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The article presents the transformation of US migration policy and analyzes its impact on the balance of power in the 2024 presidential election campaign. The 2024 election campaign in the US is characterized by significant differences between the major parties and their voters, as well as an emphasis on key economic and immigration issues that have divided American society. Mexico is the main labor donor to the US, and it is also a gateway for illegal migration from Latin America and Southeast Asia. Almost all the time of the existence of the United States, the immigration policy of the country shows that migration plays an important role in the development of American society. The problem of illegal migration has always existed and continues to have a significant impact on the socio-economic development of the country. The current U.S. immigration strategy combines continuity with restrictive measures, while seeking to adapt migration flows to the economic needs of the country. The article analyzes the impact of migration policy on the U.S. political landscape during the 2024 election campaign. Migration policy in the United States today is a tool for conducting political struggle and "settling scores". Illegal migrants from Latin American countries will have a particular impact on the upcoming elections, so a characteristic feature of the 2024 election campaign is a cross-party struggle for the Latin American electorate, coupled with tougher migration policies. The authors draw attention to the reasons for the transformation of the US migration system and give their forecast regarding the outcome of elections in the country under certain conditions.

The evolution of US migration policy has run several cycles: at first, the fate of immigrants was the responsibility of the employer (companies, who brought them to the USA), then, with an increase in their influx and their gradual resettlement, the lives of newcomers began to be determined at the state level. Only at the end of the 19th century migration regulation began to acquire the features of the federal government’s established policy with a vector towards liberalization throughout the next century. Starting from the 2010s there is a reverse trend – back to restrictionism and ‘descend’ of the regulation to the level of state authorities, especially for illegal immigrants. Such shift causes a clash between states and federal government, and at the same time emphasises the inability of this government to carry out objectively aspired reform.Today immigration policy in the United States can be divided into two major areas: legal immigration regulation and government attempts to solve the problem of illegal immigration. This division, albeit conditionally, helps to understand why for 30 years now no Congress has been able to work out a comprehensive immigration reform or at least agree on key areas for the implementation of its’ certain aspects. A set of acute problems of socio-economic, moral and ethical nature forms an inseparable set of challenges. It equally includes both the areas necessary for the country’s successful economic development: highly qualified personnel attraction, aging of the nation combating, increase of the birth rate, and the challenges associated with the burden on society and the increase in crime: the influx of refugees, illegal, seasonal and permanent immigrants and their families.Due to domestic political peculiarities in the modern United States, party coalitions cannot agree on even one of these areas, let alone develop a profound working system that meets constantly changing needs of the economy, foreign policy challenges, and is in consensus with states’ authorities, who would finally assimilate newcomers.Will the current crisis on the southwestern border of the United States affect J. Biden’s reelection in November 2024? What strategy has D. Trump chosen to bypass his rival? – you will find from this article.

This article presents an in-depth comparative analysis of the migration policies of the European Union and Ukraine. The study aims to identify and examine the similarities and differences between these two migration systems, considering their underlying objectives, legal frameworks, and approaches to managing migration flows. By analyzing various aspects of migration policies, including labor migration, combating of illegal migration, as well as international protection systems, such as asylum, subsidiary and temporary protection, the article aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the different strategies employed by the EU and Ukraine in managing migration. The analysis begins by discussing the drivers of migration in both EU and Ukraine, highlighting the diverse dynamics and complexities that have shaped their migration policies. It explores the EU’s migration policy framework, encompassing the common asylum system. Similarly, it delves into Ukraine’s migration policy framework, emphasizing its legal framework and analizing policies towards beneficiaries of temporary protection and cooperation with EU in this sphere. Through a comparative lens, the article evaluates various dimensions of migration policies in the EU and Ukraine. Firstly, it examines the policy objectives in EU and Ukraine, assessing how they align with broader socio-economic, security, and demographic considerations. Secondly, the article examines the legislative framework and analyzes the legislative instruments that regulate migration in both the EU and Ukraine. It also emphasizes the compatibility of supranational EU legislation with the legal system of Ukraine, which is extremely important given Ukraine’s status as a candidate for accession to the EU. Finally, the article identifies areas of convergence and divergence between the migration policies of the EU and Ukraine and reflects on their implications for both regions. It recognizes the challenges and limitations faced by each system. The analysis aims to provide insights for policymakers in the EU and Ukraine to enhance their migration management strategies and foster greater collaboration in addressing the complexities of migration. Overall, this comparative analysis of EU and Ukrainian migration policies contributes to a comprehensive understanding of the various dimensions of migration management, offering a foundation for further research, policy development, and collaboration between the EU and Ukraine.

