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In 'The logic of partial supposition', Eva and Hartmann present a dilemma for a normative account of partial subjunctive supposition: the natural subjunctive analogue of Jeffrey conditionalization is Jeffrey imaging , but this rule violates a natural monotonicity constraint. This paper offers a partial defence of Jeffrey imaging against Eva and Hartmann's objection. I show that, although Jeffrey imaging is non-monotonic in Eva and Hartmann's sense, it is what I call status quo monotonic. A status quo monotonic credal revision rule is monotonic in Eva and Hartmann's sense if it is conservative in the sense of Meehan and Zhang ('Jeffrey meets Kolmogorov'), but Jeffrey imaging is in general non-conservative. On the other hand, Jeffrey imaging satisfies a different constraint that I call convexity , and the only rule that is both convex and conservative is Jeffrey conditionalization. To this extent, the real dilemma for a normative account of partial subjunctive supposition is not between monotonicity (broadly construed) and Jeffrey imaging, but between convexity and conservativeness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the factors that significantly constrain mood selection in Galician within uncertainty adverb constructions, applying a logistic regression model. This analysis identified several significant factors affecting the choice between the indicative and subjunctive moods, including the temporal context of the clause, the preceding adverb, and the interaction of fictional and nonfictional registers with the verb type of the predicate and the gender of the speaker/writer. Time reference and the preceding adverb emerged as primary factors conditioning mood choice, with present and future time frames and adverbs encoding weaker epistemic values significantly predisposing toward the subjunctive mood. This study also highlighted the influence of the gender of the speaker/writer, demonstrating the preference of women toward the indicative mood in fictional texts. Verb type and register interact in complex ways that only partially align with previous findings. The results of the present study contribute to a deeper understanding of syntactic variation in Galician, adding to a growing body of quantitative research on Galician grammar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In some finite clauses only one of the subjunctive and indicative moods might occur, while in others there is option between these two moods. This is the basic distinction between intensional and polarity subjunctive. This paper questions the sustainability of such division in Portuguese, providing a critical analysis of the major arguments sustaining that those two types of subjunctive need to be considered. Instead, it is shown that a semantic analysis of the indicative and subjunctive moods accounts for the distribution of these moods in European Portuguese (EP), no different explanations being needed for the cases of lexical selection and those of mood choice. In both cases Indicative signals that only p-worlds are taken in account, while Subjunctive signals the consideration of non-p worlds. This allows a comprehensive account of the EP data: Subjunctive or Indicative occurs depending on whether the meaning of the sentence leads to the consideration of non-p worlds or not. However, in other varieties of Portuguese, Indicative occurs in some sentences whose meaning involves the consideration of non-p worlds. Such is the case of Brazilian Portuguese (BP), where, in colloquial speech, the use of Indicative is common in complement clauses of querer ('to want'), a paradigmatic domain of Subjunctive. The conjecture is made that in this variety resorting to one or another mood is used as a pragmatic, discursive, strategy, even if the meaning of the sentence leads to the other mood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to Faulkner (2022b), in the case of Spanish, "indicative directive complements are strongly preferable to subjunctive clauses when a weak necessity and teleological matrix directive embeds a modal verb of equivalent strength and type" (p. 8). She explains that the exceptionality of this phenomenon relates to both predicates being interpreted in concord with one another. Having compared and analyzed several authentic examples of mood use in this context (see Faulkner 2021b, 2022a, 2022b), Faulkner, consequently, suggests that, in spite of being labeled core selectors of the subjunctive (e.g., Villalta 2008), if a modal concord construction is to come into play, the mood of the particular directive complement is affected. However, unbeknownst to Faulkner (2022b) at the time of publishing, this symbiotic relationship between modal concord and mood is not exclusive to matrix and subordinate directives that are weak necessity (of strength) and teleological (of type). Concord readings may, in fact, be evoked in contexts in which both the matrix and embedded predicates are, for example, either deontic and strong necessity or bouletic and strong necessity. In other words, if the two expressions parallel each other in strength and priority, an indicative modal complement, interpreted in concord with the main directive, is likely to result; and, most importantly, whether or not the two modal elements are teleological and weak necessity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The main goal of the present work is to argue that in the teaching of Bulgarian in school, not only the indicative and the renarrative, but also the other two indirect evidentials – the conclusive and the dubitative – should be included. This is especially true for levels C1 and C2. In fulfillment of this goal, the meanings, forms and main uses of the four evidentials in modern Bulgarian language are examined: indicative, conclusive, renarrative and dubitative. The expressed opinion is that the grammaticalization of evidentiality in the modern Bulgarian language is not a complete process due to two main reasons: the presence of three types of forms for the negative future tenses and the permeability of all composed evidential forms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of LingVaria is the property of Ksiegarnia Akademicka Sp. zo.o and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

