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Deindustrialization in the sense of a decline in the share of industry in GDP, generally observed in developed countries, is explained by the three‐sector model. While this model shows a 'normal' level of deindustrialization, this study proposes to use unbalanced trade to assess the existence of undue deindustrialization in 21 major developed countries and empirically confirms its existence. At finer sectoral levels, by grouping these countries into Europ16 and Pacific5, the direct and indirect impacts of trade on these countries over the period 1991–2018 are assessed. The results suggest that Pacific5 was more affected than Europ16 and that China exerted stronger trade effects in causing this undue decline than nine other emerging Asian countries combined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social investment means investment not only into market economy but in society development. Green color is often used to mark such investment. In social investing both the character of investment project and the method of attaining result are important, the latter does not imply only investment and project profitability. As a result social investment is characterized by lower profit-making capacity. It builds the economic foundation for relatively cheap transition of economy to a new material base in the field of advanced power engineering and in respect to the environment. Social investing is also characterized by morality, therefore it turns into a specific opposition to traditional market investing, which, in spite of low profit-making capacity of social investing, does not motivate saving owners to increase private consumption. The authors show that social investing can be used as a tool of political struggle in today’s world. Under the pretext of obligatory investing into attaining universal human goals industrialized countries try to retain their leading position in the world.

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This study examines patterns and sources of growth in the transport sector's labor productivity across 13 industrialized countries over the period 2000–2015. Through decomposition analysis – specifically, the growth accounting method and industry origin analysis – the study makes three principal findings. First, total factor productivity growth plays a crucial but often underleveraged role in driving the sector's growth and catch-up on labor productivity. Second, digital transformation – especially investment in software and database assets – is a significant source of the sector's labor productivity growth and catch-up, while innovation-related capital has a complementary effect. Third, subsector-level labor productivity improvement is the major driver of the sector's overall labor productivity growth, while the growth contribution of labor reallocation among subsectors is insignificant. The article concludes with a discussion of policy insights and implications. • This article examines patterns and sources of growth in the transport sector's labor productivity. • The study examines 13 industrialized countries over the period 2000–2015, using the latest release of the KLEMS database. • TFP growth plays a crucial role in driving the sector's growth and catch-up on labor productivity. • Digital transformation is a source of productivity and catch-up, while innovation-related capital has a complementary effect. • Subsector labor productivity is the major driver of the sector's labor productivity, but labor reallocation is insignificant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Politicians frequently use political speech to foster hostility toward immigrants, a strategy that shapes political preferences and behavior and feeds the success of the populist right. Whether political speech can be used to foster tolerance of immigrants, however, remains unexplored. We identify three mechanisms by which political speech could increase tolerance: (1) stressing in-group conceptions that highlight commonalities with immigrants; (2) emphasizing inclusiveness as an in-group norm; and (3) providing information that counters anti-immigrant stereotypes. Using quotes from US politicians in two survey experiments, we find that pro-immigrant speech that stresses inclusive norms or counters negative stereotypes about immigrants leads to more tolerant attitudes (but not behavior) toward immigrants. These effects are small and detectable only in large samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electricity consumption is vital for the industry, business, and policy matters on macro-level as well as on micro-level in developing countries having inadequate resources. Furthermore, electrical generation is also one of the dominating issues of less developed countries because of limited resources for low-cost electricity production, inefficient distribution, and hindrances to the implementation of policies for long-run objectives. This research uses time series variables of GDP per capita, electricity consumption, and electricity generation as endogenous variables while shortage as an exogenous variable. This study uses the dataset of the annual interval, starting from 1961 to 2015, gathered from reliable sources. Economic growth related to proxies' data has been taken from World Bank Indicators 2015 (WBI) while electrical related variables' data collected from the handouts of Power System Statistics of different years. This study utilizes the Johansen Co-integration (JC) approach to find a long-run relationship along with a Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) methodology to identify equilibrium nexus between electricity consumption and economic growth in Pakistan. Moreover, Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) forecast electricity consumption with a higher degree of accuracy. The JC approach finds the long-run relationship between economic growth, electrical consumption, electrical generation, and electricity shortage. VECM methodology reveals the short-run as well as a long-run nexus among the variables. The deviation from equilibrium swiftly adjusted in this model with no feedback effect of energy consumption-generation. Pairwise Granger Causality method discovers one-way causal relationship running from electricity consumption to economic growth. The findings suggest that electricity consumption and economic growth have a long-run equilibrium relationship, and electricity consumption leads to economic growth in Pakistan. Artificial Neural Networks predict electricity consumption with 99% accuracy, which represents the better-fitted picture of prediction and limited residuals. Furthermore, it also calculates composite coefficient contrast to time series individual coefficient. Policy recommendations of this study are to improve electricity generation through low-cost and environment-friendly options along with discouragement of electricity conservation policy because of a positive and causal relationship between electricity consumption and economic growth. Pakistan may enhance economic growth by minimizing line-losses, construction of dams on a priority basis, and by discouraging petroleum-based electricity. JEL Classifications: Q14, L94, F43, and C45 Keywords: Electricity Consumption, Electricity Shortage, Economic Growth, Artificial Neural Networks., INTRODUCTION Production advancement regarding quantum and economic growth desired digits has been compromised by less advanced energy infrastructure in Pakistan for years. The frequent load-shedding situation further impacts economic growth [...]

