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The background of this research is the need for teacher innovation in developing digital-based learning media in Indonesian language learning. The research method used is research and development (R&D) with the analysis, design, develop, implement, and evaluate (ADDIE) model, which consists of five research stages: analysis, planning, development, implementation, and evaluation. Data collection techniques are questionnaires, in-depth interviews, observations, and documentation that present the results regarding innovation, features, applications, and the impact of using the "benkangen" game in learning Indonesian in elementary school. The subjects of this study were 25 teachers from 25 elementary schools, and 66 students from 10 elementary schools in Magelang district and Magelang city. The results showed innovation in the development of game applications based on Magelang local wisdom with game features in the form of puzzles of Magelang culture and local wisdom, Indonesian language learning materials packaged in the form of questions accompanied by the number of points in each answer, and audio that reflects local wisdom in Central Java. The novelty of this research is the development of the "benkangen" game based on Magelang local wisdom, which still needs to be developed by teachers in Indonesia. Future research needs to explore the innovation of Indonesian language learning games through the latest software.

This article is the first large-scale study to document the speaking proficiency outcomes of intensive programs in less commonly taught languages in US higher education. Speaking proficiency was measured by pre- and postprogram ACTFL Oral Proficiency Interviews (N = 484) in 14 languages: Arabic, Bengali, Brazilian Portuguese, Hindi, Indonesian, Kazakh, Persian, Tamil, Thai, Tibetan, Turkish, Urdu, Uyghur, and Uzbek. The intensive programs are usually taught face-to-face but were offered fully online during the COVID-19 pandemic. No significant difference in speaking proficiency outcomes, as measured by the ACTFL OPI, was found between the face-to-face and online formats. Students at all levels of instruction made significant gains in speaking proficiency, with greater gains made by students in Level 1 than at Levels 2-3, and with wide variation within instructional levels. The average speaking proficiency outcomes were Advanced Low (Level 3), Intermediate High (Level 2), and between Intermediate Low and Intermediate Mid (Level 1).

There is emergent evidence of the Career Adapt-Abilities Scale's utility in the Global South. The present research provides evidence about the measurement properties of a Bahasa Indonesia language version of the Career Adapt-Abilities Scale and comparator measures, the Career Futures Inventory-Revised and the Self-perceived Employability Scale, using a sample of students (N = 277) enrolled in Indonesian college degrees. Furthermore, for the purpose of cross-cultural comparisons, the measurement properties of the Indonesian version of the Career Adapt-Abilities Scale were compared with an independent dataset (N = 387) using an Australian English language version. The Indonesian version had acceptable measurement properties.

Teachers are vital internal pioneers who can make changes in their own classroom by developing an enhanced sense of agency. In multilingual classrooms, teacher agency is the capacity of language teachers to perform constructively for supporting students' linguistic diversity equitably. This study uncovers the potential strategy of teacher agency to create translanguaging space in empowering EFL students' semiotic repertoire toward linguistic justice and inclusion to resist a raciolinguistics ideology. Drawing upon the translanguaging and agency conceptual framework, data were collected from classroom observations and video-stimulated-recall-interview of teacher's pedagogical translanguaging practices in an EFL classroom in Indonesia. Multimodal Conversation Analysis triangulated with the video-stimulated-recall-interview data analyzed applying Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis was used as a technique of data analysis. Findings revealed three key themes that trace the teacher agency in constructing translanguaging practices in EFL classroom as follows: (1) adjusting language use to suit the students' English competence as a process to guide and help them in the classroom discussion, (2) empowering the relational and critical dispositions, drawing from all linguistic resources to help students negotiate various communicative contexts for inclusive and meaningful communication, (3) providing that all students get more equitable and inclusive education to freely employ their semiotic repertoire. The findings demonstrate how the enactment of teacher translanguaging agency employed in turn influenced students' agency to demonstrate transformative participation in classroom activities.

Communities that can speak more than one language as a daily habit are not only happening in the present era but have long existed in the "pesantren" environment. However, multilingualism in "pesantren" is often only seen as a capacity enhancement of the "santri's" knowledge. On the other hand, the multilingual ability of the "Santri" is an asset in forming an attitude of religious moderation. This article then presents the results of qualitative research using the concept of additive multilingualism which focuses on "pesantren" students in Indonesia. Through observations, interviews, and literature review, this research can describe the reality of multilingualism in "pesantren" and its impact on the religious attitudes of its "santri." It turns out that the religious moderation attitude of the students is closely related to the multilingual learning process in "pesantren" that takes place with technological restrictions. The application of additive multilingualism is aligned with the pillars of religious moderation in four ways. First, respect for locality is reflected in the "Santri's" habit of using local languages. Second, multilingualism is an expression of anti-violence, this is reflected in "Santri's" acceptance of linguistic and ethnic diversity as a brotherhood base. This is what manifests in the Third pillar by making "santri" a tolerant community as a result of learning from the reality of ethnic and linguistic diversity in their environment. Fourth, the introduction of "santri" to foreign languages is directed to reaffirm their national commitment through the use of foreign languages in flag ceremonies. The limitation of technology in multilingual learning is also intended to keep students from the bad influence of technology and to maintain the discipline of students in maintaining a "pesantren" culture that is friendly to locality and sensitive to the times.

Balancing teaching national, regional, and foreign languages presents a challenge for higher education, illustrated by the use of hypertext for multilingual communication. This study investigates the correlation between proficiency in multilingualism and cultural awareness among higher education students. Embedded mixed methods design explores the relationship between multilingualism and cultural awareness quantitatively and qualitatively in higher education in Indonesia. Participants are from various universities in Indonesia, including the State University of Makassar, the State University of Jakarta, the State University of Surabaya, Palangka Raya State Islamic Institute, Timor University, and the University of Northern Sumatra, and they have diverse ethnic and linguistic backgrounds. The questionnaire distributed via Google Form passed validity and reliability tests. The quantitative research used Pearson's r analysis of the relationship between multilingualism learning and cultural awareness. In the qualitative strand, thematic analysis investigates cultural awareness-based multilingualism learning strategies. The research findings reinforce the positive and significant relationship between multilingual learning and cultural awareness, suggesting multilingual competence not only enhances cultural knowledge and participation in cultural practices but deepens understanding of the socio-cultural context and strengthens capacity and positive attitudes towards cultural learning. The study aids practitioners in developing inclusive learning strategies and provides policymakers with empirical evidence for crafting policies to empower multicultural communities.

