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Introduction: Aggression in sports is often perceived as a necessary trait for success, especially in martial arts. Aggression can be assessed both explicitly and implicitly, taking into account the dual processing model. The purpose of the research was to examine explicit and indirect, latency-based measure of aggression in competitive athletes practicing striking combat sports, according to gender and sports performance. At the same time, we verified whether aggression (implicit/unconscious and explicit) predicts sports performance in martial artists. Materials and methods: A total of 85 athletes practicing striking combat sports took part in the research. For implicit, latency-based measure of aggression, an Implicit Associations Test (IAT) was used, while explicit aggression was assessed with the Romanian adaptation of the Makarowski's Aggression Questionnaire for martial arts athletes. Results: Data analysis revealed (using multivariate analysis of variance) that athletes from striking combat sports having international sports performances registered significantly higher D-scores (IAT, p = 0.014) and lower values for Go-ahead factor (p = 0.006), compared to athletes without outstanding results. Goodman and Kruskal tau association test was used to check the existing associations between athletes' gender and martial arts athletes' level of explicit and implicit aggression. In addition, binomial logistic regression procedures were performed, predicting martial artists' likelihood to obtain higher sports results, based on explicit and indirect aggression. Conclusion: A stronger association between Aggression and Others (at implicit/ unconscious level) and a moderate level (generally) for Go-ahead factor of explicit aggression are associated with an increased likelihood of sports performances in athletes. In addition, male martial arts athletes are more persistent despite obstacles, remaining more on the offensive (no gender-related association were found in terms of indirect/unconscious aggression, and for Foul Play and Assertiveness factors of explicit aggression). The study underlines the importance of addressing athletes' subconscious level to promote more constructive behaviors in competitions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated whether the Internet Addiction Test (IAT) and the Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version (SAS-SV) capture separate Internet-related disorders, comparing CFA, Set-ESEM, and Full-ESEM models on a sample of 839 participants (59.1% females; Mage = 30.31, SD = 10.05). The ESEM solution was selected based on fit-indices [χ2 = 506.810; df = 248, p < .001; CFI = .976; TLI = .963; RMSEA = .035 (.031–.040); SRMR = .019; AIC = 70,390.955; BIC = 71,269.364; aBIC = 70,678.693], inter-factor correlations (.232 < r < .595), parameter estimates (significant primary target loadings and reduced cross-loadings), and theoretical interpretability. This study highlights the conceptual overlap between Internet and smartphone addiction and emphasises the importance of comparing CFA, Set-ESEM, and Full-ESEM models when two or more sets of constructs are included in a single model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hate speech can increase stereotyped thinking and social distancing in a society. However, there is still a lack of variety in the social groups under study and research into possible solutions to the problem. Thus, our aim is to (1) study effects of hate speech against Chinese people and transgender people and (2) to investigate if counter speech can offset the detrimental effects of hate speech. We conducted a pre-registered online experiment with a 2 × 3 between-subject design, varying the attacked group (Chinese people/transgender people) and the type of comments (neutral/hate speech/hate speech and counter speech) for an Austrian sample (n = 1285). Findings reveal no effect of hate speech on the dependent variables, indicating that citizens might not be as vulnerable to hate speech after all. However, counter speech has a polarizing effect: attitudinal gaps and differences for social distancing increase between left-wing and right-wing participants if hate speech is countered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the important limitations of direct (explicit) measures in psychological research with children, various scholars have focused on developing indirect (implicit) measures for different psychological constructs. However, children's well-being has traditionally been assessed in an explicit and direct way. For this reason, the first goal of the present research was to develop a new instrument to assess children's and adolescents' well-being using the Implicit Association Test (WB-IAT-Y). The second aim was to examine the relation between direct and indirect well-being measures. In this study, 358 primary and secondary school students answered the WB-IAT-Y, the Psychological Well-being Scales, and the World Health Organization – Five Well-Being Index. Finally, an expert conducted a semi-structured interview with each participant, asking about satisfaction with life in the main domains for children (i.e., family life, friends, school, and overall life satisfaction). The WB-IAT-Y showed good internal consistency and adequate construct validity. Factorial analyses indicated that this measure acted as an indirect measure. As in previous research, the WB-IAT-Y correlated weakly with the two well-being direct measures, and it showed the strongest correlation with the semi-structured interview conducted by an expert. To conclude, the new WB-IAT-Y instrument is a useful measure to assess indirect well-being for youths. We suggest that it is important to evaluate children's and adolescents' well-being using both direct and indirect measures in order to assess conscious and unconscious processing of self-relevant information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionAggression in sports is often perceived as a necessary trait for success, especially in martial arts. Aggression can be assessed both explicitly and implicitly, taking into account the dual processing model. The purpose of the research was to examine explicit and indirect, latency-based measure of aggression in competitive athletes practicing striking combat sports, according to gender and sports performance. At the same time, we verified whether aggression (implicit/unconscious and explicit) predicts sports performance in martial artists.Materials and methodsA total of 85 athletes practicing striking combat sports took part in the research. For implicit, latency-based measure of aggression, an Implicit Associations Test (IAT) was used, while explicit aggression was assessed with the Romanian adaptation of the Makarowski’s Aggression Questionnaire for martial arts athletes.ResultsData analysis revealed (using multivariate analysis of variance) that athletes from striking combat sports having international sports performances registered significantly higher D-scores (IAT, p = 0.014) and lower values for Go-ahead factor (p = 0.006), compared to athletes without outstanding results. Goodman and Kruskal tau association test was used to check the existing associations between athletes’ gender and martial arts athletes’ level of explicit and implicit aggression. In addition, binomial logistic regression procedures were performed, predicting martial artists’ likelihood to obtain higher sports results, based on explicit and indirect aggression.ConclusionA stronger association between Aggression and Others (at implicit/unconscious level) and a moderate level (generally) for Go-ahead factor of explicit aggression are associated with an increased likelihood of sports performances in athletes. In addition, male martial arts athletes are more persistent despite obstacles, remaining more on the offensive (no gender-related association were found in terms of indirect/unconscious aggression, and for Foul Play and Assertiveness factors of explicit aggression). The study underlines the importance of addressing athletes’ subconscious level to promote more constructive behaviors in competitions.

