Search

Research findings concerning the effects of perceived overqualification on task performance are mixed. To reconcile the disparate findings, drawing on person‐environment theory, we propose cynicism toward the job and constructive deviance as contrasting dual pathways that explain the negative and positive effects of perceived overqualification on task performance and employee creativity. We also examine the moderating effects of dual‐focused transformational leadership (TFL) on the relationships between perceived overqualification and the two mediating mechanisms. We test this model using data collected from 469 employees and their 135 supervisors via two‐wave surveys. The results support the negative and positive mediating mechanisms. In addition, based on one field study and two online experiments, we find that individual‐focused TFL mitigates the relationship between perceived overqualification and cynicism toward the job, but that team‐focused TFL enhances the relationship between perceived overqualification and constructive deviance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conflicting predictions of ironic process theory and the implicit overcompensation hypothesis have been presented as a framework to explain the characteristics of errors that occur when a certain behavior is prohibited. The former predicts that instructions prohibiting a particular behavior will increase the likelihood of an outcome that should be avoided (ironic error), whereas the latter predicts that the likelihood of an outcome opposite of that to be avoided (overcompensation error) will increase. We examined how these errors, which negatively affect performance, are influenced by pressure and perceived weakness. Participants performed a tennis-stroke task, aiming to hit a ball toward a target zone while avoiding a discouraged zone. The results indicate that pressure decreases the ironic errors but increases the overcompensation errors that occur when a particular behavior is discouraged, while an increase in perceived weakness induces random errors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because high‐status employees make disproportional contributions to firms, prior literature suggests that their departure would undermine various organizational outcomes. Building on recent literature, however, we suspect that a high‐status employee may have seized disproportional resources and credits from coworkers, thereby restricting them from performing, particularly when the work context is more independent and contested. As a result, the departure of a high‐status employee may bring staying coworkers more resources and incentives to perform, causing their performance to improve. To test this possibility, we examine the effect of high‐status analysts' departure on the individual performance of analysts who remain, using a sample of sell‐side analysts in Chinese financial brokerage firms. Employing a before‐and‐after treatment research design, we find evidence that after the departure of a high‐status analyst, the staying coworkers' individual performance is significantly improved. It is particularly so when they share greater industry overlap with the departing analyst. Our extensional analyses also investigate additional contingencies, which helps provide valuable hints about possible mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to test the reliability and validity of the UMOVE Mobility Screen in older adults living with dementia using a Rasch analysis and hypothesis testing. The UMOVE Mobility Screen (UMOVE) focuses on nine activities: following commands, muscle strength, and basic functional mobility tasks. Trained evaluators completed assessments on 244 patients, the majority of whom were female (62%), and White (71%). Based on Rasch Analysis, there was evidence of good item and person reliability (indexes > 0.80), good INFIT statistics, and only one item fitting the model based on OUTFIT statistics. Validity was supported based on hypothesis testing. There was no evidence of Differential Item Functioning between races and genders. Item mapping raised concerns about the spread of the items across the full spectrum of mobility assessed in the UMOVE Mobility Screen. Future testing should consider adding some easier and some more difficult items. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite their prevalence, workplace diversity and inclusion (D&I) practices continue to produce inconsistent effects on employee attitudes and behaviors. This shines a light on the need for evidence‐based approaches in understanding how employees enact D&I goals. Drawing on self‐determination theory, we argue that employee D&I motivation is an untapped pathway for understanding how inclusion‐supportive employee outcomes (i.e., more inclusion and less exclusion) emerge. In addition, we leverage attribution theory to inform when employee motivation can be shaped, demonstrating that employee attributions of the intentions behind their organization's D&I practices play an important role in shaping their subsequent D&I motivation. Across two studies, latent profile analysis identified five distinct profiles of D&I motivation, which were differentially related to inclusion and exclusion (Study 1) and predicted by D&I attributions (Studies 1 and 2). Combined, these findings highlight the importance of understanding employee motivations and attributions within the context of D&I. Such knowledge can inform how employees enact inclusion goals, which has the potential to help organizations realize the desired benefits of diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although guilt is often considered the most prevalent emotional outcome of work–family conflict (WFC), most work–family research focuses on family‐related guilt stemming from work interference with family, rather than job‐related guilt stemming from family interference with work (FIW). In addition, there is little understanding of how different employee social groups experience the implications of FIW in their daily lives. To address these research gaps, this study explores the relationship between daily FIW and job‐related guilt, and its subsequent impact on job satisfaction. It also investigates variation in these relationships by (1) gender and (2) the intersection of gender and ethnicity. Bayesian multilevel structural equation modeling using data from 5‐day diary surveys from 210 solicitors in Britain shows daily FIW is associated with higher job‐related guilt and subsequently lower job satisfaction. The relationship is stronger for women than men in general, but is also stronger for South Asian women than white British women (and men), and for South Asian men than white British men. This suggests that studies focusing on single social group characteristics (e.g., gender) are likely to obscure intersectional effects that might produce significant within‐group variation. The findings also highlight the importance of integrating workplace inequality arguments into theorization of WFC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary aim of this study was to assess the histomorphometric outcomes of extraction