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Introduction: The development of technology in the arena of organ transplantation bloomed during 1980s in India. In later years, there was a shortage of organs as the rate of cadaver donation was quite low; therefore, this led to unethical and coerced practice in organ transplantation. The socioeconomic group that was most impacted by these activities consisted of individuals in dire need of funds and were prepared to trade with important organs in return for money. Methods: The study adopts a desk-based methodology, categorized into primary and secondary data. The primary data consist of analysis of the Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues Act (THOTA), 1994 read with 2011 Amendment and 2014 Rules. Further various orders and resolutions of the Government of India, and committees constituted by the Center as well as Hon’ble High Court were analyzed. The Secondary data included analysis of parliamentary questions, and numerous judgments of Hon’ble Supreme Court of India and various High Courts across the country. Results: Various provisions of THOTA, 1994 should be re-examined. Due to rampant poverty, illicit organ trafficking is on a rise, with women targeted the most for kidneys, thus impacting the social structure of the society. The most trafficked organ among the liver, lungs, kidney, and heart is kidney. Conclusion: There is a dire need for health legislations with provisions to increase the donor pool. It is recommended that in addition to using the cadaver organ pool through road deaths and brain-dead victims, we should transition to both the presumed consent and opt-out method of permission and creating awareness of the donation of organs among the general public.

The Weberian definition of the state as the legitimate monopoly on the means of violence links arms to national power. In practice, the monopoly entails exchanging capital for arms to equip security forces with weapons of war. We examine what happens to these arms when a state collapses. Focusing on Libya, we explore the regional diffusion of small arms and light weapons ejecting out of the power vacuum in the wake of its breakdown. Before the 2011 uprising, the Libyan armed forces were considered one of the best equipped in Africa. When the regime collapsed, the country became the hub of an illicit arms market supplying rebels and extremist groups across the Sahara-Sahel and Middle East. We argue that upon collapse, a reversal of a specific, key aspect of state-making obtains in which uncertain and opportunistic nonstate actors with a sudden surplus of scavenged weapons exchange arms for capital. Using United Nations documentation on illicit arms smuggling and georeferenced Uppsala Conflict Data Program information on substate violence, we examine the links between state collapse and regional substate violence. We find that this exogenous material boost has been critical in the rise of violent groups and their consolidation into regional threats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problems surrounding the loss and illegal trafficking of Chinese cultural heritage have intensified in recent times due to an increasing demand for Chinese cultural heritage and huge profits to be gained in the art market. While the Chinese mainland government has taken active measures to protect cultural heritage and combat the illegal trafficking of cultural heritage, two special administrative regions of China, Hong Kong and Macao, have not only failed to take similar measures, but have also functioned as key transit locations for the illicit trafficking of Chinese cultural heritage over the past three decades. This paper provides a comparative analysis of the laws related to cultural heritage between the Chinese mainland, Hong Kong and Macao. This paper argues that, while differences exist in these places, these differences should not be an obstacle to taking an integrated approach to cultural heritage in the region. There is a practical need for an integrated approach given the shared initiative of heritage protection and art market regulation. This paper argues that an integrated approach to cultural heritage is possible and should be pursued. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In most African sub-Saharan colonies, Africans were forbidden to consume distilled liquor. In the Belgian Congo, the prohibition encouraged, after World War II, the emergence of an illicit drinking culture taken over by urban women traffickers. In Leopoldville, the capital city, these women faced an intensified and severe repression made visible by police arrests and court convictions. Drawing on criminal cases of women convicted for alcohol commercial production, the article reveals a series of economic and legal strategies developed by women traffickers to thwart police controls and reduce colonial court sentences.