According to Faulkner (2022b), in the case of Spanish, “indicative directive complements are strongly preferable to subjunctive clauses when a weak necessity and teleological matrix directive embeds a modal verb of equivalent strength and type” (p. 8). She explains that the exceptionality of this phenomenon relates to both predicates being interpreted in concord with one another. Having compared and analyzed several authentic examples of mood use in this context (see Faulkner 2021b, 2022a, 2022b), she, consequently, suggests that, in spite of being labeled core selectors of the subjunctive (e.g., Villalta 2008), if a modal concord construction is to come into play, the mood of the particular directive complement is affected. However, unbeknownst to Faulkner (2022b) at the time of publishing, this symbiotic relationship between modal concord and mood is not exclusive to matrix and subordinate directives that are weak necessity (of strength) and teleological (of type). Concord readings may, in fact, be evoked in contexts in which both the matrix and embedded predicates are, for example, either deontic and strong necessity or bouletic and strong necessity. In other words, if the two expressions parallel each other in strength and priority, an indicative modal complement, interpreted in concord (or unison) with the main directive, is likely to result; and, most importantly, whether or not the two modal elements are teleological and weak necessity.

TYPY PREDYKATÓW I WYBÓR TRYBU W POLSKICH ZDANIACH DOPEŁNIENIOWYCH – BADANIE EMPIRYCZNE Często zakłada się, że występowanie trybu łączącego jest ograniczone tylko do języków, które mają osobny paradygmat odmian dla tego trybu. Takie założenia sprawiają, że tryb łączący nie może pojawić się w językach takich jak język polski ze względu na brak osobnych końcówek morfologicznych. Jednakże polska konstrukcja, która składa się ze spójnika zdaniowego żeby oraz imiesłowu przeszłego, wykazuje właściwości semantyczne oraz morfoskładniowe podobne do tych zaobserwowanych dla hiszpańskiego trybu łączącego. Konstrukcja ta pojawia się prawie wyłącznie w zdaniach podrzędnych, nie pozwala na koreferencyjność podmiotów, a także jest defektywna pod względem czasowym. Ponadto możemy ją znaleźć po tych samych typach predykatów, po których występuje tryb łączący w języku hiszpańskim. Z tego względu celem tego artykułu jest pokazanie, że można założyć istnienie konstrukcji koniunktywnej w języku polskim. To założenie potwierdzają dane uzyskane w wyniku badania korpusowego oraz testu gramatyczności.

The main goal of the present work is to argue that in the teaching of Bulgarian as a foreign language, not only the indicative and the renarrative, but also the other two indirect evidentials – the conclusive and the dubitative – should be included. This is especially true for levels C1 and C2. In fulfillment of this goal, the meanings, forms and main uses of the four evidentials in the modern Bulgarian language are examined: indicative, conclusive, renarrative and dubitative. The expressed opinion is that the grammaticalization of evidentiality in the modern Bulgarian language is not a complete process due to two main reasons: the presence of three types of forms for the negative future tenses and the permeability of all composed evidential forms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the factors that significantly constrain mood selection in Galician within uncertainty adverb constructions, applying a logistic regression model. This analysis identified several significant factors affecting the choice between the indicative and subjunctive moods, including the temporal context of the clause, the preceding adverb, and the interaction of fictional and nonfictional registers with the verb type of the predicate and the gender of the speaker/writer. Time reference and the preceding adverb emerged as primary factors conditioning mood choice, with present and future time frames and adverbs encoding weaker epistemic values significantly predisposing toward the subjunctive mood. This study also highlighted the influence of the gender of the speaker/writer, demonstrating the preference of women toward the indicative mood in fictional texts. Verb type and register interact in complex ways that only partially align with previous findings. The results of the present study contribute to a deeper understanding of syntactic variation in Galician, adding to a growing body of quantitative research on Galician grammar.

