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Probiotics are live microorganisms that, when consumed in adequate amounts, exert health benefits on the host by regulating intestinal and extraintestinal homeostasis. Common probiotic microorganisms include lactic acid bacteria (LAB), yeasts, and Bacillus species. Here, we present Probio-ichnos, the first manually curated, literature-based database that collects and comprehensively presents information on the microbial strains exhibiting in vitro probiotic characteristics (i.e., resistance to acid and bile, attachment to host epithelia, as well as antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, antiproliferative, and antioxidant activity), derived from human, animal or plant microbiota, fermented dairy or non-dairy food products, and environmental sources. Employing a rigorous methodology, we conducted a systematic search of the PubMed database utilizing the keyword 'probiotic' within the abstracts or titles, resulting in a total of 27,715 studies. Upon further manual filtering, 2207 studies presenting in vitro experiments and elucidating strain-specific probiotic attributes were collected and used for data extraction. The Probio-ichnos database consists of 12,993 entries on the in vitro probiotic characteristics of 11,202 distinct strains belonging to 470 species and 143 genera. Data are presented using a binary categorization approach for the presence of probiotic attributes according to the authors' conclusions. Additionally, information about the availability of the whole-genome sequence (WGS) of strains is included in the database. Overall, the Probio-ichnos database aims to streamline the navigation of the available literature to facilitate targeted validation and comparative investigation of the probiotic properties of the microbial strains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Probiotics are live microorganisms that, when consumed in adequate amounts, exert health benefits on the host by regulating intestinal and extraintestinal homeostasis. Common probiotic microorganisms include lactic acid bacteria (LAB), yeasts, and Bacillus species. Here, we present Probio-ichnos, the first manually curated, literature-based database that collects and comprehensively presents information on the microbial strains exhibiting in vitro probiotic characteristics (i.e., resistance to acid and bile, attachment to host epithelia, as well as antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, antiproliferative, and antioxidant activity), derived from human, animal or plant microbiota, fermented dairy or non-dairy food products, and environmental sources. Employing a rigorous methodology, we conducted a systematic search of the PubMed database utilizing the keyword ‘probiotic’ within the abstracts or titles, resulting in a total of 27,715 studies. Upon further manual filtering, 2207 studies presenting in vitro experiments and elucidating strain-specific probiotic attributes were collected and used for data extraction. The Probio-ichnos database consists of 12,993 entries on the in vitro probiotic characteristics of 11,202 distinct strains belonging to 470 species and 143 genera. Data are presented using a binary categorization approach for the presence of probiotic attributes according to the authors’ conclusions. Additionally, information about the availability of the whole-genome sequence (WGS) of strains is included in the database. Overall, the Probio-ichnos database aims to streamline the navigation of the available literature to facilitate targeted validation and comparative investigation of the probiotic properties of the microbial strains.

IntroductionCronobacter sakazakii is an opportunistic pathogen, which has been linked to the contamination of powdered infant formula, and associated with outbreaks leading to fatalities in neonatal intensive care units. Few studies have explored the direct interaction between probiotics and C. sakazakii. In this study, the effect of a Lactiplantibacillus plantarum strain (M17) along with the standard strain Lactobacillus plantarum (ATCC 8014) and the well-characterized probiotic strain Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG on the adhesion of C. sakazakii to intestinal epithelial cells was analyzed. Materials and MethodsAcid and bile tolerance of M17 was evaluated in the presence of pepsin and pancreatin. L-arginine hydrolysis was investigated using an arginine-including medium. Auto-aggregation and co-aggregation assays were performed by absorbance measurement. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of the antimicrobials recommended by the European Food Safety Authority were established. Total lactic acid and the ratio of D/L lactate isomers were determined with a Megazyme enzymatic kit. The ability of the isolate to produce biogenic amines was tested by qualitative and quantitative monitoring. Hemolysis was assessed phenotypically on MRS agar enriched with sheep blood. The strain was tested for its capability to adhere to mucin and Caco-2 cells. The antagonistic effects of the strain against C. sakazakii were further evaluated in vitro on mucin and cultured Caco-2 cells. The LAB strain was added simultaneously with, before, and after C. sakazakii to Caco-2 cells for competition, exclusion and displacement assays, respectively. Data analysis was performed in R using one-way analysis of variance, and the experimental groups were compared with the controls using Tukey’s test. P values

