instrumente i postupke analize financijskih izvještaja kao i u stabilnim uvjetima. Pritom klasični komparativni financijski izvještaji, gdje se razmatra apsolutno i relativno povećanje ili smanjenje iznosa određene stavke, zasigurno gubi na važnosti no to se može nadoknaditi usporedbom strukturnih financijskih izvještaja te korištenjem financijskih pokazatelja. U ovom radu je detaljno razmotrena analiza profitabilnosti poslovanja poduzeća i načini na koje se profitabilnost može povećati, nakon čega je naglasak na analizi poduzeća u inflatornim uvjetima koristeći primjer financijskih izvještaja konkretnog poduzeća.

Uvođenje nove valute u državu predstavlja veoma kompleksan proces koji treba ozbiljno shvatiti te zadovoljiti sve kriterije kako bi implementacija bila što uspješnija. Promjena valute jest dugotrajan proces koji zahtjeva dobro razrađenu strategiju, pripremu s izraženim jasnim ciljevima, analizu prednosti te nedostataka kao i promatranje na dugoročnoj razini. Bitno je uključiti mišljenja građana te utjecaj na samo gospodarstvo države čiji rast i napredak karakterizira državu. Republika Hrvatska je ušla u proces uvođenja nove valute, odnosno zamjene trenutne nacionalne valute kune za euro. Ovaj rad razrađuje postupak uvođenja eura u Republiku Hrvatsku te utjecaj inflacije na sam proces. Kako bi do promjene valute došlo potrebno je zadovoljiti određene kriterije, uvjete koji su zahtjevani od strane Europske unije. Od Hrvatske se očekuje da uvede euro s obzirom na to da je članica Europske unije kao što se očekivalo i od ostalih članica. Kao primjer uspješnog uvođenja eura navedena je nama susjedna država, Republika Slovenija, koja je tečajnom mehanizmu pristupila 2007. godine te već ima dugu povijest korištenja eura.

Nakon razdoblja višegodišnjeg sporijeg rasta tržišnih cijena od dugoročnog prosjeka, inflacija cijena tijekom 2021. godine ponovno se ubrzala te je shodno tome navedena tema postala glavni fokus javnosti i medija. Ratom u Ukrajini podigle su se cijene energenata na svjetskom tržištu, a kako se zemlje Europske unije uglavnom oslanjaju na naftu i plin, tako se rast istih prelio na europsko tržište. U teorijskom pregledu literature objašnjeni su neki od glavnih inflacijskih procesa, poput inflacijske percepcije i inflacijskih očekivanja kod potrošača. Glavni je cilj istraživanja analizirati utjecaj inflacije tijekom 2021. i 2022. godine na životni standard građana Republike Hrvatske. Istraživanjem se želi objasniti spremnost građana Republike Hrvatske na plaćanje viših cijena energenata kako bi se sankcionirala Rusija koja je glavni agresor rata. Nadalje, važno je poznavati uzročno-posljedičnu vezu između povećanja cijena energenata tijekom 2021. i 2022. godine i financijskog stanja građana promatrane države. Istraživanje je provedeno putem anketnog upitnika u kojem je sudjelovalo sveukupno 247 ispitanika. Rad je podijeljen na četiri dijela, a to su uvod, teorijski pregled literature, istraživanje te zaključak. Prvi dio sastoji se od uvoda, iznošenja predmeta i cilja rada. Nadalje, drugi dio rada čini teorijski pregled literature korištenjem sekundarnih podataka na hrvatskom i engleskom jeziku. Treći dio odnosi se na provedbu istraživanja putem metode analize i induktivne metode u kojima ispitanici predstavljaju slučajan uzorak. Hipoteze rada potvrđene su i/ili opovrgnute nakon obrade podataka putem izračuna Cronbach Alpha koeficijenta, provedbe T-testa te analizom deskriptivne statistike. Zadnji dio rada odnosi se na donošenje generalnog zaključka na temelju rezultata istraživanja. After a period of several years of slower market price growth than the long-term average, price inflation accelerated again in 2021. and, accordingly, the mentioned topic became the main focus of the public and the media. The war in Ukraine raised the prices of energy products on the world market, and since the countries of the European Union mainly rely on oil and gas, the growth of these has spilled over into the European market. In the theoretical review of the literature, some of the main inflationary processes are explained, such as inflationary perception and inflationary expectations among consumers. The main goal of the research is to analyze the impact of inflation during 2021. and 2022. on the standard of living of the citizens of the Republic of Croatia. The research was conducted through a questionnaire in which a total of 247 respondents participated. The paper is divided into four parts, namely the introduction, theoretical review of the literature, research and conclusion. The first part consists of an introduction, presentation of the subject, the aim of the paper and two hypotheses that will be confirmed or refuted. Furthermore, the second part of the paper is a theoretical review of the literature using secondary data in Croatian and English. The third part of the paper refers to the implementation of research through the method of analysis and induktive method where respondents present a random sample. Hypotheses of the work were confirmed and / or refuted after data processing through calculation of Cronbach's Alpha coefficient, implementation of T-test and analysis of descriptive statistics. The last part of the paper deals with making a general conclusion based on research results.

