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Idiomatic expressions are not just neutral equivalents of their literal counterparts, but exert some sort of evaluative force. This study employed the appraisal system (AS) to explore the functions of idiomatic expressions and their variations in English as a lingua franca context, and to compare different academic domains in terms of use of evaluative language in the form of idiomatic expressions. To this end, the corpus of English as a lingua franca in academic settings and the Vienna–Oxford International Corpus of English were searched for idiom tokens through whole‐phrase and keyword search. The idioms and their variations were classified based on the AS. The findings indicated that social and behavioral scientific texts included higher proportions of evaluative idiomatic expressions whereas medical and natural scientific texts generated lower percentages of appraisal idioms. There was a stronger tendency in both corpora toward using idioms as appreciation as compared to judgment and affect. Given the employed methodology, the AS could not be applied to some idioms for their compositionality nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After outlining the concept of a constructiCon and discussing the relationship of lexicography and constructicography, the focus of this article lies on the CASA ConstruCtiCon project for the English language. The treatment of different types of constructions in CASA|Con is discussed such as argument structure constructions, sentence type constructions, and tense and aspect constructions. In contrast to such constructions at a high level of abstraction a few examples involving a low level of abstraction are being discussed and it is argued that such seemingly unidiomatic constructions constitute an important element of idiomatic language use. Finally, it is shown that the vast majority of constructions are related to lexical material and that thus bringing together what used to be separated into lexical and grammatical phenomena makes a lot of sense not only in terms of linguistic theory but also with respect to works of reference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the distinction between complexity and difficulty in second language acquisition, proposing to add new constructs to the existing complexity-accuracy-fluency (CAF) triad. The authors suggest incorporating difficulty and appropriateness into the framework, leading to the acronym CAFDA. Additionally, the article introduces the idea of extending the CAF paradigm to CAFIC, with "I" representing idiomaticity and "C" representing coherence, to encompass new measures related to conventionalized language use. The authors emphasize the need for clarity in defining key notions and the importance of developing precise delineations for the new constructs. [Extracted from the article]

В современном информационном мире публицистика играет значительную роль в формировании общественного мнения, а устойчивые выражения, как ее неотъемлемая часть, обладают особым воздействием на читателя. Китайская народная газета 《人 民 日 报》 известна не только своей информативностью, но и использованием ярких высказываний, в том числе идиоматических выражений.Цель исследования заключается в том, чтобы проанализировать использование идиоматических выражений в публицистическом тексте на примере китайской народной газеты 《人民日报》.Использование идиоматических высказываний в публицистике означает адресность статей к читателям, которые обладают определенным социальным статусом и образованием. Именно идиоматические высказывания отражают все стороны культурной жизни Китая, такие как история, музыка, искусство, религия, политика и др.

Usually omnipresent from trivial discussions to solemn harangues, phraseological units reflect the idiomatic and figurative facet of our language. Likewise, being part of the lexical repertoire, and of the cultural system in a broader sense, these lapidary constructions, a composed and more or less stabilized part of the lexicon, are, through their cohesion and their intergenerational transfer, explicit representatives of the “language and culture” binary. Part of the framework of Cognitive Semantics via the conceptual metaphor model developed by Lakoff & Johnson (1980), this work goes beyond the classic vision which did not envisage a link between the primary senses and idiomatic of the PU. Furthermore, our reflection aims to question the said conception in favor of multiple iconic (metaphorical and metonymic) and cultural motivations, ensuring a continuum from which the trajectory of meaning of the phraseological units is traced, from compositionality to idiomaticity.

