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Autorice u radu polaze od rezultata znanstveno- - istraživačkog rada kojim su zaključile da, iako između nacionalnog uređenja zaštite od imisija i konvencijske zaštite, koja se pruža pravu na život u zdravoj životnoj sredini, postoje važne razlike, a imajući u vidu ulogu Europske konvencije za zaštitu ljudskih prava i temeljnih sloboda (načelo supsidijarnosti) nije nezamislivo da se zaštitom ovog prava (koje su države dužne štititi) osnaži položaj našeg ovlaštenika negatorijske zaštite (npr. mogućnost da se na manje složen način utvrde pretpostavke relevantne za negatorijsku zaštitu ; otklone diskrepancije, kao npr. zahtjev da stvarnopravnoj zaštiti od imisija prethodi ona po posebnim propisima, i sl.). U ovom pravcu analiziraju noviju konvencijsku praksu i uspoređuju uređenje negatorijske zaštite (zaštite prava vlasništva od uznemiravanja) sa zaštitom specifičnog konvencijskog prava – prava na život u zdravoj životnoj sredini tumačenog u praksi Europskog suda na temelju čl. 8. Konvencije i zaštite prava na poštovanje privatnog i obiteljskog života i doma. Iscrpno analizirajući pravo na život u zdravoj životnoj sredini, detaljno objašnjavaju kojim se metodama i načelima tumačenja Europski sud vodi kada ga štiti, odnosno kako ga uopće razumije i tumači, nastavljajući ovako svoje istraživanje i s obzirom na ovo pitanje. Posebno se usredotočuju na obilježja prava koja su od ranije postulirana: zahtjev da utjecaji i smetnje iz okoliša i životne sredine ograničavaju konvencijsko pravo (tj. postojanje specifične konvencijske uzročne veze) ; kategorija minimalnog stupnja ozbiljnosti ; osciliranje tog kvantuma (minimalnog stupnja ozbiljnosti) u okviru konvencijskih varijabli te opseg (i vrsta) zaštite prava na život u zdravoj životnoj sredini kroz paradigmu pozitivnih/negativnih obveza država ugovornica, naravno, imajući u vidu novije predmete pred Sudom. U zaključku autorice odgovaraju na pitanje kojim su naslovile rad.

Na području Centralnog uređaja za pročišćavanje otpadnih voda grada Zagreba (CUPOVZ) od 2004. godine provode se ciljana mjerenja imisijskih koncentracija sumporovodika (H2S), amonijaka (NH3) i ukupnih merkaptana (R−SH). U ovom radu prikazani su rezultati mjerenja provedenih tijekom 2017. godine na dvije mjerne postaje: Biologija-sjever i Biologija-jug, koje su smještene u krugu CUPOVZ-a. 24-satni uzorci H2S, NH3 i R−SH sakupljani su po mjesec dana u svakom godišnjem dobu. Koncentracije H2S, NH3 i R−SH na obje mjerne postaje pokazuju statistički značajnu sezonsku ovisnost (p < 0,05). Promatrajući sva mjerna razdoblja zajedno, pronađene su visoke pozitivne korelacije između svih onečišćujućih tvari i temperature te negativne s tlakom. Ovo djelo je dano na korištenje pod licencom Creative Commons Imenovanje 4.0 međunarodna., Since 2004, continuous measurements of hydrogen sulphide (H2S), ammonia (NH3), and mercaptan (R−SH) levels in air have been monitored in the area of the Central wastewater treatment plant Zagreb (CUPOVZ). At two measuring sites within the CUPOVZ area, Biology-north and Biology-south, for a month in every season in 2017, twenty-four hour samples of H2S, NH3, and R−SH were collected. Measured concentrations of gaseous pollutants showed statistically significant seasonal variations (p < 0.05) at both measuring stations. For the overall period, high positive correlations were found between all pollutants and temperature, and negative with pressure. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Magistrsko delo se v uvodu, s kratkim opisom, »dotakne« samega pojma lastninske pravice, saj gre za eno ključnih človekovih pravic, ki je deležna pravnega varstva na najvišji ravni. Kot pomemben institut, s katerim se želi zagotoviti mirno sosedsko življenje, je v nadaljevanju zaključnega dela podan oris različnih omejitev lastninske pravice, katerim je podvržen imetnik pravice. Stvarnopravna določila pa ne zavezujejo samo lastnikov, temveč tudi neposrednega posestnika, zato je v magistrski nalogi smiselno podana tudi krajša opredelitev posesti. Za boljši vpogled, in pravilno razumevanje imisij, se magistrska naloga nadalje opredeli do samega sosedskega prava, katerega glavna naloga je sosedom omogočiti prijetno sobivanje na prostorsko povezanih nepremičninah in v okviru katerega se obravnavajo imisije kot najbolj tipičen institut sosedskega prava. Z izrazom sosedstvo lahko opredelimo družbeno razmerje sosedov, torej tistih ljudi, ki so prostorsko povezani. Temu sledi pregled različnih vrst tožbenih zahtevkov, ki so na voljo posameznikom v okviru pravnega varstva pred prepovedanimi imisijami, ter razmejitev med stvarnopravnim in obligacijskopravnim varstvom. V jedru zaključnega dela so predstavljene imisije, kot eden najbolj tipičnih sosedskopravnih institutov, ter njihova klasifikacija glede na različne vrste. Imisije so raznovrstni vplivi, ki izhajajo iz ene nepremičnine in jih je mogoče zaznati na drugi nepremičnini. Niso pa vsi moteči vplivi tudi prepovedani, saj mora med lastniki prostorsko povezanih nepremičnin obstajati določena mera tolerance, na podlagi katere je vsakdo, do določene mere, dolžan trpeti vplive, ki prihajajo in se širijo iz okolice. Ali gre za prepovedano imisijo, pa je odvisno od krajevnih razmer ali škode, ki je bila prizadejana nepremičnini. Kot zanimivost, se magistrsko delo opredeli tudi do idealnih imisij, ki predstavljajo eno od vrst imisij za katero v slovenski teoriji in sodni praksi še ni jasnih stališč ali jim je priznana pravna veljava ali ne. In the introduction, the master's thesis, with a brief description, "touches" on the concept of right to property, as one of the key human rights that has the highest level of legal protection. The definition of right to property is given, as well as its placement in the field of property law. As an important institute aiming to secure a peaceful neighborhood life, the following section outlines the various restrictions on rights to property, which the right holder is subject. However, not only the owners, but also the direct owner are bound by the legal provisions, so a shorter definition of the possession is sensible in the master's thesis. For a better insight and a proper understanding of the immissions, the master's thesis is further defined by the neighborhood law itself, whose main task is to provide neighbors with a comfortable living on spatially connected real estate and within which the immissions are considered as the most typical neighborhood law institute. The term neighborhood can be used to define the social relationship of neighbors, ie those people who are spatially connected. This is followed by an overview of the various types of actions available in the context of legal protection against illicit immissions and the distinction between substantive and legal liability. At the core of the final part are the imissions, as one of the most typical neighborhood law institutes, and their classification according to different types. Imissions are a variety of influences arising from one property that can be detected on another property. Not all disturbing influences are also forbidden, since there must be a degree of tolerance among the owners of spatially connected real estate, whereby everyone, to a certain extent, is obliged to suffer the influences coming from and spreading from the surroundings. Whether it is forbidden imission depends on the local situation or the damage done to the property. Ideal imissions are also identified as interesting in the master's thesis, which represent one of the types of imissions for which there are no clear positions in Slovenian theory and case law if they are legally recognized.

