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BACKGROUND: Carvone and limonene are naturally occurring monoterpenoids with unique aromas, making them valuable substances in synthetic fragrance production. However, their application is limited due to low stability and rapid volatilization. To address this challenge, host–guest complexes offer a promising solution. RESULTS: In this study, two acyclic cucurbit[n]urils were synthesized to form inclusion complexes with carvone and limonene, aiming to enhance their thermal stability and achieve excellent heat release properties. The binding behavior of the complexes was investigated using NMR, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and molecular bonding analyses, confirming the formation of host–guest inclusion complexes. CONCLUSION: Our study successfully prepared four inclusion complexes (M1/CA, M2/CA, M1/LI, M2/LI) and characterized them using NMR, XRD and FTIR techniques. These complexes exhibited a 1:1 stoichiometric ratio, and their binding constants were determined through fluorescence titration. The thermal controlled release experiment shows that the degree of carvone and limonene release is different with a change of temperature, indicating that the inclusion complexes have good thermally controlled release performance, and the thermal release retention rate has a certain correlation with KS value. The larger the KS value, the higher the thermal release retention rate of the inclusion complexes, the lower the volatilization of the inclusion complexes, the longer the retention time and the better the thermal stability. This study presents a novel approach for developing carvone‐ and limonene‐based fragrances, expanding their application potential in various industries. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clomiphene (CL) is a widely used antiestrogenic drug for inducing ovulation. The drug is marketed as a mixture of two geometric isomers, E -CL (62%) and Z -CL (38%), with opposing actions and low water solubility. Chemical separation and enhanced solubility can be achieved through cyclodextrin (CD) association. Recent 1H NMR titration experiments have reported the thermodynamic association constant for CL@β-CD as K a expt = 50.21 × M − 1 . In this contribution, we conducted a detailed exploration of the association processes underlying this value, resulting in a calculated association constant of K a calc = 46.94 × M − 1 based on the multi-equilibrium assumption for a fixed composition. This value was obtained through 720 quantum computational (QC) calculations on configurations selected from molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, which indicated that the Z -CL@β-CD species predominates in solution. To align our results with the experimental data, we considered a fixed composition of the isomers (62% E- CL and 38% Z -CL) when calculating the association constant. Additionally, 1H NMR measurements were conducted for neutral clomiphene and compared to the calculated data for the free guests. For the guest–host inclusion complexes, the 1H NMR chemical shifts were predicted and discussed in relation to the available experimental data. Our findings provide a solid foundation for understanding the inclusion process and introduce the QC/MD multi-equilibrium integrated approach as a valuable theoretical strategy for studying cyclodextrin inclusion compounds. The inclusion process of clomiphene into β-cyclodextrin was investigated using various molecular modelling techniques, including static quantum computational (QC) methods, molecular dynamics (MD) and sequential QC/MD approaches. The calculated association constant ( K expt EZ = 46.94 × M − 1 ) showed good agreement with the experimental data ( K expt EZ = 50.21 × M − 1 ) , reflecting contributions from both multi-equilibrium processes and the fixed composition of the isomeric mixture. These results enhance understanding of the inclusion process and propose new methodological approaches for future research. (Image credit: Hélio F. Dos Santos.) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, molecular‐based ferroelectric materials have attracted widespread research interest due to their excellent performance. Among them, host–guest‐type crown ether inclusion compounds composed of organic ammonium cations, crown ether molecules and corresponding anions have become a star component in the design of molecular‐based ferroelectric materials because they are prone to order–disorder phase transitions. Many anions have been studied extensively as counter‐ions, such as bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amidate (TFSA−), PF6− and [FeCl4]−. However, crown ether inclusion compounds with di(methanesulfonyl)amidate (DMSA) as the anion have been rarely investigated. Here, we converted TFSA to DMSA to obtain 3,4‐difluoroanilinium di(methanesulfonyl)amidate–18‐crown‐6 (1/1), C6H6F2N+·C2H6NO4S2−·C12H24O6 or [(3,4‐DFA)(18‐crown‐6)][DMSA]. At both 100 and 300 K, the crystal falls into the space group P21/c. The 3,4‐DFA cation forms three well‐defined N—H...O hydrogen bonds, positioned at the perching position of the crown ether ring. In contrast to the distinct packing configuration observed in the [(3,4‐DFA)(18‐crown‐6)][TFSA] crystals, where TFSA exhibits a disordered structure, the [(3,4‐DFA)(18‐crown‐6)][DMSA] complex features a staggered arrangement, with DMSA existing in an ordered fashion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) has gained significant attention for its medicinal properties, yet its therapeutic applications are often limited by low aqueous solubility and susceptibility to environmental factors. This study investigates the formulation of a curcumin‐rich turmeric extract–β‐cyclodextrin inclusion complex (TUE–β‐CD) to enhance its bioactivity and stability. Structural characterization and metabolite profiling of the inclusion complex were conducted using field‐emission scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and ultrahigh‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with LTQ–Orbitrap–mass spectrometry (UHPLC–LTQ–Orbitrap–MS). Results revealed that the inclusion complexes exhibit distinct morphological, spectroscopic, crystalline, and thermal properties compared to both curcumin‐rich TUE and β‐CD, confirming successful encapsulation of turmeric metabolites within β‐cyclodextrin cavities. Results of UHPLC–LTQ–Orbitrap–MS confirmed that β‐CD had differential encapsulation efficiencies for bioactive compounds of turmeric. The results suggest that the inclusion complex significantly improves the thermal stability and bioactivity of turmeric extract, thereby enhancing its potential applications as a functional component in both food and non‐food industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Planar Eshelby's inclusion problem has laid the cornerstone for many fundamental aspects of micromechanics. Previous research has primarily focused on the stress/strain solutions, but analyses of the displacements are less documented, particularly for inclusions of complex shapes. This paper presents a closed-form displacement solution for inclusions whose cross sections are made up of any combination of line segments and circular arcs, under the circumstance of linearly distributed eigenstrains. In light of the method of Green's function, the displacements are formulated through area integrals, which are subsequently converted into contour integrals along the boundary. The proposed method offers a direct, efficient, and analytical approach for determining the displacements. Additionally, the accuracy and reliability of the present algorithms are confirmed through comparisons with results obtained from the isoparametric inclusion model and the traditional finite element method (FEM). