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This study is based on the fatty acid and amino acid profiles of seven edible insect species: Acheta domesticus, Alphitobius diaperinus, Blaptica dubia, Galleria mellonella, Locusta migratoria, Tenebrio molitor, and Zophobas morio. The aim of the present study is to provide new data on the fatty acid distributions among lipid classes as well as the species-specific protein conversion factor (Kp) of a wide range of insects in order to further improve the nutritional characterisation of insects as food. Oleic acid was the predominant fatty acid in all insects except for A. domesticus, in which a significantly higher percentage of linoleic acid was found. The majority of the lipids were neutral lipids. A significant amount of α-linolenic acid in the phospholipid fraction of L. migratoria was shown, while in T. molitor, phospholipids were the only fraction in which a measurable amount of docosahexaenoic acid was found. Overall, in most insects, the phospholipid fraction had the highest polyunsaturated fatty acid content compared to the other classes, which may be protective in terms of auto-oxidative stability. Kp values in the range of 4.17 to 6.43 were obtained. Within the nutritional quality indices, all insects showed healthy fatty acids and high-quality amino acid profiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comparative study of the hypoglycemic and hypotriglyceridemic effects of raw and pasteurized camel milk was conducted on the lipid profiles of six groups of male normal and diabetic Sprague–Dawley rats (age, 7–8 weeks, 5/group). The standard procedure to induce diabetes in rats was to administer a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (55 mg/kg, body weight). Rats with fasting blood glucose levels higher than 250 mg/dL were considered diabetics. Raw and pasteurized camel milk reduced blood glucose and triacylglycerol (TAG) levels in diabetic rats. Raw camel milk showed no significant effect on low‐density blood and lipoprotein cholesterol in diabetic rats. Contrarily, pasteurized camel milk significantly increased high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol in diabetic rats. Comparative analysis revealed camel milk with higher levels of lactose, vitamin C, and mono‐unsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and lower levels of fat, protein, ω6:ω3 PUFA (poly‐unsaturated fatty acids), and index of atherogenicity than cow's milk. Experiments with cow's milk on rats were not carried out because of their characterized inexplicable traits. This novel study suggests that camel milk can be substituted for diabetic patients in place of cow's milk, assuring no side effects besides their effective hypoglycemic and hypotriglyceridemic qualities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is based on the fatty acid and amino acid profiles of seven edible insect species: Acheta domesticus, Alphitobius diaperinus, Blaptica dubia, Galleria mellonella, Locusta migratoria, Tenebrio molitor, and Zophobas morio. The aim of the present study is to provide new data on the fatty acid distributions among lipid classes as well as the species-specific protein conversion factor (Kp) of a wide range of insects in order to further improve the nutritional characterisation of insects as food. Oleic acid was the predominant fatty acid in all insects except for A. domesticus, in which a significantly higher percentage of linoleic acid was found. The majority of the lipids were neutral lipids. A significant amount of α-linolenic acid in the phospholipid fraction of L. migratoria was shown, while in T. molitor, phospholipids were the only fraction in which a measurable amount of docosahexaenoic acid was found. Overall, in most insects, the phospholipid fraction had the highest polyunsaturated fatty acid content compared to the other classes, which may be protective in terms of auto-oxidative stability. Kp values in the range of 4.17 to 6.43 were obtained. Within the nutritional quality indices, all insects showed healthy fatty acids and high-quality amino acid profiles.

The aim of this study was to determine fatty acid and soluble sugar profiles of the grape seed flour originated from non-fermented dried pomace of international and autochthonous grape varieties in order to estimate their potential nutritional value. The grape seed flours were obtained from the grapes harvested in technological maturity. It has been shown that grape seed flours contained significant quantities of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs), especially linoleic fatty acids, whose content ranged from 61.15 - 83.47 %. Oleic acid mostly contributed to the content of monounsaturated fatty acids, while the stearic acid was the most abundant saturated fatty acid (SFA). Among polyunsaturated fatty acids, mainly ω-6 FAs, were the most represented. The tested grape seed flours had the high UFA/SFA ratio (3.63- 11.09), low atherogenicity (0.04-0.13) and thrombogenicity (0.16-0.47) indices. Fifteen different sugars were found in analysed samples with the total concentration ranging from 40588 to 91319 mg/kg seed with fructose and glucose as the most abundant. Principal component analysis based on the content of FAs and soluble sugars revealed unique composition of the seed flour of Prokupac variety. These findings indicate that the tested grape seed flours is a good source of nutritionally valuable FAs and sugars that can play an important role in the formulation of a new functional food products. [Projects of the Serbian Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, Grant no. TR31069 and Grant no. OI172017]

Proximate and fatty acid (FA) composition of seven freshwater fish species from the Czech Republic were examined. Moreover, the index of atherogenicity (IA) and the index of thrombogenicity (IT) were calculated from the obtained data. These two indices along with the total content of the essential n-3 FAs, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) as well as the ratio of n-6/n3 FAs, provide good indicators for the nutritional value of the fish. The species had been selected owing to the limited amount of information about their nutritional composition available. Furthermore, they are not typically subject to aquaculture, being almost exclusively obtained by angling. The protein content was relatively stable in all species (17.1 ± 1.55 to 19.2 ± 2.20 g/100 g). The content of carbohydrates ranged from 0.02 ± 0.1 to 0.99 ± 0.0 g/100 g and ash from 1.08 ± 0.20 to 2.54 ± 1.57 g/100 g. As expected, a high variability was observed in the fat content (0.74 ± 0.04 to 4.04 ± 0.81 g/100 g) and the FA composition, as well as the contents of EPA and DHA. IA and IT were close to the values stated for the Eskimo diet, indicating a high nutritional value with a positive effect for human health.