Podnebne spremembe in onesnaženje zraka bodisi neposredno ali posredno vplivajo na uživanje človekovih pravic, vključno s pravico do najvišje dosegljivih zdravstvenih standardov. Svet Organizacije združenih narodov za človekove pravice je nevarnosti onesnaženja zraka in podnebnih sprememb na kakovost življenja priznal in začel aktivno izvajati podnebne ukrepe. Resolucija št. 29/15 priznava, da podnebne spremembe vplivajo na širok spekter človekovih pravic in poziva k posebnemu poudarku vpliva, ki ga ima degradacija okolja na pravico do zdravja. Kot odgovor na Resolucijo in korak proti učinkovitim ukrepom je sprejetje Okvirne konvencije Združenih narodov o podnebnih spremembah (poznane tudi kot Pariški sporazum) kot prvega univerzalnega in pravno zavezujočega globalnega sporazuma o podnebnih spremembah. V Preambuli Pariškega sporazuma je zaveza držav podpisnic, da bodo aktivno ukrepale pri reševanju podnebnih sprememb, spoštovale, spodbujale in upoštevale njihove obveznosti glede človekovih pravic, pravice do zdravja, pravic avtohtonih prebivalcev, lokalnih skupnosti, migrantov, otrok, invalidov in ljudi v občutljivih razmerah ter pravice do razvoja ter enakosti spolov, krepitve vloge žensk in medgeneracijski kapital. Tudi Evropska Unija, kot podpisnica sporazuma izvaja aktivno politiko k reševanju tovrstne problematike, tako s sprejemanjem pravnih aktov, najpomembnejše je sprejetje Direktive 2008/50/ES o kakovosti zunanjega zraka in čistejšem zraku za Evropo in njeno izvajanje, kot v izvajanju postopkov proti državam članicam za kršitev obveznosti iz Direktive. Namen magistrske naloge je oceniti ali trenutna ureditev pravice do čistega zraka, ki se uresničuje v sklopu 72. člena Ustave Republike Slovenije in določa pravico do zdravega življenjskega okolja, zadostuje k ustreznemu pravnemu varstvu ali bi bilo smiselno pravico do čistega zraka povzdigniti v samostojno človekovo pravico in s tem napraviti odmik od sistema, ki je antropocentrično naravnan. Rezultati študije so pokazali, da tako Evropska Unija kot slovenski pravni sistem ponuja določeno mero sodnega varstva pravice znotraj individualnih in kolektivnih sporov, ki pa je zaradi abstraktnosti pomanjkljiva. Dikcije zakonov, ki urejajo tovrstno problematiko velikokrat uporabljajo splošne pravne standarde, ki napotujejo na konkretizacijo v sodnih sporih. Zaradi neugodnega položaja tožnikov, saj se največkrat znajdejo v postopkih zoper nasprotne stranke, ki so zaradi sredstev, s katerimi razpolagajo v očitnem nesorazmerju moči, se spori zaradi tveganosti niti ne začnejo. Posledično je sodna praksa pri konkretiziranju pravnih standardov skopa in ne ponuja širok nabor rešitev. Dolgotrajnost postopkov in tveganje o plačilu stroškov so glavni razlogi ne samo, da se spor pred rednimi sodišči sploh ne začne, ampak tudi, da se razprava o pravici ne nadaljuje pred Vrhovnim in Ustavnim sodiščem, ki imata poleg zakonodajalca bistveno vlogo pri kreiranju prava. Climate changes and pollution directly and indirectly impact the effective enjoyment of a wide range of human rights, including the right to the highest attainable standards of health. The United Nations Human Rights Council has recognized climate changes and pollution as a threat to the quality of life and actively started with the implementation of climate actions. Resolution 29/15 recognizes that a wide range of human rights are affected by climate changes and calls for an immediately action on impacts on the right to health. The adoption of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (also known as the Paris Agreement) as the first universal and legally binding global agreement on climate change is considered to be the response to the Resolution and a step towards effective action. In the Preamble of the Paris Agreement the signatory states committed to actively take action to confront climate change, respect, promote and respect the human rights obligations, the right to health, the rights of local population, local communities, migrants, children, people with disabilities and people in sensitive situations and rights to development and gender equality, empowerment of women and intergenerational capital. The European Union, as one of the signatory to the agreement, implements an active policy to tackle these kind of issues by adopting and implementing legal acts, among which the most important is the adoption of Directive 2008/50/EC on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe, and taking procedures against Member States for non-respecting the obligations of the Directive. The purpose of the present master's thesis is to evaluate whether the current regulation of the right to clean air, which is the subject of the Article 72 of the Constitution of the Republic of Slovenia and determines the right to a healthy living environment, is sufficient for adequate legal protection or it would be more reasonable to move away from the anthropocentric-oriented system by elevating the right to clean air into an independent human right. The results of the study show that both the European Union and the Slovenian legal system offer a certain amount of judicial protection of the right to clean air within individual and collective disputes, which is unfortunately deficient due to the abstraction. Dictions of laws that cover such issues often use general legal standards that suggest concretization of legal disputes. Due to the unfavorable position of plaintiffs, where in most cases are counterparties of more resourceful parties with an obvious disproportion of power, disputes are not even started, as the risk is considered to be excessively elevate. As a consequence, the case law in concretizing the legal standards is vague and does not offer many solutions. The long procedures and the risk of unpaid costs are the main reasons why the disputes are not presented to the ordinary courts and moreover why the cases do not proceed to Supreme and Constitutional Courts, which in addition to the legislative body play a vital role in the creation of law.

Lastnik lahko svojo pravico omeji s pravnim poslom. Prva zasebnopravna omejitev lastninske pravice po volji lastnika, je prepoved odtujitve in obremenitve, ki lastniku prepoveduje razpolaganje s stvarjo in to pomeni, da je njegova nepremičnina res extra commercium-izven pravnega prometa. Prepoved pa velja le za odsvojitev lastninske pravice s pravnim poslom, recimo s prodajno pogodbo. Naslednji institut je odkupna pravica, ki pomeni obvezo lastnika, da odkupnemu upravičencu na njegovo zahtevo proda svojo stvar. Pogodbeno razmerje se tukaj oblikuje že na podlagi izjave odkupnega upravičenca, da kupuje stvar. Oba instituta sta neprenosljiva, nepodedljiva in sta lahko časovno omejena. Naslednjo omejitev lastninske pravice predstavlja pogodbena predkupna pravica, na podlagi katere pridobi predkupni upravičenec pravico prednostnega nakupa stvari, če se lastnik odloči stvar prodati. Lastnik stvari mora predkupnega upravičenca na primeren način obvestiti o nameravani prodaji, pogojih te prodaje ter mu ponuditi prodajo stvari pod enakimi pogoji. Omejitve lastninske pravice pridobijo z vpisom v zemljiško knjigo publicitetne učinke, kar pomeni, da se nihče ne more sklicevati na to, da za obstoj posamezne omejitve ni vedel The owner can limit his right to property by contract. The first property limitation in private interest is the so called prohibition of transfer of immovable property which prohibits the owner from selling his property with the sale contract. This actually means his property is res extra commercium-not the object of private rights and is therefore insusceptible to being traded. Next limitation is the right of redemption which represents the owner’s obligation to sell his property to the person with the right of redemption on his demand. The contract is born as soon as the beneficiary states he is buying the owner’s property. Both of these two legal constructs are untransferable and unable to inherit, but they can be limited in time. The last limitation is the contractual pre-emption right which grants the beneficiary the first option to buy the property from it’s owner if he decides to sell it. The owner has to notify the beneficiary about his intention of selling the property, the terms of selling agreement and offer him to buy the property first under the same conditions. Those limitations get publicity by registration which ensures that no individual can say he did not know about the limitations of the property.