Students are required to master effective sentences to support their writing skills. However, students often struggle with comprehending and constructing effective sentences due to their limited proficiency and competence. This research examines the comprehension of effective sentences through grammaticality judgment tests and its implications for writing instruction. This research employs mixed methods. Two hundred three first-semester students from Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang were selected for research using purposive sampling. Data was collected using grammaticality judgment tests and semi-structured interviews. Data analysis was carried out quantitatively using the Mann-Whitney U Test and qualitatively to describe patterns of findings. The results showed that 57% of students comprehended quite well, and 25% comprehended. Learners' comprehension of effective sentences is predominantly concerned with language efficiency rather than grammatical structure and lack of explicit linguistic knowledge. Effective sentences, especially parallelism, clarity, and explicit linguistic knowledge, are partially understood. The Mann-Whitney U Test shows that first- and second-language students comprehend effective sentences identically. Furthermore, male and female learners are dissimilar in their ability to comprehend effective sentences. Writing learning can emphasise mastery of effective sentences, explicit language knowledge, and collaborative writing based on language acquisition order and student gender. These findings can be applied to writing instruction by improving students' mastery of effective sentences in collaborative writing.

A tension exists between rationalists and empiricists regarding the nature of knowledge: innate then activated/discovered (rationalists) or constructed then invented (empiricists). The assumption is that, to a certain extent, basic knowledge seems to be innate in our mind and develops through experience by thinking processes to construct meanings. This meaning construction (thinking), mainly using language, is to make sense of and interpret the world. Meanings should be the primary motivation underlying linguistic constructions at all levels. This paper investigates meaning constructions at the lexical level of affixation by focusing on semantic behaviours of verbs in a complex word formation as an attempt: 1) to find out the semantic patterns of verb-based complex word formation, 2) to reveal if there is an iconic relationship of a sign (signifier) and its meaning (signified), and 3) to suggest for its teaching. Using semantic classes of verbs, based on situation types in deriving complex words, this study attempts to find out semantic patterns of such complex word formation and the possibility of revealing its iconicity. Using Antconc software, this study scrutinized linguistic expressions involving related verbs of state, event, and action in a corpus to reveal meaning construction at that level. The findings show several semantic patterns of verb-based complex word formation and an indication of the iconicity of signs. The paper also offers suggestions for teaching affixation.

Metacognition and reading comprehension skills are believed to influence students' academic success. However, many studies report that students' understanding of texts is still low even though they have been able to read fluently. This study aims to investigate and describe students' metacognitive awareness in reading comprehension learning activities and the effect of metacognition on reading comprehension skills. The research method used is a mixed-method by utilizing the descriptive and quantitative correlational analysis results. The research subjects involved were 280 students and eight Indonesian language teachers from eight senior high schools. The research data was obtained from the observations of reading learning activities, interviews, distributing questionnaires, and reading skills tests. The results showed that most students did not know the right reading strategy for themselves. Overall, students have not been able to conclude the goals and benefits of learning to read comprehension for their lives, behave passively in learning, and have not been able to identify solutions to face reading comprehension difficulties according to their characteristics. Based on the results of correlational calculations, metacognition was positively correlated with students' reading comprehension skills. This study recommends that teachers and curriculum designers emphasize the components of metacognitive awareness activity for improving students' reading comprehension skills.

The phenomenon of English as a medium of instruction (EMI) has spread across the globe with the promise of equipping students with high English proficiency levels. While a plethora of research has been done to explore students' and teachers' readiness for EMI, very few have dealt with the reverse phenomenon, EMI graduates transferring from English to first-language (L1) medium instruction. Therefore, conducted as a case study of six EMI graduates, this research project seeks to understand how the participant adapted to L1 instruction at higher education. The data was collected using semi-structured interviews and analyzed using thematic analysis. The findings reveal seven themes in the participants' experiences namely, developing critical thinking skills, reading skills and the love of literature, language flexibility, challenges in transitioning to L1 instructions, essay writing challenges, challenges in socializing, and mentoring and tutoring as a learning strategy. The study concludes that the participants had a positive experience transitioning from EMI to L1 instruction. They also value English as their linguistic capital and employ various strategies to make the transitioning process go smoothly. This study helps EMI teachers, parents, and policymaker to mitigate the transition process for students who are moving from one language of instruction to another. Such mitigation is necessary to reduce anxiety and improve student's readiness to study in the new linguistic environment.

The Vocational Identity Status Assessment (VISA) is one of the instruments that can be used to assess vocational identity. Conceptually, VISA consists of six sub-dimensions and has been validated using factor analysis. This study provides a factor structure test of the Indonesian version of VISA using the exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) approach, which integrates both exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) approaches. Consequently, this research aims to examine the factor structure and measurement invariance of the Indonesian version of VISA using the ESEM approach. The research findings indicate that the Indonesian version of VISA has a robust factor structure consisting of six sub-dimensions as tested by the ESEM approach. Furthermore, all items of the Indonesian version of VISA have higher factor loadings on their respective sub-dimensions compared to the cross-loadings. Another finding is that the Indonesian version of VISA only satisfies measurement invariance across gender, while it does not satisfy measurement invariance across educational levels. Overall, these findings suggest that the Indonesian version of the VISA can be used to assess the six sub-dimensions of vocational identity in Indonesian samples.

Reviewing translation teaching from the nature of the basic skills that must be possessed, students have at least mastered two languages based on their respective linguistic rules. This study aims to analyze the translation teaching model in offline, online, and hybrid mode. This research uses a case study method with a qualitative approach. The subject of this research is learning English Indonesian Translation classes from 2019 to 2022 at UBSI. The research data were analyzed using interactive analysis technique and were validated by conducting data source triangulation techniques. This study reveals that translation teaching requires students' readiness by requiring students to master a number of courses or at least have attended and passed the required lectures. Offline, online, and hybrid translation teaching at UBSI is carried out consistently and continuously. UBSI uses a collaborative translation-teaching model by combining two translation teaching models through technology. The limitations of this research are limited to the level of researcher participation in several quality assurance processes. However, this research succeeded in uncovering the potential of technology as part of a collaborative translation-teaching model.