In the summer of 2013, newspapers around the world reported the discovery in Gaza of a rare bronze statue of the Greek god Apollo. A few months after the discovery, the statue disappeared, and its exact location and state of preservation have been unknown ever since. In November 2017, at the very beginning of my doctoral research regarding the impact of organized crime on cultural heritage and archaeological research, I had the opportunity to spend two weeks in Gaza. The Apollo sculpture was the pretext that allowed me to visit many sites around Gaza City and to address several interlocutors about the protection of endangered heritage in the region. The aim of this article, which is based on my doctoral thesis, is to follow in the footsteps of my investigation into the fate of the Gaza Apollo and to provide some introductory elements about the history of heritage legislation in Gaza, the illicit trafficking situation in the region and of course to take stock of the hypotheses concerning the situation of this sculpture called the Apollo of Gaza. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chain‐form crime partnerships and intelligence sharing by national authorities to detect cross‐border partners create multiple externalities in the combat against transnational crimes and illicit trafficking. Cooperative enforcements that minimize global harms prioritize the country with lower intelligence production and/or superior detection capability. In equilibrium, as in practice, national enforcements are underbudgeted and might prioritize the wrong side – predominantly the high‐budget, high‐harm country. Governments might not share intelligence out of fear of importing enforcement burden, and harmonizing criminal sanctions alone might not be effective. Shocks on crime deterrence in a target country are first absorbed by source countries, implying weaker horizontal crime transfer effects than projected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work explores the global strategies that have been implemented in Latin America in the fight against drugs, focusing on the work promoted by the Organization of American States, universal strategies such as those of the United Nations, and the work of the political conferences of the Americas that have specifically addressed the drug problem in their sessions. Among the objectives of this investigation are: to analyze the conflicts related to the consumption, distribution and illegal economy around drugs in all their types and the crimes linked to them, such as drug trafficking, organized crime, money laundering or corruption; another objective will be to confirm and compare, taking into account UNODC data, which countries continue to be the world's major coca growers. The method used was that of data retrieval by means of literature and statistical data, analyzed and interpreted according to objective criteria. The results provided highlighted the achievements of the different international organizations in the fight against drugs, as well as the needs that still have to be met in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blockchain could be used as a mechanism to certify the provenance and movements of cultural goods and contribute to the fight against illicit trafficking of cultural property. By strengthening the traceability of cultural goods, blockchain can simplify due diligence requirements and facilitate prosecution and convictions for all the relevant offences of illicit trafficking in cultural goods. However, such an impact is necessarily tempered due to the specificity of this kind of illicit trafficking, as well as the technical and conceptual constraints of the blockchain itself. Even though blockchain in its current form cannot overcome the legal obstacles which hamper the efficacy of the fight against illicit trafficking, such as the lack of harmonization of legal systems, its value in this area should not be dismissed altogether. An overview of the relevant international and European norms, highlighted using national law examples, reveals the complementary role that blockchain can have in this field, not only in terms of best practices but also in terms of an increased visibility for cultural goods and their international movement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cultural heritage is a testimony of past human activity, and, as such, cultural objects exhibit great variety in their nature, size, and complexity, from small artefacts and museum items to cultural landscapes, and from historic buildings and ancient monuments to city centers and archaeological sites. Cultural heritage around the globe suffers from wars, natural disasters, and human negligence. More specifically, cultural goods and artefacts are put at risk through several anthropogenic actions: Anthropogenic threats take various dimensions, ranging from theft from museums, private collections, and religious buildings, smuggling of and illicit trade in cultural goods, the irremediable looting and demolition of archaeological sites by clandestine excavators, or simply neglect of heritage sites. Illicit trading has expanded dramatically recently, especially in areas affected by armed conflicts and natural disasters, either aiming at destroying collective memory and dismembering people's identity or mostly motivated by the pursuit of profit. Moreover, the illicit trafficking of cultural goods contributes to the funding of terrorism, organized crime, and money laundering. The mission of ENIGMA, a EUR 4 million EU funded project, is to achieve excellence in the protection of cultural goods and artefacts from man-made threats by contributing to their identification, traceability, and provenance research, as well as by safeguarding and monitoring endangered heritage sites. ENIGMA objectives are designed to help the involved stakeholders better respond to this complex and multi-dimensional problem and leverage active collaboration by fostering and enabling interlinking of databases, and evidence-based deployment of preventative measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a vast dark market focused on the antiquities trade, the main character of which, when compared to other illicit businesses, is its capacity to intermix with the legal market. This makes it more difficult to investigate. We must also add to this the fact that digital tools have changed our way of life and the manner in which business is conducted, and people undertaking criminal activities have not been left out of this. In this regard, law enforcement agencies need to develop scientific knowledge and IT capacities, in cooperation with academics and society, in order to face the continuous challenges in this field. Open Source Intelligence (OSINTI techniques are some of the most valuable tools in this regard, such as carrying out provenance investigations, which are crucial to identifying and proving the illicit origin of any object. This presentation aims to provide a succinct overview of the issue to foster the development of new academic research and investigations within the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emergency Red List of Cultural Objects at Risk-Ukraine is now part of the 19th Red List and the 8th Emergency Red List of Cultural Objects at Risk. The Red List is one of the key tools for combating the illicit traffic of cultural heritage objects, which ICOM has been publishing since 2000. In the case of Ukraine, the creation of the Emergency Red List was a response to the high threat of illegal trafficking of cultural heritage posed by Russian military aggression, beginning in February 2022 and currently ongoing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Jurídica de Castilla y León is the property of Junta de Castilla y Leon, Direccion de Servicios Juridicos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Modern crime knows no borders, and criminal groups from one country easily connect with similar groups or organizations from other countries, so that it takes on a new dimension in the criminal world. Cross-border crime has become a key security issue for policymakers and law enforcement agencies. Their efforts have increasingly shifted from the domestic scene to the international arena and transnational crime. The term transnational crime now belongs to the everyday vocabulary of not only criminologists, but also policy makers, law enforcement officials and the public. One popular thesis related to organized crime claims that the illegal trade in cultural heritagegoods is the third most typical form of illegal trade - right after drugs and firearms. According to ECOSOC the illicit trade in cultural heritagegoods is often carried out in the same criminal circles as the illicit trade in drugs, arms and other illegal activities. This paper will focus on the problem of illicit trafficking of cultural heritage items as an international crime, its concept, characteristics and international response to this crime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cuestiones Políticas is the property of Revista Cuestiones Politicas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