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In this work, the competitive precipitation mechanism of inclusions in Al–Ti–Mg complex deoxidized steel is investigated by experimental observation and thermodynamic analysis. Many types of inclusions are observed in steel, and the two and multi‐layer structural inclusions are composed of the single‐particle inclusions of TiS, TiN, TixOy, MnS, Al2O3, and MgAl2O4. Thermodynamic calculation results suggest that the transformation order of Al2O3 contains two pathways: one is Al2O3 → MgAl2O4 → MgTi2O4 → MgO and the second is Al2O3 → Ti2O3 → MgTi2O4. However, the transformation reaction of Al2O3 into MgAl2O4 or Ti2O3 has not completely ended, and no MgTi2O4 and MgO inclusions are found in the steel sample. The precipitation order of Ti2O3, TiN, TiS, and MnS in present steel is Ti2O3 → TiS → TiN → MnS. MnS only precipitated in solid steel, TiS, and TiN precipitated in the solid–liquid interface at T < 1794 K and T < 1796.5 K, respectively. The actual transformation and precipitation order of inclusion in the present Al followed by Ti–Mg deoxidized steel is Al2O3 → MgAl2O4 → Ti2O3 → TiN → TiS → MnS or Al2O3 → Ti2O3 → TiN → TiS → MnS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mg-Ti oxide/MnS complex inclusions effectively serve as nucleation sites for intragranular ferrite. This study employs first-principles calculation methods to investigate the inducing properties of complex inclusions, including the growth of MnS on Ti oxide, the absorption of Mn atoms by Ti oxide, and the diffusion behavior of Mn atoms within Ti oxide, both untreated and Mg-treated. Ti 2 O 3 indicates the untreated group, while MgTiO 3 indicates the Mg-treated group. Computational analysis indicated that MnS is more likely to adsorb and grow on MgTiO 3 than on Ti 2 O 3. MnS vertically grows on the O-Mg-Mg surface of MgTiO 3. By calculating the dissociation energy, it can be determined that the Mn in the oxide of the MnS/oxide complex inclusions originates from the steel matrix rather than from MnS. By analyzing the diffusion behavior of vacancies and Mn atoms through energy barrier calculations, it is evident that the addition of Mg alters the diffusion pathways of Mn atoms in Ti oxide and confirms that the bonding between Mn and O is the limiting step for Mn atom diffusion within the oxides. The diffusion path of Mn atoms in MgTiO 3 is Path I → Path II → Path I. Path I: Mn atoms diffuse within the cationic layer. Path II: Mn atoms diffuse by traversing across two layers of O atoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cocrystallization of trans‐aconitic acid (TACA) and isonicotinamide (INA) using liquid assisted mechanochemical grinding results in a unique supramolecular hydrogen‐bonded organic framework (HOF) system encapsulating various organic solvents (liquid guest) with the formation of channel inclusion compounds. Dimension and shape of the framework is dependent on the solvent used during liquid assisted grinding (LAG). Although crystal structure of the cocrystal (TACA) ⋅ (INA)2 ⋅ (H2O)@(INA)0.5 has been determined by Single Crystal X‐ray diffraction (SCXRD), crystal structures of 3 cocrystal HOFs were determined by microcrystal electron diffraction (MicroED) and synchrotron X‐ray diffraction due to lack of suitable single crystal. PXRD analysis confirms isostructurality of various host‐guest systems; whereas guest incorporation as well as stability of the HOFs were further confirmed using thermogravimetric analysis. This study demonstrates that the framework of HOFs can be tuned by varying solvent molecules used during LAG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reports a method for enhancing the functions and properties of traditional organic macrocyclic hosts by fully encapsulating them within a large M9L6 cage to form host‐in‐host complexes. Within the cage host, the macrocyclic organic hosts with electron‐rich aromatic rings, such as cyclotriveratrylene and calix[8]arene, adopt specific orientations enhancing their inherent molecular recognition abilities. Due to the high crystallinity of the M9L6 cage, the guest encapsulation behavior of the host‐in‐host complexes can be observed by X‐ray structural analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Essential oils (EOs) are volatile compounds that may have antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. Despite their potential application, low water solubility and chemical instability are limiting factors. Nanoencapsulation processes can overcome this problem, protecting against external factors and promoting a moderate release. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to encapsulate Cymbopogon citratus (CC) and Origanum vulgare (OV) essential oils in β-cyclodextrin (βCD) complexes. Different ratios (w/w) between βCD and EOs (96:4, 92:8, 90:10, 88:12) were tested, seeking greater entrapment efficiency. The particles were characterized by yield, entrapment efficiency, size distribution, morphology, crystallinity, infrared spectroscopy, and thermal behavior. Furthermore, the thermal (70 °C) and photochemical (UV) stability of the free and encapsulated EO was evaluated for 48 h. The results showed that the βCD-CC 90:10 and βCD-OV 90:10 formulations presented greater entrapment efficiency. Crystalline structures of varying sizes (200 to 800 nm), trapezoidal shape, and tendency to aggregation were obtained. Changes in the βCD crystalline organization and the suppression of characteristic free oil absorption bands suggest the EO entrapment. Regarding stability results, βCD-CC remained constant when CC showed losses of 20% (photodegradation) and 60% (thermal degradation) after 48 h of stress exposure. Free OV showed slight variations in absorbance over time, while βCD-OV remained constant over 24 h (thermal degradation) and maintained 60% of oil over 48 h of photo exposure. Furthermore, OV and CC demonstrate color change over time, while βCD-OV and βCD-CC remained constant. The results demonstrate that nanoencapsulation can be an interesting tool for protecting EOs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal-organic coordination polymer {[Zn7O2(tr2btd)2(1,4-ndc)6]·2tr2btd}n representing an inclusion compound of free ligand molecules in the pores of the 3D framework is synthesized by the interaction of zinc 4,7-di(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole (tr2btd) nitrate and 1,4-naphthalene dicarboxylic acid (1,4-H2ndc). Features of the interaction of guest molecules with the framework are investigated by single crystal X-ray diffraction, IR spectroscopy, and quantum chemical calculations. The study of the luminescent properties of compounds shows a bathochromic shift of the emission maximum that is unusual for coordination polymers with tr2btd as a linker. Quantum chemical calculations at the density functional theory level reveals charge transfer between the guest molecule and the framework during emission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Olmesartan medoxomil (OLM) is the prodrug of olmesartan, an angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker that has antihypertensive and antioxidant activities and renal protective properties. It exhibits low water solubility, which leads to poor bioavailability and limits its clinical potential. To improve the solubility of OLM, a host–guest inclusion complex (IC) between heptakis(2,6-di-O-methyl)-β-cyclodextrin (DMβCD) and the drug substance was obtained. Along with active substances, excipients play a crucial role in the quality, safety, and efficacy of pharmaceutical formulations. Therefore, the compatibility of OLM/DMβCD IC with several pharmaceutical excipients was evaluated. Methods: IC was characterized in both solid and liquid states, employing thermoanalytical techniques, universal-attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffractometry, UV spectroscopy, and saturation solubility studies. Compatibility studies were carried out using thermal and spectroscopic methods to assess potential physical and chemical interactions. Results: The 1:1 OLM:DMβCD stoichiometry ratio and the value of the apparent stability constant were determined by means of the phase solubility method that revealed an AL-type diagram. The binary system showed different physicochemical characteristics from those of the parent entities, supporting IC formation. The geometry of the IC was thoroughly investigated using molecular modeling. Compatibility studies revealed a lack of interaction between the IC and all studied excipients at ambient conditions and the thermally induced incompatibility of IC with magnesium stearate and α-lactose monohydrate. Conclusions: The results of this study emphasize that OLM/DMβCD IC stands out as a valuable candidate for future research in the development of new pharmaceutical formulations, in which precautions should be considered in choosing magnesium stearate and