sockets grafted with freeze-dried bone allograft (FDBA) and sealed with a collagen membrane after 3 months of healing in specific region of interest (ROI) areas. The secondary aims were to analyze the biomaterial resorption rate, the bone-to-biomaterial contact (BBC), and the area and perimeter of grafted particles compared with commercially available FDBA particles. Fifteen patients underwent tooth extractions and ridge preservation procedures performed with FDBA and a collagen membrane. Bone biopsy samples were harvested after 3 months at the time of implant placement for histologic and histomorphometric analysis. Two areas of concern (ROI1 and ROI2) with different histologic features were identified within the biopsy samples; ROI1, ROI2, and commercially available particles were analyzed and compared. The following parameters were analyzed: newly formed bone, marrow space, residual graft particles, perimeter and area of FDBA particles, and BBC. The histomorphometric analysis showed 35.22% ± 10.79% newly formed bone, 52.55% ± 16.06% marrow spaces, and 12.41% ± 7.87% residual graft particles. Moreover, the histologic data from ROI1 and ROI2 showed that (1) the mean percentage of BBC was 64.61% ± 27.14%; (2) the newly formed bone was significantly higher in ROI1 than in ROI2; (3) the marrow space was significantly lower in ROI1 than in ROI2; and (4) the FDBA particles in ROI1 sites showed significantly lower area and perimeter when compared to commercially available FDBA particles. This latter data led to the hypothesis that FDBA particles embedded in newly formed bone undergo a resorption/remodeling process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a recent Communication in this journal, Bandyopadhyay and co‐workers proposed a rational design of chalcone photoswitches that are claimed to convert into the respective flavylium cations upon irradiation with blue, green, and red light in aqueous media. Here we argue that the reported improvements on the optical/photochemical properties of the new chalcone photoswitches are not substantiated and that the proposed design and data interpretation rely on assumptions that have yet to be validated. We also identify a series of control experiments that can be performed to verify the hypotheses and better support the conclusions presented by the authors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Given rising youth sport participation, 8 to 10-year-olds increasingly display comparable lower-extremity injury incidence to 11 to 17-year-olds and require effective return to sport criteria. One such criterion which quantifies dynamic stability is the Y-Balance Test (YBT), though it has not been validated in children under age 11. Hypothesis/Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine the performance of 8 to 10-year-old patients on the YBT after lower-extremity injury and determine how these results compare to larger samples of age-grouped athletes within the validated 11 to 17-year-old range. It was hypothesized that 8 to 10-year-olds would display different normalized YBT distances compared to 11 to 17-year-olds. Study Design Cross-sectional Study. Methods Patients (N=1093) aged 8 to 17 who presented to a pediatric sports medicine practice with a lower-extremity injury and completed the YBT between December 2015-May 2021 were included. Anterior, posteromedial, and posterolateral YBT scores were collected at return-to-sport for affected and unaffected limbs. Scores were normalized to limb length, and composite scores were created. Between-limb differences were calculated in groups of ages 8-10, 11-12, 13-14, and 15-17. Groups were also evaluated for differences by sex. Results A rise in performance was observed in unaffected limb anterior reach from ages 8 to 10 years to 11 to 12 years followed by a subsequent significant decrease at older ages (p<0.001). Affected limb anterior reach differed between the youngest group and two oldest groups (p=0.004). Anterior and composite difference were significantly different between the oldest three groups (p=0.014 anterior; p=0.024 composite). No differences were observed between sexes in 8 to 10-year-olds, though 11 to 12-year-old females reached further during all eight distances. In the older three groups, males generally displayed greater between-limb differences. Conclusion YBT scores, specifically anterior reach, demonstrated inconsistency by age and sex across a large adolescent cohort. Existing return-to-sport standards should not be used with younger athletes, and individual validation is required. Level of Evidence Level III [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the derivation of the mean‐field limit for multi‐agent systems on a large class of sparse graphs. More specifically, the case of non‐exchangeable multi‐agent systems consisting of non‐identical agents is addressed. The analysis does not only involve PDEs and stochastic analysis but also graph theory through a new concept of limits of sparse graphs (extended graphons) that reflect the structure of the connectivities in the network and has critical effects on the collective dynamics. In this article some of the main restrictive hypothesis in the previous literature on the connectivities between the agents (dense graphs) and the cooperation between them (symmetric interactions) are removed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Schizophrenia is a severe neuropsychiatric illness of uncertain etiopathogenesis in which antipsychotic drugs can attenuate the symptoms, but patients rarely return to the premorbid level of functioning. In fact, with each relapse, people living with schizophrenia progress toward disability and cognitive impairment. Moreover, our patients desire to live normal lives, to manage their daily affairs independently, date, get married, and raise and support a family. Those of us who work daily with schizophrenia patients know that these objectives are rarely met despite the novel and allegedly improved dopamine blockers. We hypothesize that poor outcomes in schizophrenia reflect the gray matter volume reduction, which continues despite antipsychotic treatment. We hypothesize further that increased gut barrier permeability, due to dysfunctional aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), downregulates the gut barrier protectors, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and interleukin-22 (IL-22), facilitating microbial translocation into the systemic circulation, eventually reaching the brain. Recombinant human IL-22 could ameliorate the outcome of schizophrenia by limiting bacterial translocation and by initiating tissue repair. This short review examines the signal transducer and transcription-three (STAT3)/AhR axis and downregulation of IL-22 and BDNF with subsequent increase in gut barrier permeability. Based on the hypothesis presented here, we discuss alternative schizophrenia interventions, including AhR antagonists, mitochondrial transplant, membrane lipid replacement, and recombinant human IL-22. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reproducibility crisis highlights several unresolved issues in science, including the need to develop measures that gauge both the consistency and convergence of data sets. While existing meta‐analytic methods quantify the consistency of evidence, they do not quantify its convergence: the extent to which different types of empirical methods have provided evidence to support a hypothesis. To address this gap in meta‐analysis, we and colleagues developed a summary metric—the cumulative evidence index (CEI)—which uses Bayesian statistics to quantify the degree of both consistency and convergence of evidence regarding causal hypotheses between two phenomena. Here, we outline the CEI's underlying model, which quantifies the extent to which studies of four types—positive intervention, negative intervention, positive non‐intervention and negative non‐intervention—lend credence to any of three types of causal relations: excitatory, inhibitory or no‐connection. Along with p‐values and other measures, the CEI can provide a more holistic perspective on a set of evidence by quantitatively expressing epistemic principles that scientists regularly employ qualitatively. The CEI can thus address the reproducibility crisis by formally demonstrating how convergent evidence across multiple study types can yield progress toward scientific consensus, even when an individual type of study fails to yield reproducible results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our fundamental aim in this paper is to study certain * {*} -identities with pair of derivations acting on a prime ideal P and investigate commutativity of a quotient ring R / P {R/P} where R is any ring. Some well-known results characterizing commutativity of prime rings have been generalized. Finally, examples are given to demonstrate that the restrictions imposed on the hypothesis of our results are not superfluous. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conca and Varbaro (2020) [7] showed the equality of depth of a graded ideal and its initial ideal in a polynomial ring when the initial ideal is square-free. In this paper, we give some beautiful applications of this fact in the study of Cohen-Macaulay binomial edge ideals. We prove that for the characterization of Cohen-Macaulay binomial edge ideals, it is enough to consider only "biconnected graphs with some whisker attached" and this is done by investigating the initial ideals. We give several necessary conditions for a binomial edge ideal to be Cohen-Macaulay in terms of smaller graphs. Also, under a hypothesis, we give a sufficient condition for Cohen-Macaulayness of binomial edge ideals in terms of blocks of graphs. Moreover, we show that a graph with Cohen-Macaulay binomial edge ideal has girth less than 5 or equal to infinity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we reintroduce Dr. John Cross' neglected and unusually complete historical data set describing a smallpox epidemic occurring in Norwich, England in 1819. We analyze this epidemic data in the context of early models of epidemic spread including the Farr–Evans–Brownlee Normal law, the Kermack–McKendrick square Hyperbolic Secant and SIR laws, along with the modern Volz–Miller random-network law. We show that Cross' hypothesis of susceptible pool limitation is sufficient to explain the data under the SIR law, but requires parameter estimates differing from the modern understanding of smallpox epidemiology or large errors in Cross' data collection. We hypothesize that these discrepancies are due to the mass-action hypothesis in SIR theory, rather than significant errors by Cross, and use Volz–Miller theory to support this. Our analysis demonstrates the difficulties arising in inference of attributes of the disease from death incidence data and how model hypotheses impact these inferences. Our study finds that, combined with Volz–Miller modeling theory, Cross' death incidence data and population observations give smallpox attributes which largely cohere to those used in modern smallpox models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractPrivacy protection methods, such as differentially private mechanisms, introduce noise into resulting statistics which often produces complex and intractable sampling distributions. In this paper, we propose a simulation-based “repro sample” approach to produce statistically valid confidence intervals and hypothesis tests, which builds on the work of Xie and Wang (2022). We show that this methodology is applicable to a wide variety of private inference problems, appropriately accounts for biases introduced by privacy mechanisms (such as by clamping), and improves over other state-of-the-art inference methods such as the parametric bootstrap in terms of the coverage and type I error of the private inference. We also develop significant improvements and extensions for the repro sample methodology for general models (not necessarily related to privacy), including 1) modifying the procedure to ensure guaranteed coverage and type I errors, even accounting for Monte Carlo error, and 2) proposing efficient numerical algorithms to implement the confidence intervals and p-values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Aim Location Taxa Methods Results Main Conclusions Ecologically similar species living in sympatry are expected to segregate to reduce the effects of competition where resources are limiting. Segregation from heterospecifics commonly occurs in space, but it is often unknown whether such segregation has underlying environmental causes. Indeed, species could segregate because of different fundamental environmental requirements (i.e., ‘niche divergence’), because competitive exclusion at sympatric sites can force species to either change the habitat use they would have at allopatric sites (i.e., ‘niche displacement’) or to avoid certain areas, independently of habitat (i.e., ‘spatial avoidance’). Testing these hypotheses requires the comparison between sympatric and allopatric sites. Understanding the competitive mechanisms that underlie patterns of spatial segregation could improve predictions of species responses to environmental change, as competition might exacerbate the effects of environmental change.North Atlantic and Arctic.Common guillemots Uria aalge and Brünnich's guillemots Uria lomvia.Here, we examine support for these explanations for spatial segregation in two closely‐related seabird species, common guillemots (Uria aalge) and Brünnich's guillemots (U. lomvia). For this, we collated a pan‐Atlantic data set of breeding season foraging tracks from 1046 individuals, collected from 20 colonies (8 sympatric and 12 allopatric). These were analysed with habitat models in a spatially transferable framework to compare habitat preferences between species at sympatric and allopatric sites.We found no effect of the distribution of heterospecifics on local habitat preferences of the focal species. We found differences in habitat preferences between species, but these were not sufficient to explain the observed levels of spatial segregation at sympatric sites.Assuming we did not omit any relevant environmental variables, these results suggest a mix of niche divergence and spatial avoidance produces the observed