Copyright of Brünner Beiträge zur Germanistik und Nordistik is the property of Masaryk University, Faculty of Arts and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Synergies Algérie is the property of GERFLINT (Groupe d'Etudes et de Recherches pour le Francais Langue Internationale) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Football coverage is considered a rich source for phraseological research. It primarily highlights the functionality of phraseological units within this domain. However, although this research is usually based on corpora, it mostly uses qualitative methods. In contrast, quantifying analyses in the narrow sense based on sufficiently large corpora are hardly available. This article therefore presents a method for the data-driven, i.e. purely quantitative-statistical survey of phrasemes in large corpora of football live text commentaries in six European languages (German, English, Dutch, French, Italian and Spanish). With this method, which is based on the determination of recurrent word pairs on the basis of statistical association measures, idiomatic expressions can be accurately identified, which can then be examined from a contrastive perspective. Parallels can be found both in the phraseological designation of typical game situations and in the set of available figurative components. In addition to some culture-specific peculiarities in the football phraseology of the analysed languages, a transculturally shared inventory of both source domains and phraseological units is revealed. However, these form a characteristic phraseological profile of the domain-specific language of football coverage within the respective languages. Thus, the presented method contributes to the contrastive research in the language of football as well as to the phraseologically relevant question of the cognitive and cultural aspects of cross-linguistically widespread idioms.

In recent decades we have witnessed a remarkable proliferation in studies belonging to the phraseological field. In this cognitive research, a case study is carried out in the Spanish-Russian combinatorics of a plot, until now, little studied, such as zoomorphisms. Likewise, the research focuses not only on the semantic aspects of phraseological units but also on the pragmatic-cultural component, which plays a vital role in discourse. To carry out the contrastive analysis, 20 native Russian-speaking master's students with a linguistic profile were interviewed. The research was carried out through a proposed exercise to counteract and analyze the phraseological iconicity of the phraseological units. Starting from the cultural importance that the phraseology of any language has, this work is concluded by referring to the importance of the metaphorical meaning within a specific cultural environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the results of a diachronic study of the light verb constructions containing the German verb kommen 'come' accompanied by a prepositional phrase containing a deverbal noun and the preposition zu 'to'. The analysis is based on the corpus data from the DTA (DeutschesTextarchiv) between 1600 and 1900. The aim of the paper is to integrate traditional grammatical descriptions of Funktionsverbgefüge with grammaticalization and lexicalization approaches as well as with more recent usage-based constructionist approaches. In doing so, the view of composite predicates as more or less grammaticalized or more or less lexicalized constructions will be challenged by offering empirical evidence in favor of a more diversified account. It will be argued that it is often a matter of the methodological perspective as to which particular status is assigned to a structure under investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fixed expression and idioms are part of the translated discourse. They are ready-made constructions that summarize an idea or a concept by using outstanding formulas. Translate these expressions is a big challenge for the translator. Thus, a well done translation does not mean mastering the linguistic skills of both languages, since the text does not contain just linguistic facts. It is also about culture, emotions, connotations, style and the author’s genius. Formulaic language often presents significant issue in translation just as well as finding a fixed expression as equivalent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three Arabic translations of Khalil Gibran's "The Prophet" are chosen among other available Arabic translations. Fifteen translated texts from the book were included for the analysis in this study. The three translations are by Basheer (1934), Abdelahad (1993), and Okasha (2008). The study investigates and analyzes different linguistic levels: discourse, stylistic, semantic, syntactic, and lexical among others as well as different choices made by the translators in rendering the same source text (ST) elements. The study found out that adopting different translation strategies by the translators led to different versions of the same ST. These strategies are based on the aesthetic ornamentation approach by As-Safi (2016). They include idiomaticity, stylistic considerations, cultural orientation, semantic/lexical accuracy, and syntactic accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper consists of two main parts: (a) In the first part, a typology of multiword expressions (MWE) in Czech is described in a detailed way. This typology is part of the description of MWE database entries in the lexical database LEMUR containing more than 10,500 MWE entries as of June 2020. MWE properties reflected in this typology are accounted for by categories and their values. Each MWE is identified by a unique lemma; a group of related MWEs is assigned a “superlemma”. A MWE is described by the following properties: a MWE definition, characteristic examples, lemmas and morphological features of MWE components (words), as well as the following key categories: MWE style/register, type of usage, syntactic structure (including its representation by a dependency and a phrase-structure tree), aspects of flexibility (variants and fragments, internal modifiability of individual MWE components, possibilities of syntactic transformations of the main MWE components and morphological constraints) and types of idiomaticity on the lexical, morphological, syntactic, semantic and pragmatic level. (b) In the second part of the paper, the authors focus on the frequency of the main features of the adopted typology in the real language material represented by the genre-balanced SYN2015 corpus, containing 100 mil. word forms (excluding punctuation): a type of usage correlated with a syntactic type and frequency of various kinds of idiomaticity. Our paper seems to be the first attempt at approaching the MWE properties from the point of view of MWE frequencies as types rather than tokens (i.e. frequencies of occurrences of a given MWE).