The golden ratio, also known as Phi (ϕ ≈ 1.618034), attracted the interest of mathematicians, artists, and intellectuals for many centuries, probably from when it was discovered in human anthropometry. Even in recent times, researchers found the presence of the golden ratio in Renaissance paintings and aesthetic preferences. The reasons behind the fascination with the golden ratio remain unclear, but it has been suggested that stimuli containing this proportion are often perceived as beautiful. However, evidence is conflicting, and the literature struggles to establish the existence of individual preferences for the golden ratio. To gain new insights into the nature of these preferences, one hundred participants completed an implicit association task, with either golden ratio or random stimuli presented with positive or negative words. Participants initially categorized the stimuli based on their assigned categories. Then, we assessed their explicit preferences by asking them to rate the stimuli in terms of pleasantness and by completing a line bisection task and the Ultimatum Game. The results revealed the typical effects observed in implicit association tasks, with improved response times and accuracy when golden ratio stimuli were associated with positive word categories. In contrast, explicit ratings yielded mixed results. We discuss our findings in relation to previous studies that have explored this issue, highlighting the ongoing debate surrounding preferences for the golden ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Chronological cues are ubiquitous in retail settings, whether they come in the form of production, release, on-shelf, or purchase dates, etc. Yet, they remain relatively underexplored in the marketing literature. Could newness that arises from these chronological cues lead consumers to prefer options merely because they are newer, above and beyond any substantive benefits conferred or implied by that newness? We propose and find in a series of eight preregistered studies (n= 2,216) that consumers exhibit mere newness preference across many product domains—preferring chronologically newer options over older options with no substantive benefits to newness. We provide evidence that overgeneralization is one important driver of mere newness preference: Most consumers hold positive (negative) associations with chronological newness (oldness) in an implicit association test, and mere newness preference is reduced in domains in which the opposite association exists. Consequently, consumers are willing to pay a newness premium even for mere newness.

We conceptualize and measure right‐wing populism (RWP) as a three‐dimensional concept, explicitly and implicitly, based on online surveys and implicit association tests (IATs) in Germany and Switzerland. Confirmatory factor analyses show that explicit populism, nativism, and authoritarianism establish the latent RWP‐construct and that they are each related to their respective implicit counterpart. However, RWP ideology does not exist as an equally robust construct in the implicit realm as it does in the explicit realm. Resulting implicit‐explicit incongruence is psychologically meaningful in that it is moderated by willingness to comply with perceived social norms: For participants who perceive that their own political views differ from their social environment and who conceal their diverging opinions, implicit attitudes differ more strongly from explicit attitudes. This supports our rationale that explicit expression of RWP‐ideology is subject to social‐compatibility concerns. Hence, corresponding implicit attitudes are useful to fully assess the RWP potential within society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Previous research has shown that People Who Inject Drugs (PWID) are subject to public stigma, which affects access to, and provision and quality of, treatment and support services. Less is known about the socio-cognitive processes that support the development and maintenance of public stigma toward PWID. The present study investigated the role of disgust sensitivity in implicit disgust to injecting drug use. Methods: 126 participants took part in an online Implicit Association Task (IAT) measuring implicit disgust to pictorial stimuli of injecting drug use or medical injecting. Participants also completed The Disgust Scale Revised, Injecting Phobia Scale (Short Form), Attitudes to People Who Use Drugs (PWUD) scale and a substance use inventory. Results: Average IAT score was negative indicating significantly higher implicit disgust to injecting drug use. Hierarchical linear regression found that injecting phobia predicted implicit disgust to injecting drug use. Questionnaire measures of disgust did not predict implicit disgust. While animal reminder disgust and injecting phobia were significantly correlated with each other, animal reminder disgust did not predict implicit disgust scores. Conclusions: On the basis of our findings, stigma toward PWID may not be a result of feelings of disgust toward injecting drug use. We discuss findings in the context of the underlying cortical processes supporting implicit and explicit representations of disgust. Future research should seek to investigate neurophysiological evidence for disgust to and stigmatization of injecting drug use and the potential role of domains of disgust in this. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human decision-making is characterized by explicit (that is, controlled, self-reflective) beliefs as well as by implicit (that is, automatic, spontaneous) beliefs. Entrepreneurship research largely relies on explicit beliefs to explain entrepreneurial behavior, as it is harder to capture implicit beliefs with standard survey methods. This paper argues that integrating implicit beliefs—in combination with explicit beliefs—provides a more comprehensive picture of what individuals think about entrepreneurship and how they act as a result. A reaction-time tool, the Implicit Association Test, is used to measure two types of implicit beliefs (attitudes and self-concept), which play different roles for entrepreneurial behavior. Three studies provide evidence that implicit beliefs (a) affect explicit entrepreneurial attitudes and intentions, and (b) moderate whether these explicit beliefs translate into nascent entrepreneurial behavior. The implications for research and practice are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