Pravo varstva okolja se kot mlajša pravna panoga razvija šele od začetka 70. let, ko je začela naraščati zavest o škodljivih okoljskih posledicah vse večjega tehnološkega in industrijskega razvoja. Ker imisije zaradi svoje razpršenosti ne poznajo državnih meja, so predmet pravne ureditve številnih mednarodnih in regionalnih dokumentov, podrobneje pa pravno varstvo določajo na njih temelječi nacionalni pravni redi. Na pravno ureditev varstva okolja v Republiki Sloveniji bistveno vplivajo določbe prava EU, ki daje varstvu okolja vse večji pomen in ga skuša s sprejemanjem direktiv približati v vseh državah članicah. Okolje je kot kompleksi pravni pojav varovano tako na področju javnega kot tudi civilnega prava, ki se medsebojno dopolnjujeta in tvorita celovito pravno varstvo. S civilnim pravom se varujejo pravice in interesi posameznikov, prizadetih zaradi nedopustnega onesnaževanja. Slovensko pravo v ta namen ne določa specialne pravne ureditve, ampak se uporabijo splošna pravila stvarnega in obligacijskega prava. V primeru nedopustnih imisij je možno vložiti prepovedne zahtevke po štirih različnih pravnih podlagah, ki se izberejo glede na lažjo dokazljivost v konkretnem primeru. Če hkrati ali neodvisno od prepovednega zahtevka oškodovancu nastane katera izmed pravno priznanih oblik premoženjske ali nepremoženjske škode, je mogoče zahtevati tudi njeno povračilo po splošnih pravilih odškodninskega prava. Posebnosti glede odškodnine pa so določene za primere škode, ki izvira iz opravljanja splošno koristne dejavnosti, za katero je dal dovoljenje pristojni upravni organ. Kljub vse večjim težavam in posledicam, ki jih povzroča onesnažen zrak, pa je sodna praksa s tega področja skromna. Zavest o pomenu čistega okolja in nevarnih posledic onesnaževanja očitno še ni tako visoka, da bi se pogosteje preventivno odločali za prepovedne zahtevke, katerih predpostavke je lažje dokazati. Na onesnaženje se pogosto odzovemo šele po nastanku škode, pri čemer pa je zaradi razpršenosti imisij in zapoznelih posledic predpostavke odškodninske odgovornosti, še zlasti vzročno zvezo, izredno težko dokazati. Poleg tega je odškodnina za škodo, ki nastane posamezniku, pogosto celo nižja od stroškov dolgotrajnega dokazovanja z izvedenci v pravdnem postopku, kar posameznike dodatno odvrača od uveljavljanja svojih pravic. Seštevek več manjših škod pri različnih posameznikih, ki ostanejo nepovrnjene, pa pomeni veliko in nedopustno korist onesnaževalca, ki s svojo dejavnostjo nadalje škoduje tako posameznikom kot tudi okolju samemu. Pogostejše uveljavljanje tudi sicer manjših zahtevkov bi imelo bistveno preventivno vlogo. V ta namen se v slovenski in primerljivih pravnih teorijah, zakonodajah in sodni praksi skuša najti primerne rešitve in postopke, ki bi olajšali težavno dokazovanje prizadetih posameznikov, zlasti z možnostjo kolektivnega uveljavljanja odškodninskih zahtevkov. Environmental law began to develop in the beginning of the seventies. People’s increased consciousness of the harmful environmental consequences of the rapid technological and industrial development prompted the progress of the branch. Due to wide dispersion, immissions reach beyond country borders. As such they are the object of legal regulation of many international and regional documents. In more detail the legal protection is determined by national legal orders based on these documents. Legal regulation of environmental protection in the Republic of Slovenia is significantly influenced by legal provisions of the EU, which tries, by accepting directives, harmonise it in all member states of the EU. Environment is, as a complex legal phenomenon, protected in the field of public law as well as civil law. Both, civil and public law, complement each other and constitute comprehensive legal protection. Civil law protects rights and interests of individuals affected by unacceptable pollution. For this purpose Slovene law does not apply special legal regulation, but uses general rules of the civil law. In the case of inadmissible immissions it is possible to file prohibition claims accordingly with four different legal bases, depending on easier provability in the actual case. If at the same time or independently of the prohibition claim, the injured party encounters some of the legally recognized forms of property or non-property damage, it is possible to claim damages with damage action. The specificities of compensations are determined in the events of damage resulting from a deed of a general beneficial activity, which was permitted by the competent administrative organ. Despite the increased problems of air pollution, the court practice from the field of civil law enforcement of protection against immissions is poor. Awareness of the importance of clean environment and the dangerous consequences of pollution have still not reached high enough level in order to take preventive measures in deciding on prohibition claims with assumptions that would be easily proven. Pollution is often dealt with only after the occurrence of damage. Due to dispersion of immissions and delayed effects it is very hard to prove assumption of liability for damages and, especially, causal link. Furthermore, the indemnity for the damaged party is very often even lower than the expenses of the long-lasting search for proof from experts during the legal procedure. This fact further discourages the injurers to enforce their rights. A sum of several small claims with different individuals that remain uncompensated means a great and inadmissible benefit of the polluter. As a result the polluter continues with his activity and further harms individuals as well as the environment itself. More frequent enforcement of smaller claims would therefore have a preventive role. For this purpose Slovene and other comparable theories of law, legislations and court practices are being searched for appropriate solutions and procedures to facilitate the difficulty of finding proofs for the affected individuals. Especially the possibility of collectively enforcing claims for damages.

Autorice u radu analiziraju nacionalno uređenje zaštite od imisija, u prvom redu, stvarnopravnu komponentu tog uređenja. Domaće uređenje zaštite prava vlasništva od uznemiravanja dovedeno je u perspektivu sa zaštitom koju Europski sud za ljudska prava pruža pravu na život u zdravoj životnoj sredini zaštitom prava iz članka 8. Konvencije za zaštitu ljudskih prava i temeljnih sloboda (pravo na poštovanje privatnog i obiteljskog života i doma). U kontekstu potonjeg, analizirana su načela tumačenja i metode kojim se Europski sud služi u njegovu kreiranju i zaštiti te istražena sljedeća obilježja: zahtjev da utjecaji i smetnje iz okoliša i životne sredine povrjeđuju konvencijsko pravo, tj. postojanje specifične konvencijske uzročne veze; kategoriju minimalnog stupnja ozbiljnosti; osciliranje “kvantuma” minimalnog stupnja ozbiljnosti u okviru konvencijskih “kolebanja” te opseg (i vrsta) zaštite prava na život u zdravoj životnoj sredini kroz paradigmu pozitivnih/negativnih obveza država ugovornica., The authors analyse the national protection from emissions, in the first place, a property law component of this regime. Domestic regulation of the protection of property rights from harassment was brought in the perspective of the protection that the European Court of Human Rights provides for the right to live in a healthy environment, primarily through the protection of rights under Art. 8 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (right to respect for private and family life and home). In the context of the latter, the authors have analysed the interpretative methods used by the European Court and explored the following features: the requirement that environmental and environmental impacts and disturbances violate the Convention right, that is, the existence of a specific Convention causal link; the category of minimum level of severity; oscillation of the "quantum" of minimum level of severity within conventional "fluctuations"; and the scope (and type) of protecting the right to live in a healthy environment through the paradigm of the positive / negative obligations of the Contracting States., In dieser Arbeit wird die nationale Regelung des Immissionsschutzes, insbesondere seine sachenrechtliche Komponente, analysiert. Nationale Regelung des Schutzes der Eigentumsrechte vor Beeinträchtigungen ist aus der Perspektive des von dem Europäischen Gerichtshof für Menschenrechte angebotenen Schutzes des Rechts auf Leben in einer gesunden Umgebung zu betrachten, vor allem aus der Perspektive des Schutzes des im Art. 8 der Europäischen Konvention zum Schutz der Menschenrechte und Grundfreiheiten gewährleisteten Rechts auf Achtung des Privat- und Familienlebens. Im Zusammenhang mit dem letztgenannten Recht werden in dieser Arbeit die von dem EGMR beim Schutz dieses Rechts benutzten Auslegungsgrundsätze und Methoden analysiert. Ebenfalls werden die folgenden Merkmale erforscht: die Anforderung, dass umweltbezogene Einwirkungen und Beeinträchtigungen das Konventionsrecht verletzen; der Minimalgrad der Schwere des Verstoβes; die Schwankungen des “Quantums” des Minimalgrades der Schwere des Verstoβes im Rahmen konventionsrechtlicher “Dilemmas”; und der Umfang (und Arten) des Schutzes des Rechts auf Leben in einer gesunden Umgebung durch das Paradigma positiver/negativer Verpflichtungen von Vertragsstaaten., Le autrici nel lavoro analizzano la disciplina nazionale della tutela da immissioni, in primo luogo prestando attenzione ai profili di diritto reale. La disciplina nazionale della tutela del diritto di proprietà da molestie è messa in correlazione con la tutela che la Corte Europea dei diritti dell’uomo offre alla vita in un ambiente salubre; ciò anzi tutto mediante la tutela del diritto di cui all’art. 8 della Convenzione europea per la salvaguardia dei diritti e delle libertà fondamentali (diritto al rispetto del vita privata e familiare e diritto alla casa). Alla luce di ciò si disaminano i principi di interpretazione ed i metodi dei quali si serve la Corte Europea nella creazione e nella tutela. S'indaga altresì con riguardo: alla pretesa che l’effetto e le molestie dall’esterno e dall’ambiente familiare violino il diritto convenzionale, ovvero l’esistenza di uno specifico nesso di causalità convenzionale; alla categoria del grado minimo di serietà; alla oscillazione del “quantum” del grado minimo di serietà nel quadro convenzionale di “fluttuazione” e lo scopo (ed il genere) di protezione del diritto alla salubrità dell’ambiente di vita attraverso il paradigma degli obblighi postivi e negativi degli stati contraenti.