There is a vast dark market focused on the antiquities trade, the main character of which, when compared to other illicit businesses, is its capacity to intermix with the legal market. This makes it more difficult to investigate. We must also add to this the fact that digital tools have changed our way of life and the manner in which business is conducted, and people undertaking criminal activities have not been left out of this. In this regard, law enforcement agencies need to develop scientific knowledge and IT capacities, in cooperation with academics and society, in order to face the continuous challenges in this field. Open Source Intelligence (OSINTI techniques are some of the most valuable tools in this regard, such as carrying out provenance investigations, which are crucial to identifying and proving the illicit origin of any object. This presentation aims to provide a succinct overview of the issue to foster the development of new academic research and investigations within the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For several decades, the Sahel (Mali, Niger, Mauritania and Nigeria) has been at the heart of global insecurity. Several illicit trafficking activities are taking place there (drug and fuel trafficking, human trafficking, arms sales), encouraged by armed groups. These practices extend to southern Algeria, on the border with Mauritania, where the Polisario Front, an outdated political-military movement desperately trying to create a hypothetical state in southern Morocco, is active. In this way, it is obvious that a link can be established between the terrorist movements and the Polisario Front. This reflection intends to privilege the diachronic approach, by exploiting documentary sources and oral data from interviews in Bamako. At the end of this analysis, it can be affirmed that the Polisario Front participates in hostage-taking, ransom demands, and various illicit trafficking in the Sahel. Likewise, several jihadist movement fighters are recruited into the ranks of the Polisario Front fighters. In view of all this, the Polisario Front can be linked to a terrorist movement.

Cultural heritage is a testimony of past human activity, and, as such, cultural objects exhibit great variety in their nature, size, and complexity, from small artefacts and museum items to cultural landscapes, and from historic buildings and ancient monuments to city centers and archaeological sites. Cultural heritage around the globe suffers from wars, natural disasters, and human negligence. More specifically, cultural goods and artefacts are put at risk through several anthropogenic actions: Anthropogenic threats take various dimensions, ranging from theft from museums, private collections, and religious buildings, smuggling of and illicit trade in cultural goods, the irremediable looting and demolition of archaeological sites by clandestine excavators, or simply neglect of heritage sites. Illicit trading has expanded dramatically recently, especially in areas affected by armed conflicts and natural disasters, either aiming at destroying collective memory and dismembering people’s identity or mostly motivated by the pursuit of profit. Moreover, the illicit trafficking of cultural goods contributes to the funding of terrorism, organized crime, and money laundering. The mission of ENIGMA, a EUR 4 million EU funded project, is to achieve excellence in the protection of cultural goods and artefacts from man-made threats by contributing to their identification, traceability, and provenance research, as well as by safeguarding and monitoring endangered heritage sites. ENIGMA objectives are designed to help the involved stakeholders better respond to this complex and multi-dimensional problem and leverage active collaboration by fostering and enabling interlinking of databases, and evidence-based deployment of preventative measures.