Acquisition of technology and its diffusion foster productivity growth. Developing countries across the world have relied largely on technology import from developed countries for driving their technological changes. India too has been no exception. Against this backdrop, the present paper assesses the role of technology transfer in promoting productivity growth in Indian manufacturing industries. Foreign technology may be imported into a country via three channels, namely, trade channel, investment channel and license channel. India witnessed manifold increase in the importance of these channels of technology transfer since its economic liberalization in the early nineties. Using industry level secondary data on- productivity, import of capital and intermediate goods, FDI and Royalty and license fee, the present paper works out two econometric models. Model 1 evaluates changes in productivity levels within the industry importing the technology while model 2 examines changes in productivity levels of the industries upstream of the technology importing sectors. Results from two-way panel estimations show that import of technology via import of capital and other intermediate goods did lead to productivity growth in the technology importing sectors. However, this downstream import of capital goods and intermediate goods failed to penetrate and impact the productivity of the upstream input supplying sectors. Neither did downstream FDI result in improving the productivity of the upstream sectors. Thus, productivity growth that has happened in India due to technology import are those within the raw materials and capital goods importing sectors and via the trade channel of technology transfer. But unfortunately, no import penetration that positively impacts productivity has happened among domestic firms that supply inputs to either the input importing downstream sectors or the foreign invested downstream sectors. With India's renewed focus on increasing output share and productivity of manufacturing sector, such non-penetration of technology imports is definitely not good news. Usage of foreign technology to increase productivity may be a short run solution to attaining better productivity, but one has to learn from this imported knowledge and it should result in penetration and learning across industries so that the growth in productivity may be sustained over the long run., INTRODUCTION Literature establishes the significance of technology transfer from developed to developing countries in promoting development or 'catch-up growth' in the latter. Technology transfer is a comprehensive term, which encompasses [...]

Local soil knowledge (LSK) has been recognised for its importance in sustainable soil management and agroecosystems. This paper examines peer-reviewed articles and grey literature documents on LSK during 2003-2018. Research continues to be geographically focused on developing countries, but often in collaboration with researchers from developed countries. There were five key research themes: soil classification and agreement between local and scientific soil knowledge (Theme 1), value of LSK for soil management and decision-making (Theme 2), scientific approach to the incorporation of LSK (Theme 3), application of LSK for identification of and solutions to soil problems (Theme 4) and factors influencing soil knowledge development (Theme 5). Although Theme 1 continued to be a prevalent research area, confirming the importance of visible and topsoil characteristics identified by farmers, examining subsurface soil properties has garnered less research. For LSK to be thoroughly documented requires support by a pluralistic scientific assessment and greater incorporation of social science methodologies. An overarching finding from Themes 2-4 was the importance of designing national programs that incorporate LSK derived from local people and other stakeholders (e.g. scientists and policymakers) to conserve soils. Local soil maps, using LSK terminology, could broaden the appeal and use of maps by local stakeholders to support sustainable land-use planning from the field to national policy-making processes. Finally, cultural and political aspects, known to influence LSK, should be given greater consideration in further research to sustain and develop this knowledge (Theme 5). Additional keywords: ethnopedology, farmers, rural development, soil classification, soil health. Received 21 August 2019, accepted 1 December 2019, published online 14 January 2020, Introduction In order to ensure our food production and land management systems are sustainable, there is a need for farmers to maintain healthy soil (Pauli et al. 2016). Flowever, increasing [...]