The question of universals helps address ways in which the unique aspects of Bolesław Leśmian’s literary creation refl ect crucial concerns of Polish literature and culture. The local and the singular become international and universal. This article demonstrates that Leśmian’s idiomatic, seemingly untranslatable literary works enable translators and foreign readers to experience what appears to be a higher order of universality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the problem of the Spanish syntactic constructions differentiation of phraseological and non-phraseological type, fixed phrase schemes in particular, which are the syntactic constructions that refer to the phraseological language subsystem. Here we define both the nature and the status of the fixed phrase schemes as linguistic units, as well as the scope and boundaries of these units’ group in the contemporary Spanish language. The fixed phrase scheme is a syntactic unit that represents the communicative function, possesses the stable construction scheme, expresses propositional (dictum and modus) meaning, and phraseosyntactic meaning (syntactic, intensifying and expressive semes). Its structure includes both the compulsory unchangeable and the compulsory changeable components. Syntactic phraseological units are characterized by such categorical features, as reproducibility, idiomaticity, structural and semantic stability, expressiveness that non-phraseological syntactic constructions do not possess. The descriptive, transformational and analogous methods are used in the article as well as phraseographical portraying, and component, phraseological, etymological and discourse analysis. The fixed phrase scheme is an extremely effective tool of communicative interaction.

The fixed phrase scheme «N1+ называется!» is monosemic. It is derived and formed on the basis of a simple unextended declarative sentence. The compulsory un change able component of the fixed phrase scheme (называется) is simple. Its inner form is partially pertinent; it determined its syntactic paradigm dealing with the word-order convertibility of the compulsory unchangeable and changeable components. These components possess rather limited paradigmatic opportunities because of the phraseologized status of the syntactic construction. Due to its idiomaticity and expressivity the fixed phrase scheme can realize the diverse pragmatic potential.

This article aims to expand the concept of fixedness in language from stable autonomous structures to socially shared patterns of communication. The study examined conversational utterances that sounded strange or 'unnatural' to members of a speech community and explored the reasons behind such intuitive perceptions. Some of these utterances contradicted the community members' expectations based on sedimented patterns of linguistic resources of various sizes and associated conventional meanings beyond dictionary definitions (i.e. cognitive frame). Others challenged their expectations concerning positional fitness and socio-relational concerns (i.e. interactional frame). The observed expectations for sedimented patterns of communication likely result from a lifetime of experience talking and hearing about the world around them in ways that are accepted by other members of the speech community. The dynamic perspective on fixedness is particularly meaningful for context-dependent languages like Japanese that rely heavily on unexpressed shared knowledge in co-constructing meanings and actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is a response to the criticism of construction grammar raised by Ignacio Bosque in his work The grammar of constructions: an external look. Bosque's criticism is complemented by an internal, peripheral and applied look to these issues. To contextualize my answer, I begin by presenting an overview of constructivist approaches, to highlight differences in interests, conceptual tools and degree of formalization, as well as the aspects of constructivist approaches that are most relevant for my work as an analyst of colloquial syntax (the periphery of syntax) and teacher of Spanish as a foreign language (applied approach). In the second part of the text, I respond to the main criticisms by Bosque from the version of the construction grammar developed by Charles Fillmore, which must account for both idiomatic and compositional expressions. The ultimate goal of this text is to contribute to the inter-theoretical dialogue showing that the differences between constructivists and projectionists are not as extreme as is sometimes assumed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with the features of euphemisms pertaining to the nominative group "Poor countries". The authors analysed a range of euphemistic units from the news articles published in the early 20th – early 21st century. The analysis revealed that lexical units with high idiomaticity contain more extralinguistic components. It was revealed that the euphemistic potential of phraseological euphemisms could depend on the cohesion of their constituent elements. The authors found out that the less a lexical unit is motivated and the more frequently it is implemented in a constant context, the lower its euphemistic potential is and the more likely it is to be dysphemised.