This study described the BIPA (Bahasa Indonesia untuk Penutur Asing) teachers' readiness to develop the Indonesian pluricultural competence among students. BIPA is a language program designed for non-native speakers of Indonesian who wish to learn the Indonesian language (Bahasa Indonesia) for both written and spoken purposes. The study used a qualitative approach, and data was collected from ten BIPA teachers through in-depth interviews. The important characteristics of the sample included minimum 5 years teaching experience and participation in BIPA teacher certification. Secondary data was collected through the documented archives of BIPA learning devices. The results showed that pluricultural competence was not yet known nor fully understood by BIPA teachers, and BIPA learning activities were used only as part of cultural insight in general. Additionally, pluricultural learning was carried out without being based on cultural awareness and knowledge of pluricultural competence. It was based only on the need to teach the material "ethics" or meet the needs of BIPA student adaptation or the need to avoid the possibility of conflict due to cultural differences in a BIPA class. The study reported that pluricultural competence has not been considered as a competence by BIPA teachers, but only knowledge or repertoire related to Indonesian culture.

The Gorontalo language has coexisted with the Indonesian language for years, resulting in significant cohesion between two languages. Code-mixing is said to be a byproduct of such cohesion. The present study aimed to examine this linguistic phenomenon to what extent the Gorontalo language speakers code-mix between their native language (the Gorontalonese) with Arabic and Indonesian in their speech during organizing a marriage proposal or an engagement event. The study adopted a qualitative descriptive research design where the data was collected through observation, interviews, audio-video recording, and photo documentation. The result revealed that Indonesian, the Gorontalonese and Arabic are three languages mixed in the marriage proposal dialogue used in Gorontalo. The forms of all code-mixing involved the basic form, complex form, as well as phrases form. In this study, the causes of code-mixing are the language factors and the speakers, which ultimately result in language variation in all dimensions of communication terms. The study shed light on linguistic strategies and code-mixing patterns in a multilingual context.

Pain is human-universal since it is experienced by people across the world. However, since it is related to personal feelings, different people may feel it in a different way and rely on language to communicate. This paper presents a cross-cultural comparison of the study of the emotion of pain in Indonesian by examining the usage of two near-synonyms: "sakit" and "nyeri." This study aims to provide a new insight for L2 learners of Indonesian regarding the study of emotion. A corpus-driven method by using the usage-feature analysis (Glynn, 2010b) is employed to test the hypothesis on the semasiological structure of pain from Indonesian dictionary. The corpus data of Indonesian News 2020 with a total of 15,206,710 tokens were extracted from the Leipzig Corpora Data Collection of Indonesian (Goldhahn et al., 2012). A total of 400 examples of "sakit" and "nyeri" were extracted from the corpus data using AntConc version 4.1.2 (Laurence, 2022) for manual annotation. The manual coding of the lexemes was conducted based on cross-linguistic dimensions of pain proposed by Wierzbicka (2016). After manual annotation, two statistical analyses were conducted in R (R Core Team, 2022), namely Binary Correspondence Analysis (Glynn, 2014) and Binomial Regression Analysis (Levshina, 2015). The result of exploratory analysis shows that "sakit" and "nyeri" can be distinguished by bodily focus and intensity. However, the confirmatory analysis confirms bodily focus as the significant predictor. It means "nyeri" is strongly associated with pain on the part of body relative to "sakit." The finding of the current study may have an implication for the possibility of combining cross-cultural competence with L2 vocabulary learning by making use of corpora in L2 learning design.

The textbook "Sahabatku Indonesia" published by the Ministry of Education and Culture of the Republic of Indonesia in 2019 has an important position for foreign students who are studying Indonesian. This book consists of 7 series. The book contains information about practical communication rules and exercises in Indonesian. In the communication training material various discourse units are presented which contain information on Indonesian culture. One aspect of culture that is taught is the moral aspect that accompanies language activities. This study aims to describe the representation and implementation of moral values introduced to foreign students in textbooks. These moral values come from moral values that are unique to the Indonesian nation and also universal morals. This research was conducted using a qualitative descriptive approach. The data source for this research is the 7 book series "My Indonesian Friends". The data is in the form of written verbal units containing moral values and sometimes illustrations are added to accompany the communication exercises. Data were analyzed using content analysis and supported by Appraisal Theory (AT) to see aspects of moral values. This finding illustrated that on "Sahabatku Indonesia" textbook emphasizes inculcating moral values of learners in maintaining harmony and social interactions harmony in their living environment. The moral values contained in the text are as many as 13 moral themes. The implementation in the book can be found in the form of narrative text and picture illustrations. Understanding those moral values made a meaningful contribution to curriculum developers and textbook writers as a basis for consideration in determining their policies.

The goal of this study is to examine which word order is dominant in colloquial Buginese-Indonesian, 1) to find out which word-order pattern is more acceptable between SVO and VSO, 2) to find out which word-order pattern is more acceptable between VO and OV, and 3) to find out what internal linguistic characteristics and social factors motivate such acceptability. The data were collected through an online survey via Monkey Survey that employed Acceptability Judgment Task (AJT) to determine which word order is more acceptable in Buginese Indonesian (SVO or VSO and VO or OV). A total of 50 Buginese-Indonesian bilinguals rated the acceptability of 48 target items (and 48 fillers) for patterns such as SVO/VSO and VO/OV in a 1-5 Likert Scale (1=completely unnatural; 5=compeletely natural). Target items were controlled for linguistic factors and social factors. ANOVA analysis was used to analyze the data. The results indicate that both SVO and VSO are equally acceptable though VSO was slightly more favorable than SVO. When the subject is omitted, VO was farther favorable than OV. L1, age, and residence had a significant effect on the acceptability of VSO while grammatical person, education level, and residence contributed greatly to the acceptability of VO. The results also reveal that the acceptability of different word orders in Buginese-Indonesian is both linguistically and socially constrained. Thus, the results are situated within a discussion of Backus' (2014) notion of entrenchment and conventionalization.

