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The lack of organisation in urban spaces plays a decisive role in the level of integration, communication and social bonds of the residents, impacting the citizens’ feelings of trust and security. Different personal variables and contextual characteristics have been associated with the fear of crime (FOC). The main objective of this study is to analyse how individual and social/environmental variables, and incivilities, predict crime against people and property, crime that has either happened or is feared to happen. Five hundred and fifty‐four residents (M = 43.82; SD = 18.38) in the Historic Centre of Porto (HCP), Portugal, answered 61 items of the Diagnosis of Local Security (DLS) Questionnaire. The results of this study show that in the most frequent crime category, 72% of occurrences represent crime against property. In the feared crime category, there is a preponderance of crime against people (61%). Age of the respondents predicted the most frequent and feared crime, while sex predicted the most feared crime only. Social/environmental variables, as well as incivilities, also predict the frequent and feared crime in two typologies, i.e., crime against people and crime against property. Practical implications to reduce FOC and areas for further investigation are discussed., This research was funded by Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT), grant number “PTDC/DIR‐DCP/28120/2017” (Project LookCrim—Looking at crime: Communities and physical spaces), This work was supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) under the scope of the strategic funding of UID/BIO/04469/2019 unit and BioTecNorte operation (NORTE-01- 0145-FEDER-000004) funded by the European Regional Development Fund under the scope of Norte2020 –Programa Operacional Re- gional do Norte. This work was also supported by an FCT PhD grant [FRH/BD/111645/2015]. The authors also acknowledge the project fund- ing by the “02/SAICT/2017 –Projetos de Investigação Científica e Desen- volvimento Tecnológico (IC&DT) –POCI-01-0145-FEDER-028893”. This work was also supported by FCT and the Competitiveness and Internationalization Operational Program under Grant Agreement No. 030881 (PTDC/EMD-EMD/30881/2017 (POCI-01-0145-FEDER- 030881) and by FCT project UIDB/50026/2020 and UIDP/50026/2020. Additionally, this work has been funded by ICVS Scientific Microscopy Platform, member of the national infrastructure PPBI - Portuguese Plat- form of Bioimaging (PPBI-POCI-01-0145-FEDER-022122; by National funds, through the FCT project UIDB/50026/2020 and UIDP/50026/2020 and by the project NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000039, supported by Norte Portugal Regional Operational Programme (NORTE 2020), un- der the PORTUGAL 2020 Partnership Agreement, through the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF).

Este estudo surge do interesse em compreender a construção da política de assistência social no Brasil, a partir de uma concepção de garantia de direitos, frente a uma sociedade capitalista centrada no consumo. Tem como objetivo analisar como a produção de sentidos de indivíduo e de social nos documentos da assistência social relaciona-se com a lógica neoliberal hegemônica e com o projeto neodesenvolvimentista na construção histórica dessa política social. Considera o contexto político e os direcionamentos econômicos e históricos que impactaram na construção da proteção social, a partir das relações entre Estado e Sociedade. Analisa também a emergência do indivíduo moderno e a individualização do social, bem como a trajetória da assistência social brasileira entre os programas neoliberalistas e a experiência neodesenvolvimentista. Os referenciais teóricos partem da Psicologia Social e Institucional em interlocução com os estudos de Políticas Sociais. Guia-se metodologicamente pela análise das práticas discursivas e pela produção de sentidos no cotidiano. Para tanto, foram analisados documentos de domínio público e construídos um Quadro Geral dos Documentos e uma Linha do Tempo. Foram identificados 37 documentos e realizada a análise da matriz desses documentos, a partir da qual foram propostos três períodos: assistência social como ação doadora; revisão crítica em direção à política social; e implantação e reordenamento. Dos 37 documentos, foram selecionados oito para analisar as práticas discursivas, considerando-se as categorias, os repertórios linguísticos e as retóricas utilizadas a partir do Mapa Dialógico dos Repertórios Linguísticos e do Mapa Dialógico Interpretativo das categorias. Por meio da análise, encontraram-se repertórios que apontam para a transformação da assistência social nas suas concepções e formas de efetivação, embora heranças e resistências de ordem conservadora disputem e se hibridizem nos sentidos produzidos. Essas heranças, contudo, não são resquícios, mas processos que se atualizam nos sentidos de indivíduo e na individualização do social, alinhadas à matriz de proteção social residual, que se articula entre a lógica neoliberal e a retórica meritocrática. Além disso, discute-se também o projeto neodesenvolvimentista, que apostou na ampliação da proteção social, reordenando e constituindo o Sistema Único de Assistência Social. Nesse caso, há uma produção de sentidos de social enquanto instância de coesão social, estabelecendo a proteção social na assistência social a partir da retórica da