It has been widely accepted that the structure of population of a country can have significant contribution towards its growth effort. With the proportional increase of relatively older group of people in developed countries alongside the proportional rise of the youth population in the developing part of the world, it is of paramount importance to understand the long term economic consequences of this changed structure of population. Despite having a favorable demographic composition, depending on public investment and policy strategy adopted, economies differ in terms of their ability to attain demographic dividend. The issue is therefore an empirical one which requires appropriate quantitative analysis. Against this backdrop, with the help of a 37-year long panel of 15 Asian countries, this study has made an attempt to understand the long run effect of changing demographic pattern on economic growth of Asian countries. Despite increased importance of demographic composition on labor supply, asset accumulation, savings, hence on the overall growth process, there is no literature focusing on the relationship from a cross-country perspective and while applying suitable methodological tools. Thus, this paper utilized econometric methods of panel data constructed using World Development Indicators (WDI) and Health Nutrition and Population Statistics (HNPS) from World Bank database to understand the linkage between dependency ratio and per capita GDP growth. Following cross section dependence test stationarity property of the variables has been diagnosed employing appropriate panel unit root tests. The short run and long run parameters have estimated with the help of Mean Group (MG), Pooled Mean Group (PMG) and Dynamic Fixed Effect (DFE) estimators. PMG estimates have been preferred over the DFE and MG. It revealed the fact that for the Asian countries Dependency Ratio (DR) does not have any short run impact on Per Capita GDP Growth (PCGDPG) but it has significant long run impact therefore with an increase in working age population in comparison to the non-working group, there is a resulting increase in per capita GDP growth of Asian countries. Since changed demographic composition can only result in higher economic growth, if complemented by effective public policies, this paper provides empirical evidences in favor of such policies of human resource development. Besides, in order to reap the maximum benefit from working age population while increasing investment, it is important to engage them in productive, growth enhancing activities and that requires investment in employment generation., INTRODUCTION It has been widely accepted that the structure of population of a country can have significant contribution towards its growth effort. With the proportional increase of relatively older group [...]

Campylobacter jejuni is the most frequent cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in industrialized countries worldwide (1,2), including in Denmark, where [approximately equal to] 4,000 Campylobacter infections are reported annually (3). Despite [...]

Hepatitis E virus (HEV; family Hepeviridae, genus Orthohepevirus A) comprises at least 8 distinct genotypes (1). In industrialized countries, swine HEV of the zoonotic genotypes 3 and 4 (HEV-3 and [...]

Innovation is a key competitive advantage for companies in the 21st century. R&D and other innovative work was traditionally carried out by MNEs in their home countries, although it spread to some affiliates in other developed countries in the late 20th century, and to some emerging markets more recently. This paper analyzes the assignment of innovative activity, particularly R&D, by MNEs to their affiliates in emerging markets. Using both aggregate data produced by government organizations and company-specific interviews and published commentaries, we find that MNEs assign more responsibility for R&D and innovation to affiliates in emerging markets that have larger markets, lower human resource costs, greater overall R&D activity and to some extent greater activity of the company in question. China and India are huge exceptions to the rule that MNEs tend to assign only development work to emerging market affiliates: they are increasingly assigning core R&D to these two large countries. Corporate strategy can be adjusted to take advantage of low-cost R&D capabilities, particularly in these large markets, and to pull innovations from those affiliates throughout the rest of the firm. Public policy to attract R&D by MNEs should look at offering companies better access to sizable markets, offering incentives for R&D activity and building up R&D activity in the local economy, by companies and government alike. Keywords: emerging markets, innovation, MNEs, new technology, R&D, 1. Introduction Innovation is one of the most important competitive advantages of the 21st century (Rubera and Kirca 2012; Pisano 2015; Grosse 2015; Chatzoglou and Chatzoudes 2018). Countries as well [...]