Svaka zemlja članica ulaskom u Europsku uniju obvezala se da će u jednom trenutku preuzeti euro kao vlastitu nacionalnu valutu odnosno postati dio Europske monetarne unije. Cilj EMU-a je uspostaviti veću europsku integraciju korištenjem iste valute. Kako bi članica uspješno prošla proces uvođenja eura, odredbama Ugovora iz Maastrichta uspostavljeni su kriteriji nominalne konvergencije odnosno ekonomski uvjeti koje države članice EU moraju ispuniti kako bi usvojile euro. Kriteriji koji se moraju zadovoljiti su: stabilnost cijena, kriterij kamatne stope, stabilnost tečaja, te kriterije državnih financija koji zahtijevaju niske razine javnog duga i proračunskog deficita. Euroizacija sa sobom donosi brojne koristi, ali i nedostatke. Ustručavanje od uvođenja eura se u glavini događa zbog percepcije o rastu cijena potaknutog konverzijom, no mnoga istraživanja pokazuju da je takav rast cijena zapravo vrlo blag i jednokratan. Teško je precizno odrediti koliki utjecaj ima uvođenje eura na kretanje cijena iz razloga što istodobno postoje i mnogi drugi činitelji koji pospješuju inflaciju. Ispitivanja pokazuju kako se potrošačima inflacija često čini višom nego što u stvarnosti je. Hrvatska će ući u eurozonu tijekom razdoblja u kojem vladaju izrazito visoke stope inflacije, stoga je bitno razdvojiti razloge porasta inflacije zbog makroekonomskih kretanja i čimbenika koji nemaju veze s procesom eurozacije od onih koji su posljedica uvođenja eura. By joining the European Union, each member state committed itself to adopting the euro as its own national currency at some point, in other words, to become part of the European Monetary Union. The goal of EMU is to establish greater european integration using the same currency. In order for a member state to successfully pass the process of introducing the euro, the provisions of the Maastricht Treaty established nominal convergence criteria - economic conditions that EU member states must fulfill in order to adopt the euro. The criteria that must be met are: price stability, interest rate criteria, exchange rate stability, and state finance criteria that require low levels of public debt and budget deficit. Euroization brings with it numerous benefits, but also disadvantages. The hesitancy to introduce the euro is mainly due to the perception of a price increase triggered by the conversion, but many studies show that such a price increase is actually very mild and one-time. It is difficult to determine precisely how much influence the introduction of the euro has on price movements, because there are many other factors that promote inflation at the same time. Researches show that inflation often appears to consumers to be higher than it actually is. Croatia will enter the eurozone during a period in which extremely high inflation rates prevail, therefore it is important to separate the reasons for the increase in inflation due to macroeconomic trends and factors that have nothing to do with the euroization process from those that are a consequence of the introduction of the euro.

