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To examine changes and socioeconomic patterns in indicators of a poor indoor environment in 2000 and 2021. Cross-sectional data from the Danish Health and Morbidity Survey in 2000 and 2021. The study included 27,068 participants. Indicators of indoor environment (annoyances from mould, temperature, draught, traffic and neighbour noise, and presence of water damage) were obtained from questionnaires (2021) and partly by interview (2000). Socioeconomic status included home ownership, educational level, and household income. The degree of social inequality in the indoor environment was estimated using the concentration index of inequality. The prevalence of annoyances due to draught, temperature, and noise increased significantly from 2000 to 2021 (e.g., temperature 5.9%–25.1%, odds ratio (OR) 6.72, 95% confidence interval (CI) 6.12–7.38), whereas the prevalence of water damage decreased (17.7%–13.8%, OR 0.85, 95% CI 0.76–0.96). No difference was seen in annoyances due to mould (3.1% in 2000 and 2.5% in 2021, OR 0.90, 95% CI 0.69–1.17). Social inequality was present for thermal conditions, annoyances due to noise and presence of water damage when assessed by income but not by educational level. Conditions were more prevalent among individuals with low income in both 2000 and 2021. The proportion of individuals reporting a poor indoor environment due to thermal conditions and noise increased in the period 2000–2021. Social inequality was observed in all indicators of a poor indoor environment for household income, whereas the inequality was less pronounced when assessed by educational level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Covid 19 pandemic has significantly affected the health, economy, and social impact of humanity. The continuous mutations of the virus variants have accelerated the demand for scientific research on disinfection techniques for a safer indoor environment. Among all the available surface disinfection techniques, ultraviolet germicidal irradiance at 254 nm wavelength has been proven for its disinfection efficacy; however, its usage is limited to unoccupied conditions due to the risk of ultraviolet exposure. This study investigated the efficacy of far-UVC-222 nm experimentally in both controlled environment and field setting. Staphylococcus epidermidis and Mycobacterium smegmatis were employed for surface disinfection in both the laboratory and a meeting room. Total plate count was used to determine the disinfection efficacy by a 20 W unfiltered far-UVC lamp. At 1.1 µW/cm2 far-UVC irradiation, a 1-log10 reduction of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Mycobacterium smegmatis contamination on tabletop can be achieved by 31.3 min and 101.8 min of far-UVC irradiation, respectively. Other pathogens of interest such as Staphylococcus aureus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Legionella pneumophila, SARS-CoV-2, and the Measles virus were also referred and compared in this study. This study carefully examined how far-UVC irradiation performs effectively for surface disinfection in a real meeting room setting. The results offer useful recommendations for alternatives to upper-room ultraviolet germicidal irradiance for continuous disinfection within the ultraviolet threshold limit value, with the goal of preventing the spread of any diseases in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a comparative study on the thermal comfort of traditional and contemporary houses in Byblos, Lebanon. With climate change affecting indoor environments and potentially leading to increased energy consumption, achieving optimal thermal comfort is a crucial issue for building research. The study analyzes several environmental parameters and conducts an occupancy survey to assess thermal comfort in both types of houses. The questionnaire used in the survey consists of 46 questions divided into three parts: "Who are you? ", "The environment of your house? ", and "Architectural characteristics of the house. " The results show that traditional houses perform better than contemporary ones in terms of thermal comfort, due to their use of natural and passive methods. However, both types of houses have room for improvement in terms of energy efficiency. This study provides insights into potential solutions for improving indoor thermal comfort while reducing energy consumption in traditional and contemporary houses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Office employees often face discomfort due to dry air, impacting their productivity. Existing solutions like standalone humidifiers or HVAC-integrated systems are either inefficient or costly. Thus, maintaining optimal air humidity remains a challenge. Green walls offer a potential solution by influencing humidity and air quality. A survey was conducted in five Warsaw office buildings involving 85 participants to investigate this issue. Measurements were taken in three stages: without humidifiers, with standalone humidifiers, and with green walls. The results showed a high acceptance of humidification systems, with green walls being perceived as the most effective in neutralizing air humidity perception. The air quality was rated highest with both humidifiers and green walls. Notably, well-being indicators significantly improved with humidifiers, particularly with the presence of green walls. This study underscores the potential of green walls in improving indoor environmental conditions and occupants' well-being, offering a promising avenue for enhancing office comfort and efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Buildings that constitute cultural heritage and that are the identity of a defined geographical area are increasingly being restored to offer the community historical places to enjoy. Often the restoration preserves the original structure and building materials, which are usually natural stones. In this study, a radioprotection protocol dedicated to this kind of built environment was proposed and validated. Methods: After identifying the two predominant types of building material stones (Rosso ammonitico and Pietra Serena), radiometric measurements for natural gamma-emitting radionuclides (Ra-226, Th-232, and K-40) and measurements of the emanation coefficient and calculation of the exhalation rate of radon gas were carried out. Results: The two types of stone have a content of natural radionuclides that do not exceed the levels recommended by the regulations. The difference between the two types of stone is of an order of magnitude indicating that the red ammonite has a greater radiological impact than the pietra serena. Discussion: The results, in addition to ensuring the radioprotection of the population, highlighted the need to increase the number of this kind of investigations to implement scientific knowledge and serve the stakeholders involved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Passive ultra-low energy buildings represent an effective strategy for energy conservation and emission reduction within the global building industry. The prolonged and cold winters in severely cold regions of China necessitate substantial heating energy consumption. The study utilized a combination of overall surveys and long-term tracking surveys to evaluate the indoor environment and energy consumption in a passive office building situated in severely cold region under different heating modes over 2 years. The results show that the average temperature and indoor air quality (IAQ) can meet the standards at most moments. However, the average relative humidity tends to fall below the specified lower limit. Nevertheless, the Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) index suggests that the indoor environment provides a comfortable thermal experience for humans. The heat pump air conditioning (HPAC) system operation revealed that when the outdoor air temperature fell below −7°C, the coefficient of performance (COP) of the air source heat pump units would deteriorate. Implementing intermittent heating during the second year can reduce heating energy consumption by 13.4 kWh/(m2·a), resulting in 38.9% energy savings. These findings will serve as a valuable reference for the design and operation of heating systems in passive buildings in severely cold regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research addresses the challenge of enhancing energy efficiency in public buildings while maintaining or improving occupant comfort. With stricter modern energy regulations, many older facilities, such as sports halls built between 1960 and 1980, face the need for renovation to meet current standards. The central research question investigates what measures can be implemented to improve the energy efficiency of sports halls without compromising comfort for the occupants. This study examines strategies, techniques, and possibilities for optimizing energy performance during the rehabilitation of universal sports halls within sports centers. It includes a theoretical and analytical evaluation of various measures in line with existing regulations and thermal comfort requirements. This research uses simulation software, the Integrated Environmental Solutions Virtual Environment, to model different Passive House measures applied to a case study of a sports center built in 1976 in Belgrade. This study provides practical guidelines for enhancing thermal insulation on the building's envelope to achieve energy savings. The application of these measures demonstrates that significant energy savings can be realized by focusing on specific sections of the building, such as the administrative areas, rather than the entire facility. The findings offer valuable insights into energy-optimization strategies for existing sports facilities, highlighting the practical application of measures to improve energy performance in a real-world context. The results contribute to the development of effective renovation practices for older sports buildings, ensuring they meet modern energy efficiency standards while maintaining optimal comfort for users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Hoarseness and voice problems are one of the chronic conditions experienced by children. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of hoarseness, possible risk factors and effects of the remediation of school buildings to the prevalence of hoarseness among school children. Methods: The material was gathered from all the schools in a large city in the south of Finland and the collection method used was an e-mail survey sent to the parents of the pupils and a simultaneous survey sent to the personnel in the schools. Results: All 51 schools participated, and 5889 pupils returned the questionnaire (39%). The exposure data was obtained from two building experts who knew the repair history of the schools. A subjective estimation of the quality of the indoor air was obtained from teachers and the parents. The overall prevalence of hoarseness among pupils was 6.3%; prevalence being higher in unrepaired school buildings than in schools in a good condition or buildings with a thorough remediation. Hoarseness was associated with asthma and allergies, several respiratory symptoms, and respiratory infections. Exposure to tobacco smoke increased the risk, and consumption of caffeine containing drinks seemed to reduce the risk. Noise, stuffiness of the indoor air and microbial smells correlated strongly with the occurrence of hoarseness in a logistic regression model when controlled for age, gender, asthma, passive smoking, and caffeine consumption. Conclusions: We recommend renovations in school buildings with the aim of providing better acoustics, sufficient ventilation, and a reduction in exposure to moisture damage microbes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monitoring the quality of the indoor environment is a practice commonly adopted by museums as part of operational risk management. Recorded environmental data are often used to assess the safety of the indoor environment for artefacts, and their suitability for visitors' comfort. Previous studies reported monitoring campaigns assessing the performance of museums and level of compliance with regulatory standards. These analyses were typically conducted in normal circumstances assessing indoor microclimate quality under normal operating procedures. Museum closures during the 2020 pandemic and the global lockdown measures, introduced by governments, presented the heritage sector with an unprecedented situation with empty galleries where collections, in several museums, were held 'dormant' in free-running environments. Assessing the indoor environment in such exceptional circumstances offers a unique insight into the performance of these heritage repositories in other unpredicted situations and potential opportunities for microclimate optimization. This paper reports the results of an extended pre and post-pandemic monitoring that was performed in a historic museum in Northwest England. It contributes to the ongoing universal debate about the application of standardized strict environmental guidelines and the shift towards more contextualized standards in museums in the face of the decline in heritage funding and the pledges for carbon reductions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Outdoor ozone (O3) is elevated on hot, sunny days when residential air conditioning is used most. We evaluated the impact of direct evaporative coolers (ECs) and vapor-compression air conditioners (ACs) on indoor O3 concentrations in homes (N = 31) in Utah County, Utah, United States of America. Indoor and outdoor O3 concentrations were measured for 24 h at each home using nitrite-impregnated glass-fiber filters. AC homes (n = 16) provided a protective envelope from outdoor O3 pollution. Only one AC home had O3 levels above the limit of detection (LOD). Conversely, EC homes (n = 15) provided minimal protection from outdoor O3. Only one EC home had O3 levels below the LOD. The average indoor O3 concentration in EC homes was 23 ppb (95% CI 20, 25). The indoor-to-outdoor (I/O) ratio for O3 in EC homes was 0.65 (95% CI 0.58, 0.72), while the upper bound for the I/O ratio for AC homes was 0.13 (p < 0.001). Indoor exposure to O3 for residents in EC homes is approximately five times greater than for residents of AC homes. Although ECs offer energy and cost-saving advantages, public health awareness campaigns in O3-prone areas are needed, as well as research into O3 pollution controls for direct ECs such as activated carbon filtration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microplastics (MPs), measuring less than 5 mm, have been causing environmental concerns in aquatic ecosystems, and less work has been done in indoor environments, where humans spend most of their lives. This finding revealed a diverse range of MPs within indoor house dust samples. These MPs encompassed fibres, fragments, foams, pellets and films. Due to the ubiquity of textile-based items, fibres are the most common indoor MP. The MPs have different colours like black, red, blue, yellow, white and brown. The study revealed there were substantial differences in MP sizes across different households. The average size range was 178.87–3713.99 µm. One hundred eighteen particles were identified as MPs. The study identified 22 types of MPs, shedding light on these materials' extensive sources and applications in everyday household items. MPs in indoor environments raise concerns about potential human exposure and underscore the need for further research into their health implications. The MPs found in most indoor house samples were low-density polyethylene, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyamide, polyvinyl chloride, high-density polyethylene and polystyrene. Carbon, nitrogen, fluorine, sodium, sulphur, potassium, calcium, zinc, oxygen and magnesium were the common elements in all indoor house dust samples. Compared with the active sampling, slightly more work has been done on the indoor house dust samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a comparative study on the thermal comfort of traditional and contemporary houses in Byblos, Lebanon. With climate change affecting indoor environments and potentially leading to increased energy consumption, achieving optimal thermal comfort is a crucial issue for building research. The study analyzes several environmental parameters and conducts an occupancy survey to assess thermal comfort in both types of houses. The questionnaire used in the survey consists of 46 questions divided into three parts: “Who are you?”, “The environment of your house?”, and “Architectural characteristics of the house.” The results show that traditional houses perform better than contemporary ones in terms of thermal comfort, due to their use of natural and passive methods. However, both types of houses have room for improvement in terms of energy efficiency. This study provides insights into potential solutions for improving indoor thermal comfort while reducing energy consumption in traditional and contemporary houses.

Window views are closely related to indoor environmental quality and influence health and well-being. This study aimed to review quantitative studies investigating the health effects of window views. It was conducted in four stages: literature identification, screening and selection, eligibility determination, and data synthesis and thematic analysis. Database searches yielded 5,616 articles; ultimately, 121 studies were included. The results showed the effects of different aspects of window views on various health-related outcomes, as reflected in physical, psychological, and life experience. Overall findings confirmed the important associations between window views and health. There were significant variations in the number of studies on different aspects of views. The largest number of studies was related to view content, with a larger a number of studies on nature features, and demonstrated positive outcomes in several health domains. There were fewer studies on access and clarity, and their impact on health-related outcomes needs to be further determined. Future research should consider the consistency of measurement, the complexity of pathways of influence, and the combined effects of multiple factors. This review provides useful insights for research on the health benefits of indoor environments and has potential value for evidence-based design and related guidelines and standards.

Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a serious lung condition that imposes a significant financial burden on individuals and society, straining the medical system. According to the World Health Organization, it was the third leading cause of death worldwide in 2020. In India, it ranks as the second leading cause of death, and in Tamil Nadu, it is the tenth. The Global Burden of Disease study in 2018 found that COPD accounted for 50% of all cases and 69% of disability. Outdoor air pollution plays a major role in India’s burden of chronic respiratory diseases. Early diagnosis and intervention can help to alleviate symptoms, prevent complications, and reduce morbidity and mortality, ultimately improving quality of life. Objectives: (1) To estimate the prevalence of COPD among the study population (2) To assess the risk factors associated with COPD among the study population. Methodology: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among adults along the roadside dwelling of a National Highway. Using a multi-stage random sampling technique 403 elderly was selected. Participants were interviewed by a pre-tested structured questionnaire followed by spirometry (pulmonary function test) evaluation. Data entry was performed in an Excel sheet and analyzed using SPSS. The odds ratio and Chi-square test were performed to determine the association between qualitative variables. Results: Among 403 study population 58% were male and 42% were female. The prevalence of COPD was found to be 22%, it was 11.1% among males and 10.9% among females. It is evident that individuals, who had exposure to risk factors such as cigarette smoking 78%, overcrowding 35.8%, lack of cross ventilation 10.9%, and living near a highway within 50 m of distance 36.2% are at more risk for developing COPD. Conclusion: Study revealed that people living in closer proximity with roadways increases the risk of COPD.

Abstract Humans receive around 50% of natural radiation dose due to 222Rn (radon), 220Rn (thoron) and their decay products. Several field campaigns measuring these gases and the decay products in different regions of India have been conducted in the recent past. Some of these studies measured indoor activity concentration and/or dose due to these gases and the associated decay products. This work compares the fraction of 222Rn and decay products and 220Rn and decay products in inhalation dose for 10 studies conducted in Uttarakhand state. It is seen that AEDT (annual effective dose due to 220Rn and decay products) for these regions varies between 21 and 48% and it is significantly higher than the averaged worldwide reference value of 6%. Based on elaborative measurements performed in the Bageshwar district (present work), Almora and Nainital districts (our previous campaigns); the reasons for this high value have been explored. It was observed that a higher source term for mud houses could be the main reason for the high AEDT range. Interestingly, preliminary analysis revealed that the fraction is higher for the dwellings situated at higher altitudes thus indicating the role of the unavailability of modern building construction materials at remote locations. The study highlights the significant contribution of thoron in the Indian Himalayas.

Histamine is a biogenic amine that regulates multiple physiological functions in diverse organisms, specifically playing a central role in the mammalian immune response. The common bed bug, Cimex lectularius L. (Hemiptera: Cimicidae), excretes histamine in large amounts in its feces as a component of its aggregation pheromone, which contaminates homes. The potential health risks associated with the presence of indoor histamine are unclear, but to predict future exposure risks, it is critical that we understand if other arthropods excrete histamine in any discernible phylogenetic pattern. In the present study, we evaluated histamine excretion by various arthropods; specifically those commonly found in large numbers indoors, other hematophagous species, and other species in the order Hemiptera. To evaluate arthropods for histamine excretion, rearing containers for each arthropod were swabbed and/or the harborage substrates were collected. Samples were then analyzed for the presence of histamine using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. For those arthropods where histamine was present above the method detection limit, total histamine excretion was quantified over a period of 2 wk. Our results indicate that histamine excretion is limited to hematophagous hemipterans (bed bugs, bat bugs, tropical bed bugs, and kissing bugs), suggesting that indoor histamine contamination in the United States can be primarily linked to bed bugs.

The high-level biosafety laboratory is not only the basic support for infectious disease prevention and control, but also interrelated with key areas such as environmental security and social security, which has attracted increasing attention. A good indoor environment is the premise to ensure the smooth progress of the experiment and biological risk prevention and control. In order to better understand the indoor environment of high-level biosafety laboratories, 19 high-level biosafety laboratories in China (with a total of 65 main rooms) were carefully selected as the test objects from December 2020 to December 2022. According to the test methods specified in the Chinese standard GB 50346, the air change, cleanliness, static pressure difference, temperature, relative humidity, and illumination were tested and analyzed. The results showed that all the measured parameters met the requirements of the Chinese standard GB 50346, and the bio-safety performance was completely satisfactory. However, individual parameters showed some overlarge values: the proportion of main rooms with cleanliness levels of 7 and 8 exceeding 50% of the lower limit for air changes was 54.5% and 69.8%, respectively; the proportion of main rooms in BSL-3-b1 laboratories with atmospheric pressure differentials exceeding 50% of the standard lower limit was 94.7%; and the atmospheric pressure differential in the main rooms of BSL-3-b2 laboratories reached a maximum of nearly -160 Pa. On the premise of ensuring the cleanliness and pressure gradient of the main room, it may be possible to reduce the air change. This study, for the first time, reveals the environmental parameters of various types and levels of biosafety laboratories, which can provide reference for the design and operation of such facilities.

• The VOC emissions of leather with different grades and the health risk were studied. • The hexanal is the main cause of the unpleasant taste in low grade leathers. • The relationship between VOCs and health risk in sofa leathers were determined. • The leather materials barely pose health effects to residents. Furniture is identified as a vital volatile organic compound (VOC) emission source in the indoor environment. Leather has become the most common raw and auxiliary fabric material for upholstered furniture, particularly with extensive consumption in sofas, due to its abundant resources and efficient functions. Despite being widely traded across the world, little research has been conducted on the VOCs released by leather materials and their health risk assessment in the indoor environment. Accordingly, this study investigated the VOC emissions of leather with different grades and the health risk of the inhalation exposure. Based on the ultra-fast gas phase electronic nose (EN) and GC-FID/Qtof, the substantial emissions of aliphatic aldehyde ketones (Aks), particularly hexanal, appear to be the cause of off-flavor in medium and low grade (MG and LG) sofa leathers. The health risk assessment indicated that leather materials barely pose non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic effects to residents. Given the abundance of VOC sources and the accumulation of health risks in the indoor environment, more stringent specifications concerning qualitative and quantitative content should be extended to provide VOC treatment basic for the manufacturing industry and obtain better indoor air quality. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Despite the significant amount of time spent in the domestic environment, culture-independent size distribution data of bioaerosols are largely missing. This study investigated the temporal changes in size-resolved bacterial aerosols in urban and semi-urban residential settings. Overall, airborne bacterial taxa identified in both sites were dispersed across particles of various sizes. qPCR analysis showed that outdoors bacteria dominated particles > 8 μm, whilst indoor bacterial loadings were greater with 1–2 μm (winter) and 2–4 μm (summer) ranges. Indoor and outdoor aerosols harboured distinct bacterial communities due to the dominance of human-associated taxa (Staphylococcus, Micrococcus, Corynebacterium) in indoor air. The aerosol microbiome exhibited significant temporal variation, with Actinobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria and Bacilli predominant indoors, whereas Actinobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria were the most abundant taxa outdoors. The variation between the two residences was mostly driven by particles 2 μm. Source-tracking analysis estimated that household surfaces accounted for the greatest source proportion of bacteria, surpassing that of outdoor air, which varied due to natural ventilation throughout the year. Our findings provide new insights into the factors governing the aerosol microbiome in residential environments which are crucial for exposure assessment.