The Mediterranean crosses since the outbreak of the 2011 uprisings in the Arab world a tumultuous and hectic period. Destabilizing phenomena such as immigration, terrorism and illicit trafficking have multiplied and intensified. If the worry for the situation of the Mediterranean area is shared between the countries on the both sides of the Mediterranean, the priorities and strategies followed are not the same. For the countries of the North shore the major challenge is the security situation, while for the countries of the south shore the priority challenges are political stability and economic development. This divergence of visions aggravates the situation in this space. This means that any solution must go through trying to bring visions and policies closer together.

In the light of recent years' armed conflicts and the growing level of terrorist activity globally, the link between illicit trafficking of cultural property and terrorism constitutes a growing concern for war-torn regions as well as for the international community as a whole. Identified as a possible form of terrorismfinancing in recent years, the illegal trade of artefacts contributes to the fuelling of the spiral of violence and by this, to the undermining of the identity of the targeted populations. Due to the effects of the Arab Spring swiping through several African countries resulting in a still-existing destabilisation, power vacuum and the spread of different terrorist groups, these countries are serving an especially timeous example from this point of view. By presenting some examples from North Africa and the Sahel region, the paper aims to give an initial insight into the issue as an increasingly important international security challenge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The flourished art market has promoted the process of illicit trafficking of cultural heritage treasures across the world. Our research attempted to evaluate the ambiguity behind this active illegal market. It investigates the performance and restrictions imposed by authorities on their borders to combat the smuggled cultural artefacts and heritage antiques through assessing the local residents' perceptions and their sustainable responses. The findings reveal the homogeneity between local residents' sustainable behaviour and their views toward fighting this critical global phenomenon. Additionally, the metric invariance assessment demonstrates the vitality of community participation as an active force in combating illegal activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Bulletin of Medical History is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article examines legal provisions and remedies for illicitly trafficked pre-Columbian antiquities, focusing on Mexico and the United States of America (USA), to determine gaps and areas for improvement. These two countries provide an interesting contrast, as they are contiguous neighbours but have different legal systems and approaches to the protection of cultural property. Nonetheless, Mexico and the USA have a history of fruitful cooperation in the recovery and return of pre-Columbian cultural objects under both domestic and international frameworks, such as bilateral agreements and cultural heritage conventions. In particular, as a country that accounts for nearly half of all global art market transactions, the USA is uniquely placed to act as a gatekeeper for pre-Columbian antiquities and serve as an example for the effective protection of foreign cultural property seized within its borders. However, while the examination of Mexico and the USA provides a useful case study, the illicit traffic of these objects should not be viewed in isolation or characterized as solely a regional problem. Globalization and the international nature of the art market require a more expansive view of the subject, while still taking countries' legal and cultural specificities into account. A balanced and holistic approach will help increase the effectiveness of both national and international remedies; this will improve the legitimate market as a whole and curb illicit trafficking. By tackling the problem at both ends of the supply chain and increasing visibility, the possibilities of success shall rise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to ascertain how documentation assisted in the recovery of stolen and illicitly trafficked objects at the National Gallery of Zimbabwe. The research objectives were to: Assess the adequacy of the gallery’s documentation system; appraise the documentation elements that were key in the tracking and repatriation of stolen objects to the gallery; analyze the gallery’s networks on the documentation and safeguarding of objects against theft; and ascertain challenges faced by the gallery in documenting its objects. Research results indicated that the gallery’s documentation system encompassed both manual and electronic documentation, which addressed vital aspects that have been prescribed by Object ID Standards for the identification and recovery of stolen objects. These include photographs, provenance, and name of objects. This, coupled with networks with key institutions involved in the fight against theft and illicit trafficking of objects, has enabled the gallery to recover its stolen objects from Poland. However, lack of state-of-the-art cameras has led to the production of poor photographs, which compromised the gallery’s claim to its stolen objects. Additionally, lack of ideal software for the gallery’s database is hampering effective documentation efforts. The research recommends that the gallery should acquire appropriate cameras for quality documentation of its objects and purchase database software with backup support for software upgrades to prevent loss of information on its objects.