The success of the learning process greatly depends on the smooth functioning of its components. This study aims to shed light on the challenges faced by elementary school teachers when implementing teaching materials in the Indonesian language learning process. The research employs a descriptive design by utilizing quantitative methods, questionnaires as the research instruments. The questionnaires used are teacher challenges (14 items) and proficiencies questionnaires (13 items) on a Likert scale, which was presented using Google Forms and distributed through WhatsApp groups. The sample comprised 94 respondents, elementary school teachers from many regions in Sumatra, Indonesia. According to the research findings, it can be deduced that elementary school teachers encounter various difficulties when teaching Indonesian language. These challenges encompass the impact of the local or mother tongue on the learning process and the complexities associated with dynamic language development. Moreover, the study employed factor analysis to pinpoint four specific areas that teachers can enhance, as they significantly improve the obstacles they face. These factors consist of ensuring adequate learning resources, enabling teachers to develop teaching materials that align with the existing curriculum, enabling teachers to design teaching materials based on students' characteristics, and fostering the ability of teachers to establish a positive and captivating learning environment.

Volition helps students who are in the reading process to achieve their objectives. It converts their motivation into actual actions they need to undergo to reach the predetermined goals. Such actions may include the use of strategies, whether to manage their cognition, emotions, or distractions, that may elevate their reading comprehension and ultimately the desired achievements in conducting such activity. Metacognitive reading strategies can be beneficial to assist students in regulating those aspects. Therefore, students' volition may predict the use of metacognitive reading strategies, as volition drives students to use strategies in general. However, previous studies rarely investigate the correlation between students' volition and the use of metacognitive reading strategies. Hence, this study aimed to explore vocational high school students' volition and the correlation between their volition and their metacognitive reading strategy use. A close-ended survey questionnaire was administered to 204 vocational high school students to collect quantitative data. The results showed that students had high volition for their reading and they applied metacognitive reading strategies. The correlational analysis showed a significantly moderate correlation between volition and metacognitive reading strategy use. The results of this research can be used to improve students' volition and reading strategy use in achieving their reading goals.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the practice of intertextuality of Farah (pseudonym) a 20-year-old female university student who engaged in a variety of culturally shaped digital literacy practices. In particular, it seeks to elucidate how Farah's practice of intertextuality serves as a semiotic mediation for her exercise and enactment of agency and identity during her everyday literacy practice on Instagram. This research was framed as a case study design with a connective ethnography approach specifically suited to the online environment and digital communication where the researcher's physical presence as an observer is no longer required. Data were collected by means of digital media and technology such as WhatsApp Message Service, informal phone interviews, and online observation. The collected data comprised online snapshots of quote bots, pictures, drawings and comments that Farah produced and shared as part of her everyday digital literacy practice. The data analysis entailed examination of Farah's practice of intertextuality through the lens of sociocultural perspective on text production and interpretation. The findings revealed that Farah's use of quote bots and doodles posted on Instagram involved the act of borrowing texts from other sources as well as mixing English with Indonesian language. Farah's practice of intertextuality was pre-mediated, calculated and purposeful, allowing her to engage in digital authorship involving creativity, improvisation and consciousness as ingredients of agency. In the same vein, Farah's practice of intertextuality allowed her to author the self as a contemplative religious individual. The research concluded with an appeal to policy makers and educational practitioners to respond to the learners' changing learning landscape by re-defining the way we view learners/students, from merely a recipient of knowledge to an individual who has agency, identity and funds of knowledge that have to be acknowledged and appreciated in any process of curriculum design and its implementation on a daily basis.

This study investigates the realisation of apology speech act strategies of Bahasa Indonesia by 60 Indonesian people from across Indonesia as well as their perceptions and evaluations of apologies. For triangulation, the data was collected using three methods: Oral Discourse Completion Task (DCT), Likert scale surveys, and in-depth interviews. The results revealed that Indonesian participants generally use IFID (Illocutionary force indicating device or expression of regret) in their apology strategy, followed by EAS (Explanation or account of cause), OR (Offer of repair), TOR (Taking on responsibility) and lastly, POF (Promise of forbearance). The findings also indicate that most Indonesians tend to easily forgive and accept apologies, they agreed that their apologies were likely to be accepted. Especially when they held higher social power. Interestingly, rather than perceiving apologies as face-threatening acts, most individuals viewed apologies as a means of preserving face and repairing offenses. This reflects a strong cultural emphasis on politeness and the maintenance of social harmony, where apologies play a crucial role in fostering positive relationships. Indonesian apologies are shaped by social status. However, the emphasis is on using polite language and showing respect rather than on the hierarchical structure itself.

This study reports the analysis of ecoliteracy aspects in four Indonesian language textbooks. The textbooks are based on different curriculum and from different publishers. In analyzing the ecoliteracy aspects, we used the ecological literacy framework proposed by Roth (1992)--Ecoliteracy Content Analysis Frame (ECAF). This framework consists of four elements, namely: (1) knowledge, (2) effective tendency, (3) behavior, and (4) cognitive skills. The results show that the aspect of ecoliteracy, which has the least number, is cognitive skills, while the one which has the highest number of frequencies is the knowledge aspect. Affective tendency and cognitive skill elements are missing in two books. Furthermore, the ecoliteracy aspect of each book is different in frequency. It shows that the textbooks need to be revised to meet the purpose of ecoliteracy. Teachers may use it as a consideration in selecting the textbooks for the teaching-learning process.

This study utilizes Appraisal Theory, Visual Grammar Theory and the concept of peace values to conduct its investigation. Specifically, this study centers on the discursive methods employed to instill peace values, encompassing (1) the frequency of their occurrence, (2) the use of visual elements and (3) the incorporation of narrative elements for this purpose. The research data comprises 18 environmental conservation discourses extracted from Indonesian Language for Foreign Speakers textbooks spanning levels 1 to 7. The frequency distribution results reveal that the discursive practice of instilling peace values is most dominant in the category of inner peace (51.2%), followed by social peace (24.8%) and environmental peace (16.2%). Furthermore, the incorporation of peace values through visual elements (1.6%) and narrative elements (98.4%) is carried out by textbook developers with the intention of fostering these values within individuals. This is aimed at equipping BIPA learners with a resilient character as they engage in the process of learning. Furthermore, the inculcation of social peace values aims to cultivate a personality that adeptly navigates conflicts when communicating in the Indonesian language. Furthermore, peace values pertaining to nature aim to foster an ethos of sustainability and care for the environment.