Abstract Background Indoor environmental factors, such as pet ownership, presence of cockroaches, mattress quality, fuel usage (gas or electricity), use of biomass for cooking and heating, exposure to tobacco smoke or household molds can significantly affect the sleep quality of children with chronic cough. However, data regarding the effects of indoor environmental conditions on sleep in this population are limited. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of abnormal sleep behaviors and to establish associations between indoor environmental factors and sleep behaviors among children with chronic cough in Wuxi, China. Methods A cross-sectional design was employed in this study, involving children aged 3–18 years. Data on sociodemographic factors, allergies, home environmental exposures, and sleep characteristics of the participants were collected using paper-based questionnaires. The association between indoor environmental factors and sleep behaviors in children with chronic cough was analyzed using logistic regression models. Results The findings demonstrated that the prevalence of chronic cough among children in Wuxi was 15.50%. The chronic cough group exhibited a significantly higher incidence of eczema, wheezing, rhinitis, food allergy, and nasosinusitis than the non-chronic cough group. In addition, children with chronic cough also tended to have a family history of sleep disorders and adenoid hypertrophy (P

Abstract Rising global temperatures can lead to heat waves, which in turn can pose health risks to the community. However, a notable gap remains in highlighting the primary contributing factors that amplify heat-health risk among vulnerable populations. This study aims to evaluate the precedence of heat stress contributing factors in urban and rural vulnerable populations living in hot and humid tropical regions. A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted, involving 108 respondents from urban and rural areas in Klang Valley, Malaysia, using a face-to-face interview and a validated questionnaire. Data was analyzed using the principal component analysis, categorizing factors into exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity indicators. In urban areas, five principal components (PCs) explained 64.3% of variability, with primary factors being sensitivity (health morbidity, medicine intake, increased age), adaptive capacity (outdoor occupation type, lack of ceiling, longer residency duration), and exposure (lower ceiling height, increased building age). In rural, five PCs explained 71.5% of variability, with primary factors being exposure (lack of ceiling, high thermal conductivity roof material, increased building age, shorter residency duration), sensitivity (health morbidity, medicine intake, increased age), and adaptive capacity (female, non-smoking, higher BMI). The order of heat-health vulnerability indicators was sensitivity > adaptive capacity > exposure for urban areas, and exposure > sensitivity > adaptive capacity for rural areas. This study demonstrated a different pattern of leading contributors to heat stress between urban and rural vulnerable populations.

High-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter purifiers are a recommended method for eliminating respiratory airborne droplets. In this study, the movement of airborne droplets exhaled by occupants in an unventilated, two-bed dormitory room with an air purifier was simulated using computational fluid dynamics. The air was modeled using an Eulerian scheme while the droplets were modeled using a Lagrangian method. The airborne droplet number, the rate at which droplets are removed, and the rate at which droplets accumulate were calculated. A larger HEPA flow rate increased the droplet removal efficiency, with most of the droplets settling on boundary surfaces. Of particular note, the air purifier location within the room had a significant impact on reducing the droplet exchange between two occupants and improving the droplet elimination efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The signal strength in 5G mobile communication systems is significantly influenced by the surroundings, with key factors including the path difference, operating frequency, and obstructions at specific locations. Consequently, planning a communication system that can deliver improved signal strength becomes highly challenging. To address this issue, indoor path loss models are employed to estimate signal loss in different environments, frequencies, and distances. This paper introduces an intelligent multi-objective genetic algorithm aimed at enhancing path loss and received signal power. A comparative analysis is conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed intelligent optimization algorithm against the traditional approach. The path loss and received power of various scenarios are estimated using various path loss models. The 5GCM indoor officce, 5GCM InH shopping mall, 3GPP TR 38.91 InH office, mmMAGIC InH office, METIS InH shopping mall, and IEEE 802.11 ad InH office indoor path loss models estimates the path loss of 62.37 dB, 62.15 dB, 63.12 dB, 50 dB, 55.18 dB, and 52.89 dB in traditional approach and 36.87 dB, 35.86 dB, 36.84 dB, 68.80 dB, 36.23 dB and 33.94 dB using GA approach and received powers of - 12.17 d B m , - 11.37 d B m , - 12.17 d B m , - 5.80 d B m , - 12.24 d B m and - 8.68 d B m in traditional approach and 26.13 dBm, 27.14 dBm, 26.15 dBm, - 5.80 d B m , 26.75 dBm and 29.05 dBm using GA approach repectively. The 5GCM and 3GPP models produces the path loss difference above 25 dB and mmMAGIC, METIS and IEEE models produces a path loss below 19 dB. Except mmMAGIC model, all models produces the recceiver power difference above 37 dBm. Therefore, the highest path loss difference of 26 dB is observed in 5GCM InH shopping mall model and the highest reccieved power difference of 39.01 dBm is observed in METIS InH shopping mall model. The results clearly demonstrate that the proposed intelligent optimization approach outperforms the traditional approach across various indoor scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People spend most of their time indoors, and the visual characteristics of indoor building materials affect not only the quality of the indoor environment, but also the well-being of individuals. Ceramic tiles are widely used in interior decoration of buildings due to their aesthetic appeal and ease of maintenance. However, there is currently a lack of a comprehensive framework for assessing the visual comfort of ceramic tile design. This study established an evaluation system using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and the Delphi method to collect perceptual words, extract evaluation indices, and calculate weights. A visual comfort scale for ceramic tiles, comprising three dimensions and twelve indices, was developed. A total of 342 questionnaires were analyzed using six types of tiles, and the multidimensional visual comfort scores of the various ceramic tile samples were statistically examined. An analysis of variance was conducted to investigate the effects of tile brightness, texture, and participant gender on visual comfort. The findings indicate that tile brightness and texture significantly affect the overall visual comfort score (p < 0.001; p < 0.001), with light-toned, non-textured tiles providing higher visual comfort (3.949). Although gender did not significantly affect the overall visual comfort scores, it did influence the evaluation scores in certain dimensions. Men rated the aesthetic comfort of tiles lower than women (p = 0.035), but they rated the emotional comfort of medium-toned and non-textured tiles higher (p = 0.003; p = 0.017). In terms of theoretical significance, the establishment of this evaluation model can expand the research content and methods of ceramic tiles, which are crucial architectural decoration materials. In terms of practical significance, this study provides an evaluation method and partial evaluation information for designers, enabling them to assess and enhance the visual experience of tiles based on the specific needs of interior spaces and the characteristics of the visual subject. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Airborne microplastics (MPs) can be easily inhaled by humans, impacting their health as they spend more than 80% of their time indoors, especially during the pandemic. Only a few research studies have examined indoor MPs in the micrometer size range using active sampling, and studies have mainly concentrated on MPs that are millimeters in size. This study investigated the composition of indoor airborne MPs by active sampling in seven houses in the city center of northwestern Turkey (Eskişehir) during the COVID-19 pandemic. The visual identification showed the presence of different colored MPs, white, red, orange, green, and yellow, with different shapes (fibers, fragments, films, lines, foam, and pellets). The size of the identified MPs was between 2.5 and 327.36 μm. The polymeric composition analysis showed the presence of 123 MPs in all the samples with 22 different polymeric compositions. Residents in these houses are exposed to airborne MPs, with inhalation estimates ranging from 12.03 to 18.51 MPs/m3. However, it was also estimated that humans inhale 156–240 MPs daily in these houses. The dominant MPs were polyamide 6, polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene, ethylene propylene, polystyrene, and high-density polyethylene. Scanning electron microscopy energy dispersive x-ray elemental analysis revealed the presence of common structural elements, additives, or vectors that are added or adsorbed to MPs like carbon, oxygen, fluorine, magnesium, silicon, chlorine, nitrogen, and aluminum. These indoor environments are prone to MP pollution. Still, the MP level varies due to different characteristics of indoor environments, like activities and the number of occupants/people in the space, etc. The smaller MPs in all the samples highlight the necessity for standardized techniques of MP collection. Highlights: Indoor MPs have received very little attention until recently. The identified MPs ranged in size from 2.5 to 327.36 μm. The residents inhale 156–240 MPs every day. The inhalation of residents was from 12.03 to 18.51 MPs/m3. Polyamide 6, polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene, and polystyrene were dominant identified MPs. Additives were found in MPs warranting further health effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microplastics (MPs) have become a growing concern in the context of environmental pollution, with an increasing focus on their presence in indoor environments, including university facilities. This study investigates the presence and characteristics of MPs in different university indoor environments. Initial examination of indoor ambient MPs involved physical characterization through optical microscopy, focusing on classifying MPs by shape and color. Various types of MPs, including fibers, fragments, pellets, foams, films, and lines, were identified, with the most common colors being black, red, blue, and brown. Fragments were the predominant type of MPs found, although accurately quantifying their numbers proved challenging due to the dense sample content. These MPs displayed rough and irregular margins suggestive of abrasion. Subsequent chemical and elemental characterization was conducted using micro-Raman and SEM-EDX, revealing the presence of 25 different types of MPs, including PA 66, PTFE, PP, HDPE, and PE. The study indicates that university inhabitants are exposed to airborne MPs (≥ 2.5–336.89 μm) at inhalation rates of 13.88–18.51 MPs/m3 and 180–240 MPs daily. These MPs exhibited significant variations in size, and their distribution varied among the different indoor environments studied. SEM-EDX analysis revealed common elements in the identified MPs, with C, O, F, Na, Cl, Al, Si, and others consistently detected. This research is the first to comprehensively analyze MPs in nine different indoor university environments using active sampling. Identifying and reducing MP contamination in these facilities might stimulate more awareness, promote extensive scientific investigation, and facilitate the development of informed policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the current situation and possible health risks due to pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) including analgesics, antibiotics, antifungals, anti-inflammatories, psychiatric and cardiovascular drugs, and metabolites, in indoor environments. To achieve this objective, a total of 85 dust samples were collected in 2022 from three different Spanish indoor environments: homes, classrooms, and offices. The analytical method was validated meeting SANTE/2020/12830 and SANTE/12682/2019 performance criteria. All indoor dust samples except one presented at least one PhAC. Although concentration levels ranged from < LOQ to 18 µg/g, only acetaminophen, thiabendazole, clotrimazole, and anhydroerythromycin showed quantification frequencies (Qf %) above 19% with median concentrations of 166 ng/g, 74 ng/g, 25 ng/g and 14 ng/g, respectively. The PhAC distribution between dust deposited on the floor and settled on elevated (> 0.5 m) surfaces was assessed but no significant differences (p > 0.05, Mann–Whitney U-test) were found. However, concentrations quantified at the three types of locations showed significant differences (p < 0.05, Kruskal–Wallis H-test). Homes turned out to be the indoor environment with higher pharmaceutical concentrations, especially acetaminophen (678 ng/g, median). The use of these medicines and their subsequent removal from the body were identified as the main PhAC sources in indoor dust. Relationships between occupant habits, building characteristics, and/or medicine consumption and PhAC concentrations were studied. Finally, on account of concentration differences, estimated daily intakes (EDIs) for inhalation, ingestion and dermal adsorption exposure pathways were calculated for toddlers, adolescents and adults in homes, classrooms and offices separately. Results proved that dust ingestion is the main route of exposure, contributing more than 99% in all indoor environments. Moreover, PhAC intakes for all studied groups, at occupational locations (classrooms and offices) are much lower than that obtained for homes, where hazard indexes (HIs) obtained for acetaminophen (7%—12%) and clotrimazole (4%-7%) at the worst scenario (P95) highlight the need for continuous monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water damage affects both residents and buildings. Issues include moisture, climate impact and repair costs that amount to immense resources. Because of these, immense resources research is important to undertake to reduce and limit the extent and effects of water damage. This study aimed to compile and review the literature on water damage in buildings. Literature distribution, the status, consequences, effects, and strategies and methods for prevention of water damage were assessed by compiling and reviewing literature using quantitative and qualitative methods. Two scientific databases were searched to identify the relevant literature. Key findings of this study are that research conducted on water damage is embedded in the study of building defects and building pathology, and more specific research on water damage is needed depending on different rooms and buildings, the effect of moisture and sustainability. Informed and guided decisions, management and organizational structures have been internationally suggested as a part of the solution to reducing the amount and effect of defects and could have the possibility to reduce the amount and effect of water damage. However, there is a gap in research on water damage consequences, occurrence and costs in Nordic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current Chinese standard utilizes a single thermal comfort index guide to regulate indoor parameters for public buildings. However, heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) settings often do not align with the occupant's needs. To address this, a 2-year winter field survey was conducted in four large-scale shopping malls across severely cold regions of China, considering the complex age structure of mall visitors. Physical environmental parameters were measured, and a subjective questionnaire yielded 1464 valid responses. Neutral temperatures for different age groups were 17.4 °C for children (0–12 years of age), 19.3 °C for early youth (13–24), 20.0 °C for mature youth (25–44), and 23.3 °C for middle-aged adults (45–59). The limit of the 80% acceptable temperature range for the children and early youth was lower than the current Chinese GB 50736 standard, suggesting that HVAC temperatures for the corresponding shopping malls can be appropriately reduced for the target consumer groups. Significant differences occurred between customers' demand for thermal environments in shopping malls and various standards. These findings provide valuable insights into energy-efficient architectural design and operational management of shopping malls in the Shenyang area, promoting the sustainable development of human thermal comfort environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lichens are recognized as highly efficient biological indicators of air pollution. They have been extensively used to detect various types of air pollutants, both from outdoor and indoor sources. Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) is known to be hazardous not only to its consumers but also to passive consumers, particularly within buildings. This study aims to explore the detection of ETS using lichens within a building in Malaysia. The research was conducted in a public building in Selangor, Malaysia, employing the lichen species Usnea misaminensis. The transplanting technique was utilized, and the nicotine concentration and lichen vitality rate were analyzed. The study demonstrated that lichens can serve as effective biological indicators of indoor air pollutants, specifically nicotine. Additionally, a significant negative relationship (r = -0.71) was found between the lichen vitality rate and nicotine concentrations in the lichen samples placed in the building. This indicates that higher nicotine concentrations in the lichens after approximately 2 months of exposure correspond to lower lichen vitality rates. Research into nicotine detection using lichens may lead to the development of novel monitoring techniques for indoor air quality assessment. Integrating lichenbased sensors into portable monitoring devices or passive sampling systems could provide cost-effective and non-intrusive methods for continuously monitoring nicotine levels in buildings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rising global temperatures can lead to heat waves, which in turn can pose health risks to the community. However, a notable gap remains in highlighting the primary contributing factors that amplify heat-health risk among vulnerable populations. This study aims to evaluate the precedence of heat stress contributing factors in urban and rural vulnerable populations living in hot and humid tropical regions. A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted, involving 108 respondents from urban and rural areas in Klang Valley, Malaysia, using a face-to-face interview and a validated questionnaire. Data was analyzed using the principal component analysis, categorizing factors into exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity indicators. In urban areas, five principal components (PCs) explained 64.3% of variability, with primary factors being sensitivity (health morbidity, medicine intake, increased age), adaptive capacity (outdoor occupation type, lack of ceiling, longer residency duration), and exposure (lower ceiling height, increased building age). In rural, five PCs explained 71.5% of variability, with primary factors being exposure (lack of ceiling, high thermal conductivity roof material, increased building age, shorter residency duration), sensitivity (health morbidity, medicine intake, increased age), and adaptive capacity (female, non-smoking, higher BMI). The order of heat-health vulnerability indicators was sensitivity > adaptive capacity > exposure for urban areas, and exposure > sensitivity > adaptive capacity for rural areas. This study demonstrated a different pattern of leading contributors to heat stress between urban and rural vulnerable populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The available information on endotoxin in Chinese households is limited and there is inconsistency regarding its impact on asthma and allergies in children. A case-control study was performed in 324 homes in Tianjin, China. Linear regression analysis was performed to identify the determinants of endotoxin concentrations in household dust. Logistic regression models were employed to investigate the associations of endotoxin concentrations with asthma and allergies in children. Endotoxin concentrations were determined from 284 valid dust samples, ranging from 94 to 11,625 EU/g, with a mean concentration of 3638 EU/g. We found a significant positive association between endotoxin concentrations and children's current asthma. Old houses, ventilation systems without exhaust fans and windows opened infrequently were related to higher concentrations of endotoxins. In conclusion, endotoxin exposure in the home might be a risk factor for current asthma in children. Strategies for controlling endotoxin concentrations such as building maintenance and ventilation improvements are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phthalate acid esters (PAEs) are one of the most widely used plasticizers globally, extensively employed in various decoration materials. However, studies on the impact of these materials on indoor environmental PAE pollution and their effects on human health are limited. In this study, forty dust samples were collected from four types of stores specializing in decoration materials (flooring, furniture boards, wall coverings, and household articles). The levels, sources, exposure doses, and potential health risks of PAEs in dust from decoration material stores were assessed. The total concentrations of Σ9PAE (the sum of nine PAEs) in dust from all decoration-material stores ranged from 46,100 ng/g to 695,000 ng/g, with a median concentration of 146,000 ng/g. DMP, DEP, DBP, and DEHP were identified as the predominant components. Among all stores, furniture board stores exhibited the highest Σ9PAE (159,000 ng/g, median value), while flooring stores exhibited the lowest (95,300 ng/g). Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that decoration materials are important sources of PAEs in the indoor environment. The estimated daily intakes of PAEs through non-dietary dust ingestion and dermal-absorption pathways among staff in various decoration-material stores were 60.0 and 0.470 ng/kg-bw/day (flooring stores), 113 and 0.780 ng/kg-bw/day (furniture board stores), 102 and 0.510 ng/kg-bw/day (wall covering stores), and 114 and 0.710 ng/kg-bw/day (household article stores). Particularly, staff in wall-covering and furniture-board stores exhibited relatively higher exposure doses of DEHP. Risk assessment indicated that although certain PAEs posed potential health risks, the exposure levels for staff in decoration material stores were within acceptable limits. However, staff in wall covering stores exhibited relatively higher risks, necessitating targeted risk-management strategies. This study provides new insights into understanding the risk associated with PAEs in indoor environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To address the challenges of indoor mold in southern China, this study designed and constructed an innovative experimental system to investigate mold growth in buildings under the combined influence of multiple factors. Using Fluent simulation (Ansys Fluent 19.0), we designed a suitably sized experimental chamber to realistically replicate the effects of factors such as temperature, humidity, and air velocity on mold growth. After establishing and fine-tuning the experimental system, we conducted two preliminary experiments, successfully validating the feasibility of our setup. Additionally, we observed that in a high-temperature, high-humidity environment of 28 °C and 80% relative humidity, the mold growth rate in the experimental chamber increased with the rise in inlet air velocity. This experimental system will serve as the foundation for future studies on indoor mold growth in building spaces in southern China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of the economy, the indoor environment of college dormitories has received significant attention. This