α-lactose monohydrate as excipients if the manufacture stage requires temperatures above 100 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hydrocortisone-type corticosteroid (HTC) group includes valuable active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) such as hydrocortisone, hydrocortisone acetate, cortisone acetate, tixocortol pivalate, prednisolone, methylprednisolone, and prednisone. Unfortunately, those APIs are characterized by low solubility, which hampers their application and reduces their therapeutic efficacy. The low polarity of HTC molecules allows them to form inclusion complexes with various cyclodextrins (CDs); however, as shown in this review, the type of applied CDs has a major impact on the final properties of the formed complex. HTC–CD complexes have been routinely used for over 40 years to achieve various aims. Most frequently, CDs have been utilized as HTC solubilizers and absorption enhancers in pharmaceutical formulations, as well as for separation and analysis by chromatographic and electrophoretic methods. This article reviews the studies describing the synthesis as well as the biological, physiochemical, and structural properties of the inclusion complexes formed between HTC and various cyclodextrins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: Doxorubicin (Dox) is an anticancer drug used in the treatment of a wide range of solid tumors; however, Dox causes systemic toxicity and irreversible cardiotoxicity. The design of a new nanosystem that allows for the control of Dox loading and delivery results is a powerful tool to control Dox release only in cancer cells. For this reason, supramolecular self-assembly was performed between a poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimer decorated with four β-cyclodextrin (βCD) units (PAMAM-βCD) and an adamantane–hydrazone–doxorubicin (Ad-h-Dox) prodrug. Methods: The formation of inclusion complexes (ICs) between the prodrug and all the βCD cavities present on the surface of the PAMAM-βCD dendrimer was followed by 1H-NMR titration and corroborated by 2D NOESY experiments. A full characterization of the supramolecular assembly was performed in the solid state by thermal analysis (DSC/TGA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and in solution by the DOSY NMR technique in D2O. Furthermore, the Dox release profiles from the PAMAM-βCD/Ad-h-Dox assembly at different pH values was studied by comparing the efficiency against a native βCD/Ad-h-Dox IC. Additionally, in vitro cytotoxic activity assays were performed for the nanocarrier alone and the two supramolecular assemblies in different carcinogenic cell lines. Results: The PAMAM-βCD/Ad-h-Dox assembly was adequately characterized, and the cytotoxic activity results demonstrate that the nanocarrier alone and its hydrolysis product are innocuous compared to the PAMAM-βCD/Ad-h-Dox nanocarrier that showed cytotoxicity equivalent to free Dox in the tested cancer cell lines. The in vitro drug release assays for the PAMAM-βCD/Ad-h-Dox system showed an acidic pH-dependent behavior and a prolonged profile of up to more than 72 h. Conclusions: The design of PAMAM-βCD/Ad-h-Dox consists of a new controlled and prolonged Dox release system for potential use in cancer treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: Nitazoxanide (NTX) exhibits promising therapeutic potential; its effectiveness is constrained by its low oral bioavailability due to its poor water solubility and limited permeability. Methods: This study focused on developing a complex of NTX with β-cyclodextrins (β-CDs), specifically β-CD and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (Hβ-CD), to enhance the solubility and antiviral activity of NTX. Results: The formation of the β-CD:NTX in an aqueous solution was verified using UV–visible spectroscopy, confirming a 1:1 inclusion complex. Characterization of the solid β-CD:NTX complexes was confirmed via FTIR, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and DSC-TGA analyses. Molecular docking studies revealed that the NTX thiazole ring with the nitro group was positioned within the β-CDs cavity, while the benzene ring remained outside. Phase solubility tests showed that β-CD:NTX complexes were formed with high stability constants, demonstrating a linear increase in NTX solubility as the β-CD concentration increased. Dissolution tests revealed rapid and nearly complete NTX release within 90 min for β-CD:NTX and Hβ-CD:NTX complexes. The β-CD:NTX complexes were tested for their antiviral activity against Herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) cultures. Results showed that the Hβ-CD:NTX complex had significantly higher antiviral efficacy than β-CD:NTX and free NTX alone. Moreover, cytotoxicity and cellular uptake studies on Vero cells indicated that the Hβ-CD:NTX complex demonstrated lower cytotoxicity and had the highest IC50 value, followed by β-CD:NTX and free NTX. Conclusions: These findings suggest that Hβ-CD:NTX inclusion complexes may serve as effective carriers for delivering NTX in HSV-1 treatments using Vero cell models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fluorescent probe provides a simple for detecting Cu2+ through fluorescence quenching of the Schiff‐base probes by Cu2+. However, the azine‐based probes often suffer from poor solubility and dispersibility in water and are easily interfered with by other competing ions, which significantly reduces their applicable potential. In this study, we synthesized a water‐dissoluble and highly fluorescent γ‐Cyclodextrin (γ‐CD)/2‐hydroxybenzaldehyde azine (2‐HBA) inclusion complex for Cu2+ detection. The inclusion of 2‐HBA into γ‐CD enhances its solubility in water and allows it to emit fluorescence. The as‐synthesized γ‐CD/2‐HBA probe exhibits high sensitivity for colorimetric and fluorescent detection of Cu2+, with detection limits reaching 2.72 and 1.53 nM, respectively. The results exceed most of those reported in the literature. The probe's structure and potential mechanism were systematically analysed using the experimental and theoretical methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: This article aimed at reviewing recent developments shaping the future of antimicrobial edible food packaging. The main issues discussed in the article are (i) factors (e.g. waste valorisation, sustainability, health and environmental concerns, religious concerns, etc.) causing emerging of alternative hydrocolloids extracted from farming/processing wastes of plants, animals, fungi, insects, snails, etc. as antimicrobial edible packaging material; (ii) emerging methods of manufacturing antimicrobial packaging (e.g. extruded and co‐extruded antimicrobial casings, antimicrobial electrospun mats, and electrosprayed films, coatings and particles); (iii) emerging concepts in using natural antimicrobials in edible packaging such as using narrow‐ or broad‐spectrum antimicrobials, synergetic mixtures, and controlled release strategies based on nanoencapsulation (e.g. Pickering emulsions, nanoemulsions, inclusion complexes, solid lipid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers). This review helps discovering the future of active edible packaging that is expected to play a central role in improving food safety and quality, human health and environmentally friendly practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tethering of two biologically active molecules in a single unit is considered as a captivating solution for the extension of existing antibiotics. β-Lactams which display a vast array of biological properties due to various ring substitutions continue to attract the attention of synthetic chemists. The incorporation of the 'isoxazole' nucleus in its appendage is known to enhance the properties of β-lactam compounds. Its inclusion in the compounds offers decreased toxicity, increased efficacy, and improved pharmacokinetics spectrum. In the reported work, we highlight the efficient use of 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction to synthesize novel isoxazole/dihydroisoxazole ring-linked β-lactam hybrids using 3-propargyloxy-β-lactams/3-allyl-β-lactams as synthons. The methodology devised has been found to be highly regioselective and generalized for the selected substrates to provide a variety of novel hybrid compounds under elementary reaction