В предыдущей статье «Сравнительный анализ имплицитных измерений ГАТО и IAT: единстве в многообразии» (№ 5 / 2023 журнала «Мониторинг общественного мнения: экономические и социальные перемены») авторы представили обоснование актуальности, охарактеризовали в общих чертах теоретические основания и подробно описали инструментарий методического эксперимента по оценке конвергентной валидности методик измерения имплицитных факторов социального действия Графического ассоциативного теста отношения (ГАТО) и Имплицитного ассоциативного теста (Implicit Association Test, IAT). Эта работа продолжает обозначенную тему и нацелена, во-первых, на проверку воспроизводимости выявленных ранее различий между результатами измерений этих двух методик, а во-вторых, на исследование связи обнаруженных различий с особенностями ГАТО и его валидностью. Полученные результаты показывают, что различия в результатах тестов воспроизводятся, но объясняются не «плохой», а «хорошей» работой ГАТО: авторы показывают, что более неадекватные с точки зрения внутренней валидности результаты ГАТО связаны с большим сходством между ними и результатами IAT.

Статья посвящена анализу результатов методического эксперимента, основанного на сопоставлении результатов измерений тестов Графического ассоциативного теста отношения (ГАТО) и Implicit Association Test (IAT). Оба они претендуют на измерение имплицитного (то есть неосознаваемого) «ментального содержания», и каждый из них имеет определенные проблемы с конструктной валидностью. Планируя эксперимент, авторы статьи предположили, что совпадение результатов измерений укажет если не на единство, то на некоторую степень сходства предмета измерения тестов, и таким образом будет внесен вклад в концептуализацию предмета измерения каждого из них. Результаты эксперимента выглядят противоречивыми. С одной стороны, он не выявил никаких фактов, ставящих под сомнение валидность ГАТО как инструмента имплицитных измерений. С другой стороны, полученные данные указывают на то, что сравниваемые методики имеют тенденцию диагностировать существенно различающиеся аспекты «ментального содержания». Возникли эмпирические основания предположить, что IAT отображает преимущественно устоявшееся ядро социальной установки, которое в силу рутинизации уже не рефлексируется, в то время как ГАТО обладает также и способностью улавливать самые первые признаки изменений, которые носят характер имплицитных как раз в силу того, что еще не рефлексируются.

Several latest elections and referendums were marked by the dramatic failure of electoral forecasts based on mass polls. To respond to the dissatisfaction of the public and politicians, alternative approaches like prediction markets, Implicit Attitude Test (IAT), expectationbased forecasts and so on were developed. IAT proves to be one of the most efficient ways to enrich the forecasting models and improve their accuracy. The problem is that the original form of IAT implies too rigid rules to be applied in the traditional mass poll. As a thorough laboratory-style measurement of nervous reactions to stimuli, IAT requires a special environment, for instance, nothing should disturb or distract respondents from performing experimental tasks. Such an environment is difficult to provide during the mass poll’s fieldwork; thereby, researchers usually implement IAT on small samples. This article presents the Graphic Associative Test of Attitude (GATA) as a tool for mass polls. It is the IAT’s functional analog developed by the author and tested in a wide range of preelectoral mass polls in Russia. GATA is easy to use even with inexperienced interviewers, and its simple and intuitive-clear tasks do not create additional barriers for respondents and do not decrease the response rate. At the same time, in a reliable way, GATA identifies implicit factors of behavior and helps to improve the accuracy of forecast. As a theoretical research, this study proves the ‘dual attitude’ concept of the structural theory of attitude.

The golden ratio, also known as Phi (ϕ ≈ 1.618034), attracted the interest of mathematicians, artists, and intellectuals for many centuries, probably from when it was discovered in human anthropometry. Even in recent times, researchers found the presence of the golden ratio in Renaissance paintings and aesthetic preferences. The reasons behind the fascination with the golden ratio remain unclear, but it has been suggested that stimuli containing this proportion are often perceived as beautiful. However, evidence is conflicting, and the literature struggles to establish the existence of individual preferences for the golden ratio. To gain new insights into the nature of these preferences, one hundred participants completed an implicit association task, with either golden ratio or random stimuli presented with positive or negative words. Participants initially categorized the stimuli based on their assigned categories. Then, we assessed their explicit preferences by asking them to rate the stimuli in terms of pleasantness and by completing a line bisection task and the Ultimatum Game. The results revealed the typical effects observed in implicit association tasks, with improved response times and accuracy when golden ratio stimuli were associated with positive word categories. In contrast, explicit ratings yielded mixed results. We discuss our findings in relation to previous studies that have explored this issue, highlighting the ongoing debate surrounding preferences for the golden ratio.