This article takes a critical second look at understanding idiomaticity in CALL (Computer Assisted Language Learning). The conditions markedly affecting second language teaching and learning are highlighted amidst pedagogical constructs supporting the reconstructive nature of idiomatic understanding and production in English. The ensuing discussion underscores the promise digital technologies hold for further research work on idiomaticity including, but not limited to, idiom, metaphor, simile, metonymy, hyperbole, proverb, slang, cliché, lexical bundle, phrasal expression, multiword construction, collocation, colloquialism, and tropes of figurative language. It is argued that for the purposes of diagnosis and achievement idiomaticity must be thoughtfully anchored in pedagogical paradigms requiring further examination and care. These exemplars, as the need arises across contexts and audiences, are seen as particularly useful to the development and refinement of idiomatic knowledge, especially when such knowledge reflects the judicious and purposeful use of CALL technologies, electronic tools, and digital resources. Pedagogical implications addressing idiom-learning activities and task-based digital projects are also discussed.

The analysis of the fixed phrase scheme «N1-6 + называется!» is fulfilled. It was established that its compulsory component is simple and is represented by the word «называется». The fixed phrase scheme is monosemic: it has the meaning of «negative evaluation». It is derived and it is formed on the basis of a simple sentence according to the enantiosemical model. The compulsory unchangeable component of the fixed phrase scheme has zero grammatical and morphological paradigms (exсept for grammatical category of number). Its inner form is completely pertinent. The compulsory changeable component has defective grammatical paradigm, because it is represented by a noun (complete morphological paradigm) or a verb (incomplete morphological paradigm). The fixed phrase scheme possesses one optional component, detailing the fixed phrase scheme content and intensifying its meaning. The fixed phrase scheme has the syntactic paradigm due to the order convertibility of the compulsory changeable and unchangeable components. The extension is possible; however, it is relatively rare. The co-occurrence of the fixed phrase scheme with other utterances in the text has entirely semantic character. The analyzed fixed phrase scheme possesses all phraseological features: reproducibility, structural and semantic stability and integrity, idiomaticity, colloquial stylistic colouring, expressivity and agrammatism element as well. The high expressivity level of the fixed phrase scheme determines the high functional frequency in speech, and the pragmatic potential contributes the increasing of the communication process effectiveness.

"The phraseographic portraying of the fixed phrase scheme «Подумаешь + N1!» is fulfilled. It was established that its compulsory component is simple and it is represented by the full lexeme «подумаешь». The fixed phrase scheme is polysemic and derived. It is formed on the basis of a complex sentence. The compulsory unchangeable component of the fixed phrase scheme has zero lexical, grammatical and morphological paradigms. Its initial meaning is completely unactualized, it determined the lack of any syntactic relations between the compulsory components of the fixed phrase scheme. The compulsory changeable component has complete lexical and grammatical paradigm: it is represented by a noun (in the nominative case), a verb (in the Past Tense form), an adjective (in the nominative case), and an adverb. In addition the Noun is more frequent in the communication practice. The morphological paradigm is zero. The fixed phrase scheme possesses one optional component, intensifying the modus component of the fixed phrase scheme. The syntactic paradigm of the fixed phrase scheme is zero due to the inconvertibility of the compulsory changeable and unchangeable components order. The extension is possible; however, it is relatively rare. The co-occurrence of the fixed phrase scheme with other simple sentences in the text can predominantly have place within the scope of conjunctionless compound sentence. The analyzed fixed phrase scheme refers to the phraseological resources of the language, because it possesses all phraseological features: reproducibility, structural and semantic stability and integrity, idiomaticity, colloquial stylistic colouring, expressivity. The high expressivity level of the fixed phrase scheme is determined by multi-aspect character of idiomaticity feature. The fixed phrase scheme is frequently used in speech, because it has the high pragmatic potential."