This article presents an in-depth comparative analysis of the migration policies of the European Union and Ukraine. The study aims to identify and examine the similarities and differences between these two migration systems, considering their underlying objectives, legal frameworks, and approaches to managing migration flows. By analyzing various aspects of migration policies, including labor migration, combating of illegal migration, as well as international protection systems, such as asylum, subsidiary and temporary protection, the article aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the different strategies employed by the EU and Ukraine in managing migration. The analysis begins by discussing the drivers of migration in both EU and Ukraine, highlighting the diverse dynamics and complexities that have shaped their migration policies. It explores the EU’s migration policy framework, encompassing the common asylum system. Similarly, it delves into Ukraine’s migration policy framework, emphasizing its legal framework and analizing policies towards beneficiaries of temporary protection and cooperation with EU in this sphere. Through a comparative lens, the article evaluates various dimensions of migration policies in the EU and Ukraine. Firstly, it examines the policy objectives in EU and Ukraine, assessing how they align with broader socio-economic, security, and demographic considerations. Secondly, the article examines the legislative framework and analyzes the legislative instruments that regulate migration in both the EU and Ukraine. It also emphasizes the compatibility of supranational EU legislation with the legal system of Ukraine, which is extremely important given Ukraine’s status as a candidate for accession to the EU. Finally, the article identifies areas of convergence and divergence between the migration policies of the EU and Ukraine and reflects on their implications for both regions. It recognizes the challenges and limitations faced by each system. The analysis aims to provide insights for policymakers in the EU and Ukraine to enhance their migration management strategies and foster greater collaboration in addressing the complexities of migration. Overall, this comparative analysis of EU and Ukrainian migration policies contributes to a comprehensive understanding of the various dimensions of migration management, offering a foundation for further research, policy development, and collaboration between the EU and Ukraine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the problems of regulating illegal migration by developed countries and the European Union, the achievements that cause not always correct criticism, and the possibilities of using the experience of a number of countries and new approaches in this regulation are shown. Particular attention is paid to international organizations dealing with the problems of international migration. It was concluded that there is no clear division of their functions by type of migration, which prevents the formation of long-term policies. Proposals were formulated to strengthen the role of the International Labour Organization (ILO) in rule-making and norm-setting on labor migration, which plays an increasingly important role in sustainable development. It was concluded that it is necessary to change the status of the migration conventions, otherwise effective regulation of labor migration is impossible. The countries of the Persian Gulf that attract external labor immigrants despite the rapid growth of the local population are highlighted. The difference in countries’ policies towards labor migration in the 21st century compared to the 20th century is shown. The concept of “fiduciary duty” of federal governments in relation to external migration was introduced.

