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Manufactured gas plants (MGPs) were a staple of the Industrial Revolution, operating in the US primarily on the East Coast, starting in the early 19th before phase-out in the mid-twentieth century. Their legacy includes the release of copious quantities of subsurface tar, and when located adjacent to waterways, tar in sediment due to direct discharge and leaking bulkheads. Computing the depth and extent of tar impacts is a three-dimensional problem required to facilitate appropriate remediation efforts. At three former MGPs, 306, 223, and 254 boreholes with 1452, 544, and 276 intervals were coded and %saturation attributed to saturated (Sn = 70%) and residual (SNr = 20%) tar. These data were incorporated into the 3-D krieging software EnviroInsite to estimate the spatial extent of tar and oil impacts and their affiliated volumes. At the former Citizens, Fulton, and Metropolitan MGPs, the model estimated a most probable volume (MPV) of 7.21, 4.36, and 0.8 million gallons of tar. As a sensitivity analysis, Sn was decreased to 60%, reducing the MPV to 6.3, 3.4, and 0.6 million gallons, respectively, Regardless, it is irrefutable that a large amount of tar remains in the subsurface ∼70 years after the facilities ceased operating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors offer a response to commentaries and criticisms made on their book "Slavery, Capitalism and the Industrial Revolution." They discuss the recognition made by the commentators on the authors' evaluation of the economic impact of slavery on the British economy, their view about the impact of the slave-based Atlantic trades on British region, and their major motivation for writing the book.

The article presents an analysis of the book "Slavery, Capitalism & the Industrial Revolution" by Maxine Berg and Pat Hudson. Topics include the authors' revision of the existing orthodoxy that slavery made a minimal contribution to total domestic wealth, objections that critics make to the data showing the importance of slave-derived wealth to the British economy in the 18th and 19th centuries, and comments on the reflections by Berg and Hudson on the slave-based Atlantic trading system.

The author offers reflections on the book "Slavery, Capitalism and the Industrial Revolution" by Maxine Berg and Pat Hudson. He talks about the release of the book just over a year after Penguin's republication of Eric Williams' "Capitalism and Slavery," a significant question that Berg and Hudson's book sought to address, and the important characteristics of Berg and Hudson's book.

This paper elucidates the fundamental principles and categorization of additive manufacturing, commonly known as 3D printing technology, and explores its innovative applications in model data processing. Positioned as a pivotal facet of the "third industrial revolution", additive manufacturing places particular emphasis on constructing intricate shapes through the sequential layering of discrete models, thereby achieving the seamless integration of design and manufacturing. Technologically, it is subcategorized into fused deposition moulding, three-dimensional light-curing moulding, and powder moulding, each tailored to specific application scenarios. A key feature of this article is the introduction of a coordinated multi-scale method classification framework, which is based on the interconnection of data processing workflows, variations in application techniques, and differences in hardware configurations. The article provides a comprehensive summary of innovative layered slicing methods designed for diverse model characteristics and processing requirements, including equal-thickness layering, adaptive layering, and curved surface slicing. Additionally, it offers a detailed exploration of filling path algorithms for 3D printing, particularly focusing on path-based continuous filling and polygon-based area filling methods. These innovative algorithms significantly enhance overall printing efficiency and quality, showcasing notable advancements in additive manufacturing data processing technology. Furthermore, the article not only offers an extensive overview of additive manufacturing technologies but also introduces its significant applications in the field of part repair, and provides suggestions for the selection and utilization of printing software. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When it comes to the British Industrial Revolution of the eighteenth century, much of the mainstream economics literature has tended to focus on how property rights, limitations on the crown or government, and changes in production techniques caused a big transformation in the nation's economy. Marxian and other heterodox economics views acknowledge these developments but also emphasize the enclosure movement and the development of an exploited proletariat. Both sets of views acknowledge the role of the British government in facilitating the revolution, but in doing a review for this article, there is only a small amount of literature on how government investment and spending and the housing of workers may have helped spur the revolution. This is especially true within heterodox schools of thought, and this article aims to add to the heterodox literature by discussing how government investment and investment in housing assisted with surplus absorption during the Industrial Revolution, which in turn helped the British economy to achieve greater heights. Finally, it can be shown that this investment, in turn, would have helped business investment and spending in absorbing as much of the surplus as possible. Strong and sensible uses of government spending matter as much as free market ideology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Letter-sheet price-currents appeared in at least twenty-two American cities from 1819 to 1887. These were condensed special editions of newspapers printed on stationery-quality paper with a page left blank on which a letter could be written; a subscriber would typically fold, seal, and address the letter-sheet to be self-mailing. These publications carried commercial information such as local commodity