Приведен фрагмент анализа семантики производных диалектных глаголов речи с целью изучения прагматических аспектов языкового значения. Классификация диалектных глаголов проведена в соответствии с классификацией лексико-семантических групп (ЛСГ) общеупотребительных русских глаголов. Определены когнитивные модели при образовании характеризующих наименований действий, связанных с речевой деятельностью. Приведены примеры пропозиций глаголов. Установлено, что характеризующие глаголы данной группы могут иметь моно- и полипропозитивные структуры. Выяснилось, что для номинации ситуаций, связанных с речевой деятельностью людей, актуальным является субъект пропозиции. Было определено, что одна из пропозиций глаголов может отражать объективные свойства именуемого действия, другая – являться результатом оценки этих свойств. Оценка содержится в производных глаголах, образованных от оценочных имен существительных, или возникает в процессе словообразования на основе метафоры. Актуальными для носителей говоров являются ЛСГ глаголов речевого общения и ЛСГ глаголов речевого воздействия. Диалектными глаголами чаще отражается конфликтная ситуация. Для образования данных глаголов используются метафорические модели, осложненные модусом фиктивности и эмотивной модальностью. Наличие метафорических наименований объясняется антропоцентричностью группы и особым дискурсом. Выяснилось, что для носителей говоров характерно негативное отношение к бессодержательным, непродуктивным, многословным рассуждениям; к моральной дискредитации собеседника (семы «ругать», «сплетничать»). Ценятся такие качества, как ум, способность донести информацию в понятной доступной форме.

As data-driven learning has been advancing across new frontiers in recent years, there is still a paucity of studies on data-driven vocabulary learning model that brings about effectiveness in teaching and learning practices. Idiomaticity, which serves as an important indicator for language proficiency, needs abundant contextualized language input for the acquisition of target words. In this regard, the present study explores whether computerassisted language learning is effective in vocabulary acquisition, and in the differentiation of synonymous words on the part of learners. Pre-/posttests and questionnaires were administered among an experimental group (N=26) and a control group (N=26). Results showed that the experimental group, who was instructed under the data-driven learning model, got a higher mean score than the control group, who received traditional dictionary-consulting instruction. The former also finished the posttest within a much shorter period of time. A significant relationship was found between the pretest scores and posttest scores among the experimental group whereas the scores in the control group did not reach statistical significance. Therefore, there was a significant improvement in learners' performance on collocation production under the data-driven learning model, whilst dictionaries did not prove to have such a contributing effect. This study provides some suggestions for how to enhance learners' idiomaticity by improving collocation performance under the data-driven model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study gives a comprehensive portrait of the accusatival-passival type of the composite-predicate (or support-verb) construction in the history of Latin. Taking stock of properties shows them to only minimally serve as a touchstone distinguishing between Latin composite predicates and syntagmatically identical verb + direct object constructs. The intricate issue of idiomaticity and the prospects of establishing its parameters are discussed, concluding that although characteristics such as figurativity of the verb or direct-object incorporation indicate this status, the closed corpus of Latin securely allows only for a quantitative parameter, or familiarity, for this kind of a complex predicate. We are looking from the diachronic perspective at individual support verbs, primarily capere and habere, in the evolvement of their function and status—grammatical or lexical-phraseological—as well as at other sets of verbs, figurative ones and verbs otherwise departing from their basic meaning. The support verb emerges as the cardinal constituent of the construct, determining the function of the complex, and as considerably autonomous, being capable of representing, in anaphoric contexts, the entire construction. A reconsideration of the opposition between composite predicates and their monolexematic counterparts brings up again their added value as to exhaustiveness, clarity, perspective, and focus of the message conveyed through a composite predicate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper has two main objectives: the first is to present an overview of the phenomenon of multi-word items in English, and discuss their prevalence in native speaker usage. The second is to discuss how proficient non-native speakers of English, and in particular those who are training to become translators, may benefit from classroom training that increases awareness of the primary role of chunks and other multiword units in native-like speech. It is argued that classroom training may tend to emphasise grammar rules and lexis over building a repertoire of multi-word items; more practise in this area may improve fl uency, conserve energy, and enhance long-term language learning among adult foreign language users with nuanced foreign language performance goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