This article describes the development of Czech security policy since 1989, providing an analytical description and introducing the major institutions and authorities concerned as well as the various actors involved in security policy. At the beginning of the article a definition of security policy is provided and its various stages and major topics since 1989 are introduced. The chapter also describes the various political measures and their implementation, including selected Czech security strategies. It then examines selected security institutions, their evolution and responses to some crisis situations. Although political parties, interest groups, private security agencies, media and political experts have long been involved in shaping Czech security policy, the focus of this chapter is on security institutions (authorities and security forces). Security policy is presented in chronological, institutional and thematic terms. The development of the Czech security environment is investigated mainly since 2000. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Obnovljeni zivot is the property of University of Zagreb, Society of Jesus and Faculty of Philosophy & Religious Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Hungarian Law Enforcement / Magyar Rendészet is the property of National University of Public Service and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The study delves into the phenomenon of Rohingya illegal boat migration to Indonesia's Aceh Province during the period of 2020-2023, amid allegations of human rights violations by the Myanmar government. It aims to elucidate the factors driving this migration while examining the Indonesian government's response in meeting the basic needs of Rohingya arrivals from a human rights perspective. Employing a qualitative research methodology with a descriptive analysis approach, this study utilizes a framework encompassing national policy, migration, and human rights principles. Findings reveal that most Rohingyas view Aceh as a temporary transit point en route to Malaysia, often resorting to various means, including escape from Indonesian detention facilities. Their undocumented status impedes legal entry into Malaysia, leaving many stranded in Aceh and other parts of Indonesia. International law mandates that the Indonesian government afford protection to these individuals. The study underscores the Indonesian government's adherence to international legal obligations in safeguarding the human rights and welfare of Rohingya immigrants, thereby highlighting implications for policy and humanitarian practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the results of the study, it was concluded that corruption in the state leads to a decrease in the efficiency of the economy, an increase in poverty and social inequality, a widening gap between society and power, the transformation of politics into the sphere of distribution of national wealth, the decomposition of the moral foundations of society, and harm to the prestige of the country at the international level. The foreign experience in the formation and implementation of the state anti-corruption policy in the context of the domestic and foreign policies of Finland, Germany and Switzerland was analyzed, which made it possible to focus on the need to form a mechanism for anti-corruption activities in the field of preventing and combating illegal migration, harmonized with the general anti-corruption policy through the establishment. The article identifies effective measures to combat corruption in the state: strong political will of the top leadership of the state to fight corruption, organized social control by civil society throughout the system of public administration, strict accountability of persons vested with the power to a truly independent body monitors cleanliness activities of civil servants. The place of corruption in the shadow economy has been studied with the allocation of types of measures to overcome it: legal, economic and financial, social. The mechanisms of anti-corruption activities in the field of preventing and combating illegal migration are explained. Proposed measures to combat corruption in the migration sphere. A procedure for monitoring corruption risks and evaluating the effectiveness of anti-corruption activities in the migration sphere has been defined. The components of the developed model for the formation and implementation of mechanisms for anticorruption activities in the field of preventing and combating illegal migration are systematized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article addresses the features of the «migration crisis» in Britain, the signs of which began manifesting itself almost as soon the country had left the EU in 2020. It is exactly the reduc- tion of net migration that could, as the Brexiters hoped, score some points, in the eyes of the public and politically, that the withdrawal from the EU brought about positive changes due to the cessa- tion of participation in the European Single market. In fact, one of the keynote campaign slogans – «take back control» – was never implemented, having morphed into the task of «stop the boats». The unprecedented increase in the number of illegal migrants was provoked both by imperfect asylum policies, unprepared for new challenges, and by legal gaps in the cooperation with the EU in terms of readmission and combating human trafficking. The author examines the government’s response to the «migration crisis» in two aspects. Firstly, the article looks into the changes the governments led by Johnson and Sunak, respectively, proposed to the migration legislation. An increasingly harder line on the asylum rules has become a trigger for public debate and internal party struggle, but also for legal proceedings. Secondly, the migration issue has become an important item on the interna- tional agenda of London. The government’s attempts to find reliable and legally defensible mecha- nisms for the removal of irregular migrants, including agreements with Rwanda to resettle asylum seekers, come into conflict with new political and legal arrangements with the EU and international humanitarian law, and adversely affect Britain’s image as a responsible international actor. It is concluded that the fight against illegal migration has become a top priority of socio-political discus- sions and the most important task for the Conservative Party ahead of the 2024 general elections.