Regular and sustained contact with speakers of other languages might offer members of multilingual societies opportunities to develop cultural awareness through interactions with diverse individuals. This study examines how the language awareness of individuals in a highly multilingual setting can act as a resource to support their learning about culture and development of cultural awareness. Participants were students, faculty, and alumni of an English teacher preparation program in Central Java, a community where Javanese, Indonesian, and English are used regularly. Data sources included class observations, interviews, and journal entries. The research participants appeared to be using their Javanese language awareness as a resource in two ways as they discussed and learned about culture: by using the Javanese language as a marker of cultural difference, and by connecting to structural and sociolinguistic aspects of Javanese, notably the use of indirect communication and the appropriate speech level. Educators working with students in both multilingual and monolingual settings could draw on these findings by purposefully building on students' language awareness as a resource to help them develop cultural awareness.

Teaching practice in remote areas is beneficial for pre-service teachers' professional development. The geographical structure and society in remote areas provide unique experiences. This study focuses on how teaching practice in remote areas opens up opportunities for transformative learning. Forty-one pre-service primary teachers from three universities participated in semi-structured interviews. The interviews were conducted in retrospect after participants had finished their teaching practice. Results show that PSTs encountered nine types of challenges during teaching practice; parents' low awareness of the importance of their children's education, local teachers' low motivation, limited teaching resources at school, pupils' absenteeism, pupils' poor numeracy and literacy skills, the principal's low responsibility, natural hazard factors, pupils' low ability to understand Indonesian, and local conflicts between different communities. Encountering these nine types of challenges fosters PSTs' disorientation, which might lead to transformative learning. In conclusion, remote areas have potential for transformative learning.

Parenting style was a set of parental attitude and behavior communicated by parents to children, forming an emotional climate condition used by parents to raise children. The study on parenting style had been conducted for a long time, but measurement of parenting style in Indonesia was still experiencing problem due to lack of sufficient and proper instrument, despite the monumental need for a valid and reliable instrument. The aim of this study was to examine the factor structure, internal consistency and others psychometric properties of the Indonesian version of the parenting styles and dimensions questionnaire-short form (PSDQ-SF). The instrument comprises 32 items (12 questions regarding the authoritative style, 15 questions regarding the authoritarian style, and five questions regarding the permissive style). The research sample consisted of 169 mothers with children of 5-7 years of age. Research was conducted in Sukoharjo, Central Java, Indonesia. Structural equation modelling (SEM) with LISREL 9.20 was utilized as the data analysis technique. Data analysis results by CFA second order showed that construct validity testing fulfilled the minimum criteria, with the factor loading range of 0.51-0.99. The reliability score's Cronbach's alpha also fulfilled the requirement, including the authoritative parenting style 0.86; the authoritarian parenting style 0.76 and the permissive authoritarian parenting style 0.67. These findings support the PSDQ-SF original structure. The results showed that the adaptation of PSDQ-SF in Indonesia was valid and reliable to use in measurement of parenting styles of parents of children of 5-7 years of age in Indonesia.

Indonesian is well-known, and it is taught at institutions across the world, including Australia. This study aims at describing prospective students, teachers, lecturers,' practitioners, and the general public's reactions to the Indonesian Language Education Study Program at the Faculty of Tarbiyah and Teacher Training of UIN Antasari Banjarmasin and identified data will be described as findings and discussed using Morrison's theory of needs analysis profile for the program readiness. A survey is used in this investigation. The questionnaires and interviews in this research were both open-ended. The technique used is a questionnaire technique using Google Forms by distributing questionnaires directly to respondents, namely 173 prospective students were class XII high school students, 24 were Indonesian language teachers, and 104 were education practitioners, lecturers, supervisors, and members of the community from several districts and cities in South Kalimantan. The plan to launch the Indonesian Language Education Study Program at UIN Antasari Banjarmasin received a positive reaction from many stakeholders and will be implemented immediately. Graduates of this degree may become professional educators with Islamic perspectives and Indonesian language teachers for international and national schools, as well as Indonesian for foreign speakers with distinctive qualities. Before a new study program starts, educators, teaching staff, and infrastructure must all be carefully prepared, as must the program's documentation. Therefore, the result of this study is expected to be the consideration by the university for opening the Indonesian Language Education Study Program at UIN Antasari Banjarmasin.

In EFL teaching, it has been theorized that intelligibility can be achieved by relative closeness of oral performance to the standard of EFL proficiency. The current study sought to investigate the position of interlanguage performance of EFL college students in terms of intelligibility of the language product (Speaking). Ten students' Mid Semester Tests of the Speaking Class were videotaped as the source of data in the study. They were in the First Semester of the English Department, majoring in English Letters. The oral performance of EFL college students as the research subjects were analyzed employing QDA Miner, a research software for text mining to position the students' points of interlanguage approximation. As it was only a case study with a limited number of subjects, the findings may not represent EFL students in general. It was revealed that only minimum intelligibility had been achieved. The students produced ungrammatical utterances, mispronounced words, limited communication strategies, lack of sentence variations, and most surprisingly with only a narrow scope of vocabulary selection to express their unforgettable memories in monologues. The errors were attributed to the influence of the mother tongue (Indonesian or Javanese in particular) within the interlanguage boundary of English and Indonesian. Room for improvement is still ahead as they are heading for the next seven semesters in the English Department. The study, pedagogically, concludes that, in teaching EFL, considerably sufficient proportions of teaching pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary, should be given throughout the process of learning for the students to achieve the standard of EFL proficiency.

We examined the use of code-switching as a strategy in communication. This study investigates the impact of switching patterns on language processing by observing the Indonesian-English Codeswitching practiced by one of the most prominent hotel employees in Makassar, Indonesia. This study applied a descriptive qualitative method to find the Indonesian-English Code-switching between Hotel's employees. Results from an oral production paradigm conducted with Indonesia--English bilinguals in the Hotel showed two essential parts: linguistic configuration and socio-pragmatic functions. Linguistic configuration consisted of switch segment which mainly occurred in single noun switching; the combination occurs between NP and HL, and the code-switching types found are intraclausal, intraphrasal, intralexical, interclausal and tag switching. While, the socio-pragmatic function of Indonesian-English Code Switching based on the data using Gumperz's model are interjection or sentence filler, message qualification, personalization, and morphological adaptation. We highlight the importance of experience and individual differences in the study of the bilingual reason for codeswitching.