patterns of spatial segregation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In magazine articles, a BBC Radio 4 interview and the book Too Big To Walk, Brian Ford argued that the dinosaurs of the Mesozoic were not adapted for terrestrial life, but were aquatic. Bemusement and rejection were expressed by palaeontologists, in part because evidence contradicts Ford’s proposal, but also because the aquatic paradigm underwent testing and rejection during the 20th century. Evaluation of the case as presented by Ford reiterates the fact that non-bird dinosaurs as a whole were unsuited for aquatic life; this does not contradict proposals that certain groups (like Spinosauridae) or species (like Spinosaurus aegyptiacus) were amphibious or aquatic. Ford framed the reaction to his proposal as a demonstration of the palaeontological community’s insistence that outside views are unwelcome and used a ‘post-truth’ narrative in promoting his hypothesis. Ford relied on the belittling and dismissal of expert voices, the employment of ‘alternative facts’, inaccurate reporting of pertinent events, and unironic use of terms like ‘fake news’. In this article, I review Ford’s discussion of the aquatic dinosaur conversation and report events as witnessed via my direct involvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patel proposes a viable hypothesis regarding the relation between vocal learning and beat-based dancing but it is not without problems. I highlight these problems and propose a solution, the "coordination conjecture." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We quantify two hypotheses: the "Friedman-Ball Hypothesis" and the "Cukierman-Meltzer Hypothesis," in the context of Bangladesh. The first posits that an increase in inflation leads to greater inflation uncertainty, while the second asserts that inflation uncertainty causes an increase in inflation. Using monthly inflation data from June 1997 to July 2021, we find evidence supporting both hypotheses. Our analysis of inflation persistence and structural breaks reveals that inflation in Bangladesh exhibits high persistence throughout the entire sample period, but there is a decrease in persistence in two of the sub-samples after the breaks in March 2007 and April 2012. Moreover, Bangladesh's inflation persistence is comparable to, and at times even lower than, that of its South and Southeast Asian neighboring countries. As policy implications of our findings, we emphasize the need for a more nuanced approach to monetary policy, including proactive interest rate management, implementation of a Medium-Term Fiscal Framework, and the development of a flexible monetary policy strategy tailored to Bangladesh's unique economic circumstances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses possible changes in motor neuron discharge characteristics in presymptomatic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). It highlights the challenges in diagnosing ALS early and the potential for biomarkers to aid in early detection. The study examines motor unit potentials in ALS patients and proposes a hypothesis on the evolution of motor neuron properties during the course of the disease. The article emphasizes the importance of biomarkers, such as measures of motor neuron excitability, in improving early diagnosis and treatment of ALS. [Extracted from the article]

Mental time travel is often presented as a singular mechanism, but theoretical and empirical considerations suggest that it is composed of component processes. What are these components? Three hypotheses about the major components of mental time travel are commonly considered: (i) remembering and imagining might, respectively, rely on different processes, (ii) past- and future-directed forms of mental time travel might, respectively, rely on different processes, and (iii) the creation of episodic representations and the determination of their temporal orientation might, respectively, rely on different processes. Here, we flesh out the last of these proposals. First, we argue for 'representational continuism': the view that different forms of mental travel are continuous with regard to their core representational contents. Next, we propose an updated account of episodic recombination (the mechanism generating these episodic contents) and review evidence in its support. On this view, episodic recombination is a natural kind best viewed as a form of compositional computation. Finally, we argue that episodic recombination should be distinguished from mechanisms determining the temporal orientation of episodic representations. Thus, we suggest that mental travel is a singular capacity, while mental time travel has at least two major components: episodic representations and their temporal orientation. This article is part of the theme issue 'Elements of episodic memory: lessons from 40 years of research'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of microbial biofilms in many human chronic wounds led to the hypothesis that biofilms delay healing of these wounds. We tested this hypothesis in a population of 117 older individuals with venous leg ulcers who were receiving standardised therapy, including frequent debridement. Debridement specimens were analysed for the amount of bacterial biomass by two independent methods: a microscopic approach that scored the relative size and number of bacterial aggregates, interpreted as a biofilm metric, and conventional enumeration by agar plating for viable bacteria. The plating protocol yielded three distinct values: the total viable bacterial count, bleach‐tolerant bacteria, and the log reduction in viable bacteria upon bleach treatment. Wound healing rates over an 8‐week observation period were calculated as the rate of decrease of the equivalent diameter of the wound. There was no statistically significant association between wound healing and the biofilm metric in any of the three analyses performed (p ≥0.15). In all three statistical tests, wound healing was associated with the log reduction caused by bleach treatment (p ≤0.004); wounds that harboured bacteria that were more bleach‐susceptible healed more slowly. A refinement of the model of chronic wound infection pathogenesis is proposed in which dormant bacteria constitute a persistent nidus and outgrowth of metabolically active cells impairs healing. This model constitutes a new hypothesis as metabolic activity was not directly measured in this investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study the problem of testing the existence of a heterogeneous dense subhypergraph. The null hypothesis corresponds to a heterogeneous Erdös–Rényi uniform random hypergraph and the alternative hypothesis corresponds to a heterogeneous uniform random hypergraph that contains a dense subhypergraph. We establish detection boundaries when the edge probabilities are known and construct an asymptotically powerful test for distinguishing the hypotheses. We also construct an adaptive test which does not involve edge probabilities, and hence, is more practically useful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to compare the comprehension of second