Purpose – In this paper, the authors suggest that Central Americans can use entrepreneurship to solve economic uncertainty in their home country and that entrepreneurship can contribute to reducing the number of undocumented migrants to the USA. Design/methodology/approach – The authors first illustrate the context of Central American illegal migration to the USA from a transitional entrepreneurship perspective, the authors address the economic drivers of illegal migration from Central America, which results in marginalization in the USA. Second, the authors build a theoretical model that suggests that Central Americans can improve their entrepreneurial abilities through the entrepreneurial cognitive adjustment mechanism. Findings – Central Americans at risk of illegally migrating to the USA have high entrepreneurial aptitudes. Entrepreneurship can help them avoid the economic uncertainty that drives Central Americans to illegally migrate to the USA and become part of a marginalized community of undocumented immigrants. This conceptual paper introduces an entrepreneurial cognitive adjustment mechanism as a tool for Central Americans to reshape their personalities and increase their entrepreneurial abilities in their home countries. In particular, entrepreneurial intentions reshape the personality characteristics of individuals (in terms of high agreeableness and openness to experiences, as well as low neuroticism) through the entrepreneurial cognitive adjustment mechanism, which consists of reflective action in sensemaking, cognitive frameworks in pattern recognition and coping in positive affect. Originality/value – This paper studies Central Americans at risk of illegal migration using the lens of transitional entrepreneurship, which advances the understanding of the antecedents to marginalized immigrant communities in the USA and suggests a possible solution for this phenomenon. Besides, the authors build a cognitive mechanism to facilitate the transitional process starting from entrepreneurial intention to reshaping individuals' personality, which further opens individuals' minds to entrepreneurial opportunities. Since entrepreneurial intention applies the same way to all entrepreneurs, the authors' aim of constructing the entrepreneurial intention unfolding process will go beyond transitional entrepreneurship and contribute to intention-action knowledge generation (Donaldson et al., 2021). Moreover, the conceptual study contributes to public policy such that international and local agencies can better utilize resources and implement long-term solutions to the drivers of illegal migration from Central America to the USA.

Objectives This article examines how the EU is responding to the massive, irregular influx of migrants into Europe. Its purpose is to indicate normative and institutional actions that are taken to prevent the phenomenon of illegal migration and to define the model of the EU response that is adopted in the event of its occurrence. The work also attempts to clarify whether there is an EU security strategy that would comprehensively regulate these issues. Documents that deal with illegal migration to Europe and are related to ensuring the security of organizations were analyzed. The article also explains EU initiatives aimed at finding practical solutions in the event of a mass influx of migrants. Material and methods In this work, research inquiries were based on an analytical and empirical model. Mainly qualitative methods were used: case studies and exploration of primary and secondary documents, as well as a synthetic method. Results The results indicate that the EU does not have a security strategy in the event of mass illegal migration to Europe. This issue is addressed in several EU documents, in which it is not, however, the main, leading topic. This reflects the lack of consensus among Member States on a common migration policy. Conclusions The final conclusions indicate that globalism has created new security challenges that will increase as migration to the EU increases, which may make the creation of a common strategy a priority necessity.

Martial law and travel restrictions for citizens aged 18 to 60 were introduced after Russia's actions against Ukraine, but exceptions to this rule quickly emerged due to the potential negative consequences for the economy, politics and humanitarian situation. Despite this, society still faces difficulties related to the restriction of fundamental human rights. The study is important because of the increase in criminal behaviour associated with illegal crossing of the Ukrainian border during the conflict. The effectiveness of measures to counter this phenomenon and the socio-economic consequences for Europe can be determined by comparing them to European standards. This comparative analysis will also help to develop recommendations for improving legislation and international cooperation in this area. The research methods used in this study include systemic and structural, formal legal, comparative legal, logical and semantic, dialectical, sociological, statistical, empirical, and analytical. The purpose of this study is to analyse criminal liability for illegal crossing of the State border of Ukraine in the context of the military situation and to identify ways to improve legislation and international cooperation to effectively counter this phenomenon.