The study aims to portray the implementation of bilingual language policy and its implications for multiculturalism and internationalization of higher education. The meta-analysis research design enables the researchers in this study to search the available published public documents that are relevant for this study. The result of the study indicates that the implementation of language policy on bilingual education in higher education contexts facilitates the preservation of local and national identities, fosters multicultural pedagogical interaction, and supports the internationalization of universities. This study recommends further in-depth investigation in a multicultural setting with longitudinal approach.

Traditional houses are part of the culture of every country. Indonesia is a country that has a variety of traditional houses. The traditional Banyuwangi house is known as the "Using" house. This house can be explored in terms of ethnomathematics and used as part of learning mathematics. This research is focused on knowing and describing mathematics learning that integrates the ethnomathematics of "Using" house, thematic, and connected models. The research was also conducted to determine the effectiveness of the learning that has been carried out. The results showed that the use of the "Using" house in ethnomathematical-thematic-connected-based mathematics learning: (1) could be done using the trivium concept (literacy, matheracy, and technoracy); (2) can be done thematically by integrating four subjects (Indonesian, social sciences, fine arts, and mathematics); (3) can be connected by integrating two mathematical concepts (two-dimensional geometry and arithmetic); (4) through seven phases of learning; and (5) effective because 80% of students can solve problems as expected.

This study addresses teachers' and students' needs for digital picture storybooks based on "Punokawan" puppet characters in elementary schools in Sukoharjo Regency. The Wayang "Punokawan" storybook media was developed based on a needs analysis in Sukoharjo Regency elementary schools implementing the 2013 Curriculum. This qualitative study indicated Sukoharjo elementary schools' needs. During the COVID-19 pandemic, learning occurred online via Google Meet and with strict health protocols offline. Field study data were obtained through interviews and observations at several elementary schools in Sukoharjo Regency. Fourth graders and their teachers were studied. Technical and data triangulation were used to validate data, and data reduction, presentation, and conclusion drawing were used to analyze it. The results showed that the initial condition of storybooks at elementary schools in Sukoharjo Regency was good, but it was inadequate to satisfy all parties, including students and class teachers teaching Indonesian language subjects. The textbooks also lacked local material. Teachers and students need digital picture books to improve their writing skills because they will enrich students' knowledge and boost their writing skills.

The research paper explores the application of Functional Systemic Linguistics (FSL) in Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) on the news "Scenario Ferdy Sambo" in online media Kompas and Tempo. FSL is used to analyze the textual features of the news, including the choice of words, grammar, and coherence, to identify the underlying ideologies and power relations embedded in the discourse. CDA is employed to analyze the social context and discourse practices surrounding news production and consumption, including the actors involved, their interests, and the implications of the news for society. This research analyzes the news of the murder case of Brigadier J, who dragged the name of a general, Ferdy Sambo. This case is at the forefront of a problem that is rife throughout society. The internet media, particularly Tempo and Kompas, highlighted stories connected to the unearthing of CCTV that Ferdy Sambo had buried. News writing portrays thoughts and manifestations of emotion in the individuals who read it. This analysis tries to describe the structure of the text and the social context of the discourse news in Kompas and Tempo. The research technique incorporates Teun A. Van Dijk's critical discourse analysis. Data were acquired via viewing the tempo and Kompas websites. The results of the analysis demonstrate that the structure of the text is built on elements of macrostructure, superstructure, and microstructure in the form of semantic, syntactic, stylistic, and rhetorical features that underpin the overall discourse. Analysis related to the social context provides an overview of the representation of the reader/community regarding the allegations of Ferdy Sambo's involvement in the killing of Brigadier J through the CCTV found. This leads to the people's thinking/ideology that the news is according to what they need because it is plain and open. The materials supplied in the discourse provided further explanations and disrupted the basic scenario of Ferdy Sambo, who was not involved in the death of Brigadier J.

This study set out to establish if creative writing ability, the quality of language learning, exercise intensity, and methodological mastery had any effect, either individually or simultaneously, on the quality of journal articles written by undergraduate students at the State Islamic University of Purwokerto. This study was quantitative in nature and applied a correlational technique. The study's participants were all undergraduate students who had published at least one paper in a scientific journal. Based on the faculties and study programs, proportionate random sampling was used to select a sample of 185 students. Questionnaires were distributed to this sample to collect primary data. With the help of the SPSS version 25.0 application, the data were analyzed using one-predictor regression analysis and multivariate regression. The study found out that learning the Indonesian language not only serves a function as the official state language and a tool for developing culture, science, and technology--it also serves as a learning tool that contributes to efforts to improve the quality of education and student journal articles. Of the four variables analyzed, the variable that contributes most is the quality of language learning, followed by the intensity of exercise. The variable with the smallest contribution was creative writing ability. Based on this, it could be concluded that creative writing ability, the quality of language learning, intensity of practice, and methodological mastery significantly influence the quality of journal articles by undergraduate students at the State Islamic University of Purwokerto, both individually and in combination.

This article is a preliminary study that aims to provide a theoretical review of the use of proverbs as a metaphor in solution-focused brief counseling (SFBC) approach, and to provide a framework for school counselors. The method used is a narrative literature review of several main themes; proverbs in counseling, the concept of metaphor, and the SFBC approach. The findings of this study indicate that in the last 10 years, the number of articles related to the topic of proverbs in counseling is still very small. Another finding theoretically is that the proverbs is a form of metaphor because both are cultural products so that they can be used in counseling. In addition, there is a lot of relevance between metaphor and SFBC, when viewed from the philosophical foundations aspects, orientation or purpose of counseling aspects, counseling techniques aspects, and therapeutic communication aspects. Thus, the proverbs can be used in the SFBC approach through the technique of metaphor. We recommend a framework for counselors from certain communities or cultures to be able to adopt their proverbs and work with the SFBC approach.