En este trabajo analizaremos el uso que se hace de las unidades fraseológicas por parte de diferentes humoristas gráficos de la prensa española de actualidad (autores que superan el mero humorismo en busca de un análisis crítico de la realidad informativa). Para llevar a cabo esta labor será necesario, en primer lugar, contrastar las características de los códigos verbal y visual y los problemas que plantea la transferencia entre ambos. En segundo lugar, y en relación con lo anterior, mostraremos que el principal factor que se debe tener en cuenta en la codificación y decodificación de estas imágenes es el grado de idiomaticidad de las unidades fraseológicas subyacentes. Para ilustrar estos procesos se ejemplificará con los artistas gráficos David Pintor y Carlos López (Pinto & Chinto), que desde hace casi una década realizan diariamente una viñeta en el periódico La Voz de Galicia, uno de los más antiguos y de mayor diffusion en España, si bien comprobaremos que desde períodos remotos se ha acometido con diferente propósito la labor de plasmar fraseologismos en imágenes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studies in Applied Linguistics / Studie z Aplikované Lingvistiky is the property of Universita Karlova, Filozoficka Fakulta and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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The phraseographic portraying of the fixed phrase scheme «Так и + V finit (п.вр., б.вр., с.в.)!» is fulfilled. It was established that its compulsory component is composite and it is represented by the combination of non-interrogative adverb «так» and the intensifying conjunction «и». The fixed phrase scheme is polysemic: it has two meanings: «statement» and «negation». It is derived and it is formed on the basis of a simple unextended sentence according to the enantiosemical model. The compulsory unchangeable component of the fixed phrase scheme has zero lexical, grammatical and morphological paradigms. Its inner form is completely pertinent; it determined its permeability, and also the possibility of precise syntactic role qualification in the sentence structure. The compulsory changeable component does not have lexical and grammatical paradigm, because it is only represented by a verb. The morphological paradigm is incomplete and it includes the Past and Future Tense forms of the perfective aspect. In addition the first one is more frequent in the communication practice. The fixed phrase scheme possesses several optional components, detailing the fixed phrase scheme content and intensifying subjective and modal meaning of the utterance. The syntactic paradigm of the fixed phrase scheme is zero due to the inconvertibility of the compulsory changeable and unchangeable components order. The extension is possible; however, it is relatively rare. The co-occurrence of the fixed phrase scheme with other utterances in the text has entirely semantic character. The analyzed fixed phrase scheme possesses all phraseological features: reproducibility, structural and semantic stability and integrity, idiomaticity, colloquial stylistic colouring, expressivity and agrammatism element as well. The high expressivity level of the fixed phrase scheme determines the high functional frequency in speech, and the pragmatic potential contributes the increasing of the communication process effectiveness. Its speech realization requires context due to the meaning enantiosemy.

Lexical borrowings-inclusions imminently and permanently invade conversations of modern people. In line with professional or terminological usage, one can discover a certain fund of universal usages which could be revealed in various modern languages. Those came into usage both from classical languages - Latin and Greek and from modern languages - French, English, Italian, German and others. Their composition isn’t uniform: they make up discourse connectors (à propos), typical addressing nominations (Madame, Sir), standard expressions (Honoris causae, multa cum lauda) and further on - up to paroemia (Dum spiro, spero et al.).Goal and tasks of the research are due to the demand in analyzing usual senses of such inclusions; to make clear their status proceeding from their semantic and functional multidimensional nature. They reveal conservative senses, known in the source-language and preserved in modern usage in various languages, and on the contrary, they are flexible in meaning as a number of interpretations demonstrate it, especially in the paroemia sphere.