This paper explores the non-indicative modal meanings that the classical indicative plural inflection -ūn and the preverbal particle b- express in different varieties of Arabic. Moreover, it argues that these two forms allow the speaker to introduce a marked stance in specific grammatical contexts, where the choice of -ūn or b- clearly introduces a modal reading to the proposition. Taking a comparative approach to examine modality in Arabic, I build on examples taken from Classical Arabic (CLA), premodern non-standard written (NSW) documents, and modern dialects to analyze the modal behavior of -ūn and b-. Analysis of the data reveals the following: (1) preverbal b- is used to create rhetorical contrast, and (2) either -ūn or b- can overtly signal authoritative expectations (and orders) and/or intention. These results suggest an interesting connection between the modal roles played by -ūn and b- across Arabic varieties and demonstrate the importance of NSW texts in tracing the historical development of modality in Arabic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The linguocultural features of the representation of the grammatical future tense in the Russian and German languages are analyzed in the article. The results of a comparative analysis of grammatical forms with the semantics of the future tense are presented. The material for empirical research was the direct speech of works of art, from which examples with grammes of the future tense were extracted by the method of continuous sampling. Special attention is paid to the comparison of the grammatical forms of the future tense in Russian and German languages: in both languages there are two grammatical forms with a primary and two forms with a secondary meaning of futurality. It is noted that there is a similarity in semantics, structure and frequency between the future imperfect and future I, on the one hand, and the future perfect and futural present, on the other. The data of the historical development of grammatical forms are brought into consideration. The novelty of the research is seen in the assumption made in the work about the possible influence of the peculiarities of the cultural development of the speakers of the German and Russian languages on the discrepancies formed over time in the system of grammatical forms of futurality of these languages.

Directive predicates have meanings that are similar to 'order', 'require', 'recommend', and 'advise'. Being volitional in nature, directives are said to form part of the core group of subjunctive-taking predicates (e.g., Villalta 2008). This means that, like desiderative (e.g., querer que 'to want that') and purpose clauses (e.g., para que 'so that'), they are expected to, and generally do, take the subjunctive. However, findings from the present investigation suggest that, in spite of this description, there are certain contexts in which indicative, directive complements are strongly preferred. Analyses showed that indicative, directive clauses are strongly preferable to subjunctive complements when the matrix directive and embedded verb are both teleological and weak necessity. In such environments, a concord reading is elicited. In the case of subjunctive complements, they are preferable to indicative, only when there is no concord between the main and embedded, directive predicates. These findings are significant, not only because directives are normatively described as requiring the subjunctive, but also because no previous studies have examined a link between mood and modal concord. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Tikrit University for Humanities is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Contemporary Islamic Studiens Magazine is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In epic Greek both the optative and the indicative (the so-called "modal indicative") can be used in contexts where the degree of realization is uncertain or even impossible, while in Attic Greek only the indicative is used. In these two articles I discuss whether there is a difference between the optative and the modal indicative in these contexts and/or if it can be determined which was the original mood. As there are about 1500 optatives and 250 modal indicatives in Homer, it is not possible to discuss them all and, therefore, I focus on the passages in which aorist forms of γιγνώσκω, βάλλω and of ἴδον appear, and those conditional constructions in the Odyssey in which the postposed conditional clause is introduced by εἰ μή with either a "modal" indicative or optative. The corpus comprises 100 forms (80 optatives and 20 indicatives), but in each example I also address the other modal indicatives and optatives in the passages, which adds another 50 forms to the corpus. In this part (part 1) I address the optative. First, I provide an overview of the research on the optative in Homeric Greek, discuss the different suggestions for the co-existence of the optative and indicative in these uncertain and/or unreal contexts, explanations which can be summarized into two categories, those assuming that the indicative replaced the optative and those arguing that both moods were original, but had different meanings. Then I explain why this corpus was chosen, prior to the analysis that focuses on two elements, namely the temporal reference (does the mood refer to the past or not) and the degree of possibility (is the action described likely, possible, remotely possible or unlikely/impossible). Initially I consider the optatives with a past reference, then the optatives that could be interpreted as remotely possible or unlikely/impossible ("irrealis" in the terminology of Classical Philology) and conclude by discussing two passages that have been reused in the epics in different contexts with different protagonists and, consequently, with different modal meanings for the same forms. The conclusion of the first part of the article is that the optative was at the most unreal extreme of the irrealis-continuum and could initially refer to the present and future, as well as the past, but that the instances in which there was an exclusive past reference were (very) rare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses two issues in two sections: one is allocated for modality and the other is devoted for mood. The issues of modality and mood are closely interrelated; so, they are studied and posed in the grammar books together. The concept of modality conveys the speaker’s view towards an event or about what is said. Modality is either realized by inflection of the verbs or through leaical items, viz, the modals. Mood is a grammatical component which indicates the degree or a type of fact of a proposition, as perceived by the speaker. Three moods are studied in this paper. They are: the indicative, the imperative and the subjunctive. These verb moods have semanticallyoriented notions. They have more to do with semantics than with their grammatical aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Standard Spanish grammar states that desideratives (querer que), directives (aconsejar que), purpose clauses (para que), causatives (hacer que), emotive-factives (alegrarse de que), negated epistemics (no creer que), dubitatives (dudar que), and modals (ser posible que) embed subjunctive complement clauses. However, in spite of these classifications, some predicates exhibit a certain degree of mood variation. For instance, emotive-factives can take indicative complements (Crespo del Río 2014; Faulkner 2021a). Similar variability between the moods may also come about in negated epistemic (Bolinger 1991), dubitative (Blake 1981), and modal clauses (Deshors and Waltermire 2019). I propose that such variation stems from the Spanish mood system involving a split between two types of subjunctives - one that is required in preference-based contexts, and another that is default and can be replaced by the indicative. I argue that, whereas preference-based expressions (desideratives, directives, purpose clauses, causatives) are inflexibly subjunctive, emotive-factives and verbs of uncertainty (negated epistemics, dubitatives, modals) may accept indicative if the speaker intends to add the affirmative or negated proposition to the common ground; i.e., if the speaker intends to assert the complement in question. I close these arguments by stating that assertion with the indicative is most likely to occur if the proposition (affirmative or negated) is informative (new or unknown to the addressee, important, contrastive, and/or highly probable).