Considering the current European context and changing legislative EU framework we are going to try and emphasize within this article the main challenges and also opportunities driven from this neiv set of norms set in place by the Regulation (EU) 2018/848 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 2018 on organic production and labelling of organic products. Keywords: organic agriculture, EU Regulation, standards, organic production and labelling, organic market, Introduction During recent years the most developed countries, the emerging market economies governments and also agricultural policies have more and more sustained and also encouraged the development of sustainable agriculture [...]

There is an increasing interest in cannabinoids as they are being proved to effectively treat the symptoms of a variety of medical conditions. Commercialization of cannabinoid-based pharmaceutical products is expected to grow in the near future, favored by the recent changes in medical regulations in many developed countries. Hence, robust and reliable analytical methods for determining the content of the active pharmaceutical ingredient will be needed, as this is one of the most relevant parameters for the decision to release the final pharmaceutical product into the market. The aim of this work was to demonstrate that near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy fulfills the needed requirements for this purpose, as well as to provide a methodology to be applied to other cannabinoid-based products. We present two validated methods for the quantification of different liquid pharma-grade cannabidiol (CBD) formulations based on NIR spectroscopy and partial least squares regression modelling. The methods were constructed and validated with spectra belonging both to production samples and to laboratory samples specifically made for this purpose, and they fulfill European Medicines Agency and International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use guideline requirements. These methods allow determining the CBD content with results comparable to the usual method of choice while saving reagent- as well as time-related costs. Keywords Near-infrared spectroscopy * European Medicines Agency * Good Manufacturing Practices * Good Laboratory Practices * Partial least squares regression * Cannabidiol * Quality control, Introduction The recent discovery of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) as a regulator of cellular homeostasis has pushed cannabinoids into a central position from the medical and drug research point of [...]

This review assesses the general view of conventional and organic farming. Many studies have revealed that the continuous use of synthetic farm inputs has a negative effect on the soil, producers, products and the ecosystem. The lack of knowledge, capital and information has affected farmers' actions and decisions regarding synthetic and organic farm inputs. In developed countries, farmers have been selective in applying only limited amounts of synthetic fertilizer and pesticides to reduce the concentrations of heavy metal and harmful chemicals in the farming environment. Literature shows that soil samples taken after cultivation had higher concentrations of Lead, Cadmium and Arsenic, when compared to the concentrations of these heavy metals in soil before cultivation. There is a clear evidence that undesirable levels of heavy metals develops in soils subjected to different farm inputs. This indicates that farm input can have adverse effects on soil ecosystem. The pesticides use in Africa generally increased by about 6% from 2002 to 2014. Therefore, there is a need to create awareness on the use of synthetic farm inputs. In developing countries, farmers are exposed to banned and harmful farm inputs, which could affect human health and the ecosystem. Intensified knowledge, access to correct information and alternative organic farm inputs are required to transform the existing conventional farming to organic farming practices. Developing countries should extend their knowledge and information of the farming system to decrease the impact of synthetic farming inputs on the environment, the soil ecosystem and public health. Governmental organizations (GOs) and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) should develop a willingness to take the proper measures to facilitate and implement proper mechanisms; to intensify alternative natural farm inputs to obtain relevant knowledge and capital to sustain organic farming practices and to contribute to the security of the food supply, human health and the environment. Key words: Organic agriculture, conventional agriculture, environment, harmful farm inputs, heavy metals, INTRODUCTION Organic farming is a reliable means of ensuring sustainable ecosystem management and food security [1, 2, 3, 4]. An agricultural production activities that take in to account the environmental, [...]

Despite high vaccination coverage, pertussis remains a major public health concern. In many industrialized countries, including Australia, whole-cell vaccine was replaced by the less reactogenic acellular vaccine (ACV). In Australia, [...]

