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Challenging the initial expectation that all post-Soviet economies will evolve from collective toward fully individualized farming, I argue that they separated into two different reform paths. In the European successor countries and Kazakhstan, corporate and family farms coexist, labor exited agriculture, and capital inflow boosted labor productivity (a "Westernization"). In the Transcaucasian and the other Central Asian countries, complete farm individualization did not increase labor productivity much, in turn keeping rural incomes depressed (a "Southernization" akin to the Global South). Future policies should promote income alternatives to agriculture and improve the flexibility and transparency of farm consolidation processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Variation in income earned from individual farms is affected by a variety of factors such as soil quality, technical advancement, agricultural policy reforms, work efficiency, as well as scale and directions of agricultural production. The level of income earned by business entities, including individual farms, is a significant factor that affects expenses incurred in relation to the operation of an agricultural business and expenses to satisfy the needs of each member of a farmer’s household. The objective of this paper is to determine the impact of the type of agricultural activity undertaken and the area of agricultural land on income earned by individual farms in Poland. In addition, an attempt was made to evaluate regional variation in financial, area–related, and production indicators taken into consideration in the course of the study between individual farms. The results have been presented at the regional NUTS 2 level in Poland for 2017. Results of the study conducted have been visualised by means of the statistical, descriptive, comparative, and graphical method. Coefficients of variation Vs and correlation coefficients rxy were calculated. The study has revealed that there is a significant regional variation in Poland in terms of income earned by individual farms. Regional variation has also been found in the scale and type of agricultural production undertaken. In addition, it has been proven that the level of income earned from individual farms depends on the type of agricultural activity undertaken and on the area of agricultural land.

Businesses of an enterprise can be improved in various ways. One of the important influences on the business of agricultural enterprises is maintaining the level of salaries of employees at a competitive level. This was adopted by the authors and a survey was conducted which covered medium-sized agricultural enterprises and individual farms with respect to the level of earnings in the period 2017-2019 in the Republic of Serbia. The results indicate that there is a statistically significant relationship between the level of salaries of employees in both forms of organization of agricultural production and the profit of the enterprise. In addition, there is a significant correlation between the level of employees' salaries and positive profits for 2017 alone (p

Business management can be improved in different ways. One of the key options for managing agricultural enterprises is monitoring the level of wages, because they directly affect the results of the company, or the results of the top management work. The authors conducted the research by analyzing medium-sized agricultural enterprises and individual farms regarding the level of wages in the period 2017-2019 in the Republic of Serbia. We have come to the basic conclusion that there is a statistically significant relationship between the level of wages in both forms of organization of agricultural production and the realization of profit, that is, the performance of the business on the market. In addition, there is a significant correlation between the level of wages and the achieved profit in the positive direction only for 2017 (at the level p

Copyright of Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural & Agribusiness Economists is the property of Polish Association of Agricultural & Agribusiness Economists and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

River deltas provide the most productive pastures in Central Asia. Simultaneously they are highly vulnerable to water inflow changes. The aim of this study was to conduct an economic assessment of the short- and medium-term effect of reduced water inflow on farmers’ performance within the Ili Delta. Primary data were collected through 35 interviews with farmers and additional experts in 2015. Production parameters for three types of individual farms were estimated and entered into a full cost accounting. Contribution margins were calculated for three scenarios: (I) sufficient water inflow (normal situation), (II) decreasing water inflow, and (III) significantly reduced water inflow (worst case). Farmers purchase hay to adapt to pasture production loss due to decreasing water inflow. This more than doubled the variable costs of worst case in comparison to normal situation for small-, medium-, and large-scale type of individual farm. Monte Carlo simulation indicates a risk of 74% (small-scale farm) and 3% (medium-scale farm) that already variable costs will exceed revenues. Despite their high fixed costs, only large-scale individual farms generate positive net farm income from operations in the worst case due to government payments from participation in elite bull program that account for one-third of total revenue.

The article is an attempt to determine the factors that determine technical efficiency of individual farms FADN of gostynski district, specializing in cattle, breeding pigs and multidirectional production. Indicators of technical efficiency of farms was determined using method Data Envelopment Analysis. Linear regression method was used to determine the factors that determine technical efficiency of individual farms. It was shown, that for farms specialized in cattle, the determinants of technical efficiency are: total revenues from sales to total costs and total revenues from sales in PLN for working hour, and for those specialized in breeding pigs: total revenues from sales to total costs, total revenues from sales in PLN for working hour, livestock density in units of large (SD) and revenues per ha of arable land.