The purpose of this study is to compare the capacity of students to write Makassar Lontara script before and after utilizing the letter card medium. This investigation used three steps: pre-test, therapy, and posttest. This study included fifty public Yunior High School students in the Makassar city, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Participatory observation, testing, and interviews were employed to obtain data for this study. Data description, average similarity test, and analysis requirement test are among the data analysis approaches employed. The findings revealed that learning through the medium of letter cards was more successful. The post-test analysis demonstrates the usefulness of using the letter card medium. Using Makassar Lontara's letter card medium, the level of achievement is higher than the pre-test result. Furthermore, when employing letter card media in the learning process, pupils are more active than when not using the media. Teachers of local content subjects are encouraged to use learning methods and enjoyable media for students to achieve more effective learning. The Makassar Lontara' letter card media is one of the methods employed. Because the media can contribute significantly to both the learning process and the desired outcomes, it is intended that by using the Makassar Lontara' letter card learning media, students will be more interested in and motivated to study local content themes that have previously been intimidating to them. Further research is needed to increase the quality of learning, and it is hoped that future researchers will address any flaws found in this study.

Purpose of the study: to find out: 1) basic literacy skills (ability to read, write and count) elementary school early grades students; (2) quality of textbooks in aspects of content, presentation, language, and graphic design; and (3) The significance of the relationship between the quality of textbooks and students' basic literacy skills. Methodology: This research uses a quantitative approach with a survey method. It was conducted in eight provinces in Indonesia. The sampling technique used stratified random sampling, 805 teachers. Data collection used a questionnaire for elementary school teachers who teach in low grades. The data analysis used descriptive statistics and correlation analysis. Main Findings: It was found that there are still relatively many early grades elementary school students who are not fluent in reading, writing, and arithmetic. These students' basic literacy skills have a significant and positive relationship with the quality of textbooks in the aspects of substance, presentation, language, and graphic design. Applications of this study: To improve basic literacy skills (reading, writing, and arithmetic) in early grades elementary school students, it is also necessary to improve the quality of textbooks in the aspects of substance/Content, presentation, language, and graphic design. Novelty/Originality of this study: It was found that there is a significant and positive relationship between basic literacy skills (reading, writing, and arithmetic) of early grades elementary school students and the quality of the textbooks they used both in terms of substance/Content, presentation, language, and graphic design.

This research shows the power of powerful metaphors in a language or linguistic perspective. It aimed at examining the important factors like reproduction of metaphors according to the theme of contestation, its duration, use of electronic media and problems associated with their forms, class and syntactic structures in a linguistic perspective. This study used a descriptive qualitative research method to examine metaphors used by the contestants in Indonesian public intellectuals' platform. It conducted a content analysis (Creswell & Miller, 2000) and identified themes namely how metaphors occur, why living metaphors are used productively, and what the implications of the metaphor used. The study sampled 14 video recordings (of 15 debate opponents) from 04/04/2018 to 22/12/2019, from the electronic media, related to "hot issues," and "trending topics" in Indonesia. The selection criteria were the use of metaphors and by contestant who were in competition with Rocky Gerung in political debates. The results showed that metaphors reflect the power, culture, and greatness of speakers in processing language and common sense. The contestation used an average time duration of 13.55 minutes contains many syntactically structured metaphors (phrases, clauses, and sentences). Each metaphor depicted the intensity of language and its structure. The implications of using metaphors make learning intelligent, imaginative, expressive, scientific, poetic, effective, and powerful ways of thinking. Contestants in the debate in pragmatic dialogue are very attractive to the attention of their listeners.

Internet technology offers young students opportunities of writing poetry through apps, software, interactive websites and computer assisted creative writing platforms. This study aimed to develop learning media in the form of an audio-visual product, named "Ruang Ekspresi" as a poetry writing platform for junior high school students, facilitating them to transform their creative ideas into poems. This study employed Research and Development method with R2D2 (reflective, recursive, design, and development) design. Instruments used in this research were observation rubrics, questionnaires, and semi-structured interview items The participants of this study comprised a team of learning experts, media experts, teachers, and students studying the Indonesian language curriculum where poetry is taught as an artwork at junior high school levels. The sample was identified through purposive sampling method. The validations of expert and opinions of students were taken into account for product development, product feasibility, its language and its effectiveness. It was found that technology can improve the quality of poetry assisted through software, and Internet applications. With the help of various Apps and web based platforms, poetry writing has enabled both teachers and students to teach and learn poetry in constructive ways. Results show that "Ruang Ekspresi," equipped with a manual guidebook is feasible and applicable to help junior high school students write poems. "Ruang Ekspresi" can also be used by senior high school students by customizing learning material. The findings show that by making use of this software, teachers and student would be more creative and innovative.

The utilization of technology through the use of interactive multimedia based on Hybrid Learning is regarded as an effective learning strategy for Teaching Indonesian to Speakers of Other Languages (TISOL). The study aims to identify the learner's needs of TISOL for appropriate media to increase language skills. This study applied a qualitative-method. Subjects study consisted of TISOL teachers, TISOL coordinators, and learners in universities serving the TISOL Program in Universitas Sebelas Maret. The data was collected by interviews. Data analysis used an interactive model consisting of data reduction, data display, and conclusion. The study indicate that media used in TISOL are currently dominated by audio learning styles, less interactive, and only practice receptive language skills. TISOL learners need technology-based learning media that can enhance interaction and can take advantage of the principle of combining the power of face-to-face learning and online learning (hybrid learning). Recommendation for instructors to develop interactive multimedia based on hybrid learning for TISOL students in improving Indonesian language skills.

This study investigates the most dominant factors influencing Indonesian students' listening meta-cognitive strategies. The interaction of digital literacy skills research instruments and learning styles can improve the students' meta-cognitive strategies in listening skills. The role of digital literacy skills research instruments and learning styles is to enhance students' listening meta-cognitive strategies with a total sample of 242. This study uses quantitative research by applying the ex-post-facto method. Analysis of research data using descriptive and inferential statistics with a linear regression test. The results demonstrate that the pupils' digital literacy skills had the most dominant impact. The regression results disclosed that the R-value of the influence of the literacy variable on the meta-cognitive listening strategy was 0.468, meaning that it had an effect of 46.8%, while the learning style was only 19.20%. The interaction between digital literacy skills and learning styles could improve the students' meta-cognitive listening strategies, approximately by 50.40%. Digital literacy skills and learning styles have a positive role in improving students' meta-cognitive listening strategies. A student's meta-cognitive listening technique improves as his or her digital literacy skills and learning style improves.