In the United States, prospective adoptive parents often express preferences related to race. In two studies, we examined whether implicit racial bias against Black people may contribute to disparities in much less willingness to adopt Black children. The first study (N = 510) assessed individuals' implicit racial bias and their willingness to adopt a Black child. The second study (N = 2,001,652) used U.S. state-level implicit racial bias to predict adoption rates of Black foster children in each U.S. state. Greater implicit racial bias predicted less willingness to adopt Black children and less frequent adoptions of Black foster children. Implicit bias contributed to these disparities above and beyond explicit bias, with implicit bias having a 43% larger effect size than explicit bias on willingness to adopt a Black child. These are the first findings to demonstrate the role implicit bias plays in explaining large disparities between Americans' willingness to adopt Black and White children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Women's implicit associations between gender and science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) may inhibit their desire to pursue and succeed in STEM careers. Little consensus exists regarding when these associations begin to develop and what may lead to changes over time. This study examined whether gender-STEM implicit associations of college women majoring in male-dominated STEM fields are less stereotypical than those who choose non-STEM, people-oriented, female-dominated majors (FDMs), whether these associations might differ between students at the start and end of their degree program, and whether these associations are related to previous STEM-relevant educational experiences or explicit STEM-gender associations. A Career Identity Implicit Association Test (IAT) measured implicit associations between personal identities and career choices and a Gender-Career IAT measured implicit associations between gender groups and careers in a sample of 240 college women (half STEM majors, half FDMs) who completed the study online. Half of each major group was composed of first year students and half were more advanced students (third year or beyond). We also assessed explicit gender-STEM stereotypes and early educational experiences related to STEM. Results indicated more counter-stereotypical associations for personal career identity and gender-career stereotypes among STEM women compared to non-STEM women, with no effect for year in school. Higher quality STEM educational experiences were also associated with counter-stereotypical scores on both IATs. Counterintuitively, explicit gender-STEM associations were related to less stereotypical scores on the Career-Identity IAT. Unexpectedly, STEM majors and advanced students reported more pronounced explicit gender-STEM associations than FDM majors and first-year students. Both IAT scores and early educational experiences predicted major choice. These results have novel implications for interventions that encourage women's participation in STEM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Self-relevant stimuli such as one's name and face have been demonstrated to influence information processing in both the cognitive and affective domains. It has been observed that recently self-associated stimuli can also influence cognition, but their impact on affect has not been tested yet. In the current study (N = 107), we test whether recently self-associated stimuli yield an affective bias and compare the size of the effect with that of familiar self-associated stimuli. A Recoding-Free Implicit Association Test (IAT-RF) presenting self-associated, neutral object-associated, positive, and negative stimuli was used with two groups: one which categorised familiar words as self- and neutral object-associated stimuli, and a second which categorised recently self- and neutral object-associated geometric shapes. In both cases, response times were faster for congruent trials, which mapped response keys as "positive/self" and "negative/neutral object," than for incongruent trials which mapped response keys as "positive/neutral object" and "negative/self." The size of the effect yielded by familiar and new self-associated stimuli did not differ. This indicates that experimentally induced self-association can immediately yield an affective bias in favour of the self-associated stimulus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Self-report measures partially explain consumers' purchasing choices, which are inextricably linked to cognitive, affective processes and implicit drives. These aspects, which occur outside of awareness and tacitly affect the way consumers make decisions, could be explored by exploiting neuroscientific technology. The study investigates implicit behavioural and neurovascular responses to emotionally arousing and high-engagement advertisements (COVID-19 content). High-engagement advertisements and control stimuli were shown in two experimental sessions that were counterbalanced across participants. During each session, hemodynamic variations were recorded with functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) of the prefrontal cortex (PFC), a neurophysiological marker for emotional processing. The implicit association task (IAT) was administered to investigate the implicit attitude. An increase in the concentration of oxygenated haemoglobin (O2Hb) was found for the high-engagement advertising when this category of stimuli was seen first. Specular results were found for deoxygenated haemoglobin (HHb) data. The IAT reported higher values for highly engaging stimuli. Increased activity within the PFC suggests that highly engaging content may be effective in generating emotional arousal and increasing attention when presented before other stimuli, which is consistent with the higher IAT scores, indicating more favourable implicit attitudes. This evidence suggests that the effectiveness of highly engaging advertising-related messages may be constrained by the order of advertisement administration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Learning procedures such as mere exposure, evaluative conditioning, and approach/avoidance training have been used to establish evaluative responses as measured by the Implicit Association Test (IAT). In this paper, we used the Quad model to disentangle the processes driving IAT responses instantiated by these evaluative learning procedures. Half of the participants experienced one of these three procedures whereas the other half only received instructions about how the procedure would work. Across three experiments (total n = 4231), we examined the extent to which instruction-based versus experience-based evaluative learning impacted Quad estimates of the Activation of evaluative information in IAT responses. Relative to a control condition, both instruction- and experience-based evaluative learning procedures influenced Activation. Moreover, and contrary to what prevailing models of implicit evaluations would predict, in no instance did experience-based procedures influence (positive or negative) Activation more strongly than instruction-based procedures. This was true for analyses which combined procedures and also when testing all three procedures individually. Implications for the processes that mediate evaluative learning effects and the conditions under which those processes operate are discussed.