conditions. The synthesized compounds have been well characterized by various spectroscopic techniques and optimized reaction conditions for both types of hybrid compounds have been studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyclodextrin enhances the activity of bioactive compounds through the formation of inclusion complexes (ICs), but its effect on diverse compound structures and processing methods is poorly understood. Here, our goal is to provide a comprehensive and cohesive insight into hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) complexation with cinnamaldehyde (CINN), citral (CIT), or their combination (MIX), prepared via kneading (KN), or freeze-drying (FD) using analytical techniques and computational simulations. Thermodynamic analysis revealed an exothermic and spontaneous (ΔG < 0) complexation process, with CINN-ICs exhibiting greater stability constants at 25 °C than CIT-ICs. Among the methods, CIT-KN displayed the highest efficiency (90.7%) and drug loading (9%), while CINN-KN showcased higher zeta potential (−23.2 mV), controlled release (35%), and antimicrobial activity (against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria). Computer simulations confirmed the absence of ternary complexes (CINN+CIT in HPβCD) and revealed the coexistence of association and ICs. Thermal analyses demonstrated high thermal stability (up to 207 °C) of included compounds, enhancing the suitability of these complexes for high-temperature processes. Additionally, CINN-KN incorporation into methylcellulose creates an active film, which effectively inhibited the proliferation of L. monocytogenes and S. Choleraesuis in cheeses (up to 1.3 cm halo inhibition), even following exposure to temperatures as high as 50 °C. Through combined experiments and computations, we uncovered how processing affects ICs performance with bioactive compounds, confirming their associative interactions with HPβCD. Thus, we underscore that the active function of ICs containing bioactive compounds relies not only on compound structure but also on processing methods, involving a collaborative interplay between both factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fluorescent probe provides a simple for detecting Cu2+ through fluorescence quenching of the Schiff‐base probes by Cu2+. However, the azine‐based probes often suffer from poor solubility and dispersibility in water and are easily interfered with by other competing ions, which significantly reduces their applicable potential. In this study, we synthesized a water‐dissoluble and highly fluorescent γ‐Cyclodextrin (γ‐CD)/2‐hydroxybenzaldehyde azine (2‐HBA) inclusion complex for Cu2+ detection. The inclusion of 2‐HBA into γ‐CD enhances its solubility in water and allows it to emit fluorescence. The as‐synthesized γ‐CD/2‐HBA probe exhibits high sensitivity for colorimetric and fluorescent detection of Cu2+, with detection limits reaching 2.72 and 1.53 nM, respectively. The results exceed most of those reported in the literature. The probe's structure and potential mechanism were systematically analysed using the experimental and theoretical methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) is a derivatized cyclodextrin in which several H atoms on the hydroxyls of the glucose rings are substituted by 2-hydroxypropyl groups. The cyclic structure of HPβCD creates a cavity capable of totally or partially enclosing different molecules (inclusion complexes), and this capacity makes it useful in the pharmaceutical industry. Rifampicin is an antibiotic commonly used to treat tuberculosis; however, some of its properties such as its low solubility and variable bioavailability need to be improved by encapsulating it in systems such as HPβCD. The inclusion complexes formed by twelve structures of HPβCD and rifampicin with various polar and non-polar solvents are studied using molecular simulation. Diverse solvents are simulated using the zwitterionic or neutral configuration of rifampicin, and different values of relative permittivity in the electrostatic contribution to the total energy. The latter constant has little effect on the formation of inclusion complexes, whereas the type of rifampicin essentially determines the energies and configurations of the complexes. The zwitterion is located near the primary rim of HPβCD and the neutral form of rifampicin is near the secondary one. In both cases, the piperazine tail is incorporated into higher-energy complexes inside the host. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starch inclusion complexes are gaining interest due to their enhanced functional properties and potential health benefits. Both freeze‐thawing and ultrasound are recognized as effective physical methods to induce the formation of V‐type starch inclusion complexes. However, the combined effects of these treatments on starch complex formation have not been fully elucidated. This study aims to investigate the synergistic impact of ultrasound and freeze‐thaw treatments on the production of corn starch–glycerin monostearin complexes (GMS), examining their structural and digestive properties. The findings, supported by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and complexing index analyses, indicate a synergistic effect from the combined treatment in creating V‐type starch–lipid inclusion complexes. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) shows that the application of freeze‐thaw cycles and ultrasound leads to the release of amylose molecules, enhancing their interaction with lipid molecules. The starch–lipid complexes formed through this process exhibit a highly ordered structure and increased resistance to enzymatic digestion in an in vitro model. These results offer valuable insights into the development of starch‐based foods with slower digestibility, which could have implications for dietary management and the functional food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Host‐guest conjugate is a promising strategy for providing outstanding molecules. Herein, we designed host‐guest conjugate HG1, which comprises a hydrophilic host unit, tetraaza[2.2.1.2.2.1]paracyclophane CPX2 with a microhydrophobic cavity, and a guest unit, 2,3‐naphthalimide fused with two benzothiophenes G1 exhibiting fluorosolvatochromism, linked with an oxyethylene chain. HG1 initially showed a fluorescence band at 585 nm in MeOH/H2O (1/499 v/v); however, this band decreased with time, and instead, a new band at 430 nm appeared. The CIE chromaticity diagram showed that the fluorescent color changed from yellow‐orange to blue via white. NMR analysis of HG1 in methanol‐d4 exhibited different signals of the G1 unit between the blue and yellow fluorescent structures. The blue fluorescent structures showed asymmetrical signals assigned as the G1 unit, affected by the cavity environment of the CPX2 unit. Consequently, HG1 can form two conformations: In‐form and Out‐form. In In‐form, the G1 unit is inside the hydrophobic cavity of the CPX2 unit and shows blue fluorescence. In Out‐form, the G1 unit is outside the CPX2 unit and shows yellow fluorescence in an aqueous solvent. Therefore, HG1 performs as a ratiometric fluorophore depending on the in/out isomerism of the host‐guest conjugate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyclodextrins (CDs) have garnered significant attention in various scientific and industrial fields due to their unique ability to form inclusion complexes with a wide range of guest molecules. This review comprehensively explores the latest advancements in cyclodextrin chemistry, focusing on the synthesis and characterization of cyclodextrin derivatives and their inclusion complexes. This review examines the biological activities of cyclodextrins, highlighting their pharmacological properties and pharmacokinetics, and discussing their promising applications in drug delivery systems. Furthermore, the industrial utilization of cyclodextrins, including their role in nanomaterials and nanostructured coatings, as well as their potential in environmental remediation, are explored. The present research also addresses the critical aspect of toxicity, particularly concerning cyclodextrin inclusion complexes, providing an overview of the current understanding and safety considerations. Through a multidisciplinary approach, the aim is to present a complete