Korupcija predstavlja iskorištavanje javnog dobra za osobnu korist u cilju stjecanja nezakonitog privatnog vlasništva, a može se klasificirati prema različitim društvenim i institucionalnim čimbenicima. Postoje brojne štetne posljedice korupcije koje se mogu odnositi na cjelokupno društvo, a posebno na gospodarske aktivnosti. Iako u Hrvatskoj postoje različiti zakoni i institucije za suzbijanje korupcije, vrlo ozbiljan problem predstavlja niska razina provedbe zakona. Prema mjerenjima percepcije korupcije u Hrvatskoj u proteklih 20-tak godina, Hrvatska se nalazi na začelju zemalja EU-a pri čemu nisu pokazani trendovi poboljšanja. Smanjenjem korupcije došlo bi do povećanja BDP-a u Hrvatskoj te do smanjenja stope inflacije što bi pripomoglo održavanju stabilnosti cijena. Korupcija u Hrvatskoj ima i brojne druge negativne posljedice koje se odnose na rasipanje sredstava, razaranje političke kulture kao i štete koju nanosi društvenom moralu hrvatskih građana. Strategija sprječavanja korupcije za razdoblje od 2021. do 2030. izrađena je kao nastavak kontinuiranog strateškog provođenja i nadograđivanja sustava antikorupcijskih mjera u Republici Hrvatskoj. Uz kontinuiranu provedbu i nadogradnju postojećih antikorupcijskih mehanizama, potrebno je jačati postojeća i stvarati nova sustavna rješenja za sprječavanje korupcije na svim razinama. Corruption is the exploitation of a public good for personal gain in order to acquire illegal private property, and it can be classified according to various social and institutional factors. There are a number of harmful consequences of corruption that can affect society as a whole, and economic activities in particular. Although there are various anti-corruption laws and institutions in Croatia, the low level of law enforcement is a very serious problem. According to the measurements of the perception of corruption in Croatia in the past 20 years, Croatia is at the back of the EU countries, and no trends of improvement have been shown. Reducing corruption would increase Croatia's GDP and reduce inflation, which would help maintain price stability. Corruption in Croatia has a number of other negative consequences related to the squandering of funds, the destruction of political culture and the damage it inflicts on the social morale of Croatian citizens. The Strategy for the Prevention of Corruption for the period from 2021 to 2030 was developed as a continuation of the continuous strategic implementation and upgrading of the system of anti-corruption measures in the Republic of Croatia. In addition to the continuous implementation and upgrading of existing anti-corruption mechanisms, it is necessary to strengthen existing and create new systematic solutions to prevent corruption at all levels.

The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) was a federal state consisting of six socialist republics and two socialist autonomous provinces. The self-governing form of government that existed in the SFRY, was based on the leading role of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia. Applying the hierarchical principle of democratic centralism, the League governed the state, including all the social activities, and it organized the economic activity that was based on the collective. Thus, the main feature of this rule was the absolute state-party control. The public finances were created by applying a very high degree of ethatization as well as the planned economy. Due to these two postulates, the public needs were often financed by generating inflation, or by using gray money. The unemployment in the SFRY was a very big problem, which was never solved completely., Socijalistička Federativna Republika Jugoslavija (SFRJ) bila je savezna država koja se sastojala od šest socijalističkih republika i dvije socijalističke autonomne pokrajine. Samoupravni oblik vlasti koji je postojao u SFRJ, temeljio se na vodećoj ulozi Saveza komunista Jugoslavije. Primjenjujući hijerarhijsko načelo demokratskog centralizma, Liga je upravljala državom, uključujući sve društvene aktivnosti i organizirala je gospodarsku aktivnost koja se temeljila na kolektivu. Dakle, glavna značajka ove vladavine bila je apsolutna kontrola države i stranke. Javne financije nastale su primjenom vrlo visokog stupnja etatizacije kao i planirane ekonomije. Zbog ova dva postulata, javne potrebe često su se financirale stvaranjem inflacije ili korištenjem sivog novca. Nezaposlenost u SFRJ bila je vrlo velik problem koji nikada nije u potpunosti riješen.