garantia de direitos. No entanto, o neodesenvolvimentismo não estabelece um rompimento com as diretrizes neoliberais e a política social conserva sua função como tecnologia de inclusão. A política social não é neutra, por isso a análise dos sentidos em disputa visibilizou uma discursividade constituinte da assistência social e a indicação de um novo período na assistência social, ancorado nas retóricas que fortalecem os sentidos individualizantes e na gestão de riscos sociais. This study had as its interest to understand the construction of social assistance policy in Brazil, based on a concept of guarantee of rights, facing a capitalist society focused on consumption. Its objective is to analyze how the production of individual and social meanings in social assistance documents is related to the hegemonic neoliberal logic and to the neodevelopmentalist project in the historical construction of this social policy. It considers the political context and historical economic directions that have impacted on the construction of social protection, starting from the relations between State and Society. It also analyzes the emergence of the modern individual and the individualization of the social, as well as the trajectory of Brazilian social assistance between neoliberalist programs and the neodevelopmental experience. The theoretical references depart from Social and Institutional Psychology in interlocution with the studies of Social Policies. It is methodologically guided by the analysis of discursive practices and the production of meanings in daily life. Public domain documents were analyzed, and a General Table of Documents and a Timeline were constructed. We identified 37 documents and accomplished the matrix analysis of these documents, from which three periods were proposed: social assistance as a donor action; critical revision towards social policy; implantaion and reordering. Among the 37 documents, eight were chosen to analyze the discursive practices considering the categories, the linguistic repertories and the rhetoric used from the Dialogical Map of the Linguistic Repertories and the Interpretative Dialogical Map of the categories. We find out repertoires that indicate to the transformation of social assistance in its conceptions and forms of realization, although inheritances and resistances of a conservative order dispute and hybridize in the meanings produced. These inheritances are not remnants, but processes that are updated in the sense of individual and in the individualization of the social, aligned with the matrix of residual social protection, which is articulated between the neoliberal logic and meritocratic rhetoric. It also discusses the neodevelopmental project that bet on the expansion of social protection, reordering and constituting the Unique System of Social Assistance. There is a sense production of social as an instance of social cohesion, establishing social protection in social assistance from the rhetoric of the guarantee of rights. However, neodevelopmentism does not establish a break with neoliberal guidelines, and social policy retains its function as a technology of inclusion. Social policy is not neutral, and the analysis of the disputed senses has made visible a constitutive discursiveness of social assistance and the indication of a new period in social assistance, anchored in the rhetoric used to strengthen the individualizing senses and the management of social risks.

La sociedad contemporánea constituye una sociedad atravesada por las necesidades del mercado globalizado donde se evidencia la crisis existencial vivida por muchas personas privadas de un sentido de vida que va mas allá del solo “tener”. En este panorama el enfoque histórico-cultural ofrece una mirada importante que permite acercarse a los procesos de configuración de la subjetividad individual y social indagando por los sentidos personales que emergen dentro del proceso de participación individual en las actividades socialmente compartidas y significadas según la jerarquía de valores sociales. Desde esta postura, el fomento de las prácticas sociales sustentadas en un ejercicio de la reflexividad y de toma de consciencia al respecto de los significados sociales actuales y la valoración de su aporte para el papel evolutivo o involutivo para el ser humano, permiten favorecer la búsqueda de un camino mejor en los procesos de configuración de la subjetividad social e individual en la sociedad contemporánea. Contemporary society crossed by the needs of the global market, where reigns the imperative of consumption, supported by the ideal of personal success at the expense of social inequality. It can be seen the existential crisis experienced by many people that can’t be filled with material objects. The historical-cultural approach offers important insights to the processes of configuration of individual and social subjectivity. The dialectic conception of human subjectivity allows understanding that the process of building of the individual subjectivity represents a complex process of a dialectical relationship between the individuals and their social life situation. From this position, the promotion of social practices where the people can exercise the reflexivity and awareness about the social meanings, allow to psychology to contribute to finding a better way for the configuration of processes of social and individual subjectivity in contemporary society.