Okolje, kot zbir raznih sfer, ki obsega vse od tal pa do zraka, potrebuje celovit in skupen pristop glede pravne in dejanske ureditve. Na tej predpostavki sloni tudi institut okoljevarstvenih dovoljenj. Evropska unija, med drugim, poskuša z omejevanjem obremenjevanja okolja z uvedbo okoljevarstvenih dovoljenj in zahtevo, da države članice ta institut prenesejo v njihove pravne rede. Okoljevarstvena dovoljenja so bila v pravni red Republike Slovenije prenesena preko Zakona o varstvu okolja ter raznih uredb, ki iz tega zakona izhajajo ter podrobneje urejajo okoljevarstvena dovoljenja. Okoljevarstvena dovoljenja so številčna in tudi obširna, vendar jih lahko razporedimo v tri glavne oziroma večje skupine. Največja in najbolj obširna skupina glede števila podvrst dovoljenj je skupina okoljevarstvenih dovoljenj, ki izhajajo iz 82. člena Zakona o varstvu okolja in so urejena s številnimi uredbami, pri čemer ima vsako dovoljenje specifične pogoje za pridobitev ter kasneje tudi različno vsebino. Drugi dve vrsti sta okoljevarstveno dovoljenje za obrate, ki predstavljajo večje tveganje za okolje in pa dovoljenje za naprave, ki lahko povzročajo onesnaževanje večjega obsega, ki pa nista zato nič kaj manj obširni in specifični, ravno nasprotno. Kot vso pravo pa se tudi pravo varstva okolja, in s tem tudi institut okoljevarstvenih dovoljenj ter pogoji za pridobitev teh, konstantno spreminja in prilagaja dejanskim razmeram, kar je glede na vse večje onesnaževanje in obremenjevanje okolja zelo zahtevna naloga tako zakonodajalca Evropske unije kot našega nacionalnega zakonodajalca, ki zahteve Evropske unije med drugim tudi vnaša v naš pravni red. Tako je smisel diplomske naloge predvsem čimbolj sistematično predstaviti sistem okoljevarstvenih dovoljenj v Sloveniji. The environment as a collection of various spheres, which covers everything from ground to air, needs a comprehensive and common approach to legal and factual regulation. The institute of environmental protection permits also bases on this presumption. The European Union, among other things, seeks to limit the burden on the environment by introducing the environmental permits and the requirement for member states to transfer this institute into their legal orders. The legislation of the Republic of Slovenia transmitted through the Environmental Protection Act and various regulations that derive from the law and regulate different environmental permits in detail. There are many environmental permits and are also extensive but they can be grouped into three major groups. The largest and most extensive group in terms of the number of sub-licenses is the group of environmental permits which are derived from Article 82 of the Environmental Protection Act and are regulated by a number of regulations, each license having specific conditions for obtaining and later also different content. The other two are environmental protection permits for installations that pose a higher risk to the environment and installations permits that may cause a large-scale pollution and these two are anything but less extensive and specific. Just like all of the law, the law of environmental protection and thus the institute of environmental protection permits and the conditions for its acquisition, is constantly changing and adapting to the actual situation. That is, from the perspective of the growing pollution and burdening of the environment, a very demanding task for both the legislator of the European Union as well as our national legislator, who also enters the requirements of the European Union into our legal order. Therefore, the purpose of this diploma is to systematically introduce the system of environmental protection permits in Slovenia as much as possible.

Omenjena pravica pripada človeku iz gospodarskih in socialnih razmerij, določenih z Ustavo Republike Slovenije (v nadaljevanju: Ustava RS). Država skrb za zdravo življenjsko okolje uresničuje s sprejemanjem zakonskih in podzakonskih aktov, ki zagotavljajo spoštovanje osnovnih človekovih vrednot, poleg tega pa dopuščajo delovanje vseh družbenih področij. S takšno zakonodajo naj bi se zagotovilo preprečevanje bodočega obremenjevanja okolja, omejilo obstoječe obremenjevanje in odstranjevalo že nastalo škodo. Na tej osnovi ima posameznik, v okviru civilnopravnega varstva, pravico do povračila materialne in nematerialne škode ter hkrati tudi možnost izbire med štirimi zakonskimi podlagami prepovednega zahtevka. Vendar pa dejstvo, da sodne prakse, ki bi obravnavala tovrstno problematiko skorajda ni, nakazuje na neučinkovitost pravnega varstva. Eden izmed ključnih dejavnikov neučinkovitosti je zagotovo težja dokazljivost vzročne zveze med vzrokom in nastalo škodo v primerih okoljskih civilnopravnih deliktov, pri čemer pa je rešitev problema vzročne zveze ključnega pomena za uspešno procesiranje tovrstnih dejanj. A person has the right to a healthy environment, to which he or she is entitled from economic and social relations laid down by the Constitution of the Republic of Slovenia (following: Constitution of RS). State's concern for a healthy environment is performed by adopting legal acts and regulations, which ensure basic human values are respected and at the same time allow all social areas to function. This kind of legislation should prevent future environmental nuisance, limit existing nuisance and remove damage. On this basis an individual within the civil-law security rights has the right to claim compensation for material and non-material damage and also the right to choose between four legal basis of prohibitory injunction. However, there is no case law concerning this issue, which points at the inefficiency of legal protection. One of the key factors of inefficiency is harder traceability of casual link between cause and damage in the cases of environmental civil-law delicts, whereby solving the problem of casual link is of key importance to successfully process these acts.

Posest predstavlja enega temeljnih pojmov stvarnega prava. Posest ni pravica ampak je s pravom varovan dejanski položaj. Kljub temu, da ni pravica, pa posestniku daje pravovarstveno upravičenje. Namen takšne ureditve je v začasni ureditvi posesti, dokler se v sporu pravnomočno ne odloči o le-tej. Motenje ali odvzem posesti je vsako dejanje, ki spreminja ali ogroža razmerje določene osebe do posesti oziroma vsako dejanje, s katerim se posega v tujo posest, tako da se s takšnim dejanjem otežuje ali celo onemogoča izvrševanje posesti. Do vznemirjanja lahko pride bodisi z aktivnim vznemirjanjem bodisi z opustitvijo dolžnega ravnanja. Vznemirjanje lahko povzročijo tudi tako imenovane imisije. Lastnik je namreč pri uporabi nepremičnine primoran odpravljati vzroke in opuščati dejanja, ki izvirajo iz njegove nepremičnine, in ki otežujejo uporabo drugih nepremičnin čez mero, ki je glede na namen in naravo nepremičnine ter glede na krajevne razmere, običajna ali pa povzročajo celo znatnejšo škodo. Varstvo posesti je zagotovljeno skozi dve obliki – samopomoč ter sodno varstvo posesti. Samopomoč je oblika varstva posesti, katere se posestnik lahko, za zavarovanje svoje posesti, posluži v primeru, ko mu je posest bila protipravno odvzeta ali motena. Nevarnost mora biti neposredna, da je samopomoč takojšnja in nujna. Način samopomoči pa mora ustrezati okoliščinam, v katerih obstaja nevarnost. Sodno varstvo posesti zagotavlja pravno zaščito pred motenjem ali odvzemom posesti samostojno in neodvisno od pravice do stvari. Sodišče daje varstvo posesti glede na zadnje motenje posesti in glede na nastalo motenje, ne upošteva pa pravice do posesti in dobrovernosti posestnika. Če posestnega varstva ne bi bilo, bi obstajala velika nevarnost uporabe samovolje in nasilja pri uveljavljanju in ohranjanju posesti. Possession is one of the fundamental terms in civil and property law. Possession is not a right, it is a legally protected actual position. It is not a right, but a legally protected actual situation. Although possession is not a right, a possessor is entitled to legal protection. The purpose of such an arrangement is to temporary handle a possession, until a binding legal decision is reached. Trespass and deprivation of possession refers to every act that changes or threatens the relation between a certain person and their possession, or any other act that leads to interference in a foreign possession, which makes it difficult or even impossible to execute a possesion order. Disturbance may be caused either by active disturbance or by omission of duty. It may also be caused by so-called immissions. A property owner is namely obliged to remove and abandon acts araising from his property, and acts that are hindering the usage of other properties according to a regulation with regard to the purpose and nature of the property as well as to the local conditions, which defines which acts are not normal or may even cause major damage. Legal protection of possession is provided through two different forms of protection – self-help and judicial protection of possession. Self-help is a form of protection that can be used by a possessor to either secure or reclaim their possession in case it has been trespassed on or they are unlawfully deprived of their possession. When using self-help, particular conditions must be fulfilled, such as direct danger, in order for self-help to be immediate and necessary. The chosen self-help has to be appropriate to the circumstances of the threatening danger. Judical protection, on the other hand, is a form of protection that ensures an autonomus and legal protection against unlawful trespass and deprivation of possession. The court reaches a decision about the protection of possession by considering the last disturbance of the possession and how it occured. It does not consider the right of possession or the (dis)honesty of the possessor. If there was no protection of possession, there would be a high risk of using autocracy and violenece in obtaining and retaining a possession.