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The present study was planned to identify the Bacillus probiotic characteristics from a strain knows as Bacillus spp. in with the aim of use as a probiotic candidate in broiler chickens feed. The strain was identified phenotypically and evaluated for their viability through total plate count method, colony morphology, catalase test, hemolysis activity, pH (2 and 3) and bile salts (0.3% w/v) tolerance under simulated gastrointestinal tract (GIT) conditions, rate of survivability (%), spores resistance at high temperature and antibiotics susceptibility tests. Registered under the code IBNA 66, the strain was identified by API 50CHB (ID 99.9%) and ABIS online (91.8% similarity) as Bacillus megaterium. The strain presented a viable count of 3 x 1011 CFU/mL after 22±2h of incubation at 37°C, 120 rpm with positive catalase, and non-hemolytic activity results. Also, Bacillus megaterium showed a significant resistance and survivability at pH 2 (P

The objective of this study was to isolate, identify, and characterize new Lactobacillus strains with high probiotic potentials from the gastrointestinal tract of broiler chickens. The selected lactobacilli include five species: Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus salivarius and Lactobacillus plantarum. All strains were evaluated for their viability on selective medium, pH 3.0 tolerance and 0.3% bile salts for 3h. The strains IBNA 29 and IBNA 48 were the most resistant following exposure to gut conditions. After 3h of incubation, IBNA 29 registered a hight survival rate around 85% at low pH (8.50±0.176 log CFU/mL), respectively 90% (9.01±0.045 log CFU/mL) in the presence of bile salts; IBNA 48 showed a growth with 15.32% (8.027±0.04 CFU/mL), and 34.32% (6.22±0.242 CFU/mL), less at these useful traits. Taken together, the strain Lactobacillus salivarius IBNA 29 manifested the best resistance with the potential for use in the production of probiotic and can be a possible candidate for application as a feed additive in poultry nutrition.

The present study was planned to identify the Bacillus probiotic characteristics from a strain knows as Bacillus spp. in with the aim of use as a probiotic candidate in broiler chickens feed. The strain was identified phenotypically and evaluated for their viability through total plate count method, colony morphology, catalase test, hemolysis activity, pH (2 and 3) and bile salts (0.3% w/v) tolerance under simulated gastrointestinal tract (GIT) conditions, rate of survivability (%), spores resistance at high temperature and antibiotics susceptibility tests. Registered under the code IBNA 66, the strain was identified by API 50CHB (ID 99.9%) and ABIS online (91.8% similarity) as Bacillus megaterium. The strain presented a viable count of 3 x 1011 CFU/mL after 22±2h of incubation at 37°C, 120 rpm with positive catalase, and non-hemolytic activity results. Also, Bacillus megaterium showed a significant resistance and survivability at pH 2 (P <0.0001, 62.09%) and pH 3 (P <0.0001, 77.53%), bile salts (P <0.0001, 84.27%), with a high ability to produce spores (after 120 min. at 80°C show 9.47 Log CFU/mL, P <0.0001). The antibiotic susceptibility test showed 100.00% resistance of strain to oxacillin (1 μg/mL), with multiple antibiotic resistance indices above 0.5. In conclusion, Bacillus megaterium can be an ideal probiotic candidate that can potentially be formulated and applied in the poultry feed for improving performance and modulated GIT microflora. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to isolate, identify, and characterize new Lactobacillus strains with high probiotic potentials from the gastrointestinal tract of broiler chickens. The selected lactobacilli include five species: Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus salivarius and Lactobacillus plantarum. All strains were evaluated for their viability on selective medium, pH 3.0 tolerance and 0.3% bile salts for 3h. The strains IBNA 29 and IBNA 48 were the most resistant following exposure to gut conditions. After 3h of incubation, IBNA 29 registered a height survival rate around 85% at low pH (8.50±0.176 log CFU/mL), respectively 90% (9.01±0.045 log CFU/mL) in the presence of bile salts; IBNA 48 showed a growth with 15.32% (8.027±0.04 CFU/mL), and 34.32% (6.22±0.242 CFU/mL), less at these useful traits. Taken together, the strain Lactobacillus salivarius IBNA 29 manifested the best resistance with the potential for use in the production of probiotic and can be a possible candidate for application as a feed additive in poultry nutrition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study was conducted to investigate the probiotic potential of the bacterial species from biofloc reared genetically improved farmed tilapia (GIFT) using in vitro quantitative assays. Based on the morphological, biochemical and 16S rRNA sequencing analysis, isolated bacterial species from GIFT gut were identified as Bacillus