This study includes two experiments designed to assess the effects of occupational gender-related stereotypes on information processing and memory performance. These two experiments were conducted in two separate cohorts of undergraduate students (N = 107 and N = 96, respectively). In each of them, we assessed (and confirmed) the presence of an implicit association preferentially linking high status attributes to men using the Implicit Association Test (IAT). We also assessed the effective incorporation of this association into gender-schemata and its consequences for information processing with a memory task that involved remembering the feminine and masculine forms of high or low status professional occupations. Results indicated that, independently of their gender, participants were more likely to forget and less likely to falsely recall the feminine forms of high status professions, whereas the opposite was true for the masculine forms of high status professions. The magnitude of these memory biases was correlated with the IAT scores. Moreover, in agreement with the predictions of gender-schemata theory, these memory biases (and their correlations with IAT scores) were predominantly observed when participants were not adverted that their recall would be evaluated later on (incidental-encoding memory task; Experiment 1), but less so when participants were explicitly instructed to memorize the same feminine and masculine forms of high or low status professional occupations (intentional encoding memory task; Experiment 2). Taken together, these results call into question the notion that gender stereotypes about professional occupations are declining, and they highlight a "men-high-status" association as a major component of these occupational stereotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Automatic associations involving alcohol have been proposed to play a role in drinking behavior. Such associations are often assessed using implicit measures such as the Implicit Association Test (IAT). Neural network language models provide computational measures of semantic relationships between words. These model-based measures could be related to behavioral alcohol-related associations as observed using the IAT. If so, this could provide a step toward better understanding of the nature of automatic associations and their relationship to behavior. The current study therefore aimed to test whether there is a systematic covariation over items between model-based and behavior-based associations. Analyses were performed for two single-target IATs from a previously published study. One task involved alcohol versus nonalcohol drinks and positive associates, and the other alcohol versus nonalcohol drinks and negative associates. The GenSim library and a pretrained word2vec model were used to calculate a relative computational association between specific items from the positive and negative categories, respectively, and the alcohol versus nonalcohol word sets. In both tasks, a significant covariance between items' computational and behavioral measures of association was found over participants. The results thus add to the information on the relationship between neural network language models and psychological associations. They may provide methodological strategies for task design and data analysis. Models of semantic associations connect computational linguistics and social-cognitive psychology and may provide a theoretical link between measures of alcohol-related associations using verbal stimuli and alcohol-related cognition and behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to investigate the development and consequences of the internalized stigma (IS) explicitly and implicitly assessed, in relation to a longer time seeking professional help, avoidance of talking about the mental illness, self-esteem and general health perception. A structural equation model was developed in a clinical sample with heterogeneous psychiatric diagnoses (N = 160). Results show that not talking about the illness and taking longer to ask for professional help is related to a higher IS, leading to poorer self-esteem and general health. Time in asking for help also has impact on the self-esteem, with the IS as a mediator between both variables. The self-esteem also mediates the negative relationship between IS and general health. Additionally, implicit IS has direct negative effects over self-esteem. The research underlines the important relationship between these psychosocial variables and IS. More studies are needed about implicit IS in order to better understand its effects and relationship with explicit IS and other relevant variables. Efforts should be made to encourage professional help and talking about mental illness in order to prevent IS, as well as interventions focused on damaged self-esteem to reduce its impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the link between implicit racial bias and right-wing populism. Using data from 41,803 participants, I explore whether implicit racial bias predicts the support of right-wing populist parties (RPP) in France, Belgium, and the Netherlands. The results reveal a significant association between implicit racial bias and support of RPP, even when controlling for explicit bias. Additional analyses show that the effect of implicit racial bias is especially high for participants with high levels of explicit racial bias. Participants with negative explicit racial bias are thus especially likely to support RPP if they also have high levels of negative implicit racial bias. The study also finds a significant effect for participants with no explicit racial bias, although the effect is markedly smaller. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research has shown that immersive virtual reality (VR) is a suitable tool for visualizing the consequences of climate change. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether visualization in VR has a stronger influence on climate change awareness and environmental attitudes compared to traditional media. Furthermore, it was examined how realistic a VR experience has to be in order to have an effect. The VR experience consisted of a model of the Aletsch glacier (Switzerland) melting over the course of 220 years. Explicit measurements (new environmental paradigm NEP, climate change scepticism, and nature relatedness) and an implicit measurement (implicit association test) were collected before and after the VR intervention and compared to three different non-VR control conditions (video, images with text, and plain text). In addition, the VR environment was varied in terms of degrees of realism and sophistication (3 conditions: abstract visualization, less sophisticated realistic visualization, more sophisticated realistic visualization). The six experimental conditions (3 VR conditions, three control conditions) were modeled as mixed effects, with VR versus control used as a fixed effect in a mixed effects modeling framework. Across all six conditions, environmental awareness (NEP) was higher after the participants (N = 142) had been confronted with the glacier melting, while no differences were found for nature relatedness and climate change scepticism before and after the interventions. There was no significant difference between VR and control conditions for any of the four measurements. Nevertheless, contrast analyses revealed that environmental awareness increased significantly only for the VR but not for the control conditions, suggesting that VR is more likely to lead to attitude change. Our results show that exposure to VR environments successfully increased environmental awareness independently of the design choices, suggesting that even abstract and less sophisticated VR environment designs may be sufficient to increase pro-environmental attitudes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two studies examined whether the attributional framing of negative events affected explicit evaluations, as measured by differences in liking, and implicit evaluations, as measured by the Implicit Association Test (Greenwald et al., 1998). In Study 1, participants read negative information about a novel target ordered to elicit internal or external attributions. Participants in the internal attribution condition evaluated the target more negatively than did those in the external attribution condition on both implicit and explicit measures. Study 2 replicated these results and tested the effects of attribution on recently formed negative evaluations. Participants who evaluated targets before and after receiving additional negative information about them demonstrated implicit and explicit evaluative change consistent with the attributional framing of that information. This research provides clear evidence that attribution influences the formation and change of implicit evaluations; however, these effects were weaker than those on explicit measures of evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How we mentally represent spatial relations is known to haveeffects on cognitive processes such as inferences, co-speechgesture, or memorizing. In addition, spatial positions oftenserve as metaphors that carry valence. For instance, “movingup the social ladder, “getting it right”, or being “in front” feelscertainly better than “moving down”, “having two left feet”,or “lagging behind”. Spatial position, however, depends onperspective, more concretely on which frame of reference(FoR) one adopts—and hence on cross-linguisticallydiverging preferences. What is conceptualized as “in front” inone variant of the relative FoR (e.g., translation) is “behind”under another variant (reflection), and vice versa. Do suchdiverging conceptualizations of an object’s location also leadto diverging evaluations? We tested this with speakers ofGerman, Chinese, and Japanese using an Implicit AssociationTest (IAT). Data from two studies suggest that acrosslanguages the object “in front of” another object is evaluatedmore positively than the one “behind”, and that both locationand evaluation depend on the adopted FoR. In other words:linguistically imparted FoR preferences appear to impact onevaluative processes.

