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China is rich in high-grade coalbed methane resources, accounting for one-third of the total amount of coalbed methane resources. Qinshui Basin is the main high ranking coalbed methane mining basin in China. In the early stage of CBM development, low-production and low-efficiency wells were formed in the process of block development because of an insufficient understanding of reservoir geological conditions. The existence of low-yield and low-efficiency wells with low output and a poor development benefit seriously restricts the efficient development of coalbed methane. In order to improve the overall development efficiency of coalbed methane fields, how to revitalize low-yield and low-efficiency wells is the main problem facing the development process of coalbed methane. With the deepening understanding of the study area geology, the formation of low-yield and low-efficiency wells has been basically identified. With the advancement of development technology, developers have the ability to retrofit some low-producing and inefficient wells. Low-production and low-efficiency wells are widely distributed. It is difficult to find the criteria for classifying low-producing and low-efficiency wells because of the great differences in geological conditions and reservoir physical properties in different blocks. In addition, the causes of a low-production and low-efficiency well are complex, as the same well is often caused by many reasons, and how to identify the causes of low-production and low-efficiency wells is difficult. In recent decades, developers have studied many methods to retrofit low-production wells, but the retrofit results are not satisfactory. How to choose an economical and efficient reservoir reconstruction method to revitalize low-production and low-efficiency wells is particularly important. This paper starts with the definition of low-production and low-efficiency wells in different blocks, combining an economic evaluation and productivity characteristics to judge whether they are low-production and low-efficiency wells, and defines the distribution of low-production and low-efficiency wells in blocks. The reasons for the formation of low-production and low-efficiency wells are analyzed with the geological characteristics, production dynamic performance, and engineering reconstruction effects. This paper makes a comparative analysis of the current relatively mature low-production and low-efficiency well treatment measures, clearly identifies the advantages and disadvantages of different treatment measures, and takes corresponding stimulation measures for different causes of low-production and low-efficiency wells. The research shows that there are 687 low-production and low-efficiency wells in block A, accounting for 69.4% of the total number of wells, and the low-production and low-efficiency wells account for a relatively large proportion; so, it is necessary to treat them. The main causes of low-production and low-efficiency wells are geology, engineering and drainage systems. The geological reason mainly refers to the low gas production of coalbed methane wells influenced by three factors: resource abundance, faults, and collapse columns. According to the different causes, three treatment measures of large-scale secondary fracturing, temporary plugging, and diversion fracturing and foam fracturing are put forward. The research method in this paper is targeted at different geological conditions so it can be used to guide the treatment of low-yield and low-efficiency wells in other CBM blocks, and it has very important significance for revitalizing the existing low-efficiency CBM assets and improving the development efficiency of CBM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Experimental Technology & Management is the property of Experimental Technology & Management Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Lignochlitic bacteria have a high ability to degrade complex and synthetic organic compounds. Lignochrolitic bacteria-based probiotics can improve gas production, digestibility of organic matter, efficiency of microbial protein synthesis, production of NH3 and VFA in vitro. The purpose of the study is the optimization and testing of the synbiotic potential of lignochloritic bacteria–based powder in vivo. The research was conducted in collaboration with PT. Agro Gemilang Indonesia for synbiotic production, PT. Milkindo Berkah Abadi for in vivo test in dairy cows. The test variables include nutritional performance, production and quality of dairy cow’s milk given synbiotic powder to the feed. The synbiotic formula used is the best result on in vitro testing.