Recent decades have seen the emergence of global value chain (GVC) production arrangements in which firms fine-slice production processes and disperse activities over multiple countries. This paper analyses how the rise of GVCs affects trade politics in developed countries. Our theoretical model shows that GVCs drive a wedge between the interests of workers and of managers in unskilled-labour-intensive industries, upsetting a traditional coalition that has favoured protectionism against competing imports. Managers of GVC firms switch towards favouring trade promotion since they can substitute foreign for local unskilled workers. The loss of their management ally further weakens the position of low-skilled workers, whose jobs and income are threatened by foreign competition. This new trend may help to explain the recent surge in anti-trade sentiment, while indicating the importance of an active policy response to deal with the economic challenges for affected workers. Keywords: global value chains, trade policy, coalition, trade politics, 1. Introduction Economists have long recognized that the benefits from international trade are unequally distributed across workers and time. International commerce creates both winners and losers, and there are currently [...]

During the 1950s, in what is today called the Global South--to some, a misnomer--a new concept, neocolonialism, was added to the lexicon of political thought. By the decades of the 1960s and 1970s, it had become a controversial political phenomenon. Predictably, most politicians and scholars in the West rejected the concept. By the close of the twentieth century, neocolonialism no longer occupied center stage in nationalist and scholarly discourses about the problems developing nations faced. Perspectives on this inevitable historical phenomenon came to mirror opponents' ideas on imperialism and colonialism. Those who regarded them as a bad thing were alarmed at their continued existence through the back door after independence and vociferously denounced them as predatory and nefarious, but those who regarded them as essentially a good thing equally stoutly denied the existence of neocolonialism, regarding the intentions of the industrialized West in the new nations as essentially Christian, benevolent, and beneficial. Because of the renewed scholarly interest in the subject since the 1980s, especially the widening perspectives on the concept, this article revisits the phenomenon of neocolonialism and discusses its enduring manifestations, concluding that because of its very nature, neocolonialism has all along been alive and well. The political leaders of both the developed nations and the Global South are urged, therefore, to confront the phenomenon, not as superior and inferior or as colonizer and colonized but as partners in the pursuit of global peace, security, and prosperity. The conclusions are drawn from a study of a complex array of relevant sources from the 1950s to contemporary times., INTRODUCTION Although neocolonialism was a major political phenomenon in the newly independent countries of Asia, Latin America, and Africa in the decades of the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s, most politicians [...]

STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT VARIES WIDELY across developed countries, but the source of these differences is not well understood. One obvious candidate, and a major focus of research and policy discussions both [...]

IN GEORGE ORWELL'S CLASSIC NOVEL, 1984 THE STORY'S protagonist, Winston Smith, is a low-ranking member of the ruUng Party in London, in the nation of Oceania. Wherever Winston goes, even [...]

There has been an increased interest among researchers and policy makers on fathers' involvement and its implications for children's wellbeing and learning. Existing empirical evidences from developed countries have documented fathers' essential role that it successfully improves children's development and learning. However, there is dearth of evidence from developing countries especially from Sub-Sahara African contexts. This study was designed to establish Tanzanian experiences particularly Kimamba village in Kilosa District-on fathers' involvement in children's development and schooling dimensions. Descriptive exploratory study design guided collection and analysis of data of the rural context. A total of 23 fathers were recruited for focus group interviews. The analysis of data revealed that fathers had good understanding of their roles and involvement in child-rearing and learning for mastering social and economic welfare of their children, families and the larger population. Fathers indicate that their involvement has significant contribution to children's development across schooling periods and later in life. Their responses range from preparing home environment and crafting home-based timetable for the child to adhere to when at home and during after-school hours. The study concludes that, in a context with limited educational resources, parenting education is important for both fathers and mothers. This may ultimately lead to closer parental involvement and collaboration in child-rearing and caring. It therefore recommended that Social Welfare Officers in collaboration with District Education Officers and teachers should organise and run sensitization programmes to improve fathers' involvement in children's development and learning. Keywords Fathers, early years, child development, caregivers, Tanzania, 1. Introduction Fathers' involvement in terms of engagement, accessibility and responsibility (McMunn, Martin, Kelly & Sacker, 2017) has been of interest to researchers and policy decision makers. Differentiating the three [...]