prices and market reports. The chief subscribers were financial agents who bought and sold commodities on behalf of distant clients; by using the letter-sheets for correspondence, these middlemen could depict local markets and show they were acting in their clients' best interests. The interpersonal nature of long-distance trade during much of the nineteenth century made it possible for the letter-sheets to thrive, as millions of copies circulated annually by the late 1850s. But ultimately telegraphed market news and modern commodity exchanges led to the demise of the letter-sheets after the Civil War. Nonetheless, these publications fulfilled an important role for decades: they allowed financial agents to serve as the eyes and ears of their clients in distant markets, making trade less risky as the Industrial Revolution caused economic activity to skyrocket. The letter-sheets thus helped usher in the modern industrial economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to outline the current state of research and development in Industry 4.0 by highlighting key topics, cooperative networks, and emerging trends that characterize this ground-breaking stage of manufacturing and technology. The article answers the question what are the key keywords, countries, collaboration networks and most frequently occurring terms in Industry 4.0 research, and what conclusions can be drawn from the bibliometric analysis regarding their frequency, strength of connections and mutual relationships. With a focus on the incorporation of digital technology into manufacturing processes, the article aims to provide a detailed overview of the international initiatives driving the fourth industrial revolution. This study uses bibliometric analysis to look at 4,981 scientific papers from 2020 to 2024 that are available in the Scopus database. The text of these articles is carefully examined, with an emphasis on titles, abstracts, and keywords, in order to map out the network of co-authorships and the frequency of certain terminologies. The VOSviewer program was used to provide a network visualization, offering a pictorial depiction of the connections of coauthoring nations and the phrases that are shared across the corpus of work. The results show a strong and complex web of global partnerships, suggesting a broad dedication to pushing the boundaries of Industry 4.0. Five significant co-authorship clusters were found, demonstrating the prominent significance that certain nations have played in various Industry 4.0 research domains. Key phrases like "digital transformation," "smart manufacturing," "machine learning," and "internet of things" were used a lot, highlighting the importance of digitization and smart manufacturing technology. This publication offers a comprehensive statistical and visual study of the worldwide research dynamics in Industry 4.0, making it a unique contribution to the body of knowledge. Understanding the complex nature of the fourth industrial revolution is made easier with its mapping of cooperative networks and thematic goals as well as its emphasis on the discourse's essential place for sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper will argue that the collapse of advanced industrial society is inevitable on a global scale in the near-term (i.e., in a matter of decades from present), and that, furthermore, it will be irreversible. Industrial society, generally, will be seen as an aberration or anomaly in human history, one costly in terms of human life and suffering, as well as ecological devastation, lasting no more than three hundred years from the start of the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain in 1750 CE to its terminus in circa 2050 CE. If humanity is to survive, it must be in much smaller numbers, and with far less impact on the planet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glass constructions at the turn of the century The period of high modernism (ca. 1880–1970) goes hand in hand with technical developments of the industrial revolution, which leads from handicraft production to the industrial mass production of glass. The further development of manufacturing processes and the dimensions and qualities of the glass panes now available had a considerable influence on the development of glass constructions and profiles. Using selected examples, this article traces the development of flat glass applications from 1880 to 1920 in order to demonstrate changes in glass construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The world around us is evolving due to Industrial Revolution 4.0. This revolution is driving the present‐day education, that is, Education 3.0–creative education towards Education 4.0, that is, industry‐centric education. The present academic environment in India is in the process of developing an educational ecosystem, which will incorporate equal access to education for all stakeholders and promote critical thinking, digital literacy, global awareness and scientific reasoning to name a few. Accordingly, it has become prudent to develop and validate a mechanism for assessing the various steps being taken to realign students to Education 4.0. This study involved 300 undergraduate, postgraduate, and PhD students from eight different schools across diverse program and course outcomes, who were asked to respond to a questionnaire on their own accord. The Pearson product‐moment correlation test was used to statistically analyse the obtained responses. The test results showed that the questions were logical and valid, with a significance level of 0.0115. Furthermore, the reliability of the mechanism was also assessed using Cronbach's α score. This study indicated that three aspects—learning preferences, contribution of learning to knowledge, skills, and personal development, and time spent on learning and nonacademic activities—exhibited high reliability However, two aspects—the emphasis on mental functions and reading and writing—indicated to be of moderate reliability. Thus, it could be said that the questionnaire developed in this study was both reliable and valid for assessing the mechanism being undertaken to realign students to Education 4.0. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Industrial Revolution traditionally has been seen in Disability Studies as marking a decisive shift in the lives of disabled people. It is argued that the rise of mechanisation, time discipline and standardisation made the industrial workplace a hostile environment for people with non-standard bodies. According to this view, increasing demands to work outside the home also meant that families were less capable of caring for older and disabled members, leading to greater institutionalisation. This view of increasing segregation of disabled people from home and work has dominated understanding of disability in the British Industrial Revolution, but it does not reflect the variability of disabled people's experiences at the time. Drawing on official enquiries, fictional literature, journalism and social commentary from the 1830s and 1840s – a time when the impact of industrialisation on the bodies and family relationships of workers became matters of public, political concern – this article shows the continuing importance of family in the lives of disabled people. The legal duty of families to care for sick and disabled relatives was an enduring social principle throughout this period. Interpersonal relations were tested and sometimes re-drawn by disability, forcing a change in traditional familial roles and expectations. For working people and their families, the potentials for poverty resulting from disability could be great. However, disabled people continued to play significant roles in the lives of their families, and where possible continued to contribute to the domestic economy. Taking a disability perspective on the history of the family highlights the interdependence between family members in industrialising Britain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Entrepreneurship scholars have focused their research on compiling a list of competencies that enhance entrepreneurial behaviour. Yet, these efforts might be redundant as new competencies are necessary in the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR). Furthermore, previous research investigated entrepreneurial competencies (ECs) from a developed country perspective. This paper follows two phases in identifying ECs for the 4IR in a developing country context. During phase 1, a Delphi study is employed, whereby 12 participants provide 108 ECs (round 1) and 87 ECs (round 2) required for the 4IR. Based on an extensive literature review, a concept matrix is conducted in phase 2, in which 136 competencies are listed. After phase 2 has been conducted, 87 ECs are identified, of which 33 have resulted as the most cited in the literature. By utilizing this multi-dimensional holistic approach, we can distinguish the ECs necessary to increase entrepreneurs' capacity to innovate. The final analyses indicate 12 ECs, presented in a conceptual framework and categorized into four domains: cognitive (knowledge), functional (skills), social (attitudes and behaviours) and meta (facilitating learning). The findings illustrate the demand for specific ECs, although no additional ECs such as technology skills are identified for the 4IR within a developing country context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Right from the beginning of the history of architecture, humanity's search for enclosure has always, in some respect, been in thrall to various guises of technology and the machine. Los Angeles architect Wes Jones has always been fascinated with technological forms, articulations and the philosophy of the machine. In a wide‐ranging article, he describes some of the key ideas that have influenced him and his work over the years, illustrated with some of the work from his two practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Objectives Materials and Methods Results Conclusions A meta‐analysis of diachronic changes in average height across Europe from the Mesolithic to the present, based on a broad range of literature sources.The analysis of chronological height variability was based on skeletal remains (from the Mesolithic to the 19th century), from which height was reconstructed, and on data from living individuals measured from the late 19th to the early 21st century. In total, data from 73 skeletal series and 342 groups of modern populations, primarily from Eastern Europe, were analyzed. A regression analysis was performed using R to describe the patterns of variability.The findings indicate that height decreases during the Neolithic and remains relatively stable until the Medieval period. A decline in average height is observed during the High Medieval period. The Early Modern period marks a transition to the 20th century, during which there is a consistent increase in average height, most pronounced until the 1980s, after which the rate of increase slows slightly into the early 21st century. Temporal height variability in the European part of Russia shows regional differences.The results suggest a wave‐like pattern of trans‐epochal changes in the somatic status of populations over an extended period, likely driven by various socioeconomic factors that dominated in different historical periods: the transition to agriculture, urbanization, political systems, industrial revolutions, and significant improvements in quality of life. Diachronic changes in height exhibit regional specificities, reflected in the variability of rates and magnitudes of secular gains across different regions and time periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Arab International Journal of Digital Art & Designs is the property of Arab Institution of Knowledge Management and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study, based on the argument that the literary-aesthetic field is deeply intertwined with social, cultural, and political spheres, examines the societal, cultural, and economic transformations brought about by modernity, alongside the paradoxes these changes create, through a sociological and literary approaches. The rise of the Industrial Revolution and capitalism profoundly impacted not only production processes but also the social roles and identity