This study examined the effect of foreign capital inflows on economic development in Nigeria. The study adopted Augmented Dickey–Fuller (ADF), Bound Test and Autoregressive Distributed Lag to analyze the yearly data sourced from Central Bank of Nigeria (2019). The ARDL Bound Test result revealed long run relationship between foreign capital inflows and economic development in Nigeria. The ARDL coefficients revealed that foreign direct investment had positive but insignificant effect on per capita income (c=0.056; p=0.17) while positive and significant relationship was established between foreign portfolio investment and per capita income (c=0.0001; p=0.01). Furthermore, the control variable, exchange rate was found to have positive but insignificant effect on per capita income (c=0.03; p=0.75) while inflation rate had negative and significant effect on per capita income (c= -0.02; p=0.053). the causality test revealed that foreign capital inflows did not granger cause economic development in Nigeria. It thus concluded that the inflow of foreign capital has not been able to fully improve per capital income in Nigeria. The study recommended that, easy policies tax payment and expatriation of profit should be initiated to encourage the inflow of foreign direct investment in the economy. The financial markets need to be developed and policies to reduce spiraling inflation should be put in place to encourage foreign investors., Ova studija ispitala je učinak priljeva stranog kapitala na gospodarski razvoj u Nigeriji. Studija je usvojila prošireni Dickey–Fullerov (ADF), bound test i ADL test za analizu godišnjih podataka iz Centralne banke Nigerije (2019.). Rezultat ARDL Bound testa otkrio je dugoročni odnos između priljeva stranog kapitala i gospodarskog razvoja u Nigeriji. ARDL koeficijenti su otkrili da izravna strana ulaganja imaju pozitivan, ali beznačajan učinak na dohodak po stanovniku (c=0,056; p=0,17), dok je pozitivna i značajna povezanost utvrđena između stranih portfeljnih ulaganja i dohotka po stanovniku (c=0,0001; p=0,01) . Nadalje, utvrđeno je da kontrolna varijabla, tečaj ima pozitivan ali beznačajan učinak na dohodak po stanovniku (c=0,03; p=0,75), dok je stopa inflacije imala negativan i značajan učinak na dohodak po stanovniku (c= -0,02; p=0,053 ). Test uzročnosti otkrio je da priljev stranog kapitala nije bio veći uzrok gospodarskog razvoja u Nigeriji. Stoga je zaključeno da priljev stranog kapitala nije mogao u potpunosti doprinijeti povećanju dohotka po glavi stanovnika u Nigeriji. Studija je preporučila da se uvedu jednostavne politike plaćanja poreza i odljev dobiti kako bi se potaknuo priljev izravnih stranih ulaganja u gospodarstvo. Potrebno je razviti financijska tržišta i uspostaviti politike za smanjenje rastuće inflacije kako bi se potaknuli strani ulagači.

Filipsa līkne ir viens no svarīgākajiem instrumentiem ECB un Eiropas valstu centrālajās bankās. Šī sakarība starp robežizmaksām un inflāciju, tiek pielietota, lai veidotu Eiropas Savienības monetāro politiku. Monetārā politika darbojas ar laika nobīdi, tāpēc ir svarīgi zināt, cik augsta inflācija būs nākotnē. Filipsa līkne ir instruments, ko izmanto šo prognožu iegūšanai. Liela nozīme ir Filipsa līknes slīpumam – jo līkne ir lēzenāka, jo dārgāka kļūst inflācijas stabilizācija centrālajām bankām. Ekonomisti uzskata, ka līkne ir kļuvusi plakana, sakarība starp inflāciju un robežizmaksām ir zudusi, un citi faktori nosaka inflāciju. Darba mērķis ir novērtēt sakarību starp robežizmaksām un inflāciju Eiropā un Baltijas valstīs. Tika iegūti pamata, hibrīdie un atvērtās ekonomikas Filipsa līknes modeļi., Phillips curve is one of the most important tools that is used in ECB and European central banks. This relationship between marginal cost and inflation is used to shape monetary policy in the European Union. Monetary policy works with a time lag, so it is important to know how high inflation will be in the future. The Phillips curve is the tool used to obtain these forecasts. The slope of the Phillips curve is important: the flatter the curve, the more expensive it becomes for central banks to stabilize inflation. Economists believe that the curve has become flat, the relationship between inflation and marginal costs has disappeared, and other factors are driving inflation. The aim of this paper is to assess the relationship between marginal costs and inflation in Europe and the Baltic States. Basic, hybrid and open economy Phillips curve models were derived.