Cementno industrijo obravnava zakonodaja, v kateri so določeni razni ukrepi za preprečevanje in zmanjševanje onesnaženosti zraka ter varovanja zdravja ljudi zaradi emisij snovi v zrak, ki nastanejo med procesom proizvodnje cementa. V zakonodaji so določene tudi mejne vrednosti emisij pri sosežigu odpadkov oz. alternativnih goriv. Izrabljene gume se lahko, kot alternativno gorivo, sosežigajo oz. soprocesirajo v cementarnah, saj energijska vrednost nadomesti fosilna goriva, mineralni del pa naravne surovine. Ob zgorevanju izrabljenih gum pa nastajajo dimni plini, ki predstavljajo vir emisij snovi v zrak. Pri tem se pojavi vprašanje, ali uporaba izrabljenih gum vpliva na večje emisije in s tem predstavlja tudi večjo nevarnost za zdravje ljudi. V ta namen je opisan celoten proces proizvodnje cementa, podrobneje pa je povzet proces žganja klinkerja, ki zajema tudi zgorevanje izrabljenih gum v napravi HOTDISC. Prav tako je predstavljena sestava izrabljenih gum in energijska vrednost v primerjavi s fosilnimi gorivi, kot sta premog in petrolkoks. Podane so vrednosti posameznih emisij v določenem obdobju, ki so pridobljene s trajnimi in občasnimi meritvami ter rezultati nekaterih LCA-analiz izrabljenih gum. Glede na proces proizvodnje, mesto doziranja izrabljenih gum, pogoje v HOTDISC-u ter zbrane podatke, so podane različne primerjave in zaključki o vplivu soprocesiranja izrabljenih gum v cementarni na emisije snovi v zrak ter na zdravje ljudi. Cement industry is regulated by legislation in which various measures are specified for prevention and reduction of air pollution as well as protection of human health, due to atmospheric emissions, which occur during cement production. Legislation also holds emission limit values for co-incineration of wastes i.e. alternative fuels. Waste tires as an alternative fuel can be co-incinerated i.e. co-processed in cement plants, where the high calorific value of the rubber is used to substitute fossil fuels and the mineral part to substitute the raw materials. By combustion of waste tires flue gases occur, which leads to atmospheric emissions. The question is, if use of waste tires leads to higher emissions to air and with that higher risk to human health. Fort his purpose the entire cement production process is described as well as the clinker burning process, which covers the burning of waste tires in the HOTDISC combustion device. Furthermore, the composition of waste tires and calorific values are presented comparing to fossil fuels, such as coal and petcoke. Also values for emissions during a certain period are given, which were obtained with permanent and occasional measurements. Based on production process, feed point of waste tires, conditions in HOTDISC combustion device and gethered data, various examples and conclusions are given about the impact of co-processing waste tires in cement plant on the emissions to air and to human health.

Diplomska naloga Varstvo lastninske pravice pred imisijami povzema slovensko ureditev pravnega varstva ''mirnega'' medsosedskega bivanja. V začetnem delu sem na na kratko opredelila pojem posesti ter lastninske pravice, bolj podrobno pa institut sosedskega prava, imisije. Sosedsko pravo lahko opredelimo kot zbir pravnih pravil, ki urejajo razmerja med lastniki sosednjih nepremičnin. Pojem sosedstva ni več isti kot pred desetletji. Iz povedanega izhaja, da se je tekom let pojem razširil in ga ne interpretiramo več tako ozko (širjenje pojma ''lastnik neposredno meječe nepremičnine''). V diplomi sem se osredotočila predvsem na stvarnopravno in obligacijskopravno varstvo pred imisijami, temu pa sledi klasifikacija le teh. Izključitveno tožbo sem omenila le kot možnost, ki jo imajo na voljo etažni lastniki v stanovanjski zgradbi. Sodna praksa na tem področju je izjemnega pomena saj dopolnjuje pojme, ki v določbah niso izrecno definirani. V zaključnem delu naloge sem v sklepu na kratko povzela svoje ugotovitve. The thesis Protection of property rights against immissions summarizes the Slovenian legislation justice '' peaceful '' neighbors' stay. In the initial part I briefly defined the concept of possession and property rights, and more specifically Institute of Neighborhood law, immissions (nuisances). Neighborhood law can be defined as a set of legal rules governing the relationship between the owners of adjacent real estate. In this concept of neighborhood law is no longer the same as decades ago. It follows that over the years the concept extended and can not be understood too narrowly (expansion of the concept of ’’owner directly adjoining property’’). In this thesis I focused mainly on rem and in personam Protection against nuisances, followed by classification thereof. Exclusion lawsuit I mentioned only as an option which have condominium owners in residential building. Jurisprudence in this area is of utmost importance because it complements the concepts that the provisions are not explicitly defined. In the final part of the thesis I concluded with resolution in which are stated my own cognitions.

V diplomski nalogi sem v začetku opredelila posest in imetništvo. V nadaljevanju sem opisala lastninsko pravico, njeno pridobitev in varstvo. Lastninska pravica je temeljna stvarna pravica, ki učinkuje proti vsem, prav tako pa lahko lastnik vsakega izključi iz njene uporabe oz. mu prepreči poseganje vanjo. Tožbe, s katerimi jo varujemo so: lastninska, izbrisna, publicianska, negatorna ter izključitvena. K vsaki izmed njih sem dodala sodno prakso. In the beginning part of my bachelor's thesis, I first define possession and ownership. In the following section, I describe the right of ownership, and the acquisition and protection thereof. The right of ownership is a fundamental substantive right, effective in relation to any other. At the same time, the owner can avert anyone's use of this right or interference with this right. The lawsuits that can be applied to safeguard this right are the following: property action, cancellation action, actio publiciana, actio negotaria and exclusionary action. I add information on court practice to each type.