Copyright of Journal of Tikrit University for Humanities is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

MONOGRAFÍA: ENSEÑANZA DE LA GRAMÁTICA EN ELE: RESULTADOS DE INVESTIGACIÓN Y NUEVAS PROPUESTAS La enseñanza de una gramática cognitiva se va perfilando como una forma efectiva de explicar contenidos que durante mucho tiempo se han presentado como sujetos a numerosas reglas de gramática y sus casi igual de numerosas excepciones provocando en ocasiones la confusión de alumnos y profesorado y la sensación de arbitrariedad en la aplicación de dichas reglas. Por otro lado, el desarrollo de herramientas digitales y la Web 2.0 ofrecen un contexto favorable para una enseñanza de la gramática motivadora, significativa, contextualizada y basada en la reflexión y la colaboración. En este artículo se presenta una actividad diseñada con una herramienta digital y se proponen dos modalidades de realización (individual y con foro de discusión) para fomentar una enseñanza-aprendizaje del contraste entre indicativo y subjuntivo desde el punto de vista de la gramática cognitiva y del aprendizaje basado en la colaboración por el que aboga el constructivismo. ABSTRACT The teaching of a grammar using a cognitive approach is gaining prominence as an effective way of presenting contents, which have been traditionally explained through a plethora of grammar rules and exceptions leading to confusion and a sense of chaos among both learners and teachers when applying those rules. Furthermore, the development of new digital tools and the possibilities of the Web 2.0 offer a space for teaching the grammar in a way that engages learners and provides for contexts that make it significant while inviting to reflection and collaboration. This paper presents an activity designed using a digital tool and two ways of carrying out the activity (individually or by using a discussion board) are proposed. The aim of the activity is to promote the teaching and learning of the difference between indicative and subjunctive from the point of view of a cognitive grammar and a constructivist view of learning through collaboration.

While it is true that the linguistic theory of Gustave Guillaume (1883–1960) is generally designated under the name of psychomechanics because it postulates that the thought in the language action operates through a constantly repeated and formally homogeneous set of movements, which gives it its psychically systematic character, it does not ignore the semiological dimension of language, which also aims at a certain systematization. Hence a place for a psychosemiology, which this contribution aims to define and illustrate from examples taken in the morphological history of French. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the non-indicative modal meanings that the classical indicative plural inflection -ūn and the preverbal particle b- express in different varieties of Arabic. Moreover, it argues that these two forms allow the speaker to introduce a marked stance in specific grammatical contexts, where the choice of -ūn or b- clearly introduces a modal reading to the proposition. Taking a comparative approach to examine modality in Arabic, I build on examples taken from Classical Arabic (CLA), premodern non-standard written (NSW) documents, and modern dialects to analyze the modal behavior of -ūn and b-. Analysis of the data reveals the following: (1) preverbal b- is used to create rhetorical contrast, and (2) either -ūn or b- can overtly signal authoritative expectations (and orders) and/or intention. These results suggest an interesting connection between the modal roles played by -ūn and b- across Arabic varieties and demonstrate the importance of NSW texts in tracing the historical development of modality in Arabic.