Proximate and fatty acid (FA) composition of seven freshwater fish species from the Czech Republic were examined. Moreover, the index of atherogenicity (IA) and the index of thrombogenicity (IT) were calculated from the obtained data. These two indices along with the total content of the essential n-3 FAs, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) as well as the ratio of n-6/n3 FAs, provide good indicators for the nutritional value of the fish. The species had been selected owing to the limited amount of information about their nutritional composition available. Furthermore, they are not typically subject to aquaculture, being almost exclusively obtained by angling. The protein content was relatively stable in all species (17.1 ± 1.55 to 19.2 ± 2.20 g/100 g). The content of carbohydrates ranged from 0.02 ± 0.1 to 0.99 ± 0.0 g/100 g and ash from 1.08 ± 0.20 to 2.54 ± 1.57 g/100 g. As expected, a high variability was observed in the fat content (0.74 ± 0.04 to 4.04 ± 0.81 g/100 g) and the FA composition, as well as the contents of EPA and DHA. IA and IT were close to the values stated for the Eskimo diet, indicating a high nutritional value with a positive effect for human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content in milk and dairy products using a dietary supplementation of sunflower seed in cows. Thrombogenic/atherogenic risk issues. This studywas undertaken to determine the effect of dietary supplementation of sunflower seed in cows on the chemical composition of milk and dairy products. Cream, butter and butter oil were prepared from milk produced by cows fed a control diet (control products) or diet supplemented with 11.2% sunflour seed (CLA-rich products). Milk samples collected were determined for lactose. A sample of CLArich or control product was determined for fatty acid profile as well as fat, protein and ash contents. The index of atherogenicity (IA) and the index of thrombogenicity (IT) were also calculated. Results revealed that there was no effect of the inclusion of sunflower seed in the diet on the lactose content in milk and total fat, protein and ash contents in the dairy products. Average contents of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and transvaccenic acid (TVA), expressed as g/ 100g total fatty acid were 0.54 and 1.6, respectively in the control products, and 2 and 6.4, respectively in the CLA-rich products. The content of either CLA or TVA was approximately four fold higher in the latter products. Moreover, CLA-rich products showed considerably low IA and IT, which were, respectively, 38.4 and 25.0% less than those from control products. Fatty acid profiles were unaffected during processing, which demonstrates that CLA is a stable component in the dairy products analyzed. It was concluded that dietary supplementation of sunflower seed in cows increases the CLA and TVA contents in milk, which may contribute to the reduction of the risk of cardiovascular diseases in humansCon la finalidad de determinar el perfil de ácidos grasos y la composición química de productos lácteos enriquecidos con ácido linoleico conjugado (CLA) de manera natural, se elaboraron crema, mantequilla y grasa butírica con leche obtenida de vacas que recibieron una dieta control o suplementación con semilla de girasol en un 11.2%. El análisis químico incluyó el perfil de ácidos grasos,materia grasa, proteína y cenizas; en la leche se determinó además el contenido de lactosa. Se calcularon los índices de aterogenicidad (IA) y trombogenicidad (IT) en la leche y productos elaborados. Los resultados indicaron que los contenidos de grasa, proteína, lactosa y ceniza no fueron afectados por la incorporación de semilla de girasol en la dieta de los animales. El contenido promedio de CLA y ácidotrans vaccénico (TVA) expresados en g/100 g de lípidos totales fue, para los productos control, 0.54 y 1.6; mientras que para los productos ricos en CLA fueron 2 y 6.4, lo cual representa un incremento de cuatro veces. Además, en los productos ricos en CLA los IA e IT disminuyeron considerablemente (38.4 y 25% menos, respectivamente). Se observó que los perfiles de ácidos grasos no se modificaron durante el procesamiento, indicando que el CLA es un componente estable en los productos lácteos analizados. El uso de semilla de girasol en la dieta de las vacas, incrementa el contenido de CLA y TVA en los productos lácteos y disminuye el riesgo de enfermedades cardiovasculares en humanos sin afectar la proporción de los componentes mayoritarios