view of cyclodextrins, underscoring their versatility and impact across various domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Valacyclovir hydrochloride (VC) possesses more oral bioavailability among all the anti-herpes drugs and more effective performance than acyclovir. The goal of the current research was to synthesize and characterize the inclusion complex of VC (ICVC) with gamma-cyclodextrin (γ-CD) utilizing various spectroscopic and physicochemical techniques like UV-vis, 1H-NMR, FTIR, conductance, surface tension, and SEM analysis. The studies confirmed that the 1 : 1 stoichiometry of the formed ICVC was well supported by molecular docking and DFT study. After complexation with γ-CD, the photostability was enhanced. The purpose of the current study was to create topical gels loaded with VC and ICVC and assess their potential to increase VC penetration through the topical route by enhancing their pharmacokinetic profile. The optimized topical gels containing VC and ICVC have zeta potentials of −3.8 ± 1.0 mV and −5.7 ± 0.9 mV, respectively. An in vitro drug release study showed that at the end of 8 h, 32.3% and 23.38% release of VC was observed from the VC-loaded and ICVC-loaded gel. An ex vivo skin permeation study of the ICVC-loaded gel showed poor permeability and negligible flux value in comparison to the VC-loaded gel, which implies the retainability of the drug at the dermal site as a depot formulation from which the drug will be released and act in a sustained manner. Based on these findings, it was confirmed that the efficacy of VC can be much improved through the topical delivery of ICVC-loaded gel for the treatment of herpes with minimum dose requirements, less toxicity, rapid action, and improved bioavailability of the VC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of flavoring ingredients like menthol in the food industry is hindered by their high volatility and poor thermal stability, which lead to significant losses during processing and storage. Encapsulation of flavors into porous materials to obtain inclusion complexes (ICs) has proved to be an efficient strategy. In the present study, we synthesized a series of relatively food‐safe three‐dimensional anionic cyclodextrin‐based covalent organic frameworks (CD‐COFs) with spiroborate linkages using a facile microwave‐assisted method. The high surface area and newly formed cavities of COFs significantly enhanced the encapsulation efficiency of menthol compared to native CD materials. Our findings revealed that γ‐CD‐COF−Li, with Li+ as the counterion, achieved superior encapsulation efficiency of 25.9 %, outperforming γ‐CD‐COF−Na, γ‐CD‐COF−K and α‐CD‐COF−Li under the same conditions. Thermal stability measurements show that the menthol/γ‐CD‐COF−Li‐ICs effectively stabilize menthol against heat evaporation at elevated temperatures due to the strengthened interaction between menthol and γ‐CD‐COF−Li. The promising results of this research suggest that rapid advancements in COF technology will provide new opportunities for enhancing the stability of flavoring ingredients in the food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to develop the inclusion complex of 2, 4‐diamino‐6‐hydroxypyrimidine (DHP) with β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD) using an inclusion process, and to investigate the effect of inclusion on the photo stability and bioactivity of DHP. The formation of DHP‐β‐CD inclusion complex has been examined by means of physicochemical as well as spectroscopic techniques (1H NMR, FT‐IR, PXRD and SEM) suggesting the successful inclusion of the DHP molecule into the β‐CD cavity. The 1 : 1 stoichiometry of the inclusion complex was validated through Job's plot. β‐CD displayed a fairly strong affinity (Ka =889.67 M−1) for DHP, indicating that the binding process is thermodynamically feasible. A molecular docking study speculated the most preferred orientation of DHP molecule within the binding pocket of β‐CD cavity. The photostability of DHP was found to improve on complexation with β‐CD. In vitro antibacterial activity test demonstrated that the DHP‐β‐CD inclusion complex displayed better activity than pure DHP. DHP‐β‐CD inclusion complex (IC50 =240.04 μM) also exhibited relatively significant in vitro cytotoxic activity than pure DHP towards the human kidney cancer cell line (ACHN). These results reveals that the inclusion of DHP using β‐CD could lead to stabilization of DHP and efficient display of its bioactivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research work, the binding mechanism of Bisoprolol (BIS) drug into the beta‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD) and gamma‐cyclodextrin (γ‐CD) nanopores were investigated using docking, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, and MM‐PBSA free energy calculations. Also, we assessed the energetic aspects within the BIS‐CDs complex under different thermal conditions in four stages from 298 to 334 K, which includes mammalian body temperature in order to approximate physiological conditions. The computational results reveal that the encapsulation of the BIS into the cavities of CDs is reinforced by hydrogen bonds (HBs) and van der Waals (vdW) interactions in the aqueous phase. The stability of the inclusion complexes of β and γ‐CD with BIS was confirmed by evaluating system stability, flexibility, dynamic and thermodynamic properties at all temperature steps. Next, we analyzed the degree of complexation between BIS and CDs at four different temperatures. The findings revealed that the degree of complexation is decreased as the temperature is increased. The translational movement of the drug to the outside of the CDs cavity increased in the temperature range of 310 to 334 K in γ‐CD more than β‐CD. The β‐CD complex exhibits greater stability compared to the γ‐CD complex in the aqueous medium. The MM‐PBSA free energy approach also confirms more binding affinity of BIS drug into the β‐CD cavity. keywords: Bisoprolol, β‐cyclodextrin, γ‐cyclodextrin, Molecular dynamics, MM‐PBSA free energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using menthol carboxamide as core material, ・cyclodextrin and hydroxy propyl β-cyclodextrin as wall material, two inclusion compounds were prepared by co・precipitation and freeze-drying method, and their slow release properties at room temperature and high temperature were investigated・ The structure, morphology and composition of the inclusion compounds were characterized by powder X・ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and Fourier infrared spectroscopy. The thermal stability of the inclusion compound was analyzed by thermogravimetric analyzer. The inclusion rate and slow release properties of the inclusion compounds at different temperatures were determined by UV spectrophotometry・ The results showed that the inclusion rate of menthol carboxamide/hydroxypropyl・cycloclExtrin complex was 12. 31%, which was higher than that of menthol carboxamide/β-cyclodextrin complex (9・ 55%)・ The pyrolysis temperature of the two inclusion compounds exceeds 300 °C, which is much higher than that of menthol carboxamide (217 尤)・ The inclusion compounds showed good thermal stability・ After released at 25 〜120 °C for a certain time, the cumulative release amount of menthol carboxamide/HP-j8-cyclodextrin is only 14・ 94% 〜40. 06% ・ The result exhibited that menthol carboxamide/HPjg-cyclodextrin showed good slow release performance [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To enhance the water solubility and bioavailability of astaxanthin esters, inclusion complexes of Z‐isomer‐enriched astaxanthin esters with water‐soluble carriers were prepared using a spray drying technique. A food‐grade Haematococcus alga extract was used as the source of astaxanthin esters, and the Z‐isomerization was performed via direct heating of the extract. Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and hydroxypropyl‐β‐cyclodextrin (HP‐β‐CD) were used as water‐soluble carriers. The effects of spray drying conditions on the encapsulation efficiency of astaxanthin esters in the carriers and the total Z‐isomer ratio of encapsulated astaxanthin esters were investigated, and the physical properties and storage stability of the resulting composites were evaluated. Under optimum spray drying conditions, efficient production of highly water‐soluble Z‐isomer‐rich astaxanthin esters was achieved in both carriers: >95% encapsulation efficiency and >55% total Z‐isomer ratio. The physical properties, such as surface morphology and particle size distributions, of the resulting particles differed significantly between PVP and HP‐β‐CD. Storage tests demonstrated that the formulated Z‐isomer‐rich astaxanthin esters were highly stable. Our findings will contribute to the practical applications of Z‐isomer‐rich astaxanthin materials. Practical Applications: The formulation technology developed in this study has the potential to address the industrial challenges of using astaxanthin, that is, low water solubility and low bioavailability. Furthermore, the low storage stability of astaxanthin Z‐isomers, which hinders their industrial use, can be solved simultaneously. The resulting Z‐isomer‐rich astaxanthin powders are expected to be used in a wide range of applications, including nutraceuticals, cosmetics, and animal feeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of different calcium-containing alloys on inclusions in high-Al steel is investigated in the current study. The effects of SiCa, AlCa20, AlCa75 and FeSi alloys on the modification of solid inclusions in molten steel are compared, and the mechanism of inclusion evolution is revealed based on the non-uniform distribution of elements and the lattice mismatch between the inclusion particles. The results show that the Ca yield of FeSi alloy is 26%, which is significantly higher than that of other alloys (<5%). In addition, the calcium treatment by FeSi alloy causes less aspiration of molten steel, which is conducive to avoiding the increase of AlN in high-Al steel. After calcium treatment, the primary Al2O3 particles in steel are transformed into CaO-Al2O3-CaS and CaO-Al2O3-MgO complex inclusions, while AlN can only be precipitated in the form of a single particle, or precipitated from the transformed CaO · 2Al2O3 oxide. In general, FeSi alloy has the best effect on the modification of Al2O3 inclusions, which can maximize the transformation of solid particles into liquid inclusions in steel liquid without introducing too much impurities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • SIPN coatings showed extremely high self-healing ability (≥ 92 % recovery rate) within just 20 s. • SIPN coatings displayed remarkable anti-fog capability and antibacterial activities (≥ 98 %). • Coating with optimal host-guest interactions showed superior mechanical stability. Dual functional coatings with anti-fog and antimicrobial performances greatly enhance the safety and reliability of medical detection devices, but are prone to mechanical damage, resulting in reduced performance and a shorter service lifespan. Herein, a semi-interpenetrating polymer network (SIPN) coating, featuring hydrophobic-hydrophilic balanced copolymers as bulk chains and host–guest inclusion compounds (HGICs) as cross-linkers, is reported, which demonstrates particularly effective anti-fog and antibacterial performances, along with a surprisingly fast self-healing capability under various scenarios. This HGIC-based coating displayed remarkable anti-fog capability over a wide temperature range from −20 ℃ to 85 ℃ and exhibited reliable antibacterial activities (≥98 %) against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Also, this coating showed extremely high self-healing ability (≥92 % recovery rate) within just 20 s, significantly outperforming traditional self-healing systems. These findings support the development of functional coatings that can highly maintain rapid self-healing performance while also providing anti-fog and antibacterial properties in medical detection devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the gamma-cyclodextrin (γCD) inclusion complexes with essential oil (EO) compounds linalool and geraniol were encapsulated in pullulan nanofibers using an electrospinning technique. The nanofibers were produced with the initial EO content of ~ 11% (w/w) and ~ 74 to 77% of these volatile compounds could be preserved in pullulan/EO-γCD nanofibers due to inclusion complexation. On the other hand, only ~ 15 to 23% of EO could be kept in the case of pullulan/EO nanofibers in the absence of γCD. The EO-γCD inclusion complexation also ensured improved thermal stability for EO compounds, and their volatilization shifted from ~ 119–139 to ~ 239–292 °C ranges for pullulan/EO-γCD nanofibers. Moreover, pullulan/EO-γCD nanofibers displayed substantial long-term storage stability and, ~ 48 to 64% of EO content was still preserved even after 4 weeks, while this ratio was in the range of ~ 0.3 to 4.5% in the case of pullulan/EO nanofibers. The pullulan/geraniol-γCD nanofibers displayed an effective antibacterial activity against Gram-positive (S. aureus) and Gram-negative (E. coli) bacteria, and overwhelmingly better performance compared to pullulan/geraniol nanofibers due to the inclusion complexation. Briefly, EO-incorporated nanofibers were generated using GRAS γCD molecules and an edible pullulan polymer, and this approach can be a promising alternative to be effectively used in the food industry for the encapsulation and delivery of volatile EO compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research investigates a specific type of irregularly shaped inclusions in steel, which are typically considered detrimental. A comparative study of two steels, treated with different inclusion modification methods by oxide metallurgy technology, reveals that spherical inclusions with complex structures can provide beneficial multipoint trap sites for hydrogen, thereby reducing the risk of hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC). Notably, irregular stripe-shaped silicate-oxide inclusions with sharp tips, due to their hot-soft characteristics during the process of hot-rolling, do not exacerbate cracks but instead mitigate local stresses. Conversely, large single-phase hard inclusions are detrimental to HIC resistance. This investigation provides insights into the mechanisms behind why certain irregular inclusions do not trigger HIC crack after the NACE TM 0284-2016 standard test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxide metallurgy technology not only refines the microstructure but also modifies the type, density, and size of inclusions. This study examines the impact of Ti–Mg–Ce composite deoxidation on the inclusions and mechanical properties of S355 steel used for heavy‐duty H‐beams. Compared to base alloy, Ti–Mg–Ce‐added alloy features a higher presence of inclusions such as MgO, TiN (containing Ce), TiOx, and TiS, except for SiO2, Al2O3, MnS, and MnO. Following Ti–Mg–Ce composite deoxidation, the number density of inclusions increases by 16.4%, and the equivalent diameter, length, and width of the inclusions decrease by 41.0%, 41.2%, and 37.9%, respectively. The length of large‐angle grain boundaries in the same area increases by 20%, and the average grain size reduces by 12.5%, resulting in an enhancement of yield strength by 23.6 MPa, tensile strength by 37 MPa, total elongation by 2.1%, and impact energy by 92 J. By employing Ti–Mg–Ce composite deoxidation to optimize inclusions and microstructure, the strength, plasticity, and toughness of the experimental steel are significantly improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Itraconazole (ITZ) is one of the broad-spectrum antifungal agents for treating fungal keratitis. In clinical use, ITZ has problems related to its poor solubility in water, which results in low bioavailability when administered orally. To resolve the issue, we formulated ITZ into the inclusion complex (ITZ-IC) system using β-cyclodextrin (β-CD), which can potentially increase the solubility and bioavailability of ITZ. The molecular docking study has confirmed that the binding energy of ITZ with the β-CD was −5.0 kcal/mol, indicating a stable conformation of the prepared inclusion complex. Moreover, this system demonstrated that the inclusion complex could significantly increase the solubility of ITZ up to 4-fold compared to the pure drug. Furthermore, an ocular drug delivery system was developed through dissolving microneedle (DMN) using polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as polymeric substances. The evaluation results of DMN inclusion complexes (ITZ-IC-DMN) showed