language (L2) English articles by native speakers of Korean, an article-less language, and by Korean learners of English as an L2 and Spanish as a third language (L3). The participants were 22 adult learners with advanced overall proficiency in L2 English and L3 Spanish. They completed two tasks, an online self-paced reading task and an offline acceptability rating task. The findings showed that both the trilingual and the bilingual groups relied on definiteness in distinguishing English articles as native speakers do. The findings related to the trilingual group were predicted by the morphological congruency hypothesis, but those related to the bilingual group were against the predictions of the fluctuation hypothesis. A comparison between the two non-native groups showed that the trilingual group had a higher sensitivity to distinguish English articles than the bilingual group, which provides evidence for positive backward transfer from the L3 to the L2 in article comprehension by learners of English whose L1 is article-less, such as Korean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antonymy is the lexical relation of opposition. The nature of the oppositeness may differ – e.g., contradictory ('true'–'false') or gradable ('tall'–'short') – and there may be variation as to the relationship in their formal encoding, whether the antonyms are expressed as distinct lexical forms (e.g., true vs. false) or if one form is derived from the other (e.g., true vs. untrue). We investigate the relationship between the two members of 37 antonym pairs across 55 spoken languages in order to see whether there are patterns in how antonymy is expressed and which of the two antonym members is more likely to be derived from the other. We find great variation in the extent to which languages use derivation (labeled "neg-constructed forms") as an antonym-formation strategy. However, when we do find a derived form, this tends to target the member of the pair that is either lower in valence (positive vs. negative) or magnitude (more vs. less), in line with our hypotheses. We also find that antonyms that belong to a core set of property concepts are more likely to encode antonyms as distinct lexical forms, whereas peripheral property concepts are relatively more likely to encode the antonyms with derived forms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The product Bayes factor (PBF) synthesizes evidence for an informative hypothesis across heterogeneous replication studies. It can be used when fixed‐ or random effects meta‐analysis fall short. For example, when effect sizes are incomparable and cannot be pooled, or when studies diverge significantly in the populations, study designs, and measures used. PBF shines as a solution for small sample meta‐analyses, where the number of between‐study differences is often large relative to the number of studies, precluding the use of meta‐regression to account for these differences. Users should be mindful of the fact that the PBF answers a qualitatively different research question than other evidence synthesis methods. For example, whereas fixed‐effect meta‐analysis estimates the size of a population effect, the PBF quantifies to what extent an informative hypothesis is supported in all included studies. This tutorial paper showcases the user‐friendly PBF functionality within the bain R‐package. This new implementation of an existing method was validated using a simulation study, available in an Online Supplement. Results showed that PBF had a high overall accuracy, due to greater sensitivity and lower specificity, compared to random‐effects meta‐analysis, individual participant data meta‐analysis, and vote counting. Tutorials demonstrate applications of the method on meta‐analytic and individual participant data. The example datasets, based on published research, are included in bain so readers can reproduce the examples and apply the code to their own data. The PBF is a promising method for synthesizing evidence for informative hypotheses across conceptual replications that are not suitable for conventional meta‐analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasingly, researchers are interested in quantifying temporal dynamics of host-associated microbiomes, yet an individual-host approach is still rare in the literature. Detailed longitudinal data from wild individual hosts are key to understanding the fitness implications of temporal microbiome stability and dynamics. Whether stability or flexibility of host-associated microbiomes is beneficial to a host will depend on the ecological context, and so incorporating knowledge of host ecology to these individual-level approaches is vital. Recent advances in analytical approaches may provide helpful tools in testing hypotheses of individual variation in microbiome temporal stability and the consequences of this for host fitness. Ignoring the dynamic nature of microbial communities risks underestimating the power of microbes to impact the health of their hosts. Microbiomes are thought to be important for host fitness, yet the coarse temporal scale and population-level focus of many studies precludes the ability to investigate the importance of among-individual variation in stability and identify the ecological contexts in which this variation matters. Here we briefly summarise current knowledge of temporal dynamics in wild host-associated microbial communities. We then discuss the implications of among-individual variation in microbiota stability and suggest analytical approaches for understanding these patterns. One major requirement is for future studies to conduct individual-level longitudinal analyses, with some systems already well set up for answering these questions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study represents a replication and extension of Kivlighan et al.'s (2021) study, focusing on the social microcosm hypothesis, which posits that group members' interpersonal relationships, operationalized by intimate behaviors such as expressing anger or caring, inside the group, mirror their interpersonal relationships outside of the group. We examined the reciprocal associations between a group member's (e.g., actors) and the other group members' (e.g., partners) in-session and intersession intimate behaviors. The participants were 122 Italian graduate students (89.3% identifying as women) participating in eight-session interpersonal growth groups led by six experienced group therapists. Before each session group members completed the Interpersonal Relations Scale Checklist (Shadish, 1984) indicating their intersession intimate behaviors in the previous week. After each session group members completed the Interpersonal Relations Scale Checklist indicating their own in-session intimate behaviors. We used dynamic structural equation modeling to examine the reciprocal, temporal associations among group members' intersession and in-session intimate behaviors. The replication hypotheses were not confirmed. However, when partners engaged in higher than average intersession intimate behaviors in the previous week, then actors engaged in more in-session intimate behaviors