The relevance of the subject is conditioned upon the rapid pace of development of human trafficking, which is a modern form of exploitation of persons for various purposes. The problem is the consequences of such criminal activity, particularly if it is committed by transnational organised groups, which affect both the social, political and economic development of the state and its international image. The methods used in this work are the following: legal hermeneutics, statistical, Aristotelian, analysis, induction, and comparative. The main results of the work are as follows: research of the concept of the criminal act of “human trafficking”, “transnational organisations”, clarification of the scale of this phenomenon through the coverage of statistical data in Ukraine and in the world, and the reasons for its occurrence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This paper assesses the current circumstances regarding the protection and rights of victims of human trafficking in Kazakhstan. The study aims to evaluate Kazakhstan's main national instruments and laws adopted to combat human trafficking. Methods: The study employed several key methodological approaches, including a systematic approach, which involves the study of combating human trafficking in conjunction with the provision of guarantees of human rights; an integrated approach that consists of the study of objective and subjective factors, as well as an analysis of internal and external (socio-economic, demographic, geopolitical, etc.) factors that are the causes of illegal migration and human trafficking; an empirical approach involving research, taking into account the application of relevant experience available in Kazakhstan and abroad; a formal-legal approach to analyse the existing regulatory framework for combating human trafficking and ways to improve it. Results and Conclusions: Based on the study's results, several practical proposals are put forward to eliminate the identified shortcomings and gaps in the legal framework of Kazakhstan and law enforcement practice. This paper concludes that Kazakhstan's response to its international obligations to prevent human trafficking has some shortcomings. However, we conclude that significant improvements are possible through the adoption of a special law, as well as in cases of implementation of special organisational measures, strengthening legal responsibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Illegal migration is a major ongoing crisis affecting Europe, but, also, a global one. While the causes determining people to leave their habitat are diverse (violent conflicts, social unrest, economic problems, effects of the climate change and so on), what is obvious is that the migrant smugglers ruthlessly try to take advantage on their plight for profit purposes. In this regard, INTERPOL’s assistance to the national authorities, as well as its cooperation with other international organisations and agencies operating in the field of law enforcement cooperation, in countering migrant smuggling, is hugely important. As migrant trafficking is one of the driving forces of illegal migration, in the author’s opinion, in order to better counter the complex migrant smuggling networks, it would be needed a more comprehensive, targeted and tailored approach meant to facilitate simultaneous, quicker and coordinated operations in multiple jurisdictions. Aim: To describe the contribution of trafficking in migrants to the exacerbation of illegal migration, the role of INTERPOL in assisting European Union and its relevant agencies, as well as to contemplate to new ideas leading to solutions meant to tackle more effectively this scourge. Methodology: Having a solid experience in combating migrant smuggling, both at the operational and strategic level, as well as in the field of international Police cooperation, the Author, using both an empirical and a descriptive approach, tries to highlight the main elements of the problem based on which to contribute to a debate aimed at finding ideas and solutions for improving the efficiency of the fight against this criminal phenomenon, concerning the European continent and a wider area. Findings: The migrant smuggling networks are intrinsically connected to the phenomenon of illegal migration, looking to exploit its causes and take advantage on people’s vulnerabilities. These networks, which could be very dynamic and complex, easily spreads and infiltrates across national jurisdictions, requiring a strong response on behalf of the law enforcement agencies, which cannot be effective enough without ensuring a solid, smart and flexible international cooperation process, both at strategic and practical level. In this respect, INTERPOL’s role, alongside its partners at European and global level is essential. Value: The author’s purpose is that of describing the complexity and the implications of migrant smuggling on Europe, as well as to propose a more pragmatic, tailored and coordinated approach for fighting this phenomenon.