Pawley and Syder (1983) pointed out that idiomatic expressions can be discussed in terms of nativelike selection (NLS), which refers to the ability of the native speaker to express his/her intended meaning using an expression that is not only grammatical but also nativelike. In the current study, Pearson’s correlation coefficients were used to investigate the possible correlations between the variables of language contact (LC), language attitude (LA), and language motivation (LM) integrative (Int.M) and instrumental (Inst.M), age of L2 onset (AoO), and length of exposure to target language (LoE) and English bilinguals’ (EBs) knowledge of NLS in an international school—a semi-naturalistic setting. A possible correlation between EB’s NLS scores and their English academic performance (EAP) was examined as well. Moreover, multiple regression analysis was conducted to investigate the factors predicting EB’s NLS knowledge. The participants were 281 high school students of mixed gender and ethnicity from an international school in the Philippines. Different questionnaires were used to collect data related to LC, LoE, AoA, LA, and LM. Data concerning NLS knowledge and EAP were gathered using a receptive NLS test together with a standardized English test. The results of the correlation analyses indicated that the variables of LC, LoE, Int.M, and AoO were significantly related to EBs’ knowledge of NLS. Moreover, a significant positive correlation was found between EB’s knowledge of NLS and their EAP. The results of regression analysis yet revealed that the variables of LC, LA, and Int.M predicted EB’s NLS knowledge. The findings provided pedagogical implications for those involved in EFL/ESL teaching, particularly in international schools.

This paper critically considers the implications of the growth of English-medium instruction (EMI) globally for idiomaticity in English as a Lingua Franca (ELF). We first make the case for idiomaticity in English in terms of its contribution to language processing and use and regarding the challenges and affordances it presents to users of English as a second/additional language. We then compare the domains of ELF and EMI in order to pinpoint the similarities and differences between their characteristics, with specific reference to the role of idiomaticity. We argue that EMI prepares students for academic ELF, which is idiomatically distinct from academic L1-English and non-academic varieties of English; that the unidirectional nature of much EMI discourse has implications for ELF-specific idiomaticity; and that the large-scale, long-term language contact engendered by the growth of EMI denotes that an increasing number of L2-English users may be underprepared for a wealth of ELF events, particularly those which draw more substantively on idiomaticity or are themselves idiosyncratically idiomatic. We consider how EMI pedagogy might foster students’ idiomatic competence and creativity to take account of their ELF needs beyond the ivory tower.

Приведен фрагмент анализа семантики производных диалектных глаголов с целью изучения прагматических аспектов языкового значения. Определено, что когнитивные модели при образовании функциональных и характеризующих наименований различны. Приведены примеры пропозиций глаголов тематической группы «Межличностные отношения». Установлено, что характеризующие глаголы данной группы могут иметь монои полипропозитивные структуры. Выяснилось, что для номинации ситуаций, связанных с взаимоотношениями людей, актуальными являются субъект и объект пропозиции. Описана идиоматичность производных слов и факторы, ее обуславливающие. Выявлено, что разная степень фразеологичности исследуемых единиц зависит от семантики мотиватора, а также от использования при образовании глаголов метафорических и метонимических моделей. Наличие метафорических наименований объясняется антропоцентричностью группы и особым дискурсом. Нешаблонный способ образования языковой единицы позволяет воздействовать не на сознание, а на эмоции человека.