One of the debatable issues in the theory of social action is the interaction of explicit and implicit factors in their influence on human behavior. The ‘parallel’ influence models oppose the ‘sequential’ models. The former argue that one factor determines another, and the last one influences behavior. The latter argue that factors are of an independent nature and affect behavior each in their own way. In practical terms, agreeing with one of these models means rejecting or accepting the idea of a conflict of factors and of behavior as a result of this conflict. In the previous article, we showed that the influence of ideologically biased statements on the explicit and implicit components of the attitude towards the object of these statements can be exactly the opposite. It is necessary to check whether this phenomenon is stable. If so, it will be necessary to recognize the independent nature of the factors of behavior. Such a check was carried out and (within the limits of the empirical data) confirmed the correctness of the ‘parallel’ models. This conclusion is all the more convincing because it was obtained by observing the dynamic reaction of the associations between the components of the attitude and the assumed factors of its formation. As the criticality of respondents increases, the nature of this relationship predictably changes. But it changes differently for the explicit and implicit component of the attitude. Moreover, we identified a phenomenon of the “anticipatory engagement of a situationally dominant factor”. If we are not mistaken in understanding its nature, the very foundations of theories of the ‘sequential’ influence are under a question.

Previous research has shown that immersive virtual reality (VR) is a suitable tool for visualizing the consequences of climate change. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether visualization in VR has a stronger influence on climate change awareness and environmental attitudes compared to traditional media. Furthermore, it was examined how realistic a VR experience has to be in order to have an effect. The VR experience consisted of a model of the Aletsch glacier (Switzerland) melting over the course of 220 years. Explicit measurements (new environmental paradigm NEP, climate change scepticism, and nature relatedness) and an implicit measurement (implicit association test) were collected before and after the VR intervention and compared to three different non-VR control conditions (video, images with text, and plain text). In addition, the VR environment was varied in terms of degrees of realism and sophistication (3 conditions: abstract visualization, less sophisticated realistic visualization, more sophisticated realistic visualization). The six experimental conditions (3 VR conditions, three control conditions) were modeled as mixed effects, with VR versus control used as a fixed effect in a mixed effects modeling framework. Across all six conditions, environmental awareness (NEP) was higher after the participants (N = 142) had been confronted with the glacier melting, while no differences were found for nature relatedness and climate change scepticism before and after the interventions. There was no significant difference between VR and control conditions for any of the four measurements. Nevertheless, contrast analyses revealed that environmental awareness increased significantly only for the VR but not for the control conditions, suggesting that VR is more likely to lead to attitude change. Our results show that exposure to VR environments successfully increased environmental awareness independently of the design choices, suggesting that even abstract and less sophisticated VR environment designs may be sufficient to increase pro-environmental attitudes.

Drawing on a case study of unconscious bias levels in the Australian Public Service (APS), findings suggest gender equality remains a concern for career prospects for women, particularly for Indigenous women when two‐thirds of Indigenous employees in the APS are women. Additionally, age and length of service provide further insights into the implications for a workplace free of discrimination and prejudice. For example, male respondents across each successive age category show higher preference levels for Caucasian Australians than do female respondents. In this paper, I compare findings with results found in an Australian study reported by Shirodkar, (2019). Journal of Australian Indigenous Issues, 22, 3. The basis of both studies was the Australian Aboriginal Implicit Association Test (IAT) administered by Project Implicit. Arguably most importantly for the APS will be the need to convince senior managers to accept and act on the discriminatory effects of unconscious bias in Indigenous employment. Any policy response will need an enhanced understanding of unconscious bias, including a broader knowledge of Indigenous culture and gender equity in the APS. The framework presented at the end of this paper offers an opportunity to revisit the effectiveness of unconscious bias training for the APS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research investigates how experiencing virtual embodiment in a wheelchair affects implicit bias towards people who use wheelchairs. We also investigate how receiving information from a virtual instructor who uses a wheelchair affects implicit bias towards people who use wheelchairs. Implicit biases are actions or judgments of people towards various concepts or stereotypes (e.g., races). We hypothesized that experiencing a Disability Simulation (DS) through an avatar in a wheelchair and receiving information from an instructor with a disability will have a significant effect on participants’ ability to recall disability-related information and will reduce implicit biases towards people who use wheelchairs. To investigate this hypothesis, a 2x2 between-subjects user study was conducted where participants experienced an immersive VR DS that presents information about Multiple Sclerosis (MS) with factors of instructor (i.e., instructor with a disability versus instructor without a disability) and locomotion interface (i.e., without a disability – locomotion through in-place-walking, with a disability – locomotion in a wheelchair). Participants took a disability-focused Implicit Association Test two times, once before and once after experiencing the DS. They also took a test of knowledge retention about MS. The primary result is: experiencing the DS through locomotion in a wheelchair was better for both the disability-related information recall task and reducing implicit bias towards people who use wheelchairs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Pre‐transfusion antibody screening requires the detection and identification of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies against red blood cells (RBCs). Using the indirect antiglobulin test (IAT), plasma–RBC solutions are incubated at 37°C in gel cards, typically by heating block technology. Here, we apply the newly developed laser incubation method to detect RBC alloantibodies in the plasma from human donors. Materials and Methods: Donated human plasma samples (N = 128) containing clinically significant IgG antibodies directed against Rh (D, C, c, Cw and E), Kell (K and Kpa), Duffy (Fya and Fyb), Kidd (Jka) and MNS (S) blood group system antigens were tested by the indirect antiglobulin test (IAT). Samples were heated to 37°C by infrared laser (980 nm) for incubations of up to 5 min. Samples were also incubated in a heating block for comparison. Results: When heating by laser, the presence of an alloantibody is detected after only a 1‐min incubation for 96% of samples. No samples required longer than 3 min of laser incubation in order to detect the antibody. For all samples, incubation by laser gave the same or stronger result within 5 min. No samples required longer than 5 min to achieve an equivalent result to that of the 5‐min heating block incubation. The laser was not found to damage cells or antibodies. Conclusion: Laser incubation provides comparable results in shorter time frames than the heating block. Laser incubation can rapidly detect even very weak antibodies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a growing understanding in social sciences that even purposeful human behavior cannot be fully explained by rational motives. The behavioral economy developed a program for studying economic behavior considering more factors than the blind pursuit of ones benefit. In social psychology, the theory of two groups of factors that influence human behavior has been developed: explicit factors are determined mainly by conceptual thinking, while implicit factors - by non-rational motives, often not obvious for the subject of action. It is argued that the study of both groups of factors is a prerequisite for the correct understanding and accurate prediction of behavior since they are of different nature, irreducible to each other, and have very different effects on behavior. The article focuses on the issue of the different nature of explicit and implicit factors. Can we say that the models of dual decision-making from social psychology are applicable to social action? We tested the nature of the interaction of the explicit and implicit components of the attitude towards the United Russia party with the basic judgments that, it would seem, should form this attitude. The results were paradoxical. It turned out that ideologically biased statements addressed to the political party form an attitude towards it on the implicit level. At the same time, the attitude to these statements depends on the attitude to the party, but at the rational level. Thus, this is a convincing evidence of the fundamentally different nature of explicit and implicit factors of social behavior.