During a 45-year career Paul Watzlawick and colleagues at the Mental Research Institute (MRI) profoundly influenced the development of the communication theory conception of behavior qua behavior, and the practice of marital and brief therapy. This paper highlights three ideas that Watzlawick emphasized as central to his conceptual approach as well as his clinical intervention strategy. Several case examples are included that exemplify how these three concepts guided his thinking and behavior in the therapy room. These three ideas include, distinguishing between indicative and injunctive language, learning and using the client's language, and understanding and avoiding negation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is generally put forth that Spanish has the subjunctive as the required mood in the complements of emotive-factives (alegrarse de que 'to be happy that'), desire verbs (querer 'to want'), verbs of uncertainty (dudar 'to doubt'), modals (ser posible que 'to be possible that'), causatives (hacer que 'to make that'), and directives (recomendar que 'to recommend that') (e.g., Real Academia Española 2011). However, in spite of these traditional rules, it has been observed that some of these environments allow for the indicative (Blake 1981; Crespo del Río 2014; Deshors and Waltermire 2019; Gallego and Alonso-Marks 2014; García and Terrell 1977; Gregory and Lunn 2012; Kowal 2007; Lipski 1978; Silva-Corvalán 1994; Waltermire 2019). The current study explored one such environment; emotive-factive clauses. Results showed that the presuppositions that speakers hold regarding the knowledge that their addressees possess influence the mood that they select. This, thus, demonstrates the important role that pragmatics plays in the occurrence of mood variation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The category “monitoring” of subjects of financial and economic activity are analized. In particular the following notions have been researched: indicative, representational, retrospective, current and perspective monitoring. It was suggested that the work of the bank is to be assessed based not on specified indexes dynamics but based on bank location change in a competitive environment and apply cenology analysis for assessment of the influence of market environment.

The paper deals with the development in the usage of verbal moods following verba opinandi in preclassical and classical French. An evident change in mood usage following these verbs had taken place in the 17th century, namely a decline of the subjunctive in favour of the indicative, which became the norm in affirmative sentences by the end of the century. The aim was to verify theoretical information from old and historical grammars on the evidence of authentic texts in FRANTEXT, a set of French diachronic corpora. This research enabled the derivation of statistics to identify a turning point in the development, which appears to be around the year 1640. It also revealed distinctions between different sentence types in respect of the indicative/subjunctive ratio. Whereas affirmative sentences tend towards the indicative as the only possible mode, the subjunctive is retained in negations, questions and conditionals, since these sentence types exhibit a more negative epistemic modality, typically expressed with the subjunctive.

The article describes the grammar of order of inflectional affixes of participle in the Kalmyk language. Under the model of inflectional affixes we understand an abstract scheme under which a real inflectional chain with respect to the laws of morpho-phonological compatibility and semantic rules is formed. The research is based on the data of the Kalmyk National Corpus (kalmcorpora.ru) containing a total of approximately 9 million tokens which allows to obtain objective information on inflectional chain modeling. The importance of the research lies in the necessity of the classification and the systematic descriptive analysis of associative properties of morphemic units (in this case — stems and affixes, affixes and affixes) in the synthesis of lexical units (in the broadest sense of the word forms) of the Kalmyk language. The analysis of the materials of the Kalmyk National Corpus identified over 70 models of inflectional affixes within the Kalmyk participle. A number of these models are dialectal in nature, as, for example, the model Base + Assoc + Compl + Pst is found in the texts authored by speakers of the Torghut dialect of the Kalmyk language. The list of models includes both well-known and frequent schemes, as well as those never described in scientific literature (for instance, a model Base + Pst + Per + QPart (=i)) before.

The article contains the analysis of the ways of expression of desire modality using functional-semantic approach. This approach, being productive in modern linguistic methodology is able to provide research strategy of semantic and functional properties of language units. Problems of desire modality are of great interest to modern linguistics. The author examines topical issues of functionalsemantic grammar, with an emphasis on functional-semantic category of desire.