The 2014 Fight Against Illicit Trafficking of Cultural Property Workshop hosted by the Pacific islands Museums Association (PIMA) and funded by UNESCO and ICOM (Paris) is testament to the fact that illicit trafficking of cultural property does take place in the Pacific. This event was organised as part of the Melanesian Arts Festival hosted by Papua New Guinea (PNG). Museum staff from Fiji, New Caledonia, Vanuatu, Solomon Islands and PNG participated and presented country papers that highlighted case studies of how cultural properties were being illegally taken out of the country under dubious circumstances. One of the outcomes of the workshop was the ratification of the 1970 Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property. The Convention and its promotion through UNESCO, ICOM and the media have also created a moral pressure on dealers in cultural property who are now more aware of what is considered by the international community to be right and wrong. For over fifty years UNESCO has been promoting the adoption of international conventions to fight the illicit traffic in cultural objects and has fostered their implementation. UNESCO is continuously developing tools at both international and country levels to raise awareness on the importance of cultural objects and to facilitate the return or the restitution of cultural objects which have been stolen or illegally exported. The support of PIMA to engage local museum staff to be trained in this field has created awareness on a community level and it is anticipated that more workshops like this will take place in the future in order to inform our border control organization to assist in the curbing of the illicit trafficking of valuable cultural property out of the Pacific to the rest of the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Estudios Penales y Criminológicos is the property of Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Servicio de Publicaciones and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

For several decades, the Sahel (Mali, Niger, Mauritania and Nigeria) has been at the heart of global insecurity. Several illicit trafficking activities are taking place there (drug and fuel trafficking, human trafficking, arms sales), encouraged by armed groups. These practices extend to southern Algeria, on the border with Mauritania, where the Polisario Front, an outdated political-military movement desperately trying to create a hypothetical state in southern Morocco, is active. In this way, it is obvious that a link can be established between the terrorist movements and the Polisario Front. This reflection intends to privilege the diachronic approach, by exploiting documentary sources and oral data from interviews in Bamako. At the end of this analysis, it can be affirmed that the Polisario Front participates in hostage-taking, ransom demands, and various illicit trafficking in the Sahel. Likewise, several jihadist movement fighters are recruited into the ranks of the Polisario Front fighters. In view of all this, the Polisario Front can be linked to a terrorist movement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to improve international cooperation, at least in countries which are currently at-risk for large-scale trafficking in cultural goods, a national prosecution service should be organized, one with the ability to monitor the internal and, as far as possible, the international markets of artistic goods. These prosecution services, in cooperation with other specialized units, may consider enacting and implementing a "cultural heritage hotline" to grant the swift and discreet reception of suspected cases reports, and should provide a comprehensive survey of the items illegally exported, working in close contact with foreign authorities, which could be required to report on suspicious cultural goods, helping in their restitution and simplifying, or at least clarifying, the procedures that are often slow, complicated and expensive.1 In this regard, there is currently a worldwide cooperation between archaeologists, often reporting on suspicious trading of archaeological goods. As commonly acknowledged, this happens only on a spontaneous and episodic basis, and not as standard practice. The proposed national prosecution service could provide a comprehensive survey of the phenomena, of the laws ruling them, of their interpretation and, generally speaking, of the recurrent problems. This essay outlines this proposed service and how its implementation is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years the phenomenon of the illicit trafficking in cultural assets has been addressed by international and European lawmakers as an important phenomenon within the complex criminal networks used for the financing of international terrorism. The factors that contribute most to its development include in particular the availability of advanced technologies for plundering archaeological sites and e-commerce, which has sped up trade by breaking down space-time barriers, along also with armed conflict, political instability and poverty. In order to bring about change and put an end to the phenomenon, some significant legislative choices have recently been implemented in the European Union. The aim is to create a regime that is as uniform as possible along with a network of standardised controls capable of intercepting illicit trafficking. The concerns of art market operators surrounding the introduction of new rules and regulations can be appreciated if it is considered that the vibrant lawful market of artworks operates in accordance with tried and tested arrangements. This article will seek to provide an account of the phenomenon in its full complexity, highlighting the most significant recent developments within the European Union. It will also discuss the role of information and digital technologies in the area of cultural heritage. In particular, the existing European legal framework represented by the main legal instruments adopted by the international community and by the European Union will be sketched out, including both civil law and criminal law responses to the illicit trafficking of cultural heritage. Within this context the importance of the issues of traceability within art transactions, which are mostly paper-based, will be investigated along with other related issues such as digital tracking of artworks (digital passports), art security systems and authentication technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Croatian Annual of Criminal Sciences & Practice / Hrvatski Ljetopis za Kaznene Znanosti i Praksu is the property of Hrvatsko Udruzenje za Kaznene Znanosti i Praksu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the last decade, the development of more compact and lightweight radiation detection systems led to their application in handheld and small unmanned systems, particularly air-based platforms. Examples of improvements are: the use of silicon photomultiplier-based scintillators, new scintillating crystals, compact dual-mode detectors (gamma/neutron), data fusion, mobile sensor networks, cooperative detection and search. Gamma cameras and dual-particle cameras are increasingly being used for source location. This study reviews and discusses the research advancements in the field of gamma-ray and neutron measurements using mobile radiation detection systems since the Fukushima nuclear accident. Four scenarios are considered: radiological and nuclear accidents and emergencies; illicit traffic of special nuclear materials and radioactive materials; nuclear, accelerator, targets, and irradiation facilities; and naturally occurring radioactive materials monitoring-related activities. The work presented in this paper aims to: compile and review information on the radiation detection systems, contextual sensors and platforms used for each scenario; assess their advantages and limitations, looking prospectively to new research and challenges in the field; and support the decision making of national radioprotection agencies and response teams in respect to adequate detection system for each scenario. For that, an extensive literature review was conducted.