Cultural norms vary dramatically across social groups. Herewe use large scale data to examine the extent to which languageplays a role in shaping one such norm—the gender norm to as-sociate men with careers and women with family. We measurecross-cultural variability in this gender bias using previously-collected estimates from the Implicit Association Task (IAT; N= 663,709). We then try to predict bias variability by the waythat gender is encoded in language semantics and grammar.We quantify gender bias in semantics using word-embeddingmodels trained on different languages. Our data suggest thatthe linguistic encoding of gender predicts the degree of speak-ers’ gender bias in the IAT, pointing to a causal role for lan-guage in shaping gender norms.

El principal objetivo del estudio fue comprobar la existencia de cambios en el self debidos a un efecto priming (facilitación) en nuestro otro-generalizado a través de la presentación de anuncios que representan modelos de belleza o estilos de vida deseables, tratando a su vez de comprobar si dicho efecto es superior entre los adultos menores de 41 años. Por otro lado, se ha analizado la posible relación entre los valores materiales y la posible facilitación producida. En el estudio han participado 45 adultos sanos que realizaron dos Test de Asociación Implícita (IAT, Implicit Association Test) separados por la presentación de anuncios. Posteriormente, todos los participantes realizaron la versión abreviada de la Escala de Valores Materiales (The Material Value Scale o MVS) de Richins (2004). Los resultados de este estudio han mostrado un efecto priming en la autoestima respecto a la estima de los otros-generalizados tras la presentación de los anuncios. Sin embargo, no se ha observado una diferencia significativa entre los grupos de menos de 41 y más de 40 años de edad. Para finalizar, se ha encontrado correlación entre la importancia de los valores materiales y el efecto priming producido por el Test de Asociaciones Implícitas, pero no diferencias por grupos de edad. El carácter involuntario, no consciente, de la facilitación observada, pone de manifiesto cierto componente no controlado en la formación de la identidad personal.