perceptions of individuals. Drawing on the analyses of Marx, Durkheim, Simmel, and Weber, this study investigates how capitalism reduces individuals to functional entities, alienates them, desensitizes them, and weakens social bonds, rendering them anonymous. The article further explores how the promise of freedom offered by capitalist modernity paradoxically transforms into structures that limit individual autonomy. The paradoxical effects of modern capitalism on both individuals and society are also widely reflected in literary works. Nineteenth and twentieth-century literature extensively addresses the themes of loneliness, alienation, and identity crises brought about by capitalist modernity. In this context, the study explores how authors such as Dickens, Flaubert, Kafka, Camus, Orwell, and Beckett engage with the paradoxes of capitalist modernity in their works. By integrating social, economic, cultural, political, and literary analyses, this article offers a comprehensive perspective on the effects of modern capitalism on human beings, their imagination, and society as a whole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Can technology be the innovation that brings salvation or, in contrast, conserve or even empower the present educational enterprise? The present paper analyses the relationship between educational technologies and educational schooling. In the beginning, both education and technology are redefined. Technology is defined as the collective creative intelligence of mankind dedicated to solving existential problems and providing human needs. This definition draws on the Ellul Technique and Heidegger’s extension of man’s definitions. Technology is in the hands of the inventors and users, and it can be constructed or destroyed accordingly. The education enterprise was configured during the Industrial Revolution in the 19th century and, therefore, is based on mechanical principles. The mechanical perception of learning is responsible for the current factory schooling education model. An alternative model of schooling appropriate for live learners is suggested and compared with the present model. The nature of the effect of technology depends on the choice between the two alternatives: The factory or the living learner model. Detailed accounts of the choices indicated that the present factory model was chosen for all aspects examined. The conclusion is embarrassing. At present, most of the impact of educational technology is by conservation, disguised as an innovation. First, a far-reaching transformation of the conceptual framework of the factory model is required, and technology should be redirected to enable real innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industry 4.0 is revolutionizing manufacturing processes and has a powerful impact on globalization by changing the workforce and increasing access to new skills and knowledge. World Economic Forum estimates that, by 2025, 50% of all employees will need reskilling due to adopting new technology. Five years from now, over two-thirds of skills considered important in today's job requirements will change. A third of the essential skills in 2025 will consist of technology competencies not yet regarded as crucial to today's job requirements. In this study, we focus our discussion on the reskilling and upskilling of the future-ready workforce in the era of Industry 4.0 and beyond. We have delineated top skills sought by the industry to realize Industry 4.0 and presented a blueprint as a reference for people to learn and acquire new skills and knowledge. The findings of the study suggest that life-long learning should be part of an organization's strategic goals. Both individuals and companies need to commit to reskilling and upskilling and make career development an essential phase of the future workforce. Great efforts should be taken to make these learning opportunities, such as reskilling and upskilling, accessible, available, and affordable to the workforce. This paper provides a unique perspective regarding a future-ready learning society as an essential integral of the vision of Industry 4.0. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional wisdom dictates that the advent of large organisations engaging innovative managerial practices is a natural by-product of the rationality and technological advancements ensuing from the Industrial Revolution. Accordingly, except for a few studies on medieval and early modern institutions such as armies, feudal estates and governments, preindustrial organisations remain largely unexplored by historians. Arguing for a trans-methodological approach that combines the narrative construction of theoretical constructs with a comprehensive description of events within the historical context in which they evolved, I present a microhistorical case study of the ducal chancery of Renaissance Venice as an exemplar of organisation. Placing particular emphasis on the instrumentality of historical context for the study of preindustrial organisations, I foster a fresh debate on what constitutes 'organisation' as a unit of historical analysis, arguing that the phenomenon of organisation was conceived and given meaning in the early modern era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Administrative Sciences / Yonetim Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of Canakkale Onsekiz Mart Universitesi, Terzioglu Kampusu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this paper, we present a first modelization of Allen's argument on the British industrial revolution with a history-friendly model heuristic. To do so, we use a macroeconomic micro-founded framework with heterogeneous agents—households, firms, and institutions—interacting through a decentralized matching process presenting standard features across five markets—labor, food, goods, services, and government bonds. We study the dynamics of the model using computer simulation. With the appropriate calibration, macroeconomic properties emerge such as endogenous business cycles and nominal GDP growth, while reproducing important stylized economic facts like the industrial revolution and Engel's Pause. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The revolution of the industrial sector in the automated one has happened with the use of the Industrial Internet of things (IIoT). They are providing unprecedented possibilities for connection, and automation. Also, the ubiquitous of IIoT has brought new cyber security challenges, putting sensitive data at risk. This research paper proposes a comprehensive model for enhancing the cyber security of IIoT systems. Our model integrates various countermeasures, including a proactive assessment of security vulnerabilities, examination of identified vulnerabilities, categorizing data, delivery of comprehensive reports, and assurance of effective countermeasures based on a cost-benefit approach, aligned with industry standards and frameworks. The proposed model aims to address the need for the development of robust and resilient cyber security solutions for IIoT environments. This research work introduces the proposed model's main functions, integration, workflow, and references. With this research, we contribute to the enhancement of cyber security in the IIoT environment by proposing a model that assists with proactive assessment, effective response, and informed decision-making. We envision that the proposed model will support industrial organizations in securing their IIoT systems against cyber threats, ultimately have stability and secure industrial operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New technologies tend to be adopted slowly and—even after being adopted—take time to be reflected in higher aggregate productivity. One prominent explanation is that major technological breakthroughs create the need to reorganize production. We study a unique setting that allows us to examine this mechanism: the adoption of mechanized cotton spinning during the first Industrial Revolution in France. Using a novel hand-collected, plant-level dataset from French archival sources, we show that a process of "trial and error" in reorganizing production led to initially low and widely dispersed productivity across firms operating the new technology. In the subsequent decades, we observe high productivity growth as knowledge diffused through the economy and new entrants adopted improved methods of organizing production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the industrial revolution era, good teaching and learning processes should integrate the transfer of knowledge and values as a solid foundation for building students’ character. This research is a descriptive case study; the data were collected using observations and interviews before they were analyzed using an interactive model proposed by Miles & Huberman (1994). The result shows that Arabic teaching and learning is a befitting school subject that instills character values. Furthermore, character building can be seen in the planning, implementing, and evaluating Arabic teaching and learning processes. However, obstacles to its processes still exist, including the lack of coordination between parents and educators in the Islamic boarding school environment. Its supporting factors were also found, including a supportive curriculum, positive habituation, support for adequate facilities and infrastructure, and various programs organized by the Islamic boarding school regarding building the student character. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the 'progressive review' for high pressure preservation/processing (HPP) (cold pasteurization) of foods and the next-generation high-pressure and high temperature (HPHT, HPT) food sterilization technologies. It recalls the basics of HPP and HPT, showing their key features and advantages. It does not repeat detailed results regarding HPP and HPT implementations for specific foods, available in numerous excellent review papers. This report focuses on HPP and HPT-related issues that remain challenging and can hinder further progress. For HPP implementations, the reliable modeling of microorganisms' number decay after different times of high pressure treatment or product storage is essential. This report indicates significant problems with model equations standard nonlinear fitting paradigm and introduces the distortion-sensitive routine enabling the ultimate validation. An innovative concept based on the barocaloric effect is proposed for the new generation of HPT technology. The required high temperature appears only for a strictly defined short time period controlled by the maximal pressure value. Results of the feasibility test using neopentyl glycol as the barocaloric medium are presented. Attention is also paid to feedback interactions between socioeconomic and technological issues in the ongoing Industrial Revolution epoch. It indicates economic constraints for HPP and HPT developments and emerging business possibilities. The discussion recalls the inherent feedback interactions between technological and socioeconomic innovations as the driving force for the Industrial Revolution epoch. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the contemporary education 4.0 landscape, teachers are urged to prioritize the communication, collaboration, critical thinking, and creativity (4C) skills during teaching and learning, recognized as crucial skills for the 4.0 industrial revolution (I.R 4.0). This research aimed to develop and validate an instrument assessing mathematics teachers' perceptions of the 4C skills through problem-solving teaching method. Employing a quantitative research design, the study utilized a questionnaire for data collection, involving four experts and 120 participants. Descriptive analysis using Cronbach's alpha and exploratory factor analysis (EFA) revealed a high reliability (Cronbach's alpha=0.934) and factor eigenvalue exceeding 1. The KMO values (Kaiser--Meyer--Olkin) for each construct were 0.50, and Bartlett's Test was significant (<0.5). Additionally, each item demonstrated a factor loading value above 0.50 and a variance percentage of ≥60%. The instrument comprised four sub-constructs and 16 fitting items. In summary, the study affirms the utility of this instrument in investigating mathematics teachers' perceptions of 4C skills through problem-solving teaching methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