У дисертацији су детаљно размотрена битна обележја, правни значај и правци развоја грађанскоправне одговорности за имисије. Целокупна тематика је анализирана у ширем историјском контексту и кроз поређење системских решења која постоје у домаћем и упоредном праву. Правно уређење имисија сагледано је у контексту међународног права, наднационалног права Европске уније и кроз решења која постоје у појединим националним правним системима. Посебна пажња посвећена је теоријским поставкама, нормативним решењима и правној пракси у Републици Србији. У правним системима европско континенталног типа институт имисија је, по правилу, део стварноправне материје и спада у домен суседских права. Међутим, у неким земљама постоје другачија нормативна решења. Имисије не представљају засебан правни институт, али је материја на коју се оне односе обухваћена правилима о службеностима и сл. Сметања изазвана имисијама у земљама англоамеричког правног система представљају део деликтног права. Традиционално поимање имисија, наслеђено из римског права, знатно је проширено, а сам правни институт у значајној мери трансформисан. У раду је посебна пажња посвећена новим видовима имисионог деловања, насталим услед технолошког развоја, индустријализације и урбанизације. Предмет упоредноправне анализе су била и основна мерила за утврђивање нивоа прекомерности имисија, јер у вези са тим у правној пракси постоје многобројни проблеми. У Републици Србији прекорачења граница имисионог деловања подразумева, најпре, одговорност за опасност од штете, којом се широко афирмише принцип превенције, као и одговорност за проузроковану штету, у случају да је услед имисија дошло до оштећења или уништења заштићених добара. И поред низа специфичности у односу на традиционалне штете, све штетне последице настале услед имисија се отклањају класичним средствима одштетног права. Посебно поглавље посвећено је осигурању од одговорности за штете проузроковане имисијама. У раду су анализиране могућности за реализацију вансудске, као и судске имисионе заштите којa се остварујe путем државинске, негаторне, тзв. популарне и класичне облигационоправне тужбе. Уз то, указано је на потребу реформисања постојеће регулативе, када су у питању колективни механизми заштите интереса у овој области и увођења посебних правила која би се односила на имисионе парнице. У закључним разматрањима је констатовано да институт имисија данас превазилази оквире суседског права у које се традиционално сврстава и представља важно ограничење права својине у општем интересу којим се обезбеђује и заштита животне средине. Одговорност за имисије се самим тим више не може везивати искључиво за недопуштене утицаје на суседну непокретност, него мора нужно проширити и на оне случајеве у којима неко емитује нешто штетно у околину, што угрожава ширу друштвену заједницу. Поред тога указано је и на потребу увођења мобилијарних имисија као посебне категорије. Уз то, у овој области долази и до све већег функционалног повезивања имисионе заштите са појединим гранама јавног права. Поред тога, грађанско право се постепено прилагођава савременим еколошким изазовима, уз све већи државни интервеционизам у домену својинских односа. Све ово указује на правце у којима ће већ трансформисано имисионо право наставити да се развија, пружајући значајан допринос, како заштити својинских овлашћења власника непокретности, тако и заштити животне средине. U disertaciji su detaljno razmotrena bitna obeležja, pravni značaj i pravci razvoja građanskopravne odgovornosti za imisije. Celokupna tematika je analizirana u širem istorijskom kontekstu i kroz poređenje sistemskih rešenja koja postoje u domaćem i uporednom pravu. Pravno uređenje imisija sagledano je u kontekstu međunarodnog prava, nadnacionalnog prava Evropske unije i kroz rešenja koja postoje u pojedinim nacionalnim pravnim sistemima. Posebna pažnja posvećena je teorijskim postavkama, normativnim rešenjima i pravnoj praksi u Republici Srbiji. U pravnim sistemima evropsko kontinentalnog tipa institut imisija je, po pravilu, deo stvarnopravne materije i spada u domen susedskih prava. Međutim, u nekim zemljama postoje drugačija normativna rešenja. Imisije ne predstavljaju zaseban pravni institut, ali je materija na koju se one odnose obuhvaćena pravilima o službenostima i sl. Smetanja izazvana imisijama u zemljama angloameričkog pravnog sistema predstavljaju deo deliktnog prava. Tradicionalno poimanje imisija, nasleđeno iz rimskog prava, znatno je prošireno, a sam pravni institut u značajnoj meri transformisan. U radu je posebna pažnja posvećena novim vidovima imisionog delovanja, nastalim usled tehnološkog razvoja, industrijalizacije i urbanizacije. Predmet uporednopravne analize su bila i osnovna merila za utvrđivanje nivoa prekomernosti imisija, jer u vezi sa tim u pravnoj praksi postoje mnogobrojni problemi. U Republici Srbiji prekoračenja granica imisionog delovanja podrazumeva, najpre, odgovornost za opasnost od štete, kojom se široko afirmiše princip prevencije, kao i odgovornost za prouzrokovanu štetu, u slučaju da je usled imisija došlo do oštećenja ili uništenja zaštićenih dobara. I pored niza specifičnosti u odnosu na tradicionalne štete, sve štetne posledice nastale usled imisija se otklanjaju klasičnim sredstvima odštetnog prava. Posebno poglavlje posvećeno je osiguranju od odgovornosti za štete prouzrokovane imisijama. U radu su analizirane mogućnosti za realizaciju vansudske, kao i sudske imisione zaštite koja se ostvaruje putem državinske, negatorne, tzv. popularne i klasične obligacionopravne tužbe. Uz to, ukazano je na potrebu reformisanja postojeće regulative, kada su u pitanju kolektivni mehanizmi zaštite interesa u ovoj oblasti i uvođenja posebnih pravila koja bi se odnosila na imisione parnice. U zaključnim razmatranjima je konstatovano da institut imisija danas prevazilazi okvire susedskog prava u koje se tradicionalno svrstava i predstavlja važno ograničenje prava svojine u opštem interesu kojim se obezbeđuje i zaštita životne sredine. Odgovornost za imisije se samim tim više ne može vezivati isključivo za nedopuštene uticaje na susednu nepokretnost, nego mora nužno proširiti i na one slučajeve u kojima neko emituje nešto štetno u okolinu, što ugrožava širu društvenu zajednicu. Pored toga ukazano je i na potrebu uvođenja mobilijarnih imisija kao posebne kategorije. Uz to, u ovoj oblasti dolazi i do sve većeg funkcionalnog povezivanja imisione zaštite sa pojedinim granama javnog prava. Pored toga, građansko pravo se postepeno prilagođava savremenim ekološkim izazovima, uz sve veći državni intervecionizam u domenu svojinskih odnosa. Sve ovo ukazuje na pravce u kojima će već transformisano imisiono pravo nastaviti da se razvija, pružajući značajan doprinos, kako zaštiti svojinskih ovlašćenja vlasnika nepokretnosti, tako i zaštiti životne sredine. The dissertation provides a thorough review of significant features, legal importance and ways of development of the civil liability for immissions. The whole matter is analyzed in the wider historical context and through the comparison of international and national law sources. The legal regulation of the institution of immission was scrutinized with the help of international, law sources of European Union, and national legal solutions. The special focus is on the theoretical approach, law sources and legal practice in Republic of Serbia. In the continental European legal systems, the institution of immission is usually the part of property law and represents a kind of neighboring rights. However, there are some countries in which there are no special rules for the immissions, and thus they are treated as specific rules of servitutes. In the Anglo-Saxon legal systems, the institution of immission falls under the tort law. The traditional determination of immission inherited from the Roman law has been considerably extended, and the legal institution itself has been significantly transformed. The dissertation is also devoted to modern forms of immissions which are the consequence of technological development, industrialization and urban development. Another subject of comparative analysis is the basic criteria for measuring the exceeding of the set immission limits. Many problems concerning these issues are encountered in legal practice. In Republic of Serbia the exceeding of the set immission limits is primarily related to the responsibility for hazards that might lead to damage. This generally underlines the principle of prevention. If the immission causes harm or a total damage of someone’s goods, this will also give the right to redress the damage. Compared to traditional damages, the damages caused by immissions have many specifics. However, the compensation is based on general tort law. The special chapter of dissertation is devoted to the liability insurance against damages caused by immissions. There is also the analysis of the protection from immissions, that can be achived out of as well as in the court, by means of the lawsuit for disturbance of possession, possessory action (action negatoria), the so-called popular action, as well as by means of the classical obligation lawsuit. Moreover, the author provides some particular suggestions for the reform of the current legislation in the field of collective lawsuits, as well as for introducing special rules for the immission litigation. In the conclusion, the author points out that nowadays the institution of immission exceeds the framework of neighboring rights, where it has traditionally belonged to, and represents an important limitation to the right to property in public interest that also provides for the environmental protection. Thus, the liability for immissions cannot exclusively refer to an illegal impact on the neighboring property rights any more, but has to be extended to include those cases in which someone emits something harmful into the environment, which affects the common society. Moreover, the author points out to the need of introducing mobiliar immissions as a special category. There is also more and more functional interconnection between immission protection and other public law disciplines in this field. Civil law is adapting to meet the contemporary environmental challenges and there is a considerable and recognizable state interventionism in the proprietary rights field. All these circumstances point to the ways in which the transformed immission law is going to develop and contribute to the protection of proprietary rights of the property owners, as well as to environmental protection.

Diplomska naloga z naslovom pravovarstveni zahtevki stvarnega prava povzema pravne možnosti, ki jih ima vsak posameznik v primeru, da je njegova stvarna pravica kršena oziroma je omejeno njeno izvrševanje. V primeru, ko posameznik izpolnjuje pogoje aktivne legitimacije, je to njegova osnovna pravica, da od državnih institucij zahteva pravno varstvo v primeru kršitve. Močno se prepletajo zahtevki stvarnega in obligacijskega prava, vendar bo v diplomskem delu poudarek predvsem na stvarnem pravu. Diplomsko nalogo na kratko predstavi uvod. Sama diplomska naloga je primarno razdeljena na poglavja o varstvu posamezne stvarne pravice. Znotraj glavnega poglavja, ki opisuje posamezno stvarno pravico, je glede na mogoče situacije, predvidenih veliko različnih zahtevkov. Podrobneje sem opisala njihove pogoje ter posebnosti in trditve podprla s sodno prakso, ki je po večini zelo bogata na področju stvarnega prava. Glavna poglavja zajemajo varstvo lastninske pravice posameznika ali večih oseb. Podrobneje je predstavljeno tudi varstvo posesti kot del upravičenja lastninske pravice. Pomembna stvarna pravica je tudi služnost, ki je varovana z različnimi zahtevki. Omembe vredna je tudi izboljšava tuje nepremičnine, ki je pogost pojav, zato je tudi temu institutu namenjeno obsežno stvarnopravno varstvo. Obravnavala sem tudi varstvo zastavne ter stavbne pravice kot tudi detencije. Predstavljeno je tudi sodno varstvo glede nepravilnih vpisov v zemljiško knjigo. Na koncu pa je še na kratko predstavljeno varstvo pred imisijami, kjer se pojavlja veliko sodne prakse, saj je sosedsko pravo del našega vsakdanjega življenja. Diplomska naloga je zaključena s sklepom, kjer navajam svoje ugotovitve in spoznanja. Diploma thesis, with title »Legal protection of property law« summarizes legal possibilities, which belong to individual in case his property rights is violated or execution of property rights gets limited. In case when individual fullfils terms of capacity to sue, individual has fundamental rights to demand legal protection from state institutions in case of violation. There is a great interdigitation between claims of property law and obligations law, but in this thesis there will be stress on property law. Diploma thesis is shortened in abstract. Basicly it is divided by chapters of right in rem protection. Within main chapter, which represents individual property rights, which are provided with various claims, which depends on many possibilities. I had described conditions in detail, specialities and the statements are supported with court practice, which is in case of property law highly profuse. Main chapters conclude protection of ownership for individual or several persons. There is also detailed presentation of protection of possession as a part of ownership legitimation. One of the property rights is also easement, which is protected with various claims. Improvement of foreign real estate is also mentionable, as it is frequent phenomenon and so its covered with extensive property law protection. I have dealt with protection of lien and estate rights and also with possession. There is also presentation of judicial protection as for irregular entries in land registry. In the end is short presentation of nuisance protection, where is huge amount of court practice as neighbour law is part of commonness. Diploma thesis is concluded with resolution, where are stated my own statements and cognitions.