in the current session. In addition, when actors and partners engaged in higher than average in-session intimate behaviors in the previous session, then actors engaged in significantly more intersession intimate behaviors in the current week. The results provide partial support for social microcosm theory, which predicts a reciprocal relationship for in-session and intersession intimate behaviors. As described above, there was a reciprocal relationship for partners' but not for actors' intimate behaviors. Public Significance Statement: We examined the reciprocal relationship between a group member's intimate behaviors and the aggregate of other group members' intimate behaviors. If the other members of the group engage in more intimate behaviors, like sharing feelings and expressing anger or caring, in their relationships outside of group during the previous week, then a group member will be more likely to engage in these intimate behaviors in the current group session. In addition, if the group member and the other members of the group learn and practice new intimate behaviors in the previous group session, then the group member will be more likely to engage in these intimate behaviors in their relationships outside of the group during the current week. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extensive research in the social sciences has shown that people tend to engage in motivated reasoning when processing information. However, one area of inquiry that has been lacking is examining the effectiveness of different strategies that aim to decrease motivated reasoning. In this paper, we examine three strategies that have been shown to decrease motivated reasoning: accuracy motivation, the common ingroup identity model, and self-affirmation. We begin by replicating previous findings examining the effectiveness of each of these strategies in reducing motivated reasoning. We then extend this line of inquiry by comparing the effects of these three strategies against one another to determine if one of them is more effective at reducing motivated reasoning. To test our hypotheses, we used an experimental design and recruited participants from Prolific. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is trying to explore the Uses and Gratification hypothesis, as it applies to Twitter political debates. The findings show that the level of ideological segregation online may be lower than the previous research in this area indicated. Simultaneously, this study may provide an unexpected support for the Uses and Gratifications hypothesis. It comes from the conclusion that many people may find gratification in entertaining themselves by political hate speech. And morality may be one of the main driving forces behind this phenomenon because the sense of one's own moral superiority is so gratifying. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selectively integrating new information contributes to belief polarization and compromises public discourse. To better understand factors that underlie biased belief updating, I conducted three pre-registered studies covering different controversial political issues. The main hypothesis was that cognitively devaluing new information hinders belief updating. Support for this hypothesis was found in only one of the three issues. The only factor that consistently influenced belief updating across issues was the discrepancy between prior beliefs and new information. These results suggest that usually people do use evidence to correct their beliefs, but may refuse to do so if doubts about its generalizability arise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interrogative suggestibility has been suggested to grow in situations of isolation. The current study aimed to test this assumption for the first time in an experimental approach. We hypothesized that ostracism increases suggestibility, and assumed this relationship to be mediated by cognitive impairments or social uncertainty. To test these hypotheses, we conducted two studies. We manipulated the state of ostracism (vs. inclusion) using the O-Cam (Study 1) and Cyberball paradigm (Study 2), and measured suggestibility using the Gudjonsson Suggestibility Scale. Results revealed an indirect link between inclusionary status and suggestibility. More precisely, there was no direct relationship between ostracism and suggestibility. However, ostracism induced weaker cognitive performances and this translated to increased suggestibility. Social uncertainty, on the other hand, did not serve as effective mediator. These findings indicate that each situation that is accompanied by (temporary) cognitive impairments, as is ostracism, might have the power to raise interrogative suggestibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experiment (N = 155) testing mere duration and diagnostic content hypotheses in deception detection is reported. To the extent that observable behavioral cues aid deception detection, longer behavioral samples may provide a greater opportunity for cues to emerge, thereby increasing accuracy relative to the observation of short snippets of interviews. In contrast, truth-default theory proposes that question-and-answer content is a moderator, and more is only better when questions prompt diagnostic communication content. A 2 × 2 experiment varied communication duration (short, long) and questioning approach (more, less diagnostic). Consistent with the diagnostic content hypothesis, the results suggest that duration only mattered within the more diagnostic question condition. In the less diagnostic question condition, the results mirrored prior meta-analysis regardless of duration. The findings align with truth-default theory and provide evidence for a theory-based approach to improving deception detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the unique representations of the separated heads on the ground line on the columns and gateways in the temple entryways associated with the Sed-festival. An analysis of the scenes shows that here are mutual iconographical and religious characteristics between this motif and the chthonic deity Aker. The focal point of the research is to study the known representations of these heads and present an additional hypothesis of attributing them to Aker. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Americans have increasingly turned to online crowdfunding to pay for healthcare costs, but our understanding of the inequalities in medical crowdfunding remains limited. This study investigates racial disparities in medical crowdfunding outcomes and examines the role of communication in amplifying, altering, or even reducing the disparities. Using data from 1,127 medical crowdfunding campaigns on GoFundMe, the study found that beneficiaries of color received significantly fewer donations than their White counterparts. The differences in donations between racial groups were partly attributable to sharing disparities. Campaigns for beneficiaries of color were shared less via e-mail or social media than campaigns for White beneficiaries. Campaign narratives with more humanizing details about beneficiaries were associated with more donations. However, humanizing details did not predict more shares, nor were they linked to smaller disparities in campaign outcomes between racial groups. Post-hoc analyses showed that more humanizing details were linked to fewer campaign donations for male beneficiaries of color. The findings contribute to the scholarship addressing the intersections of communication and health inequality on digital platforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using observational data obtained with the Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope, we succeeded in identifying subcomponents of different pulse profile components of PSR B1822−09 by the phase-to-phase cross correlations between intensity sequences of single pulses. The determined number of the subcomponents and edges of the subcomponents are consistent with the results of Gaussian fitting on the mean pulse profiles of PSR B1822−09. According to the results, the main pulse (MP) in both the radio burst mode (B mode) and the radio-quiet mode (Q mode), the precursor (PC), and the interpulse (IP) of PSR B1822−09 are all composed of three subcomponents. The correlation coefficients between intensity sequences at different pulse phases reveal a positive correlation between the subcomponent C8 of the MP and C3 of the IP in the Q mode, and a positive correlation between C5 of the PC and C2 of the IP during the switching process from the B mode to the Q mode. These complex correlations present a challenge for the existing scenarios that describe relations between different pulse profile components. We proposed a hypothesis that different subcomponents correspond to different subpatches on the pulsar surface, and emissions from a subpatch reveal responses of the subpatch to some variations like the voltage in the magnetosphere. Therefore, correlations between different subcomponents depend on the responses of the subpatches to the variations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oldest known European fight book, Royal Armouries MS I.33 has puzzled scholars and sword fighting enthusiasts alike with its occasionally strange looking illustrations. This paper argues that some of them contain multiple view planes or perspectives 'folded' into one, as it also occurs elsewhere in contemporary Gothic manuscript painting. To the modern observer who has no first-hand experience of the type of sword fighting depicted, these specialised drawing conventions are difficult to identify and, consequently, to decode. By comparing ostensibly similar situations as they are illustrated in later fight books that employ different artistic means, this paper suggests a new way of looking at I.33's illustrations that could be relevant beyond the examples discussed here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the impact of boundary-spanning search on innovation performance, with knowledge recombination as the underlying mechanism. It also explores the contingent effect of in house training of employees by considering not invented here syndrome derived from attitude theory, and examines communication investment as a second-order moderator. We test the hypotheses based on a sample of 184 Hong Kong manufacturing firms. The results show that boundary-spanning search is positively related to innovation performance, which is negatively moderated by in house training of employees. Moreover, communication investment has a suppressing effect on the moderating role of in house training of employees. This paper highlights the not invented here syndrome and its mechanism of attitude theory to examine the contingent effects, providing insights for managers to balance among in house training of employees, communication investment, and boundary-spanning search to enhance innovation performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We address the discrete inverse conductance problem for well-connected spider networks, that is, to recover the conductance function on a well-connected spider network from the Dirichlet-to-Neumann map. It is well-known that this inverse problem is exponentially ill-posed, requiring the implementation of a regularization strategy for numerical solutions. Our focus lies in exploring whether prior knowledge of the conductance being piecewise constant within a partition of the edge set comprising a few subsets enables stable conductance recovery. To achieve this, we propose formulating the problem as a polynomial optimization problem, incorporating a regularization term that accounts for the piecewise constant hypothesis. We show several experimental examples in which the stable conductance recovery under the aforementioned hypothesis is feasible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Preregistration has been proposed as a useful method for making a publicly verifiable distinction between confirmatory hypothesis tests, which involve planned tests of ante hoc hypotheses, and exploratory hypothesis tests, which involve unplanned tests of post hoc hypotheses. This distinction is thought to be important because it has been proposed that confirmatory hypothesis tests provide more compelling results (less uncertain, less tentative, less open to bias) than exploratory hypothesis tests. In this article, we challenge this proposition and argue that there are several advantages of exploratory hypothesis tests that can make their results more compelling than those of confirmatory hypothesis tests. We also consider some potential disadvantages of exploratory hypothesis tests and conclude that their advantages can outweigh the disadvantages. We conclude that exploratory hypothesis tests avoid researcher commitment and researcher prophecy biases, reduce the probability of data fraud, are more appropriate in the context of unplanned deviations, facilitate inference to the best explanation, and allow peer reviewers to make additional contributions at the data analysis stage. In contrast, confirmatory hypothesis tests may lead to an inappropriate level of confidence in research conclusions, less appropriate analyses in the context of unplanned deviations, and greater bias and errors in theoretical inferences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we analyze the existence of solution to the homogeneous Dirichlet for a nonlinear elliptic singular problem, $$\begin{align*} \begin{cases} -\Delta u=\dfrac{|\nabla u|^q}{|u|^\alpha}+\lambda f & {\rm in}\ \Omega, \\ u=0 & {\rm on}\ \partial\Omega,\\ \end{cases} \end{align*} $$ { − Δ u = | ∇ u | q | u | α + λf in Ω , u = 0 on ∂Ω , where $ N\ge 2 $ N ≥ 2 , $ \Omega \subset \mathbb {R}^N $ Ω ⊂ R N is a bounded regular domain, q>2, $ \alpha α < q 2 , $ \lambda >0 $ λ > 0 and f is a nonnegative function belonging to a suitable Lebesgue space. Under additional hypotheses on the data, we are also able to show the uniqueness of the 'good' solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While the two types of intransitive verbs, i.e. unergative and unaccusative, are hypothesised to be syntactically represented, many have proposed a semantic account where abstract properties related to agentivity and telicity, often conceptualised