The eastern Tell Atlas of Algeria is characterized by a complex neotectonic system including lateral strike-slips, and normal and reverse faults. The landscape of the Neogene basin of Mila-Constantine acquired its shape due to the perpetual action of tectonic activity, and erosion processes. Neo-tectonics in this basin have affected the geometry of the stream network and the contemporary landscape topography. Our methodology evaluates the active tectonics in this mountainous region by a combination of drainage network and geomorphic indices, namely, the basin-shape index (Bs), stream-length gradient (SL), hypsometric integral (HI), mountain front sinuosity (Smf), basin asymmetry factor (AF), and valley-floor ratio (Vf). The calculated values of the six measured geomorphic indices were used to differentiate the distribution of faults function as well as the relative tectonic activity in the study area. The obtained results from the GIS-based multi-criteria analysis of these indices consist of the index of active tectonics (IAT). Hence, we defined four hierarchic degrees of IAT, namely, very high (VH), high (H), moderate (M), and low (L). The relative active tectonics represents an obvious correlation between morpho-structural features, tectonic activities, and uplift rates. It selects the morphotectonic features and landforms that interpret the tectonic events in the study area. Our results prove that this approach discerns the most active regions related to the neo-tectonic action in the Rhumel-Smendou drainage basin. The combination of geomatics and field surveys highlights the cliffs which are still rising by using the drainage patterns, the landform model, and the mountain range shape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Implicit Association Test (IAT) developed by Harvard University has been utilized in teacher preparation for cultural competence. Various versions of the IAT including race and gender based versions are used to raise awareness of student bias and its influences on teaching practice. Through a qualitative exploratory case study, this article introduces the Skin Tone IAT as another meaningful tool for guiding student teachers through an exploration of colorism and implicit skin tone bias. Results demonstrate participants' increased awareness of their own implicit bias. Implications for teaching practice and other helping professions, research, and pedagogy are explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The central premise of truth-default theory (TDT) posits that listeners are truth-biased in communication exchanges. Levine's TDT speculates that intergroup communication impacts truth-bias. To test this notion, participants judged the veracity of videos of speakers from the U.S. and China discussing their opinions on mask mandates and personal relationships. The results show that people hold a stronger truth-bias toward in-group members when those people share the same stance on the social issue of mask mandates. However, the study findings did not show a relationship between cultural identity on truth-bias. Interestingly, all participants showed a higher lie judgment trigger sensitivity toward speakers from a different culture, and higher lie judgment trigger sensitivity was also present for those who shared differing opinions on mask mandates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Negative bias against people who use illicit drugs adversely affects the care that they receive throughout the hospital. We hypothesized that emergency providers would display stronger negative bias toward these patients due to life-threatening contexts in which they treat this population. We also hypothesized that negative implicit bias would be associated with negative explicit bias. Methods: Faculty, nurses, and trainees at a midwestern tertiary care academic hospital were invited (June 26, 2019—September 5, 2019) to complete an online implicit association test and explicit bias survey. Results: Mean implicit association test results did not vary across demographics (n = 79). There were significant differences in explicit bias scores between departments regarding whether patients who use drugs deserve quality healthcare access (P = 0.017). We saw no significant associations between implicit and explicit bias scores. Conclusion: Though limited by sample size, the results indicate that emergency and obstetrics/gynecology providers display more negative explicit bias toward this patient population than other providers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The self can be associated with arbitrary images, such as geometric figures or unknown faces. By adopting a cross-cultural perspective, we explored in two experiments whether the self can be associated with faces of unknown people from different ethnic groups. In Experiment 1, Asian Japanese participants completed a perceptual matching task, associating Asian or White faces with themselves. The same task was used in Experiment 2 with White Italians. Both experiments showed a reliable association between the self and facial stimuli. Importantly, this association was similar for both Asian and White faces. Additionally, no correlations were found between the strength of this association and an index of implicit bias towards Asian and White individuals. These results suggest that the self is malleable and can incorporate social stimuli from different groups., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Abstract Four studies involving 2552 White American participants were conducted to investigate bias based on the race-based phenotype of hair texture. Specifically, we probed the existence and magnitude of bias in favor of Eurocentric (straight) over Afrocentric (curly) hair and its specificity in predicting responses to a legal decision involving the phenotype. Study 1 revealed an implicit preference, measured by an Implicit Association Test (IAT), favoring Eurocentric over Afrocentric hair texture among White Americans. This effect was not reducible to a Black/White implicit race attitude nor to mere perceptual preference favoring straight over curly hair. In Study 2, the phenotype (hair) IAT significantly and uniquely predicted expressions of support in response to an actual legal case that involved discrimination on the basis of Afrocentric hair texture. Beyond replicating this result, Studies 3 and 4 (the latter preregistered) provided further, and even more stringent, evidence for incremental predictive validity: in both studies, the phenotype IAT was associated with support for a Black plaintiff above and beyond the effects of two parallel explicit scales and, additionally, a race attitude IAT. Overall, these studies support the idea that race bias may be uniquely detected by examining implicit attitudes elicited by group-based phenotypicality, such as hair texture. Moreover, the present results inform theoretical investigations of the correspondence principle in the context of implicit social cognition: they suggest that tailoring IATs to index specific aspects of an attitude object (e.g., by decomposition of phenotypes) can improve prediction of intergroup behavior.

В первой части статьи (Мониторинг общественного мнения: экономические и социальные перемены. 2022. № 3. С. 28—44. https://doi.org/10.14515/monitoring.2022.3.2125) мы рассмотрели потенциальную возможность расширить модель теории запланированного поведения (ТЗП) А. Айзена за счет учета не только эксплицитных (осознаваемых), но и имплицитных (находящихся вне контроля сознания) факторов поведения. Первые результаты эмпирического тестирования показали, что результаты измерения имплицитных факторов радикально отличаются от результатов их эксплицитных аналогов. Имплицитные факторы определенно являются ортогональными по отношению к эксплицитным, а их изучение несет в себе новую информацию. Но насколько эта новая информация полезна с точки зрения лучшего понимания поведения человека? Улучшает ли она модель ТЗП и помогает ли сделать более точными ее прогнозы? Все эти вопросы рассмотрены в настоящей статье. Главный вывод проделанного анализа: учет имплицитных факторов дополнительно проясняет мотивы поведения человека и повышает точность прогноза его действий. Модель ТЗП в ее двухкомпонентном варианте выглядит еще более эффективным инструментом исследования поведения человека.

The political behavior of generation Z is based on animosity, distrust of traditional parties and a preference for new movements. This article uses Implicit Association Test (IAT) methodology, to compare how generation Z perceives Santiago Abascal, the leader of the emerging party Vox, and Alberto Núñez Feijóo, recently appointed president of the Popular Party, in Spain, with the aim of evaluating its attributes (positive and negative) and measuring the implicit perception of a possible link to corruption, and all this within an electoral projection framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]