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Modern international activity and globalization of processes in the sphere of socio-economic, cultural, and political relations inevitably affect the dynamics of migration flows throughout the world. Ukraine, as one of the important geographical, economic, and cultural bridges between Eastern and Western Europe, has witnessed significant changes in the structure and intensity of migration processes on its territory. This led to an increase in the importance of issues of migration regulation and ensuring compliance with migration legislation in Ukraine. It is indicated that the study of this problem requires the study of various aspects, such as the types of violations of the migration legislation, the mechanisms of their detection and documentation, the rights and obligations of foreigners, as well as the effectiveness of the application of administrative sanctions. The issue of administrative responsibility for violations of the migration regime is important for ensuring compliance with legality and maintaining law and order in the field of migration, as well as in the context of Ukraine's international obligations. However, together with the growth of migration flows, the number of violations of the migration regime also increases, which requires effective control and administrative responsibility. Violations of migration legislation can have serious consequences for the security, socio-economic development, and international relations of Ukraine. Therefore, the issue of administrative responsibility for violations of the migration regime is relevant and requires in-depth scientific analysis and research. This scientific work is aimed at studying the peculiarities of administrative responsibility for violations of the migration regime in Ukraine. It examines various aspects of violations of migration law, including the types of violations, the legal framework, prosecution procedures, and the rights and responsibilities of foreigners and migration services in the context of administrative liability. The study of this topic is important for understanding the modern challenges that Ukraine faces in the context of migration processes and for the development of effective strategies for regulating migration and ensuring security and law and order in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The Art. in question is dedicated to the specificity of detecting the evidence of an offence and its prosecution, patcilularly reffering to the organised illegal migration, both from the point of view of criminal science and from the point of view of the criminal lawsuit. The subject under investigation here is both practically and legislatively sensitive. The aim of the research is to establish and elucidate the legal interactios, as well as to develop a practical algorithm for law enforcement authorities to detect evidence of organised illegal migration. The study comes with recommendations for law enforcement and prosecution bodies applicable both to the stage of establishing reasonable suspicion of commiting the crime of organised illegal migration and to the stage of criminal prosecution initiation. At the same time, we aim at pointing out those features of the initial actions of the law enforcement bodies to which attention should be drawn and the indicated actions should be carried out in order to decide whether or not the conditions of the specified crime are met. The research comes up with findings, recommendations and proposals of lex ferenda, in order to reach the top effectiveness of the organised illegal migration investigation, implicitly that the investigating and prosecuting authorities detect the evidence of organised illegal migration crime within a reasonable extend of time and expeditiously start the prosecution, with respect to the principle of formality of the criminal process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The purpose of the article is to study modern migration challenges for Ukraine and the problems of re-immigration of Ukrainians in the post-war period. The processes of globalization and integration of the world economy have their share in the growth of the dynamism of the international labor movement. International labor migration helps to overcome cultural, ethnic and traditional borders, but simultaneously creates risks regarding the development of the economies of recipient countries. In the history of migration processes in Ukraine in the twentieth century and up to the present one may allocate six stages of external labor migration. The current period includes two waves of forced migration: as a result of obtaining a visa-free regime with the EU and the russian invasion of Ukraine (2014 and 2022), as well as a wave of decline in the number of migrant workers due to pandemic restrictions during 2020–2021. The problem of labor migration existed in Ukraine even before the start of a full-scale russian intervention, because of the unregulated and imperfect legislation, low wages, and the lack of a policy of re-immigration of Ukrainian workers. The growth of external labor migration of Ukrainians can lead to an outflow of labor force, which is especially risky in the context of a demographic crisis. A higher level of wages in European countries creates a risk of Ukrainians losing their desire to work in Ukraine. This is true of both the recipients of remittances on our territory and those who have decided to change their country of residence forever, which may become an obstacle to the post-war recovery of the national economy. Therefore, already now, even in the conditions of wartime, the government should begin to implement measures for the re-immigration of Ukrainian labor. The implementation of the experience of other countries in similar situations in full is impractical due to the outdated approaches, other location, behavior of the authorities, reputation of forced migrants, etc. Thus, Ukraine should develop its own re-immigration policy with the involvement of European countries, international organizations and its own migrants.

Introduction. The Russian Federation is in constant search for new mechanisms to improve the effi ciency of the state migration policy. At the same time, the liberalization of migration legislation was chosen as the main vector of transformations, while unconditionally ensuring public safety and observance of national interests. “Loyalty agreement” is a novelty designed to try out the state, public and individual interests of the subjects of migration relations. Theoretical analysis. The legal nature of the institution of “loyalty agreement” is being analyzed. The international functioning of similar institutions is investigated in order to make a conclusion on the possibility of its implementation in the Russian legal reality. Result. The author reached the conclusion about the auxiliary nature of the institution of “loyalty agreement”. It is proposed to consider the “loyalty agreement” as a kind of public “off er” – the proposal of the Russian Federation to enter its territory and stay on the territory provided that the essential conditions for compliance with the law are met. It is noted that, along with the «loyalty agreement», it is necessary to consolidate the institutional conditions for “immigration supervision”, mechanisms for ensuring the special immigration status of “controlled stay” in a single regulatory legal act.

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The article considers the main directions of France’s migration policy at the turn of 20th – 21st centuries and focuses on the measures taken by the French government to regulate migration policy. The author concludes that nowadays a lot of work has been done in the country to solve the problem of migration, which has slightly weakened migration flows.