User experience or usability is under research, particularly in mobile learning in the era of industrial revolution (IR) 5.0. This article discusses incorporating sophisticated mobile technologies such as augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR), and artificial intelligence (AI) into the user experience in educational settings. Therefore, this paper investigates the relatively new revolutionary potential of mobile learning user experience in the context of the IR 5.0, where the digital and technology spheres meet for better user experiences, particularly for students in learning. The research explores novel meta-mobile technology approaches by examining concrete cases from 2012, analyzing their impact, and improving the user experience. Likewise, this article elucidates the need for mobile learning user experience research based on bibliometric analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of the current modernity in regardless of the explosion of industrial revolution 4.0 (IR4.0) in the 21st millennium has influenced the leaders of educational institutions towards the transformations of the effective organizational leadership. Therefore, this study is aimed to identify and redetermine the factors that influence the authentic leadership practices among the headmasters. The quantitative study using the cross-sectional research from the adaptation of authentic leadership questionnaire (ALQ) based instruments has been distributed to 436 teachers via online, as they were also being randomly selected through a stratified simple random sampling technique. The study data has been analyzed through the descriptive statistics and exploratory factor analysis (EFA), as a confirmatory procedure and an analysis factor (CFA) using IBM-SPSS-AMOS software. The results of the study shows that all four dimensions of authentic leadership are at a high-level course. Meanwhile, the CFA analysis showed that the four dimensions together with the 16 indicator items in authentic leadership, were accepted and confirmed. In addition, the data analysis also found out that the influence of all dimensions in the authentic leadership of headmasters are in positive and at a high rate. Finally, this study has successfully developed a measurement model for the authentic leadership of headmasters. In spite of that, it is suggested that a further studies on a larger scale which involves the qualitative and quantitative methods could be carried out by the future researchers in providing greater benefits and better contributions in the next findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research solved the socio-philosophical explication of the problem of industrial revolutions in the history of the development of human civilization, focusing on the issues of education development. The content and socio-cultural prerequisites of the formation of Industry 1.0 – 3.0 have been conceptualized in connection with human civilization’s corresponding economic and educational landscapes. The study showed that Industry 4.0 and Education 4.0 are subordinated to it and revolve around developing technologies (in particular, digital ones), focusing on developing scientific and technological progress. The education paradigm of Education 4.0 pragmatically concentrates on the real socio-cultural situation (information technologies expansion, flexibility for labor market challenges, hard and soft skills, etc.). It was demonstrated that the concept of Industry 5.0 is an attempt to deepen the achievements of Industry 4.0, bringing to the fore the idea of human-centeredness and sustainable development. It was shown that the humanization of civilizational progress and technological progress should occur through rethinking the education paradigm, which should act as an essential transit tool in the era of Industry 5.0. The dynamics of the formation of Industry 4.0 and the short-term perspective of the transition to Industry 5.0 naturally require the involvement of the philosophy of education as a tool for formulating modernization steps in the educational sphere, which should be characterized by systematicity and deep futuristic orientation. It was demonstrated that the basic principle for the philosophy of education for Industry 5.0 is the idea that Industry 5.0 successively deploys the technical and economic achievements and principles of Industry 4.0, with a particular emphasis on human-centeredness and the sustainable development of humanity. Education 5.0 is a holistic philosophical theory, educational policy, and a teacher who can implement in practice the principles of Industry 5.0.

The relevance of the study is due to the lack of works on industrial revolutions impact on retail trade and transformation of its concepts. The purpose of the study is to analyze industrial revolutions impact on retail trade and its transformation concepts development. The methods of induction, deduction, comparison, and system analysis were used as a methodological basis. As part of the research, the author has generalized the results of scientific works in the field of technological development and the change of industrial revolutions and technological innovations impact on retail trade. The basic characteristics of industrial revolutions have been proposed such as onset conditions and results, their time boundaries, and the technological modes corresponding to them. The achievements of each industrial revolution are used in economy, causing a chain reaction in its branches. Retail trade is presen ted as a secondary segment of technological innovation implementation in relation to industry. At the same time, it has undergone the same stages of transformation as industry. The author has identified five concepts of retail trade, substantiated the transition timeframes to them, and cited the trade service transformation factors. The author substantiates that during the industrial revolutions change the content of the trade process does not change, but the resources that ensure its implementation are transformed in order to improve trade services quality to population.