For a successful verbal communication, the ability of decoding the direct and figurative meaning is essential. Idioms as a part of any language have always been an issue for the discussion among scholars. It is said that artists add life to their artworks with colours while writers “add colour” to their writings with idioms and other figurative speech that fosters creative thinking. Therefore, the article deals with the perception of figurative meaning expressed in verbal communication through the usage of colour idioms. The paper discloses a different understanding and employment of colour idioms, black and white colour in particular, in various cultural settings. The analysis reveals that not all languages possess colour idioms with the same colour element within them. It also discloses cultural aspects of three linguistic communities, one colour could be considered as the most prominent example as in three languages it refers to a completely different phenomenon. Santrauka Gebėjimas atpažinti tiesioginės ir perkeltinės prasmės kodus yra būtinas sėkmingai verbalinei komunikacijai. Pastaruoju metu frazeologiniai posakiai, kaip neatskiriama kiekvienos kalbos tyrimų dalis, sulaukia vis daugiau tyrėjų dėmesio. Sakoma, kad menininkai pagyvina savo darbus pridėdami spalvų, rašytojai nuspalvina kūrinius vartodami frazeologizmus ir perkeltinės reikšmės žodžius, taip skatindami kūrybiškai mąstyti. Straipsnyje nagrinėjamas perkeltinių reikšmių suvokimas verbalinėje komunikacijoje vartojant frazeologizmus, kuriuose yra spalvas žyminčių žodžių. Tyrimo tikslas – ištirti spalvos elementą jungiančius frazeologizmus trijose kalbose: anglų, lietuvių ir rusų. Tyrimo metu siekta nustatyti frazeologizmų reikšmes trijose kalbose, sugrupuoti frazeologizmus į semantines grupes pagal jų reikšmes, surasti jų panašumus ir skirtumus. Atlikta kokybinė ir kiekybinė analizė parodė, kad dažniausiai naudojamos spalvos trijų kalbų frazeologizmuose yra juoda ir balta. Tyrimo rezultatai leidžia teigti, kad frazeologizmai, kuriuose vartojamas spalvos elementas, atskleidžia taip pat kultūrinius lingvistinių bendruomenių aspektus. Frazeologizmų suskirstymas į semantines grupes parodė, kad grupės, kuriose nustatytas didžiausias frazeologizmų skaičius yra emocijos, asmens bruožai ir kokybė. Tyrimas patvirtino, kad tos pačios spalvos įgyja skirtingas reikšmes skirtingose kalbose. Reikšminiai žodžiai: frazeologizmai, kuriuose yra spalvas žyminčių žodžių, kūrybinis mąstymas, suvokimas, verbalinė komunikacija.

One of the challenges of learning English for Iranian learners is “native-like” production of speech rarely achieved by even the most advanced learners. Unfortunately, it is common belief among Iranian English learners that knowledge of individual lexical items is the key to communicative competence. But alas! The outcome has shown this is counterproductive. As an anglicist teaching ESP in general and EAP in particular in my country, I feel responsible for shedding light on this issue inasmuch as I experience the lapse in my everyday professional work. It should be noted that in this Global Village, in which English is considered the Lingua Franca of science and technology, focusing on phraseological units as a sub-branch of lexical proficiency seems to be of paramount importance to avoid misunderstanding and miscommunication. The present article makes an effort to highlight the role of contextual usages of these units in TEFL to help the learners reach the desired native-like production of English speech.

In this paper, we provide an overview of research on multiword expressions (MWEs), from a natural language processing perspective. We examine methods developed for modelling MWEs that capture some of their linguistic properties, discussing their use for MWE discovery and for idiomaticity detection. We concentrate on their collocational and contextual preferences, along with their fixedness in terms of canonical forms and their lack of word-for-word translatatibility. We also discuss a sample of the MWE resources that have been used in intrinsic evaluation setups for these methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The aim of the present article is to verify one of the fundamental principles of Construction Grammar: the absence of a clear boundary between free expressions and phrasemes. Proceeding from this postulate, properties of linguistic expressions such as idiomaticity, fixedness and non-compositionality should be viewed as a matter of degree. The data for the investigation are Russian expressions based on the pattern nu i X. The focus is on both idioms (nu i nu 'well, now!') and on compositional collocations introducing a special question (Nu ikak tebe ėta stat′ja? 'Well, so what do you think of this article?'). Located between these poles are many items that are not fully compositional but also do not belong to the field of traditional phraseology (nu i ladno 'well and good', nu i pust′ 'so be it'). Using statistical analysis, the article identifies the most stable items following the pattern nu i Х. Semantic analysis permits us to identify two groups of constructions: 'surprise', and 'indifference'. Occurring within each group are constructions with different degrees of idiomaticity. Thus we are dealing with a continuum, that is, a gradual transition from free co-occurrences to idiomatic ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on parametization of phrasal and syntactic schemes of modern Russian language with the base component-preposition: «На то и + N1! и «N1 + не в + N4». These schemes relate to the construction of a class of syntactic phraseological units and form the core of expressive syntax of the Russian language. They have obligatory and optional components. Phrasal schemes with base component-preposition have integrated and differentiated properties. Phrasal schemes are polysemic, derivative and possess phraseological signs of reproducibility, structural and semantic integrity and stability, idiomatic, colloquial expressivity. Implication of these phrasal schemes in colloquial speech increases the efficiency of the communication process and allows the speaker to realize a variety of authorial intention.