This paper addresses the important current problem of illegal crossing of a national border, which since autumn 2021 has been particularly intense on the Belarusian-Polish section of the border. It has been serious enough to pose a security threat not only to Poland, but also to the rest of Europe. This article contains a discussion of the solutions provided for in the 1999 Criminal Code of the Republic of Belarus that concern illegal border crossing and associated crimes, i.e. organization of illegal migration and violation of the period of prohibition of entry into the territory of the country. For the purposes of the article, it was assumed that the scope of the regulations in question is casuistic and restrictive, and provides little guarantee of protection of the national border of Belarus. The legal analyses that were conducted generally confirmed the assumed evaluation of these solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to analyse the Polish legislature's activity during the state of emergency in the field of curbing illegal migration. The thesis of the article states that the introduction of the state of emergency on the Polish-Belarusian border facilitated the legal changes aimed at reducing the scale of illegal migration on the border and their implementation. The proposed changes brought about new solutions that provided, for example, for the obligation to immediately leave the territory of Poland, issuance of a decision obliging a foreigner to return when he/she crossed or attempted to cross the border illegally, or construction of a wall on the Polish-Belarusian border. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2021, Lithuania faced the challenge of managing the crisis of new type of migration across the Belarusian border, which threatened the security of the country and its citizens. A broad set of inter-institutional collaboration strategies and methods were used among the public institutions to address this crisis. Such inter-institutional collaboration has been a multifaceted and complex process, involving both known and new good practices. The aim of this article is to provide insights into good collaborative practices between the Lithuanian national defence and internal affairs systems in managing the migrant crisis. Following the expert interview results, the study identified three good practices of inter-institutional collaboration: (i) the creation of a single dissemination channel for the crisis response services, which ensured that all actors were in the same information field; (ii) the delegation of representatives of the institutions to teams at strategic, operational and tactical levels; and (iii) inter-institutional information sharing ensured good situational awareness at an early stage of emergency management. Lessons learned from the collaboration between the institutions of the national defence and internal affairs systems can be applied to improve inter-institutional collaboration in other areas. The research results can be used to enhance the process of such collaboration in addressing current emergency management issues and serve as a basis for effective and smooth emergency preparedness and response where interinstitutional synergy is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The discussion about immigration to the United States of America was avast and complex topic that has been extended over a period of more than two centuries. The view about immigration changed through the passing of time, however, in recent times it was a product of two very different ideals expressed between 2015 and 2018. This subject is extremely relevant because it comprises millions of lives that could have suffered a significant change due to the constantly shifting policies. This paper aims to analyse the socio-political changes that have been generated by the creation and modification of immigration-related bills in the short, yet relevant period which comprises three years. The conclusions that have surfaced from this research are that the immigration policies were focused on stabilising the statute of immigrants before the Trump Administration. This administration modified them so to have a nationalist approach. It is important to state the negative impact that the immigration policies had upon the development of society because most recently the same bills that should create a stronger society have managed to divide it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phenomenon of cross-border crimes is very developed at the current stage, and migration has changed essentially depending on its objectives, causes, directions, and intensity. The increase in the number of the population of the world normally accompanies the increase in the number of immigrants around the world. The flow of illegal immigrants negatively influences employment in the labor field, as well as the socio-economic situation in the country. In addition, the identification, maintenance, and return of immigrants from abroad are associated with some additional financial expenses. Migration is an important dimension of globalization, and its dynamics are increasingly connected to changes in social structures and the global economy. This trend of international migration is now characteristic of all areas of the world, and the motivations and means to migrate are more numerous than at any time in human history. It is known that the phenomenon of illegal migration is very difficult to prevent or investigate by law enforcement agencies because this type of crime is included in the list of latent crimes and can only be stopped utilizing legal instruments - special investigative measures. Special investigative measures are carried out only when it is impossible to ensure the fulfillment of the tasks provided for in Art. 2 of Law 59/2012 regarding the special investigative activity. The measures in question have an informative search character and are aimed at obtaining information about people who conceive, prepare or commit crimes, about the presence of material traces of illegal activity, including about people who intend or organize illegal migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Strategic Affairs Magazine is the property of Strategic Affairs Magazine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