Objective: to trace the evolution of humanity and to identify the role of various social institutions in order to understand the existential role of laws aimed at ensuring the coexistence of society in the context of technological innovations.Methods: the author used general scientific and special methods of cognition, which allowed tracing the dialectical development of humanity, social transformations and technological innovations.Results: looking back at the history of humanity, which originated on the African continent (the theory of African descent), the author notes the most important changes in the human way of life and environment, which led to the need to build organized societies and regulate social behavior with the help of legislative norms. Law is seen as part of the evolutionary process that was to emerge in the course of human evolution. The critical importance of law in overcoming the global challenges and existential questions of humanity’s continued coexistence arising in the course of evolution is emphasized. In this regard, the historical significance of the Kurukan Fuga Charter of the Malian Empire is emphasized as one of the oldest constitutions in the world, recognized internationally as an important source of legal and political norms for modern societies, regulating the structure of state power and social behaviour, although preserved largely in oral form. It is argued that social and technological change often served as the impetus for the development of new laws. Humanity has many times intervened in its own biological evolution with the help of technology; now it is an important moment from the viewpoint of law and ethics when technology may interfere in further human evolution. The greatest concern in this regard is the era of rapid development of artificial intelligence, which makes new demands on a human being.Scientific novelty: the article shows the role of the African continent in the origin and development of humanity and socio-legal institutions in the light of modern transformations and the construction of a new social reality.Practical significance: the conducted research creates prerequisites for further development of the theory of anthroposociogenesis and in-depth conceptual historical and legal study of the role of the African continent in the development of humanity and its social institutions.

Purpose – This study aims to analyze how ready a firm is to transform into Industry 4.0 using the Readiness Index (INDI 4.0) assessment. It also investigates the differences (before and after) of the program “Making Indonesia 4.0” in 2018 in socioeconomic and demographic aspects. Design/methodology/approach – The INDI 4.0 assessment involved a self-evaluation by 622 companies across 13 industry sectors, subsequently verified by the Ministry of Industry. This study incorporates discussions with industry experts to enhance the interpretation of the analytical findings. Findings – This study explores the interrelation among the components of INDI 4.0 across different levels, assessing the readiness of each sector for Industry 4.0. The findings reveal the diverse impact of implementing Industry 4.0 in Indonesia on socioeconomic and demographic aspects. Furthermore, the study proposes several policy recommendations for the Indonesian government’s consideration. Research limitations/implications – This study’s scope is confined to the industrial context of Indonesia, as the assessment components are tailored to the specific characteristics and culture of the country’s industry. Subsequent research endeavors can leverage this study as a foundational reference, adapting the components to align with the particular interests of other nations. Practical implications – Businesses, especially those in Indonesia, can employ these findings to evaluate their position in the context of Industry 4.0 transformation compared to their industry. Simultaneously, the Indonesian government can use these results as a starting point to evaluate and potentially enhance their policies related to Industry 4.0. We recommend five policy proposals for the Indonesian government: diversifying measurement models, shifting terminology, emphasizing soft skills, promoting continuous learning and implementing Center of Digital Industry Indonesia 4.0 (PIDI 4.0) initiatives. Social implications – This study offers a broad impact of Industry 4.0 implementation in socioeconomic and demographic aspects in Indonesia, such as income, job-shifting, age, educational background and gender. Originality/value – To the best of our knowledge, no prior research has explored the repercussions of industrial implementation on socioeconomic and demographic facets.