This study aims to establish and explore students' perception of a corpus in vocabulary learning. The corpus development was completed based on IDM ADDIE. This research was started by conducting a problem analysis that reveals students' obstacles in learning a language. The students' are identified to have a limited vocabulary of the language they learned. The corpus construction and development was begun by creating a script in PHP language. This research produces a corpus with 377880 tokens and five sub-corpora, namely Indonesian, English, German, Arabic, as well as art and design. The vocabularies are presented according to the highest frequency in the language and language teacher education field. The evaluation carried out by the experts of materials, language, and media discovers that the corpus is feasible to be integrated into the learning. Simultaneously, the assessment from students who have attended the corpus' implementation with data-driven learning (DDL) approach shows that this corpus helps students broaden their vocabulary, including the word meaning, form, and usage through observation on the concordance and collocation lines.

Although the preservation of the Indonesian culture is deemed beneficial, the lack of folklore texts readily available for instructional purposes makes teaching and learning the Indonesian culture challenging. This study aims to develop web-based teaching materials, integrated with Indonesian folklore for intermediate-level students of Indonesian for foreign speakers (BIPA). A Research and Development (R&D) method was employed with a 4D research model (Define, Design, Develop, and Disseminate). Four teachers and seven students were purposively selected, based on prior experience in teaching BIPA and ownership of a device and ability to operate a software. A questionnaire, expert validation sheet, users assessment sheet, and interview guide were employed to obtain the expected data. The results of the study revealed that all teachers had used textbooks and the Internet, but not all teachers used enrichment materials from the government. They further stated that they were interested in the development of teaching materials with folklore texts. The expert validation results showed that the developed web-based teaching materials was feasible with a very good predicate. Based on a limited trial (independently) by users, BIPA teachers and students responded that the prototype was feasible with a very good predicate.

The purpose of this study is to see the role of using multimodal texts based on Indonesian local cultural content to improve the literacy skills of BIPA (Indonesian for Foreign Speakers) learners. The focus of literacy skills in this study is the learner's ability to communicate using the communication culture of Indonesian society as a result of understanding multimodal texts. The method used in this study is a single subject experimental research method (single subject method) with research design A-B-A. The single-subject experimental research method was taken because limited participants could not be divided into control and experimental classes (Cresswell, 2013; Fraenkel, Wallen, Hyun, 2015). The instrument used was multimodal text with the theme of communication culture, observation sheets, and communication skills assessment sheets in applying the understanding of communication culture from multimodal texts. The data collection method is done through authentic assessment and direct observation. Participants in this study were four BIPA learners from various professions, namely students, employees, entrepreneurs, and housewives. Data analysis was carried out by looking at the literacy competence of the subject in each condition. The research data is in the form of literacy skills, namely multimodal text interpretation to communicate. The results showed that they could develop their literacy skills including how to communicate, behaviours and communication gestures shown by foreign students. In single subject research, the data used to determine the conclusion of multimodal texts that have a significant or not role in literacy skills is overlap data.

Nowadays, text readability is of great importance. Simple but very often ignored, readability statistics can provide information about the level of difficulty of the readability of particular documents and increase an evaluator's credibility. Hence, this research aims to examine the readability index of the test instrument for BIPA (Bahasa Indonesia Untuk Penutur Asing), evaluate the student's reading ability, and analyze the relevance readability index and cloze test result. The study was carried out through an experiment involving 21 international students in several Muhammadiyah Universities. The students were provided with three sets of reading instruments from BIPA-1 to BIPA-3. Data analysis was carried out with correlation analysis. The result showed that the reading instrument difficulty was at a fairly easy to moderate level. Gunning Fog score and Automated Readability Index were the most relevant tool to the student's test achievement. This research implies the importance of test instrument evaluation. Assessment of the readability of the text is vital in the process of developing an appropriate test instrument.

This paper examines the acquisition of demonstratives (e.g., "that," "there") from a cross-linguistic perspective. Although demonstratives are often said to play a crucial role in L1 acquisition, there is little systematic research on this topic. Using extensive corpus data of spontaneous child speech, the paper investigates the emergence and development of demonstratives in three European (English, French, Spanish) and four non-European languages (Japanese, Chinese, Hebrew, Indonesian) between age 1;0 and 6;0. The data show that, across languages, demonstratives are among the earliest and most frequent child words, but their frequency decreases with age and MLU. As children grow older, they tend to use other types of referring terms (e.g., anaphoric pronouns) and other types of spatial expressions (e.g., adpositions). Considering these results, we hypothesize that children shift from using a body-oriented strategy of deictic communication to more abstract and disembodied strategies of encoding reference and space during the preschool years.

This study was motivated by the lack of animation utilization by VI-grade teachers in teaching the theory of procedure text writing. Students are not motivated by the absence of animated media. Therefore, the animation is needed in learning the theory of procedure text writing. This study was included in research and development type and two cycle's classroom action research. This study was carried out in SD Methodist 2 Medan from July 2020 to August 2020. In small group testing, the subjects were 10 random VI-grade from VI A, VI B, VI C, VI D, and VI E. In large group testing, the subjects were 20 random VI-grade students from VI A, VI B, VI C, VI D, and VI E. In classroom action research, the subjects were 29 VI E students. Several tests on material feasibility, media feasibility, and student responses were carried out. The results showed 89.32% (very feasible) which means animated video as the learning media was very effective for the learning process. After very feasible category was obtained in large group testing, then product dissemination in classroom action research was carried out. Based on the results, in Cycle I, 13 students (44.82%) met the passing grade, while 16 students (55.18%) failed. The average grade was 70.52 while the passing grade was 76, then Cycle II was needed. In Cycle II, 25 students (86.20%) met the passing grade, while 4 students (13.80%) failed. The average grade was 85.69. This means animated video as learning media innovation had a significant influence in learning the theory of procedure text writing on Indonesian language subject. In accordance with these results, as a learning medium, the findings in this study reveal that animated videos are able to develop effective learning patterns in the classroom.