infantis, Exiguobacterium profundum, Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus megaterium. The in vitro probiotic properties such as bile salt hydrolase activity, bile tolerance, growth at different bile concentrations, antibiotic susceptibility test, antimicrobial activity, auto aggregation test, bacterial adhesion to hydrocarbons and resistance to gastric acidity were performed. All the isolates showed higher resistance to bile tolerance test and growth of cultures was observed from 0.5 to 8% bile salt concentrations. The distinct zone of hydrolysis was marked in the tested isolates in bile salt hydrolysis activity. Except B. infantis, all the other three isolates were predominantly resistant to the tested antibiotics. Antimicrobial activity against three pathogens, viz. Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio harveyi and Aeromonas hydrophila was observed in all the isolates. E. profundum and B. subtilis showed improved auto aggregation. Enhanced resistance to bile salt adhesion to hydrocarbon and in vitro gastric acidity (pH 3) was seen in B. megaterium. It is one of such unique studies confirming the probiotic effect of Bacillus sp. isolated mainly from GIFT biofloc culture. B. subtilis and B. megaterium exhibited remarkable in vitro probiotic properties and thus can be recommended as a successful probiotic strain for fish farming.

In present study, Ag-doped TiO2 bioceramic coatings are fabricated on cp-Ti by plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) and physical vapor deposition (PVD). The phase composition, surface microstructure, elemental composition, surface topography, wettability and chemical state of the PEO and Ag-doped TiO2 surfaces are characterized by using powder- and thin film-X-ray diffraction (TF-XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), surface profilometer and contact angle measurement system (CAM), respectively. The PEO coating' surface is porous and rough due to the nature of process. The Ti, anatase-TiO2, rutile-TiO2 and Ag2O phases are detected on the Ag-doped PEO surfaces by TF-XRD while The Ti, anatase and rutile phases are obtained on the PEO surfaces. The surface morphological structures of the PEO and Ag-doped PEO coatings are nearly identical although the surface chemistry of it is changed by PVD process. The Ti, O, P and Ag elements are observed on the Ag-doped PEO surfaces by EDS. Also, the amount of Ag existed on the surface is below cytotoxic limit. The Ag-doped PEO surfaces indicate better hydrophilic character to the PEO surface owing to increasing polarity of the surfaces. In vitro hydroxyapatite-forming ability is evaluated by immersion in simulated body fluid (SBF) at 36.5 °C for 28 days. The Agdoped PEO surfaces show good hydroxyapatite formation ability compared to the PEO surface. The antibacterial activity is evaluated by exposing the samples to Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli). And then, they are compared by the reaction of the pathogens to Ag-doped PEO with the PEO controls. The antibacterial ability of the Ag-doped PEO surfaces is significantly improved respect to the PEO surfaces for S. aureus and E. coli. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hydroxyapatite (HA); a bioactive and biocompatible; was formed on steel by electro-spark deposition (ESD) and micro-arc oxidation (MAO). At the first stage, Ti6Al4V alloy was coated on steel by ESD method under argon atmosphere. And then, the HA-based ceramic coatings were directly fabricated on ESD coated surface by MAO in an aqueous electrolyte containing calcium acetate and β-calcium glycerophosphate-based electrolyte at 30 min. The phase structure, surface and cross-sectional morphology, surface topography and roughness, wettability, surface and cross-sectional elemental composition and functional groups of the coatings were characterized by X-ray diffractometer (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), surface profilometer, contact angle goniometer (CAG), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDX-Mapping) and Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), respectively. The highly crystalline HA structure was detected on ESD + MAO surface. The HA-based surface was rough and porous due to the existence of micro discharge channels through MAO. The elements such as Ca and P in the structure of HA were homogeneously distributed over the whole surface. The HA-based duplex coating had a low contact angle indicated a hydrophilic character due to the existence of porous and rough structure on the surface. The bioactivity of HA-based coatings was carried out by immersion test in simulated body fluid (SBF) at body temperatures up to 14 days. After 14 days, the HA-based surface was uniformly covered by secondary apatite structure. The HA-based coating on steel significantly contributed improving bioactivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A blue calcium phosphate cement with optimal self-hardening properties was synthesized by doping whitlockite (β-TCP) with copper ions. The mechanism and the kinetics of the cement solidification process were studied using energy dispersive X-ray diffraction and it was found out that hardening was accompanied by the