In a wheat/maize rotation system, nitrogen (N) accounts for a large proportion of basal fertilizer, but soil N loss and the resulting environmental risk simultaneously exist worldwide. This study applied different urease/nitrification inhibitors together with basal fertilizers and investigated their effects on soil N level and grain yield. Six N stabilizing combinations consisted of two urease inhibitors (HQ and NBPT) and three nitrification inhibitors (DCD, DMPP, and Nitrapyrin). The treatments supplied with urease/nitrification inhibitors reduced, to some degree, the conversion rate of N H 4 + into N O 3 − , and kept N H 4 + content higher in surface soils for a longer time. Compared to CK, A1 treatment supplied with 1.5% HQ + 4% DCD well-maintained the levels of soil alkali-hydrolyzable N and N H 4 + . For example, alkali-hydrolyzable N and N H 4 + contents at 0–20 cm soil layer under A1 were increased by 8.59–41.6% and 8.15–14.5% more than CK, respectively. Based on the entire growth period of wheat and maize rotation, urease/nitrification inhibitors improved soil available N in surface soils but did not prevent N H 4 + and N O 3 − leaching, especially in the intensive rainfall season. The combinations of HQ and DCD or Nitrapyrin significantly enhanced crop yield. Specifically, crop yields under A1 and A3 (1.5% HQ + 0.25% Nitrapyrin) were 16.3% and 14.3% higher than CK, respectively. The N stabilizing combinations also promoted N intake and transport at every growth stage. The maximum N accumulation was increased by 27% under A1, when compared to CK. The treatments supplied with urease/nitrification inhibitors also achieved higher apparent N recovery efficiency, N agronomic efficiency, and N partial factor productivity. Consequently, the combinations of urease/nitrification inhibitors could improve N availability at 0–40 cm soil layer, which in turn improved N use efficiency of wheat and maize. The results suggested that the two urease/nitrification inhibitor combinations, 1.5% HQ + 4% DCD (A1) and 1.5% HQ + 0.25% Nitrapyrin (A3), were optimal N stabilizing agents and worthy of further study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To address low productivity and increase income, studies were conducted to improve the integrated crop management (ICM) of mungbean. Field experiments established using extracts, biocon agents, and varieties under various cropping systems. In rice-mungbean cropping system, Pagasa 19 applied with Vermitea and Carrageenan exhibited lowest CLS and rust infections. Carrageenan-treated plants produced yield, 0.77t/ha vs Control 0.41t/ha. Under corn-mungbean cropping system, Carrageenan-treated Pagasa 19 had the highest yield of 1.36t/ha. In other trials, CLS infection of Carrageenan-treated Pagasa 19 was reduced by 25.6% and the yield/ha was 62.3% higher than untreated valued at Php 29, 400.00/ha. In Pagasa 7, Carrageenan is effective against CLS and rust, and gave the highest yield of 1.37 ton/ha. The Kulabo, whether applied with Carrageenan, Boron or NPV, reduced the CLS infection and increased the yield up to 0.54t/ha. Improved ICM system is vital to reduce loss, improve soil condition, and enhance yield and income.

In a wheat/maize rotation system, nitrogen (N) accounts for a large proportion of basal fertilizer, but soil N loss and the resulting environmental risk simultaneously exist worldwide. This study applied different urease/nitrification inhibitors together with basal fertilizers and investigated their effects on soil N level and grain yield. Six N stabilizing combinations consisted of two urease inhibitors (HQ and NBPT) and three nitrification inhibitors (DCD, DMPP, and Nitrapyrin). The treatments supplied with urease/nitrification inhibitors reduced, to some degree, the conversion rate of NH4+ into NO3−, and kept NH4+ content higher in surface soils for a longer time. Compared to CK, A1 treatment supplied with 1.5% HQ + 4% DCD well-maintained the levels of soil alkali-hydrolyzable N and NH4+. For example, alkali-hydrolyzable N and NH4+ contents at 0–20 cm soil layer under A1 were increased by 8.59–41.6% and 8.15–14.5% more than CK, respectively. Based on the entire growth period of wheat and maize rotation, urease/nitrification inhibitors improved soil available N in surface soils but did not prevent NH4+ and NO3− leaching, especially in the intensive rainfall season. The combinations of HQ and DCD or Nitrapyrin significantly enhanced crop yield. Specifically, crop yields under A1 and A3 (1.5% HQ + 0.25% Nitrapyrin) were 16.3% and 14.3% higher than CK, respectively. The N stabilizing combinations also promoted N intake and transport at every growth stage. The maximum N accumulation was increased by 27% under A1, when compared to CK. The treatments supplied with urease/nitrification inhibitors also achieved higher apparent N recovery efficiency, N agronomic efficiency, and N partial factor productivity. Consequently, the combinations of urease/nitrification inhibitors could improve N availability at 0–40 cm soil layer, which in turn improved N use efficiency of wheat and maize. The results suggested that the two urease/nitrification inhibitor combinations, 1.5% HQ + 4% DCD (A1) and 1.5% HQ + 0.25% Nitrapyrin (A3), were optimal N stabilizing agents and worthy of further study.