study focused on the problems of high population densities and poor indoor environments in Chinese dormitories. CO2 and formaldehyde concentrations were measured using field tests and satisfaction was investigated using a questionnaire. In this study, a questionnaire survey was conducted on the indoor environment of student dormitories. The results demonstrated that poor indoor air quality was a common occurrence in student dormitories. The students proposed several improvement measures, including increasing the number of window openings and using mechanical ventilation. This study conducted real-time monitoring of indoor and outdoor CO2 concentrations at night when students were asleep. The results demonstrated that when the windows were closed, indoor CO2 concentrations could exceed 3000 ppm, while when the windows were fully open, the indoor CO2 concentration was about 500 ppm. Formaldehyde concentrations in the dormitory were measured after the windows had been closed for more than 12 h. Additionally, the air exchange rates—calculated based on the tracer gas method—ranged from 0.034 to 0.395, with the smallest value observed when the windows were completely closed and the largest value observed when the windows were completely open. Based on the above conclusions, a window-opening mode was proposed that considers the Chinese students' routine. This pattern could satisfy the indoor thermal comfort needs in winter as well as improve indoor air quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Living wall system (LWS) is a biophilic design element that has been introduced into indoor environments in recent years. Previous studies have demonstrated that the LWS improves indoor visual comfort and air quality. However, studies on its psychological effects on occupants are still scarce. In this paper, the psychological effects were investigated by recording and analyzing the parameters of occupants' physiological responses including an electroencephalogram (EEG) and heart rate variability (HRV). A cross-over experiment was conducted among 43 participants under three different desk work environments based on various materials involving an LWS, a fake LWS, and a bare white wall. The results conclude that LWSs effectively reduce the accumulation speed of negative psychological states caused by desk work to about 1/3, compared with a regular office environment without an LWS. However, occupants tend to be less excited and focused after resting in the LWS environment. Therefore, it is recommended to place LWSs in the rest area rather than close to the desk area in an office building, considering the balance between mental health and work efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among a variety of environmental factors, operative temperature, relative humidity and ventilation rate are generally considered to be factors that significantly affect work performance, and the interactions among these three factors were quantitatively studied in this paper. Eighteen participants were recruited to complete the neurobehavioral ability tests in different environments by central composite design, and their performance was analysed by regression fitting and multi-factor coupling analysis. By defining the interval coefficient β, the interaction effects between the factors were calculated quantitatively. The results showed that: for the performance of perception and expression tasks, there was an antagonistic effect between operative temperature and relative humidity (β = 0.50 ∼ 0.82), between operative temperature and ventilation rate (β = −0.29 to −0.38), and among the three factors (β = 0.38–0.67). There was a synergy effect between relative humidity and ventilation rate (β = 1.71–2.28). For the performance of reasoning tasks, the interaction effect among the three factors and their combinations is antagonistic effect (β = 0.67–0.83). Practitioner summary: We proposed a method to calculate the quantitative relation of multi-factor interactions. In recent ergonomics studies, more and more factors have been included. This method can well describe the synergistic or antagonistic effect of the changes of other factors on the target factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The World Health Organization has raised concerns about the possibility of airborne transmission in enclosed and poorly ventilated areas. Therefore, rapid monitoring of airborne viruses is necessary in multi-use facilities with dense population. Accordingly, an electrostatic air sampler (250 L/min) was developed in this work to obtain indoor viral aerosol samples for analysis via the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Aerosol tests with H1N1 and HCoV-229E were performed to evaluate the sample collection efficiency. PCR analysis, along with another aerosol test, was conducted to evaluate the recovery of the virus particles collected by the sampler. In laboratory tests, our electrostatic sampler obtained viral samples that were detectable by PCR under the simulated viral pandemic scenario (3000 RNA copies per cubic meter of air) within 40 min. The resulting cycle threshold (Ct) values were 35.07 and 37.1 for H1N1 and HCoV-229E, respectively. After the performance evaluation in the laboratory, field tests were conducted in a university classroom from October 28 to December 2, 2022. Influenza A and HCoV-229E were detected in two air samples, and the corresponding Ct values were 35.3 and 36.8. These PCR results are similar to those obtained from laboratory tests, considering the simulated viral pandemic scenario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dust is a main source of different indoor contaminants, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) generally applied in buildings. This study is the first report on the levels of PCBs in the indoor dust of Bushehr port, Iran. PCBs were evaluated in 30 dust samples collected from homes, offices, and stores. A total of 10 PCB congeners were found in dust samples. The mean levels of PCBs in homes, offices, and stores were 3.46, 0.51, and 1.28 ng/g, respectively. PCB52 and 31 in homes with values of 0.78 and 0.31 ng/g had the highest levels of PCB congeners. Also, no significant difference was detected among the PCB contents of buildings with different applications in Bushehr. Furthermore, PCBs in indoor dust showed acceptable cancer risk (CR) for different age groups. Most CR was observed for infants and toddlers at homes and stores thorough dust ingestion as the main exposure route to PCBs in dust. Based on the results of this research, exposure to PCBs in indoor buildings may cause a high risk for people of different ages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) limit the susceptibility of bacteria to antimicrobials, representing a problem of high importance. Current research on the presence of ARGs in microorganisms focuses mainly on humans, livestock, hospitals, or wastewater. However, the spectrum of ARGs in the dust resistome in workplaces and households has gone relatively unexplored. This pilot study aimed to analyze resistome in indoor dust samples from participants’ workplaces (a pediatric hospital, a maternity hospital, and a research center) and households and compare two different approaches to the ARGs analysis; high-throughput quantitative PCR (HT-qPCR) and whole metagenome shotgun sequencing (WMGS). In total, 143 ARGs were detected using HT-qPCR, with ARGs associated with the macrolides, lincosamides, and streptogramin B (MLSB) phenotype being the most abundant, followed by MDR (multi-drug resistance) genes, and genes conferring resistance to aminoglycosides. A higher overall relative quantity of ARGs was observed in indoor dust samples from workplaces than from households, with the pediatric hospital being associated with the highest relative quantity of ARGs. WMGS analysis revealed 36 ARGs, of which five were detected by both HT-qPCR and WMGS techniques. Accordingly, the efficacy of the WMGS approach to detect ARGs was lower than that of HT-qPCR. In summary, our pilot data revealed that indoor dust in buildings where people spend most of their time (workplaces, households) can be a significant source of antimicrobial-resistant microorganisms, which may potentially pose a health risk to both humans and animals.