[EN] The main objective and sense of research in archaeology and human-social sciences is to identify the relationships of significance which constitute the reality. The critic of classic positivism has produced a paradoxical situation as the pretension of discovering the net of relationships of the (false) objectivity in the modern power system has opened the way to the ideological legitimacy of neoliberalism. In the presence of the dolemma in which objectivity is not possible and subjectivity is not enough, the author defends a post-positivism approach. This approach present concomitances with analytical tradition and phenomenology, and demostrates that comprehension, dialogue and intercultural tolerance are still possible. Although it assumes the necessity of dealing with the active function of the individual in society, it is recognized that from the individual it is impossible the building and interpretation of the world. So we need to follow the way from the social to individual and not the reverse track., [ES] Se parte de que el objetivo y el sentido de la investigación, en Arqueología y en ciencias humano-sociales, es identificar las relaciones de significación que se producen en la realidad y que de hecho la producen. Se hace notar cómo la crítica del positivismo clásico ha generado una situación paradógica, ya que la pretensión de descubrir las interrelación de la (falsa) objetividad con el sistema de poder moderno han abierto la puerta a la legitimación ideológica del neoliberalismo. Ante el dilema de que la objetividad no es posible y la subjetividad no es suficiente, se propugna un post-positivismo, con concomitancias entre la tradición analítica y la fenomenología, que muestra que la comprensión, diálogo y tolerancia intercultural son todavía posibles. Aunque se asume la necesidad de dar cuenta de la función activa del individuo en la sociedad, se reconoce que, desde lo individual, no se puede construir ni interpretar el mundo, por lo que es necesario seguir el camino de lo social a lo individual y no viceversa.

The main objective and sense of research in archaeology and human-social sciences is to identify th relationships of significance which constitute the reality. The critic of classic positivism has produced a paradoxical situation as the pretension of discovering the net of relationships of the (false) objectivity in the modern power system has opened the way to the ideological legitimacy of neoliberalism. In the presence of the dilemma in which objectivity is not possible and subjectivity is not enough, the author defends a postpositivism approach. This approach present concomitances with analytical tradition and phenomenology, and demonstrates that comprehension, dialogue and intercultural tolerance are still possible. Although it assumes the necessity of dealing with the active function of the individual in society, it is recognized that from the individual it is impossible the building and interpretation of the world. So we need to follow the way from the social to individual and not the reverse track. Se parte de que el objetivo y el sentido de la investigación, en Arqueología y en ciencias humano-sociales, es identificar las relaciones de significación que se producen en la realidad y que de hecho la producen. Se hace notar cómo la crítica del positivismo clásico ha generado una situación paradógica, ya que la pretensión de descubrir las interrelaciones de la (falsa) objetividad con el sistema de poder moderno han abierto la puerta a la legitimación ideológica del neoliberalismo. Ante el dilema de que la objetividad no es posible y la subjetividad no es suficiente, se propugna un post-positivismo, con concomitancias entre la tradición analítica y la fenomenología, que muestra que la comprensión, diálogo y tolerancia intercultural son todavía posibles. Aunque se asume la necesidad de dar cuenta de la función activa del individuo en la sociedad, se reconoce que, desde lo individual, no se puede construir ni interpretar el mundo, por lo que es necesario seguir el camino de lo social a lo individual y no viceversa.