as binary properties, determine the classification. Here we explore the extent to which graded, embodied features rooted in neurobiological systems contribute to the distinction, representing verb meanings as continuous human ratings over various experiential dimensions. Unlike prior studies that classified verbs based on categorical intuition, we assessed the degree of unaccusativity by acceptability of the prenominal past participle construction, one of the unaccusativity diagnostics. Five models were constructed to explain these data: categorical syntactic/semantic, feature-based event-semantic, experiential, and distributional models. The experiential model best explained the diagnostic test data, suggesting that the unaccusative/unergative distinction may be an emergent phenomenon related to differences in underlying experiential content. The experiential model's advantages, including interpretability and scalability, are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motivation for abandoning the 'environmental filtering' metaphor has been increasing in the literature, yet it remains a widely used conceptual tool to guide research and education within ecological disciplines. I consider the possible origins of the filtering paradigm through linkages to hypotheses about the potentially oversized role of localized competition in the early development of niche concepts, as well as assumptions about the scale dependence of factors influencing the species distributions at large scales. I believe that these perspectives may have discounted the relevance of non‐competitive interactions to the structure and maintenance of local communities, and the role of biotic interactions in large‐scale ecological processes more generally. I describe the types of ecological phenomena not readily captured by the filtering model, as well as the potential for biotic factors to interact with abiotic gradients (at scale) and influence broad ecological patterns. Lastly, I pose an alternative model of community assembly which emphasizes biotic–abiotic interactions and non‐filtering mechanisms to serve as a springboard for future renovations of the filtering metaphor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A psychosocial problem faced by people with early-stage dementia (PwESD) is the perception of threats to personal dignity. Insights into its dynamics are important for understanding how it changes as dementia advances and to develop suitable interventions. However, longitudinal studies on this change in PwESD are lacking. Aims: To determine how perceptions of dignity and selected clinical and social factors change over 1 year in home-dwelling PwESD and the predictors associated with changes in perceptions of dignity over 1 year. Research design and methods: A longitudinal study was conducted. The sample included 258 home-dwelling Czech PwESD. Data were collected using the Patient Dignity Inventory (PDI-CZ), Mini-Mental State Examination, Bristol Activities of Daily Living Scale, Geriatric Depression Scale and items related to social involvement. Questionnaires were completed by the PwESD at baseline and after 1 year. Ethical considerations: The study was approved by the ethics committee and informed consent was provided by the participants. Results: People with Early-Stage Dementia rated the threat to dignity as mild and the ratings did not change significantly after 1 year. Cognitive function, self-sufficiency, vision, and hearing worsened, and more PwESD lived with others rather than with a partner after 1 year. Worsened depression was the only predictor of change in perceived personal dignity after 1 year, both overall and in each of the PDI-CZ domains. Predictors of self-sufficiency and pain affected only some PDI-CZ domains. Conclusions: Perceptions of threat to dignity were mild in PwESD after 1 year, although worsened clinical factors represented a potential threat to dignity. Our findings lead us to hypothesise that perceived threats to personal dignity are not directly influenced by health condition, but rather by the social context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Changes in the global economic environment in which careers unfold have made the development and use of various career-related resources essential for one's career success. Drawing on the conservation of resources (COR) theory, this study unpacks the relationship between motivational career resources and subjective career success, by detailing a mediating role of job crafting and a moderating role of age. Hypotheses are tested using data gathered in two waves separated by a six-month interval. Results indicated that (a) motivational career resources were positively related to job crafting; (b) job crafting was positively related to subjective career success; (c) job crafting mediated the linkage between motivational career resources and subjective career success; and (d) age moderated the relationship between motivational career resources and job crafting. This study provides novel insights into the intervening mechanism (i.e., job crafting) that elucidates how motivational career resources relate to job crafting. Furthermore, the findings enrich the existing literature by introducing a substantive moderator (i.e., age) in the relationship between motivational career resources and job crafting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bayes factor, as a measure of the evidence provided by the data in favor of one hypothesis against its alternative, can be highly sensitive to the prior distributions of parameters involved in the hypotheses as well as to the sample size. This may cause a noticeable difference between the Bayesian and classical (frequentist) hypothesis testing results. In the worst-case scenario, the two results are in conflict, which is termed the Jeffreys-Lindley paradox. In this article, we propose a sample size-dependent prior strategy to bridge the Bayesian-frequentist gap from a decision-theoretical perspective. The central idea behind the proposed strategy is to adaptively adjust prior distributions for the parameters in line with the sample size to manage the risk of type I error in Bayesian hypothesis testing at the same level as that prespecified in frequentist hypothesis testing. The proposed strategy is inspired by the work of Maurice Stevenson Bartlett (M.S. Bartlett, A comment on D. V. Lindley's statistical paradox, Biometrika, 44, 533–534, 1957), who suggested a sample size-dependent prior to make the Bayes factor independent of the sample size. In contrast to his work, we propose a strategy that leverages the use of sample size-dependent priors in Bayesian hypothesis testing and risk management when deciding the two hypotheses. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed strategy, normal mean tests in the cases that (i) the variance is known (z-test) and (ii) the variance is unknown (t-test) are examined. It turns out that the Bayesian testing results coming out from the proposed strategy become consistent with their frequentist counterparts and the Jeffreys-Lindley paradox disappears. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]