The aim of this research was a presentation of the economic strength of average individual farms from EU-24 countries. The special emphasis was put on similarity of the output structure. An analysis was based on FADN data for the year 2004. Basic method of research was a descriptive and comparative analysis, as well as chosen methods of descriptive statistics – among them, so called standardization of straight characteristics. Beyond this, the hierarchical agglomeration classification was implemented. On the basis of hierarchical agglomeration classification prepared according to ESU and to structure of output, 5 classes of average individual farms from EU-24 countries were obtained. The comparison of results of Polish average farm with results obtained by the EU average farms revealed that the value of the majority of economic variables observed in Polish average farm was c.a. three times lower than the EU average. In the ranking – prepared according to the criteria of ESU – Polish average individual farm took 20th place among 24 average individual farms from the EU. The characteristic feature of the agricultural output of Polish average individual farm was the equal share of crops production, as well as livestock production in the total average farm’s output. In the structure of crops production of a Polish average individual farm, the cereals, vegetables and flowers were dominant. The livestock production consisted mainly of pig meat, poultry meat and milk and milk products.

The aim of this research is to compare an average Polish farm with an average EU farm according to agricultural total output. A comparative analysis is based on FADN data for the year 2005. Basic method of this research was a descriptive and comparative analysis. Descriptive statistics methods were also used – among them, so-called measure of structure’s similarity. The comparison of results of Polish average farm with the results obtained by EU average farm revealed that the value of the majority of chosen economic variables observed in Polish average farm was c.a. three times lower than the EU average. In each of three rankings – prepared according to the criteria of total output, crops produc-tion, livestock production Polish average farm came low down. The results obtained with the use of the measure of structure’s similarity, demonstrate that the structure of total out-put in Polish average farm in the 2005 year is – to some extent – similar to Belgian, Lat-vian and Finnish ones. On the other hand, structure of crops production in Polish farm was similar to a considerable degree to Finnish and British structures, while the livestock production of Polish average farm was similar to a large extent to the structure observed in Hungarian farms.

In the framework of Slovakia entering into the European Union, there was done a PHARE-ACE survey in years 1999-2000. The name of this survey was "Micro-economic analysis of farming households restructuring in pre-accession period to the EU". The survey was finished in 2002. This survey was done in two regions of Slovakia, characterized by different natural conditions, production and economic conditions. This project was aiming not only at private farmers but also at other legal entities producing agricultural products. The monitored group consisted of 412 private farmers, farming in average 43.2 ha of agricultural land. Most of them are farming on 0-2 ha of agricultural land (20.8%) and on 25-100 ha of agricultural land (20.1%).

During the years of transition to market economy, a variety of farming types has evolved in Slovakia. Corporate farming is still pursued on about 80 per cent of the total agricultural land area, but a gradual increase of individual farms can be observed. A large portion of the registered individual farms is producing both for the market and for the self-supply of households, but the importance of specialised commercial farms has been growing during the recent years. Their share in the total number of registered individual farms can be estimated as 25 per cent and they specialise as a rule on cash crop products. The average production area is 130 hectares, but income differentiation is wide-ranging within this group of farms. The lowest income strata (which represent about 50 per cent of these farms) receive eight times less income, than the highest one - represented by less than 2 per cent of cases.

In the framework of Slovakia preparation for entering the European Union, there was done a Phare-ACE survey in years 1999-2000. The name of this survey was "Micro-economic analysis of farming households restructuring in pre-accession period to the EU". This survey was done in two regions of Slovakia, characterized by different natural conditions, production and economic conditions. This project was aiming not only at private farmers but also at other legal entities producing agricultural products. The first monitored group consisted of 412 private farmers, farming in average 43.2 ha of agricultural land. The second group consisted of 150 businesses, having 1,866 ha of agricultural land in average.

Copyright of Progress in Plant Protection is the property of Institute of Plant Protection and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

River deltas provide the most productive pastures in Central Asia. Simultaneously they are highly vulnerable to water inflow changes. The aim of this study was to conduct an economic assessment of the short- and medium-term effect of reduced water inflow on farmers' performance within the Ili Delta. Primary data were collected through 35 interviews with farmers and additional experts in 2015. Production parameters for three types of individual farms were estimated and entered into a full cost accounting. Contribution margins were calculated for three scenarios: (I) sufficient water inflow (normal situation), (II) decreasing water inflow, and (III) significantly reduced water inflow (worst case). Farmers purchase hay to adapt to pasture production loss due to decreasing water inflow. This more than doubled the variable costs of worst case in comparison to normal situation for small-, medium-, and large-scale type of individual farm. Monte Carlo simulation indicates a risk of 74% (small-scale farm) and 3% (medium-scale farm) that already variable costs will exceed revenues. Despite their high fixed costs, only large-scale individual farms generate positive net farm income from operations in the worst case due to government payments from participation in elite bull program that account for one-third of total revenue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]