excellent mechanical strength and insertion ability. In addition, ITZ-IC-DMN can dissolve rapidly upon application. The ex vivo permeation study revealed that 75.71% (equivalent to 3.79 ± 0.21 mg) of ITZ was permeated through the porcine cornea after 24 h. Essentially, ITZ-IC-DMN exhibited no signs of irritation in the HET-CAM study, indicating its safety for application. In conclusion, this study has successfully developed an inclusion complex formulation containing ITZ using β-CD in the DMN system. This approach holds promise for enhancing the solubility and bioavailability of ITZ through ocular administration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An A1/A2 asymmetric-difunctionalized pillar[5]arene bearing n-bormodecyloxy and propargyloxy groups formed four different supramolecular crystal systems depending on the co-crystallization conditions. A cyclic [c2] daisy chain "double-threaded dimer" was obtained when the macrocycle crystallized from a solution containing chloroform and tolualdehyde. Poly[c2] daisy chain, mediated by the solvent molecules, was formed upon crystallization with N,N-dimethylformamide. The supramolecular self-assemblies in the crystal network of the inclusion complex with adiponitrile guest were strongly dependent on the crystallation solvent. The resulting supramolecular assemblies were fully characterized via single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Results of 1H NMR experiments and isothermal calorimetry titration indicated that their behavior in solution was also solvent-dependent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wound healing involves complex stages like hemostasis and inflammation. Berberine, a natural compound, exhibits antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties, aiding healing. Nanotechnology enhances the delivery of berberine, highlighting the need for a reliable analytical method for its quantification. In this study, we developed and validated a High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) method for the simultaneous quantification of berberine in β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex nanoparticles. The method development employed a Box-Behnken Design (BBD) to optimize chromatographic conditions, focusing on the volume of methanol, saturation time, and migration distance. The optimized HPTLC conditions utilized a mobile phase of ethyl acetate, methanol, and water (7:2:1 v/v), achieving a precise separation of berberine with an Rf value of 0.52 ± 0.01. Method validation, following ICH guidelines, confirmed linearity (200-1000 ng/band, R² = 0.999), precision (intra-day and inter-day %RSD < 2%), accuracy (recoveries between 97.1% and 98.5%), robustness, and solution stability (%RSD < 2% after 48 hours). This validated method effectively quantified berberine in nanoformulations, highlighting its potential as a robust analytical tool for evaluating berberine-based wound healing therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyclodextrin (CD) derivatives have gained significant attention in biomedical applications due to their remarkable biocompatibility, unique inclusion capabilities, and potential for functionalization. This review focuses on recent advancements in CD-based assemblies, specifically their role in improving drug delivery, emphasizing remdesivir (RMD). The review introduces CD materials and their versatile applications in self-assembly and supramolecular assembly. CD materials offer immense potential for designing drug delivery systems with enhanced activity. Their inherent inclusion capabilities enable the encapsulation of diverse therapeutic agents, including RMD, resulting in improved solubility, stability, and bioavailability. The recent advances in CD-based assemblies, focusing on their integration with RMD have been concentrated here. Various strategies for constructing these assemblies are discussed, including physical encapsulation, covalent conjugation, and surface functionalization techniques. Furthermore, exploring future directions in these fields has also been provided. Ongoing research efforts are directed toward developing novel CD derivatives with enhanced properties, such as increased encapsulation efficiency and improved release kinetics. Moreover, the integration of CD-based assemblies with advanced technologies such as nanomedicine and gene therapy holds tremendous promise for personalized medicine and precision therapeutics [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A host–guest supramolecular inclusion complex was obtained from the cocrystallization of A1/A2-bromobutoxy-hydroxy difunctionalized pillar[5]arene (PilButBrOH) with adiponitrile (ADN), C47H53.18Br0.82O10·C6H8N2. The adiponitrile guest is stabilized within the electron-rich cavity of the pillar[5]- arene host via multiple C—H...O and C—H...π interactions. Both functional groups on the macrocyclic rim are engaged in supramolecular interactions with an adjacent inclusion complex via hydrogen-bonding (O—H...N or C—H...Br) interactions, resulting in the formation of a supramolecular dimer in the crystal structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Mango is a nutritious fruit but susceptible to the development of black spots on its skin, which can significantly reduce the post‐harvest fruit quality. In response to this challenge, this study focused on preparing and characterising two inclusion complexes (ICs) by combining cinnamon essential oil (CEO) and lemongrass essential oil (LEO) with β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD), named CEO‐β‐CD and LEO‐β‐CD. Their effectiveness in preserving mango fruit were evaluated. The findings demonstrated the successful encapsulation of essential oils by β‐CD, forming two distinct ICs. Moreover, these ICs notably extended the shelf‐life of mangoes by 40% and 25%, respectively, while reducing black spot occurrence on the fruit skin. Additionally, analysis of physicochemical parameters revealed that the CEO‐β‐CD IC, at a dosage of 2.5 mg per gram of mango, could notably enhance the overall fruit quality. In conclusion, the application of CEO‐β‐CD, at an appropriate concentration, exhibits promising potential as an effective preservative for mangoes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we developed a sensitive method for monitoring α‐amylase using a fluorogenic approach based on the host‐guest complexation between an amphiphilic pyrenyl derivative (1) and γ‐cyclodextrins (γ‐CDs). The compound 1 self‐assembles into nanofibrils in aqueous solutions. Upon the introduction of γ‐CD, compound 1 forms an inclusion complex with it. This complex then participates in the formation of a 2 : 2 complex with another complex, leading to strong excimer fluorescence. Upon interaction with α‐amylase, γ‐CD undergoes hydrolysis, leading to the regeneration of nanofibrils, which is accompanied by a decrease in excimer fluorescence and an increase in monomeric fluorescence. This ratiometric fluorescence color change enables the sensitive detection of low levels of α‐amylase in human urine, offering a practical approach for early screening of pancreatic‐related diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The formation of inclusion complexes of 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP β-CD) with 2-hydroxychalcone (2HOCH) in solution and solid state was investigated using UV–Visible, fluorescence, Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) techniques. The results obtained confirmed that 2HOCH formed the stable inclusion complex with HP β-CD. Moreover, the spectral data and Benesi–Hildebrand plots results indicated that the stoichiometry of the inclusion complex was 1:1. Theoretically, the structure of the inclusion complexes and the physical parameters such as complexation energy, highest occupied molecular orbital–lowest unoccupied molecular orbital, and energy gap were obtained using the DFT/B3LYP/6-311G method. It was found that the complexation energy for orientation B was lower than that for orientation A as evidenced by the theoretical calculations. Moreover, the carbonyl group of molecules was located outside of the cyclodextrin cavity while the hydroxyl group was located inside the cavity. The antioxidant capacity and antibacterial responses of the inclusion complexes and, for comparison, the parent compounds