Behavioral economists and social psychologists have shown that extrinsic motivations can crowd out intrinsic motivations to act. This study examines this crowding out effect in the context of legislative behavior. By exploiting the federal nature of Swiss elections, we examine if response rates to requests of voters residing inside or outside a candidate's district vary based on the electoral competition candidate legislators face. We report two main findings. First, we find a high response rate among Swiss candidates (66 percent) which remains high for voters who reside outside a candidate's district (59 percent) suggesting that intrinsic motivations are a key driver of constituency effort. Second, the response to voters who reside inside a candidate's district is more pronounced for candidates confronted with a high degree of electoral competition. This suggests that extrinsic motivations are important for constituency work, but at the same time their presence might crowd out intrinsic motivations. This evidence suggests that the relationship between electoral competition and responsiveness might be less straightforward than assumed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What explains variation in tax progressivity before World War I? I argue that trade politics shaped the emergence of progressive taxation. If labor could provide a useful ally, trade policy coalitions meant compromise on redistributive demands: progressive taxes, especially where inequality was lower. In time-series cross-sectional analysis, I find that trade interest proximity between labor and elites was associated with more progressive taxation in ten European countries between 1870 and 1913 under conditions of low inequality. The coalition and compromise mechanism is evident in sub-national evidence from Britain. Where constituency interests favored free trade, Liberal–Labour electoral alliance was more likely in 1906, and the local MP was more likely to support the 1909 "People's Budget" for progressive taxation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The political relevance of labor market insecurity has been questioned because (a) insider-outsider divides were considered to be a divide within the low-skilled and politically less active working class and (b) labor market insecurity runs through the middle of the household. Outsiders might therefore align their preferences with those of insiders. This contribution provides, first, evidence that labor market insecurity extends well into the higher-skilled middle class , in particular to high-skilled young adults and high-skilled women. Second, the contribution sheds light on the "household question", that is the question whether mixed households dampen the political relevance of labor market insecurity. If labor market insecurity is concentrated in specific social groups (young adults, women) that tend to cohabit with secure insiders, the political relevance of labor market insecurity might depend on whether or not outsiders align their preferences with those of the household. In this contribution, I discuss recent work on the relevance of the household in translating labor market divides into preferences divides presenting recent work that shows that the household does not render insider-outsider divides politically irrelevant. In sum, insider-outsider divides have all the potential to become politically relevant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay argues that several ongoing and future developments are likely to undermine the broad public support welfare states historically and currently enjoy. These developments—skill-biased technological change, privatization of pensions, higher rates of assortative mating, and the information revolution—can be expected to increase risk inequality, the predictability of risk, income and wealth inequality, and the overlap between income and risk. As a result, a plausible prediction is that intense polarization about social policy programs will replace their current broad appeal, pitting an increasing share of people with no jobs or poor jobs and little upward mobility against an increasing share of people with few incentives to support mandatory risk pooling because they can self-insure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Almost 30 years after its introduction, the "circle of poison" remains a common conceptualization of the global pesticide complex among scholars and especially in popular understanding. The circle of poison describes a situation in which, pesticides banned in industrialized countries continue to be manufactured there and exported to developing countries, are then used in developing countries almost entirely on export crops, and return to industrialized countries as pesticide residues on food. Using secondary data and a case study of pesticide use in Costa Rica, I review the applicability of the circle of poison conceptualization to the current global pesticide complex. I argue that (1) the circle of poison is no longer accurate due to important global changes in pesticide regulation, production, trade, sales, and use driven by a number of dynamic economic, social, and ecological processes; (2) using industrialized countries' pesticide regulations as proxies for safety should be replaced by multi-characteristic risk assessments; and (3) revisions of the circle of poison conceptualization should be updated because of export farmers' adoption of newer classes of pesticides. The paper concludes by offering a new characterization of the global pesticide complex vis-à-vis pesticide use in developing countries: pesticide divergence by market orientation. © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.