This article discusses how the Ewo filature, a European style silk filature owned by Jardine Matheson & Co., was organised in Shanghai at the beginning of the twentieth century. With the rich documents of the Morel‐Journel Archives, we were able to probe and get a glimpse into the functioning of this foreign establishment by analysing the composition of its personnel and the costs. As far as the quality of silk is concerned, plenty of efforts were made to guarantee a better quality than locally produced silks, such as by adopting European style machines; moreover, attention was paid to the water used in silk reeling, to the selection of cocoons, and to the supervision system for labourers. The findings show that the filature was running as a modern factory and that the productivity of the female reelers was comparable to that of an Italian filature in Europe. Although running with technologically advanced machines and under modern factory managerial organization, the Ewo filature, as well as those similar ones resulted from the spillover of Western technology, was not able to be profitable; moreover, in the historical context of China, stuck in political turmoil, at the beginning of the twentieth century, the union of Western capital, technology and managerial organization failed to achieve a real industrial revolution in the silk reeling sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper examines the transition from Industry 4.0 to Industry 5.0, underlining the dynamics, fresh challenges, and impending demands that form this revolution. The article uses an approach that is based on literature reviews to examine important books, reports, and articles that are mostly found on English-language websites. This paper focus on the demands, difficulties, and driving forces behind this pivotal stage in industrial history. In order to replace fossil fuels, the sixth industrial revolution will emphasise renewable energy, home robots, taskspecific automatons, and medical technology. Industry 5.0 focuses on harmonious coexistence of intelligent machines and human agency, while Industry 6.0 emphasizes sustainability, homogeneity, safety, and eco-economics for adaptability in global challenges. It is envisaged that the metaverse will offer immersive virtual reality experiences with implications for gaming and wellness. Industrial logistics are about to undergo a revolution as a result of drones, which will overcome current constraints and increase productivity. In conclusion, this academic journey advances our understanding of the transition from Industry 4.0 to Industry 5.0, acting as a compass for the future. Industry 6.0, which is supported by sustainable practises, technology autonomy, and human adaptation, opens up a world of unexplored possibilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article offers insight into the creation of a project-based graduate seminar that relied on collaboration play student agency and practice to understand the powerful Bigger 6 Global Romanticism movement. By deploying Digital Humanities pedagogy and minimal computing these first-generation students at a minority-serving institution began to understand that the literary voices heralding the Industrial Revolution and mechanization of print culture were immigrant non-white or female. The culminating digital project " The Bengal Annual: A Digital Exploration of Non-Canonical British Romantic Literature " explores what can be accomplished in a single semester as "itinerant entrepreneurs" of Digital Humanities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The general objective of the article is to research the advent of artificial intelligence caused by the transition from the industrial revolution to the technological and digital revolution. From this perspective, the article questions whether the emergence of artificial intelligence caused by the technological and digital revolution will extinguish or replace work and employment relationships, as well as reduce or increase the market and the creation of new jobs and jobs. Investigate the transition from the era of the industrial revolution to the period of the technological and digital revolution. Research the data era as an effect of the technological and digital revolution, as the development and advancement of artificial intelligence leads to the extinction and replacement of human work by the work of machines or robots. Analyze artificial intelligence in work and employment relationships. The research for the article used the inductive method, using the techniques of the referent, the category, the operational concept and bibliographical research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of knowledge management integration in increasing organisational flexibility in the midst of the Industrial Revolution 4.0, which demands rapid adaptation and responsiveness, requires organisations to continue to innovate in the dynamics of change. The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between knowledge management and organisational flexibility and provide practical recommendations to optimise the application of knowledge management to improve organisational responsiveness. The research method uses a qualitative approach with literature study as the main source of data. The results revealed that effective integration between knowledge management and organisational flexibility can provide a significant competitive advantage. However, in its implementation, there are obstacles such as cultural resistance and technological limitations. The conclusion of this study confirms that a thorough and integrated application of knowledge management is the key to increasing organisational flexibility in the digital era. The implication of these findings is the need for organisational commitment to build a culture of knowledge sharing, adopt technologies that support knowledge management and align strategies with overall business objectives to ensure success in the face of change and maintain competitiveness in a dynamic market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the decline of consensus in American society and the loss of the "age of the average," a period of relative unity that followed World War II. Topics discussed include the historical emergence of the average American consumer, the rise of mass consumption during the second industrial revolution, and the shift from a shared national identity to a fragmented, polarized society.

The article revisits the Great Divergence debate and rethinks the origins of the modern economic growth of Europe and its connection with colonial expansion. Topics discussed include the California School's challenge to the notion of an advanced West and a backward Asia, Kenneth Pomeranz's argument that divergence between Europe and Asia took place in the late 18th- or early 19th century and that the Industrial Revolution happened first in Europe, and the High Wage Economy Theory.

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It seems, in many quarters, that technology is viewed as bad for aspirations for a sustainable future. This Neo‐Luddite narrative is hampering the way the advantages and disadvantages of digital technology are perceived. Mario Carpo, Reyner Banham Professor of Architectural History and Theory at the Bartlett School of Architecture, University College London (UCL), argues that new technologies succeed older ones because they perform tasks better and more efficiently, innovatively and faster, both changing and responding to changes in societal and urban realms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]