Abstract: Three batches of the Sremska sausage (traditional Serbian fermented sausage) were made: control variant (C) of a Landrace and the other two of primitive breeds: Mangalica (A) and Moravka (B), with the aim of determining the cholesterol content and the content of fatty acids. The cholesterol content in meat, fatty tissue and sausages was determined, in the case of the latter at the beginning of production (day 0), at the end of production (day 14) and after a storage period of the vacuumed product (day 60). The fatty acids content was determined at the beginning and at the end of production. Values were considered significantly different when p<0.05. The cholesterol content in meat (mg/100g of a sample) ranged from 40.58 (B) to 51.54 (C), indicating a significant discrepancy in all samples. As for back fat, there was a notable disparity in cholesterol content between control and primitive breed samples (47.15 (C), 35.54 (B) and 36.41 (A)). The cholesterol content in sausages at the conclusion of the production ranged from 40.41 (A) to 43.33 (B), with no significant difference between the samples. After storage (day 60), the cholesterol content ran from 42.75 (A) to 52.41 (B), with no significant difference only between samples C and A. Fatty acids content was monitored via the index of atherogenicity, and the polyunsaturated/saturated fatty acids ratio. The index of atherogenicity at the end of production was the highest in sample A, 0.61, and significantly differs from other samples, while the lowest value was recorded in sample C, 0.46. PUFA/SFA at the end of production was the lowest in sample A (0.20), with none of the samples exceeding 0.4. No significant advantages of the use of the meat of primitive breeds were noted. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• High levels of TFA and SFA in confectionery creams represent a health hazard. • The fat profile of 34 commercial brands and 68 cream filled pastries was studied. • TFA was up to 2 % in 41 % of commercial brands and 19% of cream filled pastries. • In 73% of commercial brands and 63% of cream filled pastries, SFA was over 60%. • Regularly monitoring of the product is still needed. Increased trans fatty acids (TFA) intake is significantly associated with the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Elimination of TFA from food supply is the World Health Organization goal by 2023. This study aimed to determine the fatty acid composition of sweetened confectionery creams, sold in the Iranian market. A gas chromatographic method was used to quantify fatty acids content of 102 samples, which were grouped as commercial brands (n 34) and cream filled pastries (n 68). Fourteen samples of commercial brands and thirteen samples of cream filled pastries had greater TFA content than Iran's national limit of 2% of total fatty acids for this product. Evaluation of TFA isomers revealed that C18:1 trans isomers had higher amounts than C18:2 and C18:3 trans isomers in all samples. Besides, the mean values of saturated fatty acids (SFA) exceeded the national limit of 60% of total fatty acids. It confirmed that efforts to reduce TFA content have led to an increase in SFA. This could be related to substitution of partially hydrogenated fats with palm and palm kernel oil in formulation. The present study emphasizes that further improvements are needed to reduce the TFA and SFA content of sweetened confectionery creams and replace unsaturated fatty acids as nutritional substitutes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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High conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content in milk and dairy products using a dietary supplementation of sunflower seed in cows. Thrombogenic/atherogenic risk issues. This studywas undertaken to determine the effect of dietary supplementation of sunflower seed in cows on the chemical composition of milk and dairy products. Cream, butter and butter oil were prepared from milk produced by cows fed a control diet (control products) or diet supplemented with 11.2% sunflour seed (CLA-rich products). Milk samples collected were determined for lactose. A sample of CLArich or control product was determined for fatty acid profile as well as fat, protein and ash contents. The index of atherogenicity (IA) and the index of thrombogenicity (IT) were also calculated. Results revealed that there was no effect of the inclusion of sunflower seed in the diet on the lactose content in milk and total fat, protein and ash contents in the dairy products. Average contents of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and transvaccenic acid (TVA), expressed as g/ 100g total fatty acid were 0.54 and 1.6, respectively in the control products, and 2 and 6.4, respectively in the CLA-rich products. The content of either CLA or TVA was approximately four fold higher in the latter products. Moreover, CLA-rich products showed considerably low IA and IT, which were, respectively, 38.4 and 25.0% less than those from control products. Fatty acid profiles were unaffected during processing, which demonstrates that CLA is a stable component in the dairy products analyzed. It was concluded that dietary supplementation of sunflower seed in cows increases the CLA and TVA contents in milk, which may contribute to the reduction of the risk of cardiovascular diseases in humans

Proximate and fatty acid (FA) composition of seven freshwater fish species from the Czech Republic were examined. Moreover, the index of atherogenicity (IA) and the index of thrombogenicity (IT) were calculated from the obtained data. These two indices along with the total content of the essential n-3 FAs, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) as well as the ratio of n-6/n3 FAs, provide good indicators for the nutritional value of the fish. The species had been selected owing to the limited amount of information about their nutritional composition available. Furthermore, they are not typically subject to aquaculture, being almost exclusively obtained by angling. The protein content was relatively stable in all species (17.1 ± 1.55 to 19.2 ± 2.20 g/100 g). The content of carbohydrates ranged from 0.02 ± 0.1 to 0.99 ± 0.0 g/100 g and ash from 1.08 ± 0.20 to 2.54 ± 1.57 g/100 g. As expected, a high variability was observed in the fat content (0.74 ± 0.04 to 4.04 ± 0.81 g/100 g) and the FA composition, as well as the contents of EPA and DHA. IA and IT were close to the values stated for the Eskimo diet, indicating a high nutritional value with a positive effect for human health., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.