phase transition from TCP to brushite. Reduced lattice parameters in all crystallographic directions resulting from the rather low (1:180) substitution rate of copper for calcium was consistent with the higher ionic radius of the latter. The lower cationic hydration resulting from the partial Ca → Cu substitution facilitated the release of constitutive hydroxyls and lowered the energy of formation of TCP from the apatite precursor at elevated temperatures. Addition of copper thus effectively inhibited the formation of apatite as the secondary phase. The copper-doped cement exhibited an antibacterial effect, though exclusively against Gram-negative bacteria, including E. coli , P. aeruginosa and S. enteritidis . This antibacterial effect was due to copper ions, as demonstrated by an almost negligible antibacterial effect of the pure, copper-free cement. Also, the antibacterial activity of the copper-containing cement was significantly higher than that of its precursor powder. Since there was no significant difference between the kinetics of the release of copper from the precursor TCP powder and from the final, brushite phase of the hardened cement, this has suggested that the antibacterial effect was not solely due to copper ions, but due to the synergy between cationic copper and a particular phase and aggregation state of calcium phosphate. Though inhibitory to bacteria, the copper-doped cement increased the viability of human glial E297 cells, murine osteoblastic K7M2 cells and especially human primary lung fibroblasts. That this effect was also due to copper ions was evidenced by the null effect on viability increase exhibited by the copper-free cements. The difference in the mechanism of protection of dehydratases in prokaryotes and eukaryotes was used as a rationale for explaining the hereby evidenced selectivity in biological response. It presents the basis for the consideration of copper as a dually effective ion when synergized with calcium phosphates: toxic for bacteria and beneficial for the healthy cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives. To characterize the in vitro binding and effector function properties of CD20-directed small modular immunopharmaceutical (SMIP) 2LM20-4, and to compare its in vivo B-cell depletion activity with the mutated 2LM20-4 P331S [no in vitro complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC)] and rituximab in cynomolgus monkeys.Methods. Direct binding is examined in flow cytometry, confocal microscopy, scatchard and lipid raft assays. Effector function assays include CDC and Fc-mediated cellular toxicity. In the 6-month-long in vivo B-cell depletion study, single i.v. dosages of 1 or 10 mg/kg of anti-CD20 proteins were administered to monkeys and B-cell counts were monitored in peripheral blood, bone marrow and lymph nodes.Results. 2LM20-4 has lower saturation binding to human primary B cells and recruits fewer CD20 molecules into lipid rafts compared with rituximab; however, it induces higher in vitro CDC. In competitive binding, 2LM20-4 only partially displaces rituximab, suggesting that it binds to a fraction of CD20 molecules within certain locations of the plasma membrane as compared with rituximab. In monkeys, 2LM20-4 had more sustained B-cell depletion activity than rituximab in peripheral blood and had significantly more profound and sustained activity than 2LM20-4 P331S and rituximab in the lymph nodes.Conclusions. SMIP 2LM20-4, which binds to a fraction of CD20 molecules as compared with rituximab, has more potent in vitro CDC, and more potent and sustained B-cell depletion activity in cynomolgus monkeys. Our work has considerable clinical relevance since it provides novel insights related to the emerging B-cell depletion therapies in autoimmune diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Abstract: Probiotics have established their efficacy as dietary adjuncts providing benefits to consumers, but the selection of probiotics before incorporation in diet requires close scrutiny in the form of in vitro as well as in vivo tests. The present study was undertaken to check different in vitro characteristics of seven Lactobacillus casei strains. The characteristics studied include acid and bile tolerance, adhesion and cell surface hydrophobicity, antimicrobial effect on common pathogens and cholesterol reduction. All strains were able to resist pH 3 for 3 h, though resistance to pH 2 was exhibited by NCDC 17, C1 and Y strains only. NCDC 63 and VT strains were able to tolerate 1% and 2% bile concentrations for 12 h. There was wide variation in ability of strains to adhere to isolated rat epithelial cells. The index was highest for C1 at 66%. The electron microscopic adhesion studies on the stainless steel chips did not reveal any specific attachment to surfaces by any of strains. The hydrophobic character for octane was highest for strain C1 at 54.06% and lowest for strain C2 at 4.65%. The ability to antagonize common pathogens was observed in all strains but this activity was attributed to production of organic acids and no specific compound caused the inhibitory effect. The cholesterol reducing ability varied not only for strains but also for time of incubation. NCDC 17 showed maximum reduction in cholesterol level after 48 h of incubation with buffalo plasma as the source of cholesterol. Overall there existed variations in different strains with respect to different characters of significance to be a probiotic. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A polyanhydride implant containing gentamicin sulfate was fabricated using a laboratory-scale injection-molding machine. After injection molding, the implants were subject to heat treatment at 60°C for various time periods with or without nitrogen protection. The impact of this heat treatment on the in vitro properties of the implants including copolymer molecular weights, mechanical properties, and in vitro drug-release profiles was investigated. This heat treatment caused a drastic drop in the molecular weight of the copolymer. Heating without nitrogen protection resulted in the hardening of the implant, but heating in the presence of nitrogen rendered the implant less rigid. It was also found that a faster in vitro drug release profile was shown by implants heated without nitrogen protection and a pronounced slowing down in drug release was exhibited by implants heated with nitrogen protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effect of using different types of fuel and various amounts of Si4+ ions on the biological properties of silicon-doped calcium phosphates (CaPs), which were synthesized using solution combustion method were investigated. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns showed that hydroxyapatite/beta-tricalcium phosphate (HA/βTCP) was crystallized in all synthesized samples. The synthesized sample using glycine as fuel, which doped with 0.1 mol Si4+ ions exhibited the most desirable properties. Consecutively, the zeta potential and specific surface area were enhanced from −20 to −27 mV and 38 to 146 m2/g, respectively, by increasing the amount of Si4+ ions from 0 to 0.1 mol. The bioactivity of the samples immersed in simulated body fluid (SBF) was innovatively determined by the joint analyses of the tensiometer, inductively coupled plasma (ICP), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and XRD data. These findings plus theoretical calculations demonstrate, for the first time, that the Si4+ doping could improve the bioactivity of the powders up to ~155%. The results of in vitro cell-based experiments, including cell viability, alizarin red staining, and cell attachment, confirmed the positive effects of Si-doped powders in the biological systems. Furthermore, Si-doped powders were able to improve the migration ability of mammalian cells in vitro ; they could be considered good candidates in angiogenesis-based therapeutic strategies. Unlabelled Image • A series of silicon (Si)-doped calcium phosphates (CaPs) were successfully synthesized by the solution combustion approach. • The effect of different fuels on the morphology of (CaPs) particles was investigated. • Synthesis routes have a promising effect on the in vitro performance of the synthesized powder. • A cost-effective approach was successfully proposed to quantify the bioactivity of CaPs. • The doping Si4+ ions in CaPs were resulted in improved in vitro biological properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A thin diamond-like carbon (DLC) film, a graphite-like carbon (GLC) film and a thick diamond-like carbon (PE-DLC) film are deposited on the micro arc oxidation (MAO) coated pure titanium substrates using a hybrid ion beam deposition system, magnetron sputtering and plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition, respectively. The microstructure, adhesion, biological corrosion resistance and biotribological properties were determined. The results showed that the three duplex coatings presented uneven surface features and increased binding force. The binding force of the duplex coatings was strongly affected by the bonding strength between the MAO coating and Ti substrate. Although the roughness Ra of the three duplex coatings was high, their friction coefficients were small (under 0.22) in the SBF solution. The MAO/DLC and MAO/GLC coatings showed an excellent tribological behavior and corrosion resistance in the SBF solution. Image 1 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to evaluate the functional and probiotic characteristics of eight indigenous Lactobacillus strains in vitro. The selected lactobacilli include strains of Lactobacillus casei subsp. casei, Lactobacillus salivarius subsp. salicinius, Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus, and Lactobacillus rhamnosus. All strains tolerated both pH 2 for 3 h and 1% bile salt for 24 h. The strains CICC 23174 and CGMCC 1.557 were the most adhesive strains producing the highest quantity of EPS. Although a wide variation in the ability of the eight strains to deplete cholesterol and nitrite, antagonize pathogens, scavenge free radical, and stimulate innate immune response were observed, the strains CICC 23174 and CGMCC 1.557 showed the widest range of these useful traits. Taken together, the strains CICC 23174 and CGMCC 1.557 exhibited the best probiotic properties with the potential for use in the production of probiotic fermented foods., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)