Diplomska naloga govori o omejitvah lastninske pravice na nepremičninah in ohranjanju sožitja med sosedi. Kljub temu da je lastninska pravica najvišja pravna oblast, ki jo ima pravni subjekt nad pravnim objektom, je hkrati omejena s pravicami drugih. Te omejitve lahko pridejo do izraza v sosedskih odnosih, kjer pogosto prihaja do trenj med lastniki prostorsko povezanih nepremičnin. Mirno sobivanje se lahko zagotovi s poznavanjem posameznih pravnih institutov, ki posameznika ozaveščajo o njegovih pravicah in dolžnostih. V diplomskem delu je zajeta predstavitev lastninske pravice, zgodovina in razvoj lastninske pravice ter njena mednarodnopravna in ustavnopravna ureditev. Predstavljen je tudi pojem posesti, saj v vsakdanjem življenju ljudje pogosto zamenjujejo pojem lastninske pravice s posestjo. Na splošno so opredeljene omejitve lastninske pravice, tako v javnopravnem interesu kot tudi zasebnopravnem interesu. Sosedske odnose ureja več virov, zato so predstavljeni tudi bistveni pravni viri, zgodovina in načela sosedskega prava. Velik del diplomskega dela je namenjen posameznim institutom sosedskega prava, kot so imisije, gradnja čez mejo nepremičnine, uporaba meje, nujna pot, drevo na meji, zasledovanje živali čez mejo nepremičnine in ostali. V zadnjem delu diplomske naloge je zajeto pravno varstvo z opisom najpomembnejših tožb, s katerimi lahko posameznik rešuje spore pred sodiščem, kadar težav s sosedi ni mogoče urediti na miren način z medsebojnim dogovorom. The diploma thesis contains information about restrictions on property rights and about preservations of coexistence between neighbours. Despite the fact that the right to property is the highest legal authority one can have, it is also limited by the rights of others. These limitations may come to light in neighbourly relations, which often lead to friction between owners of spatially connected properties. The peaceful coexistence can be ensured by knowing certain individual legal institutes regarding neighbourhood law, where one can get acquainted with theirs rights and duties. The following thesis includes presentation of property right, its history and development, as well as international and constitutional regulation. It also contains the concept of property, because the term property right is often mistaken for property. Further on, it discusses restrictions on property rights in public-law interest as well as privat-law interest. Neighbourhood law is regulated by a number of legal sources, therefore it includes a presentation of essential law sources and its main principles. A greater part of thesis is dedicated to neighbourhood law and individual institutes of neighbourhood law, such as excessive immissions, constructions over the property border, the use of border, the institute od necessary path, question of tree on the border, pursuit of our pet across the property border, etc. The concluding part of thesis covers the legal protection and describes a few of the most important law suits one is entitled to, when facing a neighbourly dispute which cannot be resolved peacefully with mutual understanding.

Odštetno pravo je dio Građanskog obveznog prava utemeljeno na načelu zabrane prouzročenja štete, što znači da je svatko dužan suzdržati se od postupka kojim se drugome može prouzročiti šteta. Odgovornost za štetu je obveznopravni odnos u kojem je jedna strana dužna popraviti prouzročenu štetu drugoj strani, a druga je strana ovlaštena zahtijevati takav popravak. Rad prikazuje slučajeve naknade štete vlasniku ili posjedniku povrijeđene ili usmrćene životinje koji se na taj način pojavljuje kao osoba oštećenika.

Namen diplomskega dela je osvetliti pojem negatorne tožbe, s poudarkom na imisijskem varstvu, ter ga s pomočjo pregleda zgodovinskega razvoja umestiti v veljavno slovensko pravo, predstaviti pozitivno zakonsko ureditev z aplikacijo pravne teorije v sodno prakso. Varovanje lastninske pravice z negatorno tožbo je neločljivo povezano s pojmom imisij, ki predstavljajo enega najbolj tipičnih sosedskopravnih institutov. V diplomskem delu je podrobneje razčlenjen pojem negatorne tožbe in umeščen v pozitivno pravno ureditev, ki jo urejajo različni pravni viri. V začetnih poglavjih je predstavljena pravica do zdravega življenjskega okolja, ki je dvignjena na nivo ustavne pravice, sledi pa povezava s konkretizacijo na zakonski ravni. Osrednji del diplomskega dela je osredotočen na veljavno ureditev varstva pred vznemirjanjem lastninske pravice po Stvarnopravnem in Obligacijskem zakoniku. Za samo razumevanje sodne prakse pa so pojasnjene tudi ključne predpostavke ureditve in predvsem razlike v ureditvi po Zakonu o temeljnih lastninskopravnih razmerjih in Občnem državljanskem zakoniku v primerjavi s Stvarnopravnim zakonikom in Obligacijskim zakonikom, saj veliko sodne prakse izhaja prav iz teh pravnih virov. Nemalokrat naletimo na dilemo, katero obliko pravnega varstva pred imisijami uporabiti. Diplomsko delo ponuja temeljit odgovor na to vprašanje, prav tako pa zagotovo pobližje predstavlja negatorno tožbo z vsemi povezanimi instituti. Dotični členi so osvetljeni skozi aplikacijo na sodno prakso, za doprinos k boljšemu poznavanju, razumevanju ter tudi k odpravi nejasnosti pri vprašanju konkurence zahtevkov v sodni praksi. Protection of the right of ownership with actio negatoria is closely linked with the concept of immissions, one of the most typical neighbour law institutes. The concept is discussed in detail and placed in a positive legal regulation, governed by different legal sources. In the first chapters the right to a healthy living environment, which is raised to a level of constitutional rights is presented, including the interconnection with concretization at the level of legislation. The central part of the thesis is focused on the applicable regulation in the area of legal protection against interference with the right of ownership under the Law of Property Code and the Code of Obligations. For understanding the case law, key assumptions of the regulation are presented, with special focus on the differences in the regulation under the Basic Property Law Relations Act and the Slovenian Civil Code in comparison to the Law of Property Code and the Code of Obligations, as a significant part of case law is based on these legal sources. In practice there is often a dilemma, namely which form of legal protection against immissions to use. The thesis provides a thorough answer to this question, including a comprehensive presentation of actio negatoria with all related institutes. The relevant articles are also highlighted through application in the case law with a view to contribute to better knowledge, understanding and perhaps also to eliminate any confusion in the area of competition of claims in the case law.

Diplomsko delo govori o omejitvi posameznikove lastninske pravice na nepremičnini v korist dobrih sosedskih odnosov ter zagotavljanju sožitja in mirnega kakovostnega življenja v soseski. Sosedsko pravo se namreč ne nanaša le na lastnike neposredno meječih nepremičnin, marveč zajema tudi vse prostorsko povezane nepremičnine. V diplomski nalogi je predstavljena lastninska pravica, njena zgodovina, načela ter omejitve lastninske pravice. Predstavljena je tudi posest, ki ne pomeni pravice, temveč je le dejansko stanje. Prav tako govori o bistvenih pravnih virih, v katerih so urejeni sosedski odnosi, o zgodovini sosedskega prava in o načelih, ki se jih moramo držati, ko vstopamo v odnose s sosedi. Poseben poudarek je na samih institutih sosedskega prava, kot so prekomerne imisije, gradnja čez mejo nepremičnine, institut nujne poti, zasledovanje domače živali na sosednjo nepremičnino, veje in korenine drevesa, ki segajo čez mejo nepremičnine, plodovi, ki padejo na tujo nepremičnino, in podobno. Na koncu so predstavljene tožbe in pravno varstvo, ki je zagotovljeno posamezniku, ko pride do sosedskih sporov, ki jih sosedje ne morejo ali nočejo urediti na miren, sporazumen način. The following diploma paper handles the restriction on property right of an individual in benefit of good neighbourly relations and assurance of coexistence and peaceful, quality life in the neighbourhood. Namely, the law on good neighbourliness does not affect only the owners of directly bordering properties, but also applies to all spatially connected properties. The property right, its history, principles and restrictions are represented in the thesis at hand. This is followed by a representation of property that does not constitute right and is a mere background to the dispute. Further it discusses the fundamental sources of law that regulate neighbourly relations, the history of the law on good neighbourliness and the principles we have to follow when entering the neighbourly relations. A special emphasis is given to the institutes of law on good neighbourliness such as excessive immissions, constructions over the property boundary, the institute of right of way, chasing of our pet over the neighbouring property, branches and roots that grow over the property boundary, fruits that fall on foreign property, etc. The concluding part of the thesis consists of a presentation of lawsuits and legal protection to which an individual is entitled to when it comes to neighbour disputes that cannot or will not be resolved by the neighbours in a peaceful and consensual manner.