As a country with a specific geopolitical and geostrategic position, North Macedonia, positioned in the centre of the Balkan Peninsula, is subject to illegal migration and is located at the crossroads of migrant routes leading from Asia and Africa to Central and Western Europe. Therefore, the article makes an effort to answer two related questions. The first question refers to the geopolitical context of migrant routes and their impact on the increase in migrant smuggling, while the second one is the focus of migrant smuggling within organised crime groups. In terms of time, the research covers the period of the COVID-19 pandemic. The methodology of this paper is based on an analysis of policy documents from open sources. Also, the authors surveyed more than one hundred Macedonian police officers who work directly on the borders and engage in the suppression of smuggling migrants, and an in-depth interview with the head of the National Unit for Combating Migrant Smuggling and Trafficking in North Macedonia.

Poland is under controlled migratory pressure on the border with Belarus. The influx of third-country nationals is supported by Belarusian state services. These activities are hybrid in their nature, and their aim is to destabilize the situation in Poland and the European Union. Although Poland has taken adequate measures to protect and defend its border, these events are a test of the effectiveness and efficiency of the functioning of the state security system. The purpose of this considerations is to present the events taking place on the PolishBelarusian border and their impact on the security of our state. In the methodological aspect, media and press reports, analysis of source materials and observation of the development of the situation were used. The result of the above is the fact that the migration crisis has not ended and continues to generate serious threats to Poland.

Russian migration policy is facing a number of problems, whose effective solution has not been found yet. They include the absence of infrastructure for social and cultural adaptation and integration of migrants and high level of illegal migration. The system of organized drawing-in workers-migrants has not been developed. To resolve these problems it would be useful to analyze the experience of the soviet period, when complicated migration problems were successfully settled. A system of steps aimed at assisting socio-cultural adaptation and integration of internal migrants was promoted by involvement of the population in their solution. The present article analyzes specific features and mechanisms of state migration policy of the soviet period, which supported the needs of economy in labour, helped populate the remote areas of the country and create conditions for the development of human capital. State policy in this sphere was planned and successive: it staked at internal labour migration; migration flows were regulated; state was interested in the development of industrial, agricultural and cultural potential of territories, where migrants arrived. Critical study of the experience of migrants’ adaptation and integration in this period, identifying mechanisms, which can work in current conditions would allow us to optimize today’s migration policy and practice of its pursuing.

In 2021, Lithuania faced the challenge of managing the crisis of new type of migration across the Belarusian border, which threatened the security of the country and its citizens. A broad set of inter-institutional collaboration strategies and methods were used among the public institutions to address this crisis. Such inter-institutional collaboration has been a multifaceted and complex process, involving both known and new good practices. The aim of this article is to provide insights into good collaborative practices between the Lithuanian national defence and internal affairs systems in managing the migrant crisis. Following the expert interview results, the study identified three good practices of inter-institutional collaboration: (i) the creation of a single dissemination channel for the crisis response services, which ensured that all actors were in the same information field; (ii) the delegation of representatives of the institutions to teams at strategic, operational and tactical levels; and (iii) inter-institutional information sharing ensured good situational awareness at an early stage of emergency management. Lessons learned from the collaboration between the institutions of the national defence and internal affairs systems can be applied to improve inter-institutional collaboration in other areas. The results of the research can be used to enhance the process of such collaboration in addressing current emergency management issues and serve as a basis for effective and smooth emergency preparedness and response where inter-institutional synergy is needed.

This article presents actualities of issues of migration. Migration is a highly discussed and contested issue in most transit or destination States. The analysis of current trends in migration leads to the conclusion that this issue increased in the last decade and have tendencies to continue in near future. It means that more people will decide to change their place of living, and every country will become a source of transit or final destination of migration. Migration processes taking place within state borders. Control of national borders is seen as an essential aspect of the sovereign State. States adopt increasingly restrictive rules, same times fueled by popular hostility to immigrants. The main task, by using content analysis method is to show, that migration issues remain important in today's context and require continuous focus and adaptation of common instruments to manage migration flows. As illustrative example was taken data collected by Frontex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]