Pathogenic variants in the Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene are a primary monogenic cause of Parkinson’s disease (PD). However, the likelihood of developing PD with inherited LRRK2 pathogenic variants differs (a phenomenon known as “reduced penetrance”), with factors including age and geographic region, highlighting a potential role for lifestyle and environmental factors in disease onset. To investigate this, household dust samples from four different groups of individuals were analyzed using metabolomics/exposomics and metagenomics approaches: PD+/LRRK2+ (PD patients with pathogenic LRRK2 variants; n = 11), PD-/LRRK2+ (individuals with pathogenic LRRK2 variants but without PD diagnosis; n = 8), iPD (PD of unknown cause; n = 11), and a matched, healthy control group (n = 11). The dust was complemented with metabolomics and lipidomics of matched serum samples, where available. A total of 1,003 chemicals and 163 metagenomic operational taxonomic units (mOTUs) were identified in the dust samples, of which ninety chemicals and ten mOTUs were statistically significant (ANOVA p-value

Background: The relaxation of strict COVID-19 control measures has led to a considerable increase in the number of influenza cases in 2023. This worrisome situation has posed a greater burden on public health and healthcare systems. Understanding environmental drivers of influenza epidemics can provide valuable insights for developing effective interventions. Methods: We conducted an online survey from April 13th to 14th, 2023 to investigate the incidence of influenza-like illness (ILI) and influenza A within the past two months. A total of 4916 valid questionnaires were collected in mainland China. The questionnaire explored the relationship between the spread of ILI/Influenza A and factors including personal attributes, living environment, indoor ventilation, and personal behaviours. Results: Out of the 4916 respondents, 1583 reported having ILI in the past two months, and among them, 456 were infected with influenza A. The multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed significant associations with a lower likelihood of reporting ILI for the following variables: being female (Adjusted OR (aOR) = 0.834), having bedroom ventilation time exceeding 12 hours (aOR = 0.782), wearing masks in public places (aOR = 0.646), and using surgical masks (aOR = 1.417). Conversely, variables associated with an increased risk of ILI included larger household size (>4: aOR = 2.405), presence of odours in the bathroom (aOR = 1.163), commuting by bus (aOR = 1.265), longer indoor stay during weekdays (>18 h: aOR = 1.969), and a history of COVID-19 infection (aOR = 1.459). Furthermore, handwashing after toileting (aOR = 0.694) was associated with a lower reporting of influenza A. Conclusions: Our study innovatively examined the impact of personal and environmental factors on influenza transmission. These observational findings can provide a scientific guidance for preventive measures against influenza.

Most people in the United States have been exposed to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) which have been linked to a wide array of adverse health conditions in adults and children. The consumption of contaminated drinking water is an important human exposure pathway to PFAS. Residential sources also contribute to PFAS exposure through dermal contact and ingestion of house dust, which acts as an aggregate of chemicals from sources like furnishing materials and consumer products. The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) conducted the first nationwide survey of residential hazards called the American Healthy Homes Survey (AHHS) in 2005, followed by a second survey (AHHS II) in 2017. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) collaborated with HUD on both efforts and subsequently analyzed PFAS in household tap water and house dust collected from the same homes during the AHHS II study. This study leverages these paired samples to investigate potentially important exposure sources and pathways in the residential environment. Here we report results for paired household tap water and house dust samples from 241 homes for 13 and 16 PFAS chemicals, respectively. All 13 targeted chemicals were detected in the household tap water samples with detections ranging from 100 % for PFBS to 1 % for PFNS, and all 16 targeted chemicals were detected in the house dust samples with detections ranging from 97 % for PFOA to 9 % for PFNS. Four chemicals (PFOA, PFOS, PFHxS, and PFHpA) were measured above the limit of detection in at least 50 % of the samples in both media. All households had at least one of the targeted PFAS detected in both their tap water and house dust. Results provided evidence that geographical factors, such as proximity to ambient contamination sources, were main drivers of PFAS contamination in tap water, while PFAS contamination in house dust was driven mainly by within-home sources. Exposure estimates calculated from the measured PFAS concentrations highlight the importance of addressing potential sources of exposure to PFAS within homes in addition to ambient sources affecting communities’ drinking water, particularly to reduce children’s exposure to these chemicals.

IntroductionBuildings that constitute cultural heritage and that are the identity of a defined geographical area are increasingly being restored to offer the community historical places to enjoy. Often the restoration preserves the original structure and building materials, which are usually natural stones. In this study, a radioprotection protocol dedicated to this kind of built environment was proposed and validated.MethodsAfter identifying the two predominant types of building material stones (Rosso ammonitico and Pietra Serena), radiometric measurements for natural gamma-emitting radionuclides (Ra-226, Th-232, and K-40) and measurements of the emanation coefficient and calculation of the exhalation rate of radon gas were carried out.ResultsThe two types of stone have a content of natural radionuclides that do not exceed the levels recommended by the regulations. The difference between the two types of stone is of an order of magnitude indicating that the red ammonite has a greater radiological impact than the pietra serena.DiscussionThe results, in addition to ensuring the radioprotection of the population, highlighted the need to increase the number of this kind of investigations to implement scientific knowledge and serve the stakeholders involved.

Pinewood, increasingly used in construction and interior fittings, emits high amounts of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which tend to accumulate in indoor air. Whether indoor VOCs affect the development of atopic dermatitis (AD) is a matter of debate. We aimed to evaluate the effects of pinewood VOCs on the development of AD-like inflammatory phenotype and linked microbiome alterations, both hallmarks of AD. An oxazolone-induced mouse model of AD was exposed to three different VOC concentrations emitted by pinewood plates throughout the experiment. The disease course and associated immunological and microbiological changes were evaluated. To validate and translate our results to humans, human keratinocytes were exposed to a synthetic pinewood VOCs mixture in an AD environment. Pinewood emitted mainly terpenes, which at a total concentration of 5 mg/m3 significantly improved oxazolone-induced key AD parameters, such as serum total IgE, transepidermal water loss, barrier gene alteration, inflammation, and dysbiosis. Notably, exposure to pinewood VOCs restored the loss of microbial richness and inhibit Staphylococci expansion characteristic of the oxazolone-induced mouse AD model. Most beneficial effects of pinewood VOCs were dose-dependent. In fact, lower (10 mg/m3) pinewood VOC levels maintained only limited beneficial effects, such as preserving the microbiome richness or impeding Staphylococci expansion, respectively. In the human in-vitro model, exposure of keratinocytes grown in an AD environment to a pinewood VOCs mixture reduced the release of inflammatory markers. In conclusion, our results indicate that airborne phytochemicals emitted from pinewood have beneficial effects on an AD-like phenotype and associated dysbiosis. These investigations highlight the effects of terpenes as environmental compounds in the prevention and/or control of atopic skin disease.