Copyright of IUG Journal of Humanitarian Research is the property of Islamic University of Gaza and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Nueva Revista de Filología Hispánica is the property of El Colegio de Mexico AC and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

With the presentation of freedom and of its opposite, slavery, we tried to understand the reason that caused Paul to write to the Galatians. The research was based on occurrences of eleuth root, which are present in 2: 4; 3: 28; 4: 22, 23, 26, 30, 31; 5: 1, 13, that is, in all its thematic parts: autobiographical, doctrinal and hortatory. In addition to eleuth root, we met two other terms within the same semantic field of freedom or liberation: exelētai, from exaireō, with the meaning of "tear away", "save", "free from danger" (1: 4); and exagorasē, from exagorazō, which means "free", "make good use of" (3: 13; 4: 5). These terms show a multidimensional freedom, condensed in freedom from sin and from this evil eon, as well as from the Jewish Law. The gift of freedom is highlighted by the indicative of salvation obtained in Christ, a gift watched and envied by some false brothers, who had infiltrated in the Galatian communities, in order to lure them into slavery (2: 4). In 3: 10, 13 Paul highlights also the liberation of the obligation of the Law. For Paul, to impose the Jewish Law, with its requirements, it would be synonymous with the return to the elements of the world (4: 3, 9), a return to being children (4: 1), that is, incapable of taking responsibility, worthy of freedom obtained in Christ. The intention of Paul is directed toward the invitation to become mature Christians, passing from the state of nēpios (4: 1) to huiothesia (4: 5b), remaining in the freedom offered from Christ, as a gift. In other words, for Paul, if there is the indicative, it follows also the imperative, as evidenced already in 5: 1, 13, 25, that is, the gift becomes responsibility. From the double aspect of slavery, under the pagan mentality and under the Law, it is evidenced that the freedom in Galatians can be analysed from an anthropological-ethical point of view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Basic Education College Magazine For Educational & Humanities Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract: This study investigates a contrast between Spanish subjunctive clauses and their English correspondences in a Márquez’s novel. English resorts to different grammatical solutions in order to convey the subjunctive character of the clause. The linguistic variations are going to be analysed in this paper from two perspectives: syntactic and semantic. The investigation aims at examining parallel constructions in the original and the rendition of Márquez’s novel and classifying them into the corresponding syntactic groups. It intends to trace the semantic contexts of subjunctive occurrences in the English text. Resumen: Este estudio compara el modo subjuntivo en español y sus correspondencias inglesas en la novela de Gabriel G. Márquez. El modo subjuntivo en español difiere sensiblemente del inglés. Se analizan en este trabajo las distintas soluciones lingüisticas desde dos perspectivas: sintáctica y semántica. Se examinan las construcciones paralelas en la versión original y en la traducción de la novela de Márquez y se clasi can según sus propiedades sintácticas. Se intenta encontrar los contextos semánticos de las ocurrencias del subjuntivo en el texto inglés.

Semiology, which aims to solve the meaningless universe, has been used by many people and has been identified with different concepts. Indicators that refer to things other than themselves are constructions in which the codes reside. The meanings of these codes in relation to each other form a message to be transmitted to others. Everything about semantics, such as the meaning of these messages, the embodiment of the abstract, falls within the field of semantics. In this study, these concepts will be mentioned in general and what the indicator science is and how it emerged. Charles Sanders Peirce, who is the founder of the semiotics, and Roland Barthes, the great contributor of this informatics, In addition, the models that they reveal will be examined and the change in the representation of the indicator will be evaluated. In the conclusion section, the theoretical universe of the semiology will be evaluated in this framework by considering the similarities and differences between the two theoreticians.