were also carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enantioselective separation of atenolol (ATL) enantiomers employing carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin as chiral selector has been reported in a limited number of studies. However, none of these experimental works achieved enantiomer assignment, precluding the elucidation of the enantiomeric migration order (EMO). In this sense, to elucidate for the first time the fundamental principles governing the enantioselective recognition of atenolol enantiomers, we conducted a comprehensive theoretical study of the formation mechanisms of their inclusion complexes. As main result, based on structural, electronic, and energetic properties, we were able to indicate that (-)-(S)-ATL is anticipated to exhibit a prolonged migration time compared to (+)-(R)-ATL. This differential migration behavior stems from the stronger interaction between (-)-(S)-ATL and the chiral selector, resulting in a more stable inclusion complex and consequently, enhanced retention. These findings highlight the remarkable potential of molecular modeling techniques in deepening our understanding of enantioseparation mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hemin, a heme-like compound with significant biological activity, shows promise as an iron supplement for humans. Nonetheless, its poor solubility in water greatly impedes its absorption and utilization. To surmount this obstacle, researchers have chosen various cyclodextrins with distinct cavity sizes and derivative groups to act as hosts, forming inclusion complexes with hemin chloride. Among these, γ-cyclodextrin has been identified as the optimal carrier, based on a thorough evaluation of its encapsulation efficiency, solubility, and molecular docking. Multiple characterization techniques further confirmed the formation of these inclusion complexes. Results from IEC-6 cell experiments indicated that the cytotoxicity of the inclusion complexes was lower than that of FeSO4. Static and dynamic gastrointestinal simulation digestion systems were established, and the results showed that the bioavailability of the inclusion complex was significantly higher than that of raw hemin. Additionally, only about 0.29% of hemin chloride is digested by gastric enzymes, whereas 9.52% is digested by pancreatic enzymes in the static gastrointestinal simulation digestion system, with similar outcomes observed in the dynamic system. These findings suggest that targeted digestion in the intestine significantly enhances the bioavailability of hemin chloride by forming inclusion complexes in vitro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In our work, serine-modified β-cyclodextrin (Ser-β-CD) was synthesized and a berberine hydrochloride (BBH)/Ser-β-CD inclusion complex (IC) was prepared using the freeze-drying method. Phase solubility studies showed that BBH and Ser-β-CD formed stable inclusion complexes in a stoichiometric ratio of 1 : 1. The IC was characterized using SEM and FT-IR analyses. The results of molecular docking showed that BBH was completely contained in the Ser-β-CD cavity and the binding energy was −7.87 kcal mol−1. The results of in vitro release studies indicated that BBH could be released slowly from the IC. In addition, the prepared Ser-β-CD and IC had good biocompatibility. The IC demonstrated excellent antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). Therefore, the BBH/Ser-β-CD IC has potential application prospects in biomedicine and food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In our work, the inclusion ability and binding pattern of flavonoids (catechin, iso‐liquiritigenin, luteolin, puerarin, rutin, and curcumin) with β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD) and curcumin (CUR) with CDs (α‐CD, β‐CD, γ‐CD, dimethyl‐β‐CD, Hydroxypropyl‐β‐CD, and glucosyl‐β‐CD) were studied by molecular docking. The results showed that CUR among the six flavonoids was more likely to form stable inclusion complexes with β‐CD, and the HP‐β‐CD is the most suitable for CUR inclusion among the 6 types of CD. Phase solubility studies showed that CUR with β‐CD or HP‐β‐CD, respectively, could form stable inclusion complexes in a stoichiometric ratio of 1 : 1. The CUR/β‐CD and CUR/HP‐β‐CD inclusion complexes (ICs) were prepared by freeze‐drying method. The successful preparation of IC was confirmed by SEM images, FT‐IR spectra, and TG‐DSC. The results of in vitro release showed that the release of CUR from IC prepared with β‐CD or HP‐β‐CD could be improved significantly, and the release effect of HP‐β‐CD was better than that of β‐CD. The inclusion with CD could be used to improve the solubility and bioavailability of CUR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

N,N′-Bis(9-phenyl-9-xanthenyl)butane-1,4-diamine (H), a compound bearing two tricyclic fused ring systems linked by means of a four carbon diamino chain, was assessed for its host ability when presented with the three dichlorobenzene (DCB) isomers by means of crystallization experiments from each one. In this manner, it was shown that H was not capable of encapsulating pDCB, whilst both oDCB and mDCB successfully formed inclusion compounds with this host compound; host : guest (H : G) ratios were 1 : 1.5 in both instances. Host crystallization experiments from binary guest mixtures involving oDCB and mDCB demonstrated that H possessed only a moderate selectivity towards oDCB (the selectivity coefficients, K, were low and ranged between 2.1 and 5.4). However, remarkably, the preference of H towards oDCB when mixed in a 40 : 60 molar ratio with pDCB was overwhelming, and 89.3% of oDCB was measured in the crystals; K was significant (12.5). Of even greater prominence was the observation that when oDCB/pDCB were mixed in 80 : 20 molar proportions, only oDCB (100.0%) was observed in the complex, and K was infinite. These results demonstrate that oDCB/pDCB (40 : 60 and 80 : 20) may be separated/purified by means of H through supramolecular chemistry strategies, this being extremely challenging to achieve by means of more conventional fraction distillations due to similarities in the physical properties of these isomers. Meaningful single crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD) data were only possible for H·1.5(oDCB) as the crystal quality of complex H·1.5(mDCB) was poor (owing to extreme twinning). This complex (H·1.5(oDCB)) was also subjected to Hirshfeld surface analyses, while both complexes were analysed by means of thermoanalytical experiments as well: H·1.5(oDCB) experienced a multi-stepped guest release process whilst the guest in H·1.5(mDCB) escaped from the crystals of the complex in a single step. Finally, the thermal stability of the complex with preferred oDCB was higher than that with less favoured mDCB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improved solubility and anti-inflammatory (AI) properties are imperative for enhancing the effectiveness of poorly water-soluble drugs, particularly non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). To address these critical issues, our focus is on obtaining NSAID materials in the form of inclusion complexes (IC) with methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (MCD). Ketoprofen (KTP) is selected as the NSAID for this study due to its potency in treating various types of pain, inflammation, and arthritis. Our objective is to tackle the solubility challenge followed by enhancing the AI activity. Confirmation of complexation is achieved through observing changes in the absorbance and fluorescence intensities of KTP upon the addition of MCD, indicating a 1:1 stoichiometric ratio. Phase solubility studies demonstrated improved dissolution rates after the formation of ICs. Further analysis of the optimized IC is conducted using FT-IR, NMR, FE-SEM, and TG/DTA techniques. Notable shifts in chemical shift values and morphological alterations on the surface of the ICs are observed compared to their free form. Most significantly, the IC exhibited superior AI and anti-arthritic (AA) activity compared to KTP alone. These findings highlight the potential of ICs in expanding the application of KTP, particularly in pharmaceuticals, where enhanced stability and efficacy of natural AIs and AAs are paramount. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]