Lastninska pravica je temeljna stvarna pravica, ki obsega upravičenje stvar uporabljati, uživati, posedovati ter z njo dejansko in pravno razpolagati. Kot eno najbolj temeljnih človekovih pravic jo varujejo mednarodnopravni akti in nacionalne ustavne ureditve. Diplomska naloga uvodoma razlikuje med pojmom posesti in pojmom lastninske pravice ter slednjo podrobneje opredeljuje. Iz bogate sodne prakse je razvidno, da so posegi v lastninsko pravico pogosti in je zato potrebno učinkovito pravno varstvo. Lastnik ima na voljo stvarnopravno ali obligacijsko pravno varstvo za zaščito svoje pravice. Ker so obligacijska razmerja relativna, stvarna razmerja pa učinkujejo absolutno, torej zoper vsakogar, bo stvarno varstvo za lastnika učinkovitejše. Zaradi tega diplomska naloga obravnava predvsem stvarnopravno varstvo lastninske pravice, ki zajema posesorno varstvo v obliki tožbe zaradi motenja posesti in petitorno varstvo, ki zajema lastninsko tožbo, publicijansko tožbo ter negatorno tožbo. Na koncu diplomska naloga opredeljuje tudi pojem imisij in varstvo, ki je na voljo lastniku v primeru takšnih vznemirjanj. Teoretična spoznanja so podkrepljena s pomočjo sodne prakse, kar omogoča lažje razumevanje posameznih institutov. The ownership right is a basic substantial right, which encompasses the right of using, exercising, possessing and practically as well as legally disposing the matter. As one of the fundamental human right, it is safeguarded by international and national constitutional regulations. This dissertation distinguishes between the concept of possession and the concept of ownership right and in detail delineates the latter. Vast bodies of case law show that intrusions into the right to ownership are common and therefore require effective legal protection. The owner has the protection of substantive law and law of obligations. While relations of obligations are relative, substantive relations have an absolute power, meaning that they work towards everyone. Consequently, substantive law is more effective for the protection of the owner. Therefore, the disseration addresses primarily the protection of ownership rights from the side of substantive law, which entails possession protection in the form of action for trespassing and petition protection, which entails action in detinue, actio publiciana, actio negotaria. In the last section, the dissertation defines the concept of immissions and possible protection for the owner in case of such interferences. Theoretical findings are supported by examples of case law which allows for better understanding of specific institutions.

V današnjem času je področje sosedskega prava celovito urejeno v Stvarnopravnem zakoniku in ta predstavlja temeljni steber v slovenskem pravnem sistemu. Stvarno pravo ureja odnose med posamezniki kot osebami glede stvari in pravic. V diplomski nalogi, gre za obravnavanje dela stvarnega prava, to je sosedsko pravo in k temu pripadajoči instituti. Znano je, da se je pojem sosedstva v sodobnem času, razširil tudi na nepremičnine, ki so prostorsko povezane in ne zajema več samo tistih, ki neposredno mejijo druga na drugo. Pravila sosedskega prava mora v vsakem primeru spoštovati lastnik, tudi neposredni posestnik nepremičnine, če ta ni lastnik. Sosedje in prostorsko povezani lastniki nepremičnin morajo svojo lastninsko pravico izvrševati tako, da se medsebojno ne vznemirjajo in da si ne povzročajo škode. Prepoved medsebojnega vznemirjanja je temeljno načelo v sosedskem pravu. Iz tega načela izhaja tudi osnovno pravilo sosedskega prava, kar je prepoved imisij. Pri nespoštovanju načel oz. pravil imajo sosedje in tisti, ki jim neposredna škoda grozi, na voljo določena pravna sredstva. Stvarnopravni zakonik ureja pomembne odnose med lastniki sosednjih nepremičnin in ti so hkrati sosedskopravni instituti, ki so predstavljeni v diplomskem delu. Sem spadajo: ureditev in uporaba meje, vzdrževalna dela, plodovi, ki padejo na sosednjo nepremičnino, odstranjevanje vej, ki segajo v zračni prostor sosednje nepremičnine, mejna znamenja, zasledovanje živali, prepoved poglabljanja in spreminjanja vodotoka, odtekanje meteornih padavin, priključitev na komunalno omrežje, ter nujna pot. Today, the area of neighbour law is comprehensively regulated in the Law of Property Code, and this (Law of Property Code) represents a basic pillar of the Slovenian legal system. Property law regulates the relations between individuals as subjects of rights and property. In this diploma thesis I am writing about neighbour law institutes that are part of the property law. It is known that the concept of neighbourhood in modern time, is extended also on immovable properties, which are spatially related and no longer covers only those directly adjacent to one another. Neighbour law rules must always respect the owner, also an actual possessor if he is not the owner. Neighbours and spatially associated property owners have the right to exercise their title to land, so that they do not disturb others and do not cause loss or damage. Prohibition of mutual disturbance is a fundamental principle in the neighbour law. This principle also follows the basic rule of neighbour law, which is prohibition of nuisance. In disregard of the principles or rules, are for neighbours and for those who are threatened from direct damage, available specific remedies. The Law of Property Code governs the important relations between the neighbouring property owners and there are at the same time neighbour institutes, which are presented in this thesis. These include: determining and use of boundaries, maintenance work, the fruits that fall on neighbouring property, removing branches that extend into the airspace of neighbouring property, boundary signs, retrieving pets, a ban on dredging and alteration of a watercourse, rain water run-off, the connection to the utility network, and way of necessity.

In Russia, 60 million people live in the cities with high levels of air pollution. Comparative statistical analysis of pollutant emission and immission processes in 1099 cities in the country revealed the role of climate and other environmental factors, fuel mix, and the impact of agglomeration effect on the distribution of pollutants in the cities’ atmosphere. In 80% of Russia’s cities, airpollution is connected to the levels of anthropogenic emissions; in 5% of the cities, urban pollution levels (pollutants concentration levels according to monitoring (measuring) data) are lower than emissions; and in 15% of the cities, natural conditions amplify the anthropogenic impact. The level of anthropogenic impact in Russia’s cities is largely determined by a combination of low efficiency and high power intensity, outdated industrial specialization and inherited transport networks that cannot adequately accommodate current traffi c flows. The system of proposed indicators of ecological conditions of the urbanenvironment can be used in assessment of the environmental component of quality of life and its modern processes providing the basis for further ecologicaland geochemical studies of urban areas., U Rusiji gotovo 60 milijuna ljudi živi u gradovima s najvišim razinama onečišćenjau zraku. Komparativna statistička analiza procesa emisije i imisije onečišćujućih tvari u1099 gradova u zemlji otkrila je ulogu klime i drugih čimbenika okoliša, mješavine gorivai utjecaja aglomeracije na raspodjelu onečišćujućih tvari u urbanoj atmosferi. U 80%ruskih gradova onečišćenje zraka je povezano s razinama antropogenih emisija; u 5%gradova urbane razine onečišćenja (koncentracije onečišćujućih tvari određene na temelju mjerenja ili monitoringa) niže su od emisija, a u 15% gradova prirodni uvjeti pojačavajuantropogeni utjecaj. Razina antropogenog utjecaja u ruskim gradovima u velikoj je mjeriodređena odnosom niske efikasnosti i visokog utroška energije, zastarjele industrije i naslijeđene prometne infrastructure, koja ne može adekvatno podnijeti trenutnu gustoćuprometa. Sustav predloženih pokazatelja ekoloških uvjeta urbanog okoliša može se koristiti pri procjeni ekološke komponente kvalitete života te može poslužiti kao osnova zadaljnja ekološka i geokemijska istraživanja urbanih područja.

U projektu je ispitana varijanta 100 i 75%-tnog opterećenja i utvrđena mjerodavnija sa stanovišta onečišćenja i to posebno za naselja Paveki, Šoići, te lokacije Paviljona i Punilišta unutar rafinerije nafte INA Urinj. Simulacija onečišćenja provedena je primjenom vlastito razvijenog softvera baziranog na softveru ISC3. Meteorološki podaci potrebni za simulaciju onečišćenja primjenom razvijenog softvera uključuju: smjer i brzinu vjetra, temperaturu zraka, visinu mješanja, dozračenu sunčevu energiju za dan, odnosno vertikalni gradijent temperature pri tlu za noć. Za određivanje potrebne visine dimnjaka korišten je optimizacijski postupak poznat pod nazivom genetski algoritam, a u tu svrhu je razvijen i originalni softver. Tijekom optimizacijskog postupka meteorološki podaci su mijenjani u širokom rasponu veličina, koji pokrivaju sve moguće njihove kombinacije simulirajući tako sva moguća stanja atmosfere ovog kraja. U radu je varirana visina dimnjaka zadanim nizom i za svaku visinu varirane su sve moguće kombinacije metereoloških uvjeta te je nađena najgora njihova kombinacija koja rezultira najvećim onečišćenjem zraka pri tlu za četiri zadane lokacije. U radu je dan tehnički opis proračuna i optimizacijskog postupka. Konačno su dati numerički i grafički prikazi površinskih koncentracija onečišćenja na traženim lokacijama za zadane uvjete.