The use of moods in Spanish and Italian is one of the most problematic issues for learners, particularly for those who study these two languages at the same time. They will encounter numerous similarities and differences between the use of subjunctive and indicative which can lead to linguistic mistakes. What's more, mood selection is a concept which they need to know not only from grammatical point of view, but they also have to understand its semantic, pragmatic and cultural aspects. The objective of this paper is to compare and contrast the alternation between subjunctive and indicative moods in affirmative sentences following verbs creer, credere, pensar, pensare (to think) in Spanish and Italian language in articles from online newspapers. The choice of examples to analyse from articles from online press will enable us to draw conclusions about shifting moods in the contemporary language and to observe presumed crisis of subjunctive mood in these two languages. We have confined the analysis to these two verbs of thinking and opinions, as they seem to play the same pragmatic role in Spanish and Italian, but they influence differently on the mood selection in these two languages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As each work has an end, and each scientific effort concludes, the research ultimately wishes to recall its most important findings: 1- Detect of the research that one of the miracles of the Holy Quran carried the verbal joint on all meanings unless there is a presumption that prevents one of its meanings, as it addresses all ages and various aspects of miracle. 2- One of the most important standards in the statement of the miracle of the Holy Quran is the grammatical standard, it reveals the miracles of the book of God Almighty.3- That one of the most important distinguishing features of the Holy Quran in its miracles is its words that suit its semantic development. The word in the Holy Quran is placed in a place suitable for all times and places. 4- After taking an example of each type of Eloquence, we find that Eloquence Standards and their study are important in discovering the miracle of the Holy Quran and understanding its precious signs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In Spanish subordinate adverbial clauses containing cuando and a present-tense verb, it is assumed that the indicative is used for actions prior to or simultaneous with speech time, while the subjunctive is the only option for unrealized actions. However, in Porteño Spanish, the indicative may occur in future-framed adverbials, as in (1), conveying pragmatic meaning not otherwise encoded in the grammar. (1) Te aviso cuando llego [I]. 'I'll let you know when I arrive.' Here I pair naturally-occurring data with constructed examples evaluated by native-speaker respondents to identify the contextual factors conditioning variable mood selection. I demonstrate that, although native-speaker acceptance of the indicative is highly variable, the indicative is felicitous with immediate and temporally-specific actions, and when epistemic certainty is conveyed. The subjunctive, on the other hand, is preferred for distant and unrestricted future actions, or when the speaker is uncertain that the action will occur. These findings reveal previously unattested nuances in Spanish mood variation and lead to a conception of mood choice as a gradient means of conveying pragmatic information about speaker epistemic commitment. Furthermore, I argue for the importance of qualitative analyses that carefully examine and control for the role of context in laying the groundwork for subsequent quantitative analyses. Highlights • Mood use in Spanish future-framed adverbials is variable. • Use of the Indicative to refer to future actions is motivated by epistemic commitment. • Qualitative analyses that control for context are essential for laying the groundwork for quantitative approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The category “monitoring” of subjects of financial and economic activity are analized. In particular the following notions have been researched: indicative, representational, retrospective, current and perspective monitoring. It was suggested that the work of the bank is to be assessed based not on specified indexes dynamics but based on bank location change in a competitive environment and apply cenology analysis for assessment of the influence of market environment.

The paper describes a new way of thinking about conditionals, in terms of information transfer between worlds. This way of looking at things provides an answer to some of the standard problems concerning conditionals, and undercuts the claim that indicative and subjunctive conditionals are distinct. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with the development in the usage of verbal moods following verba opinandi in preclassical and classical French. An evident change in mood usage following these verbs had taken place in the 17th century, namely a decline of the subjunctive in favour of the indicative, which became the norm in affirmative sentences by the end of the century. The aim was to verify theoretical information from old and historical grammars on the evidence of authentic texts in FRANTEXT, a set of French diachronic corpora. This research enabled the derivation of statistics to identify a turning point in the development, which appears to be around the year 1640. It also revealed distinctions between different sentence types in respect of the indicative/subjunctive ratio. Whereas affirmative sentences tend towards the indicative as the only possible mode, the subjunctive is retained in negations, questions and conditionals, since these sentence types exhibit a more negative epistemic modality, typically expressed with the subjunctive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A central question about the encoding of evidential notions in human languages is whether they result from pragmatics or can be read off morpho-syntax. This paper addresses some challenges posed by a particular verbal paradigm with evidential semantics in Romanian, the so-called presumptive mood. The gist of the proposed analysis is that a syntactic derivation makes better predictions for this class than a purely pragmatic explanation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On the one hand, this work focuses on the study of mode in certain contexts in substantive subordination. For this, a specific group of verbs will be discussed with his examples in order to see how the mode acts in this type of subordinate and whether there are equivalences with the Italian mode. On the other hand, mistakes of Italian speakers will be studied in the use of the subjunctive and indicative in these contexts and we will try to explain the causes of such mistakes. From this, an application of the theory will be developed to the teaching of ELE, which leads us to create activities within an action-oriented approach that allows the Italian student improve the ELE learning process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]