The need to rehabilitate and modernize the old irrigation facilities is even greater, due to the fact that most irrigation systems were built before 1989, respecting the functional parameters of that period. Even if some of them have operated at minimum capacities or have been exploited only on certain sections, the physical and moral wear and tear do not allow their exploitation in conditions of maximum efficiency. The opportunity to rehabilitate the old irrigation systems comes with the launch of the National Program for the Rehabilitation of the Main Irrigation Infrastructure in Romania, by PNDR, in 2007. A series of Organizations of Water Users for Irrigation (OUAI) benefited from European funds, submitting financing projects, this being also the case of OUAI AQUA NORTH SOLONEŢ BIVOLARI, from Iasy County. The necessary funds were obtained for the rehabilitation of the Pumping and Pressurization Station SPP 1.b. by Measure 125 a1. Since the commissioning, in 2014, and until now, no malfunctions of the water network and distribution have been registered, nor on the other components of the station. Rehabilitation works were designed, executed and maintained rationally, so that no malfunctions occurred. After the rehabilitation of the irrigation system, production increases were obtained for the corn crop of 6.67% -38.48%, depending on the climatic conditions of the analyzed years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of local leaders and leader farmers in extension programs has been common in most countries. Through the analysis of a case study, this paper aims to evaluate the effectiveness of leader horticultural producers in increasing the quantitative and qualitative efficiency of horticultural products in Iran from the gardeners' perspective. The statistical population of the study was composed of horticultural producers in Kerman province in 2015-2016 (=310). Sixty gardeners were picked up by Cochran formula and random cluster sampling. The research instrument was a questionnaire and the research used a descriptive-correlational design. More than half of the gardeners had no knowledge about the leader producers in their area, and had never visited any sample farm. The leader producers were the fifth source of information, with only 11.1% of gardeners had received information from them. Overall, more than 60 percent of gardeners cited the effectiveness of leader producers as average. Gardeners who had less experience, higher education, more area under cultivation, and a high number of visits to agricultural departments, and were more satisfied with agricultural profession found leader producers to be more effective. The findings confirm the weak position of the leader producers among gardeners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Brewing is the property of China Brewing Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Giving the high number of semi-subsistence farms in Romania, Measure 141 "Supporting semi-subsistence farms" under the National Rural Development Program 2007-2013 was designed to transform them in commercial farms. The main objective of the research was to find out how the financial support received was used by the farmers in Alba County, in the last year of the project and to what extent the financial support was a real help. Results indicated that generally it was, but farmers are not yet prepared to meet customer's requirements and cannot face big producers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A methanogenic strain was obtained from anaerobic sludge. The strain was cultivated anaerobically with coal as solo carbon resource. The methanogenesis regulation of coal consumed by the strain and the influence of conventional carbonaceous substrates on gas production were investigated. It is found that adaptive phase is decreased from 15 days of original strain to 6 days of acclimated strain. The gas production is greatly raised as well. A 28 days' gas production cycle can be divided into three phases, adaptive phase, gas-producing phase and stable phase. The total amount of gas produced by 100 mL substrate is 182 mL which comprises 16% methane. Daily gas production increases at the beginning and then decreases. During 15th day to 17th day, gas production reachs the peak amount of 20 mL/day. The strain can also make use of sodium acetate and methanol to produce gas. However, sodium acetate has a better prompting effect on gas production of coal consumed by the strain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

M Oilfield is the first gas cap reservoir in the East China Sea, which has complex driving energy. Its seepage mechanism and development technology policy are essentially different from conventional reservoirs. Aiming at the difficult problem of effective development of this kind of reservoir due to the contradiction of gas channeling, oil invasion and water invasion, the technology of stimulation measures is studied. At the same time, three innovative technologies have been formed: splitting method of variable gas oil ratio phase production based on production time variability; a new method for calculating water displacement efficiency of water drive gas condensate reservoir with bottom oil; prediction technology of dynamic oil displacement contribution index under net driving energy. These technical achievements can provide important reference and technical support for the development of similar complex reservoirs such as gas capped reservoirs or condensate gas reservoirs with oil rings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]