This paper deals with the illicit trafficking of archaeological objects looted in Greece during the current economic crisis. It focuses on the ways art trafficking is entwined with money laundering and tax evasion, namely the main consequences and challenges of the crisis for the European governments. It also highlights some cases with original interviews eg Yves Bouvier, CEO of Natural Le Coultre in Geneva free ports. Although known as the best in class among Unesco members regarding its legislation to fight art trafficking, “Switzerland remains one of the last countries where everything can be purchased with cash, i-e-without cap on cash payments” warns investigative journalist and a specialist in the Swiss banking system, Ian Hamel. Switzerland also shelters an undefined number of free ports (Geneva, Zurich and Bale free-ports being the best known) providing facilities to store, sell, ship or restore works of art, with a single key rule: confidentiality. Swiss born Yves Bouvier heads Natural Le Coultre, which is the largest private shareholder of Geneva Free port, with Geneva Canton being its major public owner. Natural Le Coultre is a worldwide leader in art transport and warehousing. Despite the crisis, the Geneva free port is fully occupied and has yet been enlarged. With the art market moving east, Yves Bouvier has invested in a Singapore Freeport settlement and still believes that Geneva is “bound to remain” a “crossroads of the art market”. Earlier in 2015, Yves Bouvier was investigated for fraud and money laundering. This suit is likely to raise legal interest in Geneva Free port trade practices. It also highlights what Jean Francois Gayraud, a writer and Police chief Inspector in France, calls “white-collar” crime. White-collar crime features criminals who are rich, and powerful, and who remain above suspicion. Their legal work position provides them with means to develop criminal activities at no risk, whereas blue collars criminals may be current economic crisis victims: eg Greek people living in impoverished conditions or unemployed people involved in illicit excavation and looting of antiquities in order to survive… As Neil Brodie, archaeologist and member of the Scottish Centre for Crime and Justice Research at the University of Glasgow, puts it “I'd like to see full police investigations of the networks, knocking the principal players down.”

Copyright of Revista de Criminologie, Criminalistica si Penologie is the property of Romanian Society of Criminology & Criminalistics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

All activities designed to conceal the true source of illegal income obtained from criminal activities and give them the legal origin ofbirtlunarks is called money laundering. Mon­ey laundering is the legalization of profits gained from criminal activity. The aim of this article is an attempt to indicate that the funds derived from money laundering are a threat to the economic system of the country. The funds derived from the committed economic crimes, give rise to huge capital , which serves, among others, to acquire part of the legal economy for the funds obtained from the suspicious transactions.